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A Unique Approach to Monitor Stress in Coral Exposed to Emerging Pollutants Didier Stien✉, Marcelino Suzuki, Alice M

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A Unique Approach to Monitor Stress in Coral Exposed to Emerging Pollutants Didier Stien✉, Marcelino Suzuki, Alice M www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A unique approach to monitor stress in coral exposed to emerging pollutants Didier Stien✉, Marcelino Suzuki, Alice M. S. Rodrigues, Marion Yvin, Fanny Clergeaud, Evane Thorel & Philippe Lebaron Metabolomic profling of the hexacoral Pocillopora damicornis exposed to solar flters revealed a metabolomic signature of stress in this coral. It was demonstrated that the concentration of the known steroid (3β, 5α, 8α) -5, 8-epidioxy- ergosta- 6, 24(28) - dien- 3- ol (14) increased in response to octocrylene (OC) and ethylhexyl salicylate (ES) at 50 µg/L. Based on the overall coral response, we hypothesize that steroid 14 mediates coral response to stress. OC also specifcally altered mitochondrial function at this concentration and above, while ES triggered a stress/infammatory response at 300 µg/L and above as witnessed by the signifcant increases in the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylethanolamines. Benzophenone-3 increased the concentration of compound 14 at 2 mg/L, while the concentration of stress marker remained unchanged upon exposition to the other solar flters tested. Also, our results seemed to refute earlier suggestions that platelet-activating factor is involved in the coral infammatory response. Coral reefs are experiencing an unprecedented planet-wide decline1. Tis decline has been attributed to several anthropogenic factors, including global warming, overfshing, and pollution. Widely used for skin protection against cancer, solar flters are regularly released in the sea from populated coastal zones or in sites dedicated to touristic activities including a bathing zone. Nonetheless, the impacts of solar flters on corals have been relatively understudied to date. An early article from Danovaro and coworkers2 demonstrated that solar flters can induce coral bleaching by promoting viral infections. More recently, it was shown that several UV flters in the benz- ophenone class, along with octocrylene (OC), exert direct detrimental efects on corals3–7. Additionally, it has been shown that other ingredients in sunscreens and cosmetics exacerbate the toxicity of the UV flters OC and octinoxate8, while Fel et al. reported that many UV flters, including OC have little or no efect on corals9. According to Downs et al., benzophenone-3 (BP3) induced concentration-dependent planulae coral bleach- ing, DNA-AP lesions, ossifcation of the planula, and planulae mortality, and these adverse efects were exacer- bated by light3. In our previous work, we compared the metabolomic profles of exposed and unexposed corals and demonstrated that OC triggers mitochondrial dysfunction that results in the accumulation of acylcarnitines7. Also of great concern were both the accumulation of OC derivatives in coral tissues and the concentration at which the toxicity was detected. In a 1-week exposure experiment, 19 OC derivatives were found in the coral tissue, and the response-inducing concentration was 50 µg/L, a concentration only 5 to 10 times higher than the highest environmental concentrations reported in the literature10,11. Since wild corals are exposed to solar flters for longer periods of time, it has been hypothesized that OC does impact corals in areas where it is continuously released. Other groups have also described the accumulation of UV flters in coral tissues8,12,13. Tese data further increase the interest of studying coral response to pollutants. On July 2, 2018, and beginning January 1, 2021, Hawaii banned the sale or distribution of sunscreens contain- ing oxybenzone or octinoxate in its territory14. Lately, Palau restricted the sale and use of reef-toxic sunscreens15. In that ruling, reef-toxic sunscreens were BP3, octinoxate and OC, the manufacturing, importation or sale of which will be prohibited in the Republic of Palau afer January 1, 2020. In the current context, where national legislations are evolving to promote more sustainable tourism while little is known on the impact of UV flters on coral, it was key to evaluate more solar flters and to introduce a practical reliable tool to quantify coral responses to pollutants, while considering the public health importance of sunscreens. Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France. ✉e-mail: [email protected] SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2020) 10:9601 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66117-3 1 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ www.nature.com/scientificreports Maximum concentration in fnal producta Abbr. Name Alternative names Cmpd. class CAS # Formula USA EU Aus. OC Octocrylene Acrylate 6197-30-4 C24H27NO2 10% 10% 10% Methylene bis-benzotriazolyl Bisoctrizole, Tinosorb M, MBBT Benzotriazole 103597-45-1 C H N O n.a. 10% 10% tetramethylbutylphenol Milestab 360 41 50 6 2 BP3 Benzophenone-3 Oxybenzone Phenone 131-57-7 C14H12O3 6% 6% 10% BM Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane Avobenzone Phenone 70356-09-1 C20H22O3 3% 5% 5% Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl DHHB Uvinul A Plus Phenone 302776-68-7 C H NO n.a. 10% 10% benzoate 24 31 4 ES 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate Octyl salicylate, Octisalate Salicylate 118-60-5 C15H22O3 5% 5% 5% HS Homosalate Salicylate 118-56-9 C16H22O3 15% 10% 15% bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Bemotrizinol, Tinosorb S, BEMT s-Triazine 187393-00-6 C H N O n.a. 10% 10% methoxyphenyl triazine Escalol S 38 49 3 5 DBT Diethylhexyl butamido triazone Iscotrizinol, Uvasorb HEB s-Triazine 154702-15-5 C44H59N7O5 n.a. 10% n.a. Uvinul T150, Octyl ET Ethylhexyl triazone s-Triazine 88122-99-0 C H N O n.a. 5% 5% triazone 48 66 6 6 Table 1. UV flters tested. a USA: United States of America, EU: European Union, Aus.: Australia. n.a.: not approved. In the current work, we studied the impact of 10 UV-flters on coral Pocillopora damicornis using untar- geted metabolomic analysis in order to contribute to a better understanding of coral stress response to emerging pollutants. Results and discussion UV flters. Te UV flters used in this study are listed in Table 1. All are approved in the European Union as cosmetic ingredients. Five of them are not approved by the FDA for human use but are ofen approved in other countries around the world, including those with signifcant coral reef areas such as France (4th most areas) and Australia (2nd most areas)16. Overall, the compound classes are somewhat diverse, with 5 classes for 10 solar flters. Compared efect of OC and ES on coral metabolomes. In the current study, P. damicornis nubbins were exposed to ES for 7 days at concentrations of 5, 50, 300 and 1000 µg/L. As with OC previously, the extracts prepared from the coral nubbins exposed to ES were analyzed by UHPLC-ESI+-HRMS2 and compared with control experiment7. First, unlike what happened with OC, ES or ES-analogs do not seem to accumulate in the coral, although both compounds possess a 2-ethylhexyl side chain. Our hypothesis is that the ester group in OC is more stable than in ES. ES would then be degraded by carboxylesterase-mediated ester hydrolysis17 or via the bacterial ortho degrada- tion pathway18,19 while OC is degraded by hydroxylation of the 2-ethylhexyl chain and subsequent grafing of fatty acids. As a result, lipophilic OC analogs accumulate in coral tissues, which might lead to further accumulation by the trophic chain. Te metabolomic profles were compared with those of control corals treated with DMSO only (0.25% v/v). Eighteen compounds are signifcantly upregulated at 1000 µg/L ES, and in some cases are also upregulated at lower ES concentrations (Table 2, Fig. 1). Compounds 1–3 are the polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid (AA, Fig. 1). Te structures were determined based on the molecular formulas and examination of fragmentation spectra with MS-Finder. Identifcation was confrmed by comparison of retention times and MS/MS spectra with those of commercially available standards. Tese compounds were signifcantly upregulated at 1 mg/L ES and were not afected at lower concentrations (Fig. 1). Until recently, ω3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) would have been considered as Symbiodiniaceae20 metabolites. Vertebrates lack the ωx desaturases nec- essary for PUFA synthesis and it was largely accepted that all animals should lack it too. However, it is now well established that many marine invertebrates, including corals (P. damicornis among them), have acquired ωx desat- urases by horizontal gene transfer21–23. In mammals, ω3 PUFAs, and in particular AA, that come from the diet are stored and are involved in the infammatory cascade afer cleavage from phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and transformation into several derived signaling molecules such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins. In corals, increased production of eicosanoids, linked to an increase in the expression of an allene oxide synthase-lipoxygenase (AOS-LOXa) was shown for the sof (octo)coral Capnella imbricata in response to mechanical injury and thermal stress22,24. In stony (hexa)corals, eicosanoids such as 8-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (8-HETE), (S,5Z,11Z,14Z)-8-hydroxy- 9-oxoicosa-5,11,14-trienoic acid and (5Z,12a,14Z)-9-oxo-prosta-5,10,14-trien-1-oicacid were also observed, both in extracts of whole coral tissue, and afer incubation of 14C-labeled AA with tissue homogenates of Acropora millepora, A. cervicornis and Galaxea fascicularis23. Tese results, combined with previous transcriptomic analysis showing upregulation of enzymes linked to eicosanoid production in corals undergoing black disease or thermal stress25,26, led to the hypothesis that the production of eicosanoids could also be associated with stress in stony corals23. Finally, experiments with host switching using the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida also show evidences towards increases of eicoisanoids afer colonization with a heterologous Symbiodiniaceae27. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2020) 10:9601 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66117-3 2 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ www.nature.com/scientificreports Cmpd. tR Molecular No.a (min) m/z Adduct formula Cmpd.
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