DOCSLIB.ORG

Chem 31 Class Packet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chem 31 Class Packet Chem 31 Class Packet 1 Periodic Table of Elements 2 H He 1.00794 4.00260 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.01218 10.811 12.011 14.0067 15.9994 18.99840 20.1797 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.98977 24.305 26.98154 28.0855 30.97376 32.066 35.4527 39.948 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.0983 40.078 44.9559 47.88 50.9415 51.9961 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.6934 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.4678 87.62 88.9059 91.224 92.9064 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.82 118.710 121.757 127.60 126.9045 131.29 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9054 137.327 138.9055 178.49 180.9479 183.85 186.207 190.2 192.22 195.08 196.9665 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.9804 (209) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118 Fr Ra Ac† Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt (223) 226.0254 227.0278 (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (268) (269) (272) (277) (285) (289) (293) 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 *Lanthanide Series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 140.115 140.9077 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.9254 162.5 164.9303 167.26 168.9342 173.04 174.967 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 † Actinide Series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 232.0381 231.0359 238.0289 237.048 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260) 1 Organic Chemist’s View of the 6 H C 1.00794 Periodic Table of Elements 12.011 3 6 5 6 7 8 9 6 Li C B C N O F C 6.941 12.011 10.811 12.011 14.0067 15.9994 18.99840 12.011 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 6 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl C 22.98977 24.305 26.98154 28.0855 30.97376 32.066 35.4527 12.011 19 20 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 35 6 K Ca C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Br C 39.0983 40.078 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 79.904 12.011 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 53 6 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C I C 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 126.9045 12.011 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 110 111 112 114 116 118 C C C C C C C C C 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 (269) (272) (277) (285) (289) (293) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 *Lanthanide Series C C C C C C C C C C C C C C 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 †Actinide Series C C C C C C C C C C C C C C 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 12.011 Orbital Shapes and Size s orbitals 1s 2s 3s p orbitals d orbitals Hybridization: Nitrogen: .. .. Tetrahedron HNCH Pyramidal N H2NCH3 3 (or Trigonal Pyramidal) CH3 H H H 3 atoms bonded to nitrogen H o 3 107 plus lone pair: Need 4 orbitals sp Methyl Amine Oxygen: .. .. Tetrahedron .. H3COCH3 O Angular or Bent H3C CH3 O . CH3 2 atoms bound to oxygen H 3 CH 105o plus 2 lone pairs. Need 4 orbitals sp 3 Dimethyl Ether Boron: Trigonal Planar F F BF3 120o BF BF F F 3 valence electrons Can only form 3 bonds. H Boron Trifluoride side view Need 3 orbitals sp2 Sulfur: .. .. .. Tetrahedron S . H3CSCH3 S . Angular CH3 H3C CH3 o CH3 105 6 valence electrons- 2 lone pairs H Dimethyl Sulfide Can only form 2 bonds, plus 2 lone pairs sp3 Need 4 orbitals Orbital Picture Drawing Practice For the following compounds, draw an orbital picture showing the s-bonds and lines and the p- bonds as overlapping p-orbitals. Are the H’s in allene and cumulene coplanar? Are the H’s and the nonbonding electrons on oxygen in ketene coplanar? H H CCC H H Allene H H CCC C H H Cumulene H CCO H Ketene Orbital Picture Answers: H H H H CCC CCC H H Allene H H's are not coplanar coming out H towards you H H CCC C H Cumulene H H's coplanar H H CCC C H H coming out coming out towards you towards you H H sp2 hybrid CCO orbitals CCO H H's and nonbonding electron pair are not coplanar H coming out coming out towards you towards you Skeletal Drawings in Organic Chemistry Rules: 1. Carbon atoms are represented by the ends of lines or the junctions between lines without using the chemical symbol, C. The lines represent the bonds between carbon atoms. 2. Hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms are not shown explicitly. Sufficient hydrogen atoms are assumed to be attached to the carbons so that each carbon has four bonds. Be sure to count the correct number of bonds - double bonds count as two bonds and triple bonds count as three bonds. 3. All other types of atoms (e.g. O, S, N, Cl) are shown explicitly. 4. Hydrogens attached to atoms other than carbon are always shown explicitly. 5. Nonbonding electron pairs on atoms are not typically shown. Sufficient nonbonding pairs are assumed so that each atom has a full outer shell of 8 electrons. Note- at times carbon atoms, assumed hydrogens and nonbonding electron pairs will be shown for emphasis. Examples and Practice – Convert the following Lewis structures to skeletal drawings and convert the following skeletal drawings to complete Lewis structures. HHH H H H C C C H H C C C H H HHHH H H H C C H C C H H HH H H H C H H C H CCCC H H C H H H H HH H H C H C C H H C C H C H H HCl H H C H C C C C H C H H H O OH or O O H H or OOHO OH N NH2 HH Skeletal Drawings in Organic Chemistry Rules: 1. Carbon atoms are represented by the ends of lines or the junctions between lines without using the chemical symbol, C. The lines represent the bonds between carbon atoms. 2. Hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms are not shown explicitly. Sufficient hydrogen atoms are assumed to be attached to the carbons so that each carbon has four bonds. Be sure to count the correct number of bonds - double bonds count as two bonds and triple bonds count as three bonds. 3. All other types of atoms (e.g. O, S, N, Cl) are shown explicitly. 4. Hydrogens attached to atoms other than carbon are always shown explicitly. 5. Nonbonding electron pairs on atoms are not typically shown. Sufficient nonbonding pairs are assumed so that each atom has a full outer shell of 8 electrons. Note- at times carbon atoms, assumed hydrogens and nonbonding electron pairs will be shown for emphasis. Example and Practice – Convert the following Lewis structures to skeletal drawings and convert the following skeletal drawings to complete Lewis structures.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chemistry 0310 - Organic Chemistry 1 Chapter 3
    Dr. Peter Wipf Chemistry 0310 - Organic Chemistry 1 Chapter 3. Reactions of Alkanes The heterolysis of covalent bonds yields anions and cations, whereas the homolysis creates radicals. Radicals are species with unpaired electrons that react mostly as electrophiles, seeking a single electron to complete their octet. Free radicals are important reaction intermediates and are formed in initiation reactions under conditions that cause the homolytic cleavage of bonds. In propagation steps, radicals abstract hydrogen or halogen atoms to create new radicals. Combinations of radicals are rare due to the low concentration of these reactive intermediates and result in termination of the radical chain. !CHAIN REACTION SUMMARY reactant product initiation PhCH3 HCl Cl 2 h DH = -16 kcal/mol chain-carrying intermediates n o r D (low concentrations) PhCH2 . Cl . propagation PhCH2 . or Cl . PhCH . 2 DH = -15 kcal/mol or Cl . PhCH2Cl or PhCH CH Ph PhCH2Cl Cl2 2 2 PhCH2Cl or Cl2 termination product reactant termination Alkanes are converted to alkyl halides by free radical halogenation reactions. The relative stability of radicals is increased by conjugation and hyperconjugation: R H H H . CH2 > R C . > R C . > H C . > H C . R R R H Oxygen is a diradical. In the presence of free-radical initiators such as metal salts, organic compounds and oxygen react to give hydroperoxides. These autoxidation reactions are responsible for the degradation reactions of oils, fatty acids, and other biological substances when exposed to air. Antioxidants such as hindered phenols are important food additives. Vitamins E and C are biological antioxidants. Radical chain reactions of chlorinated fluorocarbons in the stratosphere are responsible for the "ozone hole".
