DOCSLIB.ORG

CAMBODIA Public Disclosure Authorized a New Beginning

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CAMBODIA Public Disclosure Authorized a New Beginning EVENT BRIEF JSDF Day January 2011 CAMBODIA Public Disclosure Authorized A New Beginning Children, primary schools and social change in post-conflict Preah Vihear Province reah Vihear is a Province in northern Cambodia, bordering Thailand and PLaos. The Province was an insecure and contested area from the late 1960s until 2000, when stability returned and the participation of children in primary education throughout the province became a possibility. Public Disclosure Authorized Preah Vihear is divided “War makes people into seven districts and hopeless. Minds are 49 communes with 208 villages. Ethnic paralyzed and it is difficult minorities make up a have been out of touch with formal to think of the future. significant proportion education for periods of up to thirty-five It seems impossible to of the population with years. initiate new ideas. We the principal groups being Kouy and need to know this and Lao. The Project to know that people will eventually pass beyond The province is In 2003, the JSDF provided a grant to that stage...Where characterized Save the Children Norway - Cambodia by geographical Public Disclosure Authorized (SCN-CO) aimed at improving access and community development remoteness, cultural quality in all schools and education offices has worked well, the thing diversity and a in the region. This marked an important that has happened is turbulent history break with the past. The period of forced which has left a not the projects. It is the isolation had resulted in an education legacy of distrust in system that operated with a high degree of people of the community public institutions and self-sufficiency, with only limited resources, moving together to any outside agency. both physical and human, coming from support each other.” Isolation, distance and outside the Province. The project offered an limited opportunities - Keo Sarath “Education for opportunity for education officials, teachers for participation in the Social Change : How to bring and communities in these previously cash economy led to back hope to hopeless people” under-served areas to see a quick return widespread poverty, Phnom Penh, November 2005 on their investment of labour, energy and with many families professional commitment. living a subsistence lifestyle. The project faced many challenges, not least the need to convince parents of the benefits Public Disclosure Authorized The total population of Preah Vihear is of participation in formal education, beyond relatively small by Cambodian provincial an achievement of rudimentary numeracy standards with people scattered over a wide and literacy. The approach was built on local area. This includes extended family groups people doing something, rather than on who have deliberately sought isolation for having things done to them. reasons of security. Some of these groups The Japan Social Development Fund (JSDF) was established in June 2000 by the Government of Japan and the World Bank as a mechanism for providing direct assistance to the poorest and most vulnerable groups in eligible World Bank group member countries. The approach taken was both comprehensive and gradualist. It was comprehensive in that SCN-CO Project Data believes that any work it does in education should • Implementing Agency: Save the Children Norway, involve all stakeholders, at the local level (school Cambodia staff, community, parents, children) and at various levels of authority within the formal education • Grant (TF052059) Amount: $1.8 million system (District, Province, National). It is gradualist • Implementation Period: 03/20/2003 to 12/31/2005 in that, although long term aims, and the big ideas that drive them, are described, work goes ahead at the level that stakeholders can manage (and for the continuing and concrete benefits that arise from which they already have most of the resources) and education and that the sacrifices they must make to the emphasis is on planning and tasks which can be keep their children at school are warranted. managed successfully. Small successes engender confidence and momentum which can then be built 2 - Improve the quality of education with children upon to move on to more ambitious tasks. as active learners • 85% of teachers demonstrated improved teaching skills, according to agreed quality Results standards. • 85% of children knew how to develop and use A 2006 evaluation confirmed that the combination an individual learning plan starting in Grade 2 of a major infrastructure initiative with activities that and demonstrated the application of life-skills built social capital and which were carried out by starting in Grade 4. an NGO working in partnership with government at the local level produced a powerful mobilizing effect 3 - Improve the efficiency of public education and on disadvantaged communities. All stakeholders promote community participation consulted during the evaluation, from the Governor, • 85% of schools and all District Education Offices education officials and teachers to children and (DEOs) and Provincial Education Offices (PEOs) community members, agreed that public education carried out satisfactory planning, data collection, in Preah Vihear was transformed during the project and monitoring and evaluation and supervision period. procedures. • 85% of schools have involved and responsible The project design was ambitious, setting high School Development Committees (SDC). targets, especially for school participation in the more remote districts of the Province. While many The evaluation team found clear evidence of : of the indicators were achieved in all, or some of, • Large increases in the participation, retention Preah Vihear’s 154 primary schools, some targets and progress of children in primary schools did prove unreachable, partly due to the duration because of school construction, improvements of the project (two years). It was not possible to in the quality of teaching and learning and meet teacher recruitment targets, for example, community support for schools. By the end of although considerable progress was made and academic year 2004-2005, key indicators had experiences in the Province have undoubtedly reached 85.74% (enrolment), 79% (promotion) helped shape the Ministry’s new policy that focuses and 4.18% (drop out). on local recruitment (rather than redeployment • Significant improvements in teacher performance and incentives) to meet the demand for teacher and morale. in remote areas. Two years was also too short to • Innovative, inclusive, child friendly and child- achieve many of the ideas for an ethnic minority centred approaches to teaching and learning. curriculum and materials development set out in the • A functioning, supportive system of design document. management of public education in Preah Vihear, in which staff at each level of management and/ In terms of the project development objectives, the or coordination had direct knowledge, through following results were obtained: regular contact, concerning the institutions and personnel for whom they are responsible. 