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Evaluating Industrialization Rate in Construction: a Quantification Model AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Ding Liu for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering presented on May 15, 2019. Title: Evaluating Industrialization Rate in Construction: A Quantification Model Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________ John A. Gambatese The concept of construction industrialization, first raised in the 1960s, refers to the transfer of on-site construction work to an off-site factory to improve quality and reduce cost, time, and safety issues. In some countries, industrialization of construction projects is highly recommended and promoted by governments and local construction institutions to minimize waste and pollution. The industrialization rate in construction is an important factor that is widely accepted to evaluate the level of industrialization in the industry. It is believed that construction industrialization rate (CIR) is associated with construction performance in terms of cost, schedule, safety, quality, and other measures. The construction industry currently utilizes volume of concrete use to evaluate the CIR, which is not necessarily accurate and convincible. No other formal method or model is available to objectively calculate the rate of construction industrialization. The author sets this knowledge gap as the point of departure and aims to develop a formal model for quantifying the CIR value of projects. To combine all of the units associated with the various construction operations and resources on a project, the researcher utilizes energy expenditure as a means for determining the percentages of human work and machine work. All activities and tasks could be measured with energy expenditure; energy is the most commonly-used unit that could be applied to all construction tasks, including both worker activities and machine activities. The researcher evaluates energy expenditure by quantifying all construction tasks and the associated energy expenditures for both on-site and off-site construction to record the amount of energy expended by machines and by laborers. During the model creation and validation process, the author utilized quantification, literature reviews, surveys, site observations, video comparisons, and cross-reference spreadsheets as the research methods. By applying the model to sample case projects, the author confirmed the feasibility of applying the model, and was able to find and solve issues and defects during application. The findings from the research provide evidence and statistical measures to calculate the CIR, and provide project owners/developers and construction contractors with a quantitative means to evaluate and market their projects based on the extent of industrialization used to construct the projects. ©Copyright by Ding Liu May 15, 2019 All Rights Reserved Evaluating Industrialization Rate in Construction: A Quantification Model by Ding Liu A DISSERTATION submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Presented May 15, 2019 Commencement June 2019 Doctor of Philosophy dissertation of Ding Liu presented on May 15, 2019. APPROVED: Major Professor, representing Civil Engineering Head of the School of Civil and Construction Engineering Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my dissertation will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my dissertation to any reader upon request. Ding Liu, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my advisor, Dr. John Gambatese: I could not make it to this point without your generous guidance and indispensable support. You were the advisor for my master program, and thank you for being my advisor during the past years, and will always be in my life. I am also grateful to the members of my committee for their patience and support in overcoming numerous obstacles I have been facing through my research. I also wish to thank my family: my mom and my dad. Thank you, Zhenfang Tan and Shanchen Liu, for sending me overseas to the United States to learn more and explore more. I am glad that I proved that you made the most correct decision. Sincerely thanks to everyone in our research group, you guys are the best. I am glad and honored to join Gambatese Research Group and will miss the days we spent together drafting papers and brainstorming ideas. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all the friends I met here, I am happy to have you guys in my life. Special thanks goes to Yiye Xu, Ziyu Jin, Chuma Nnaji, and Ali Karakhan for being supportive colleague and friends. Thanks also to all the groups and individuals who supported and helped me during my Ph.D. program study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................... 4 2.1 Construction Industrialization .......................................................................................... 4 2.2 Construction Industrialization Rate (CIR) ....................................................................... 5 3. PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................................... 8 4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................................ 12 5. RESEARCH DESIGN ......................................................................................... 13 6. MANUSCRIPT #1 .............................................................................................. 20 6.1 ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... 21 6.2 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 22 6.3 CURRENT PRACTICE ................................................................................................ 25 6.4 RESEARCH GOALS AND METHODS ...................................................................... 26 6.5 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 31 6.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................ 35 6.7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................ 36 6.8 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 37 TABLE OF CONTENT (Continued) Page 7. ENERGY EXPENDED BY MACHINES PERFORMING ON-SITE CONSTRUCTION TASKS ........................................................................................ 40 7.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 40 7.2 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 41 7.3 FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................... 41 7.4 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS................................................................................ 45 7.5 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 47 8. MANUSCRIPT #2 .............................................................................................. 49 8.1 ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... 50 8.2 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 51 8.3 BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................ 53 8.3.1 Extent of Off-site Construction .............................................................................. 55 8.3.2 Levels of Automation (LOAs).................................................................................. 56 8.3.3 Energy Measurement ............................................................................................. 58 8.4 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 60 8.4.1 Research Model ..................................................................................................... 60 8.4.2 Survey of Concrete Plant Personnel ...................................................................... 61 8.4.3 Energy Expended by Laborers ................................................................................ 63 TABLE OF CONTENT (Continued) Page 8.4.4 Energy Expended by Equipment ............................................................................ 65 8.4.5 Levels of Automation in Construction ................................................................... 66 8.5 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ............................................................................ 69 8.5.1 Demographic Information...................................................................................... 69 8.5.2 Variable Explanation .............................................................................................. 70 8.5.3 Energy Expenditure by Workers ............................................................................ 71 8.5.4 Energy Expenditure by equipment .......................................................................
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