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Alkenes and Alkynes in an Alkane, All Covalent Bonds
    Introduction to Alkenes and Alkynes In an alkane, all covalent bonds between carbon were σ (σ bonds are defined as bonds where the electron density is symmetric about the internuclear axis) In an alkene, however, only three σ bonds are formed from the alkene carbon -the carbon thus adopts an sp2 hybridization Ethene (common name ethylene) has a molecular formula of CH2CH2 Each carbon is sp2 hybridized with a σ bond to two hydrogens and the other carbon Hybridized orbital allows stronger bonds due to more overlap H H C C H H Structure of Ethylene In addition to the σ framework of ethylene, each carbon has an atomic p orbital not used in hybridization The two p orbitals (each with one electron) overlap to form a π bond (p bonds are not symmetric about the internuclear axis) π bonds are not as strong as σ bonds (in ethylene, the σ bond is ~90 Kcal/mol and the π bond is ~66 Kcal/mol) Thus while σ bonds are stable and very few reactions occur with C-C bonds, π bonds are much more reactive and many reactions occur with C=C π bonds Nomenclature of Alkenes August Wilhelm Hofmann’s attempt for systematic hydrocarbon nomenclature (1866) Attempted to use a systematic name by naming all possible structures with 4 carbons Quartane a alkane C4H10 Quartyl C4H9 Quartene e alkene C4H8 Quartenyl C4H7 Quartine i alkine → alkyne C4H6 Quartinyl C4H5 Quartone o C4H4 Quartonyl C4H3 Quartune u C4H2 Quartunyl C4H1 Wanted to use Quart from the Latin for 4 – this method was not embraced and BUT has remained Used English order of vowels, however, to name the groups
    [Show full text]
  • C11 Aromatic and N-Alkane Hydrocarbons on Crete, in Air from Eastern Europe During the MINOS Campaign
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1461–1475, 2003 www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/3/1461/ Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics GC×GC measurements of C7−C11 aromatic and n-alkane hydrocarbons on Crete, in air from Eastern Europe during the MINOS campaign X. Xu1, J. Williams1, C. Plass-Dulmer¨ 2, H. Berresheim2, G. Salisbury1, L. Lange1, and J. Lelieveld1 1Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany 2German Weather Service, Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg, Germany Received: 23 January 2003 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 17 March 2003 Revised: 8 August 2003 – Accepted: 2 September 2003 – Published: 23 September 2003 Abstract. During the Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant campaign are estimated using the sequential reaction model Study (MINOS) campaign in August 2001 gas-phase or- and related data. They lie in the range of about 0.5–2.5 days. ganic compounds were measured using comprehensive two- dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) at the Finokalia ground station, Crete. In this paper, C7−C11 aromatic 1 Introduction and n-alkane measurements are presented and interpreted. The mean mixing ratios of the hydrocarbons varied from Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are recog- 1±1 pptv (i-propylbenzene) to 43±36 pptv (toluene). The nized as important atmospheric species affecting air chem- observed mixing ratios showed strong day-to-day variations istry on regional and global scales. Photochemical reactions and generally higher levels during the first half of the cam- of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere lead to the formation of paign. Mean diel profiles showed maxima at local mid- ozone, oxygenates and organic aerosols (Fehsenfeld et al., night and late morning, and minima in the early morning 1992; Andreae and Crutzen, 1997; Limbeck and Puxbaum, and evening.
    [Show full text]
  • Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
    05 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes Polyethylene is the most widely used plastic, making up items such as packing foam, plastic bottles, and plastic utensils (top: © Jon Larson/iStockphoto; middle: GNL Media/Digital Vision/Getty Images, Inc.; bottom: © Lakhesis/iStockphoto). Inset: A model of ethylene. KEY QUESTIONS 5.1 What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes? 5.8 How Can Alkynes Be Reduced to Alkenes and 5.2 What Is a Reaction Mechanism? Alkanes? 5.3 What Are the Mechanisms of Electrophilic Additions HOW TO to Alkenes? 5.1 How to Draw Mechanisms 5.4 What Are Carbocation Rearrangements? 5.5 What Is Hydroboration–Oxidation of an Alkene? CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 5.6 How Can an Alkene Be Reduced to an Alkane? 5A Catalytic Cracking and the Importance of Alkenes 5.7 How Can an Acetylide Anion Be Used to Create a New Carbon–Carbon Bond? IN THIS CHAPTER, we begin our systematic study of organic reactions and their mecha- nisms. Reaction mechanisms are step-by-step descriptions of how reactions proceed and are one of the most important unifying concepts in organic chemistry. We use the reactions of alkenes as the vehicle to introduce this concept. 129 130 CHAPTER 5 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes 5.1 What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes? The most characteristic reaction of alkenes is addition to the carbon–carbon double bond in such a way that the pi bond is broken and, in its place, sigma bonds are formed to two new atoms or groups of atoms. Several examples of reactions at the carbon–carbon double bond are shown in Table 5.1, along with the descriptive name(s) associated with each.
    [Show full text]
  • INVESTIGATION of POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (Pahs) on DRY FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION (FGD) BY-PRODUCTS
    INVESTIGATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) ON DRY FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION (FGD) BY-PRODUCTS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ping Sun, M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Linda Weavers, Adviser Professor Harold Walker Professor Patrick Hatcher Adviser Professor Yu-Ping Chin Civil Engineering Graduate Program ABSTRACT The primary goal of this research was to examine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on dry FGD by-products to determine environmentally safe reuse options of this material. Due to the lack of information on the analytical procedures for measuring PAHs on FGD by-products, our initial work focused on analytical method development. Comparison of the traditional Soxhlet extraction, automatic Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasonic extraction was conducted to optimize the extraction of PAHs from lime spray dryer (LSD) ash (a common dry FGD by-product). Due to the short extraction time, ultrasonic extraction was further optimized by testing different organic solvents. Ultrasonic extraction with toluene as the solvent turned out to be a fast and efficient method to extract PAHs from LSD ash. The possible reactions of PAHs under standard ultrasonic extraction conditions were then studied to address concern over the possible degradation of PAHs by ultrasound. By sonicating model PAHs including naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene in organic solutions, extraction parameters including solvent type, solute concentration, and sonication time on reactions of PAHs were examined. A hexane: acetone (1:1 V/V) ii mixture resulted in less PAH degradation than a dichloromethane (DCM): acetone (1:1 V/V) mixture.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Organic Chemistry
    PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Yu-Tai Tao (陶雨台） Tel: (02)27898580 E-mail: [email protected] Website:http://www.sinica.edu.tw/~ytt Textbook: “Perspective on Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry” by F. A. Corroll, 1998, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company References: 1. “Modern Physical Organic Chemistry” by E. V. Anslyn and D. A. Dougherty, 2005, University Science Books. Grading: One midterm (45%) one final exam (45%) and 4 quizzes (10%) homeworks Chap.1 Review of Concepts in Organic Chemistry § Quantum number and atomic orbitals Atomic orbital wavefunctions are associated with four quantum numbers: principle q. n. (n=1,2,3), azimuthal q.n. (m= 0,1,2,3 or s,p,d,f,..magnetic q. n. (for p, -1, 0, 1; for d, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2. electron spin q. n. =1/2, -1/2. § Molecular dimensions Atomic radius ionic radius, ri：size of electron cloud around an ion. covalent radius, rc：half of the distance between two atoms of same element bond to each other. van der Waal radius, rvdw：the effective size of atomic cloud around a covalently bonded atoms. - Cl Cl2 CH3Cl Bond length measures the distance between nucleus (or the local centers of electron density). Bond angle measures the angle between lines connecting different nucleus. Molecular volume and surface area can be the sum of atomic volume (or group volume) and surface area. Principle of additivity (group increment) Physical basis of additivity law: the forces between atoms in the same molecule or different molecules are very “short range”. Theoretical determination of molecular size：depending on the boundary condition.
    [Show full text]
  • N-Alkanes and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Water of Shatt Al-Arab River – Part 1 Makia M
    G.J.B.A.H.S.,Vol.4(1):88-94 (January-March, 2015) ISSN: 2319 – 5584 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) , n-alkanes and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water of Shatt Al-Arab River – part 1 Makia M. Al-Hejuje * ; N. A. Hussain* ; & H. T. Al-saad ** *Department of Ecology , College of Sciences ,University of Basrah, Iraq . **Department of Marine Chemistry , Marine Science Center , University of Basrah, Iraq . Abstract Water samples were collected monthly from five stations along the middle part of Shatt Al Arab river during the low tide period from December , 2012 to November , 2013 to determine the concentrations , distribution and sources of hydrocarbons compounds in water samples. TPH is range from 5.18 µg/l to 37.59 µg/l . The carbon chain length of aliphatic ( n-alkanes) in water were recorded from C7 to C31 dominated by C22-C25 , and the total n-alkanes was ranged from 8.81 µg/l to 35.58 µg/l . The range of PAHs compounds was ( 5.81 – 47.96) ng/l ,dominated by carbazol and anthracene ( as light PAHs) and chrysene and floranthene (as heavy PAHs) . The LMW/HMW , CPI and Pristine/Phytane ratios indicated that the source of n-alkanes hydrocarbons was mainly biogenic and pyrogenic and at least petrogenic .Whereas the LMW/HMW , Phenanthrene /Anthracene , and Flouranthene / Pyrene ratios indicated that the source of PAHs compounds was mainly pyrogenic and petrogenic . Key words : Shatt Al-Arab water, TPHs , n-alkanes , PAHs , hydrocarbon indices. Introduction Tigris and the Euphrates rivers meet at Qurna town north of Basrah city and form the Shatt Al-Arab river with length of about 195 km , and width varies at different point from 0.35 km at Basrah city to 1.5 km at its mouth in Fao town .
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Chapter 3: Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
    Chapter 3: Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes >11 million organic compounds which are classified into families according to structure and reactivity Functional Group (FG): group of atoms which are part of a large molecule that have characteristic chemical behavior. FG’s behave similarly in every molecule they are part of. The chemistry of the organic molecule is defined by the function groups it contains 1 C C Alkanes Carbon - Carbon Multiple Bonds Carbon-heteroatom single bonds basic C N C C C X X= F, Cl, Br, I amines Alkenes Alkyl Halide H C C C O C C O Alkynes alcohols ethers acidic H H H C S C C C C S C C H sulfides C C thiols (disulfides) H H Arenes Carbonyl-oxygen double bonds (carbonyls) Carbon-nitrogen multiple bonds acidic basic O O O N H C H C O C Cl imine (Schiff base) aldehyde carboxylic acid acid chloride O O O O C C N C C C C O O C C nitrile (cyano group) ketones ester anhydrides O C N amide opsin Lys-NH2 + Lys- opsin H O H N rhodopsin H 2 Alkanes and Alkane Isomers Alkanes: organic compounds with only C-C and C-H single (s) bonds. general formula for alkanes: CnH(2n+2) Saturated hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons: contains only carbon and hydrogen Saturated" contains only single bonds Isomers: compounds with the same chemical formula, but different arrangement of atoms Constitutional isomer: have different connectivities (not limited to alkanes) C H O C4H10 C5H12 2 6 O OH butanol diethyl ether straight-chain or normal hydrocarbons branched hydrocarbons n-butane n-pentane Systematic Nomenclature (IUPAC System) Prefix-Parent-Suffix
    [Show full text]
  • Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and N-Alkanes In
    Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in sediments of the Upper Scheldt River Basin: contamination levels and source apportionment Adeline Charriau, Laurent Bodineau, Baghdad Ouddane, Jean-Claude Fischer To cite this version: Adeline Charriau, Laurent Bodineau, Baghdad Ouddane, Jean-Claude Fischer. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in sediments of the Upper Scheldt River Basin: contamination levels and source apportionment. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009, 11 (5), pp.1086-1093. 10.1039/b819928k. hal-00922199 HAL Id: hal-00922199 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00922199 Submitted on 24 Dec 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in sediments of the Upper Scheldt River Basin: contamination levels and source apportionment Adeline CHARRIAU, Laurent BODINEAU, Baghdad OUDDANE* and Jean-Claude FISCHER *Université Lille 1, UMR-CNRS Géosystèmes 8157, Equipe Chimie Analytique et Marine, Bât C8, 2ème étage, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France. Fax: +33 320434481; Tel: +33 320434822; E-mail: [email protected] Summary The Scheldt River system is located in northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands and includes a dense network of rivers, which contributed to the urban and industrial development in this area.
    [Show full text]
  • A Nitrogenase-Like Methylthio-Alkane Reductase Complex Catalyzes Anaerobic Methane, Ethylene, and Methionine Biosynthesis Justin A
    A Nitrogenase-like Methylthio-alkane Reductase Complex Catalyzes Anaerobic Methane, Ethylene, and Methionine Biosynthesis Justin A. North,1 Srividya Murali1* ([email protected]), Adrienne B. Narrowe,3 Weili Xiong,4 Kathryn M. Byerly,1 Sarah J. Young,1 Yasuo Yoshikuni,5 Sean McSweeney,6 Dale Kreitler,6 William R. Cannon,2 Kelly C. Wrighton,3 Robert L. Hettich,4 and F. Robert Tabita1 (former PI, deceased) 1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; 2Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA. 3Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; 4Chemical Sciences Division, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN; 5DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA; 6NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY. Project Goals: The goal of this project is to identify and characterize the specific enzyme(s) that catalyze anaerobic ethylene synthesis. This is part of a larger project to develop an industrially compatible microbial process to synthesize ethylene in high yields. The specific goals are: 1. Identify the genes and gene products responsible for anaerobic ethylene synthesis. 2. Probe the substrate specificity and metagenomic functional diversity of methylthio-alkane reductases to identify optimal bioproduct generating systems. 3. Characterize the enzymes and the reactions that directly generate anaerobic ethylene. Abstract Text: Our previous work identified a novel anaerobic microbial pathway (DHAP- Ethylene Shunt) [1] that recycled 5’-methylthioadenosine (MTA) back to methionine with stoichiometric amounts of ethylene produced as a surprising side-product. MTA is a metabolic byproduct of methionine utilization in a multitude of cellular processes. The initial steps of the DHAP-ethylene sequentially converts MTA to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and ethylene precursor (2-methylthio)ethanol (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Practice – Organic Nomenclature ************************************************************************
    PRACTICE – ORGANIC NOMENCLATURE ************************************************************************ Directions: Write your answers to the following questions in the space provided. Use complete sentences for word answers. You may use a periodic table to assist you. Part A 1. What is an organic compound? 2. What is a hydrocarbon? What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated compound? Give an example of each. 3. Draw structural formulas for the five isomers of C6H14. 4. What is the general molecular formulas for alkanes? What would the molecular formula be for an alkane containing 10 carbon atoms? 13 carbon atoms? 1 5. Draw the structural formulas for a. pentane b. octane c. propane 6. Name the following molecules. a. b. CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH CH CH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 7. Draw the structural formulas for each of the following. a. 2,2,4,4­tetramethylpentane b. 4­ethyl­2­methylhexane c. 5­propyldecane d. 2,2­dimethylbutane 2 Part B 8. What is an alkene? Would an alkene be considered a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon? Why? 9. What type of isomers commonly occur with alkenes? Describe the difference in the arrangement of those isomers. 10. Write out the general molecular formulas for an alkene containing: a. four carbon atoms b. seven carbon atoms c. twelve carbon atoms 11. Name the following molecules. a. b. H CH3 CH C CH CH CH CH C C 2 2 3 CH3 CH3 CH3 12. Draw the structural formulas for a. 3­ethyl­3­methyl­1­pentene b. 2­methyl­1,3­butadiene 3 c.
    [Show full text]
  • Stereochemistry
    Lecture note- 2 Organic Chemistry CHE 502 STEREOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY UNIT 4: STEREOCHEMISTRY 1 CONTENTS 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Isomerism 4.4 Structural (Constitutional) Isomerism 4.5 Stereo (Configurational) isomerism 4.5.1 Geometrical Isomerism 4.5.2 Optical Isomerism 4.6 Element of Symmetry 4.7 Stereogenic centre (Stereogenicity) 4.7.1 Optical activity and Enantiomerism 4.7.2 Properties of enantiomerism 4.7.3 Chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centers 4.7.4 Diastereomers 4.7.5 Properties of Diastereomers 4.7.6 Erythro (syn) Threo (anti) diastereomers 4.7.7 Meso compounds 4.8 Relative and absolute configurations 4.8.1 D/L nomenclature 4.8.2 R/S nomenclature 4.8.3 Sequence Rule 4.9 Newman and sawhorse projection formulae 4.10 Fisher flying and wedge formulae 4.11 Racemic mixture (racemates) 4.12 Quasi enantiomers 4.13 Quasi racemates 4.14 Stereochemistry of allenes, spiranes, biphenyls, ansa compounds, cyclophanes and related compounds 4.15 Summary 4.16 Terminal Questions 4.17 Answers 4.1 OBJECTIVES In this unit learner will be able to: ➢ Depict various types of isomerism exhibited by organic compounds and their representation ➢ Analyze the three dimensional depictions of organic compounds and their two dimensional representations. ➢ Learn Stereogenicity, chirality, enantiomerism, diastereomerism, their relative and absolute configurations ➢ Learn about the various stereo chemical descriptors such as (cis-trans, E/Z, D/L, d/l, erythro/threo, R/S and syn/anti) given to organic molecules differ ➢ Describe the stereochemistry of various rigid and complex molecules like spiranes, adamentanes, catenanes, cyclophanes etc.
    [Show full text]