1 - Increase access to school Grades 1-6 for • Systematic planning and reporting (province to disadvantaged children district, district to cluster and school, cluster to school). Major achievements: • Strong participation by community members in • Enrolment rates increased from 50% to 75% activities that support schools and teachers. • Promotion rates increased from 65% to 85% • Recognition by community members of the in all 7 Districts with the equal participation of linkages between a childs school learning and disadvantaged children the quality of home life (life skills) • Commitment by education officials, school The test of project impact, in the medium term, is head teachers and teaching staff to investigate not so much whether these levels can be sustained and be responsive to the needs and aspirations or improved upon but whether they can be held of children and their families from the villages at levels somewhere around the national average. served by schools Achieving this would provide evidence to families of 2 http://www.worldbank.org/jsdf Innovation • SCN-CO made a commitment to maintain a SCN-CO project staff and their Ministry of presence in the Province for an additional four Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS) counterparts years after Grant closing (December 2005), in Preah Vihear piloted a number of innovations albeit at reduced levels. This maintained the which have already proven to be of interest to momentum and enthusiasm created by the education officials and school staff from other Project and ensured the continuation of the provinces in Cambodia. Among these are: strong partnership between SCN-CO and • A major extension of the school mapping MoEYS officials in the province. SCN-CO is also strategy to include a wide range of socio- replicating the Project in Pursat province. economic data to help schools and school staff better understand the problems and needs of • In addition, the Bank implemented the the communities they serve. Cambodia Education Sector Support Project • Bringing well qualified mentors (District (August 2005 – December 2010), which Facilitators) into Preah Vihear from outside adopted many important lessons learned from the province to provide continuous, on-the-job the JSDF Grant. This Project aimed to assist training for education officials at the District Cambodia in implementing its sector goals level. - to expand access to education services • Approaching primary education holistically with by addressing supply, demand,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A History of the Anlong Veng Community a History Of
    A HIstoRy Of Anlong Veng CommunIty A wedding in Anlong Veng in the early 1990s. (Cover photo) Aer Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in 1979, many Khmer Rouge forces scaered to the jungles, mountains, and border areas. Mountain 1003 was a prominent Khmer Rouge military base located within the Dangrek Mountains along the Cambodian-Thai border, not far from Anlong Veng. From this military base, the Khmer Rouge re-organized and prepared for the long struggle against Vietnamese and the People’s Republic of Kampuchea government forces. Eventually, it was from this base, Khmer Rouge forces would re-conquer and sele Anlong Veng in early 1990 (and a number of other locations) until their re-integration into Cambodian society in late 1998. In many ways, life in Anlong Veng was as difficult and dangerous as it was in Mountain 1003. As one of the KR strongholds, Anlong Veng served as one of the key launching points for Khmer Rouge guerrilla operations in Cambodia, and it was subject to constant aacks by Cambodian government forces. Despite the perilous circumstances and harsh environment, the people who lived in Anlong Veng endeavored, whenever possible, to re-connect with and maintain their rich cultural heritage. Tossed from the seat of power in 1979, the Khmer Rouge were unable to sustain their rigid ideo- logical policies, particularly as it related to community and family life. During the Democratic Movement of the Khmer Rouge Final Stronghold Kampuchea regime, 1975–79, the Khmer Rouge prohibited the traditional Cambodian wedding ceremony. Weddings were arranged by Khmer Rouge leaders and cadre, who oen required mass ceremonies, with lile regard for tradition or individual distinction.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Agriculture in Southeast Asia: Investment, Aid and Trade in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar
    Chinese Agriculture in Southeast Asia: Investment, Aid and Trade in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar Mark Grimsditch June 2017 Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 10 Part I: China’s Overseas Agriculture Activities ................................................................................. 12 The Development of China‟s Engagement in Overseas Agriculture .................................................. 12 China‟s Overseas Agriculture Aid ...................................................................................................... 12 Overseas Agriculture Investment ...................................................................................................... 16 Motivations and Drivers of China‟s Overseas Agriculture .................................................................. 18 Actors Involved in Overseas Investment ........................................................................................... 21 Regulation of Overseas Investment .................................................................................................. 24 Social and Environmental Guidelines for Overseas Investment .................................................... 24 Regulation of State-owned Enterprises ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodia Msme 2/Bee Project Quarterly Report No. 15 (April 1 – June 30, 2012)
    s page left intentionally blank for double-sided printing. CAMBODIA MSME 2/BEE PROJECT QUARTERLY REPORT NO. 15 (APRIL 1 – JUNE 30, 2012) TASK ORDER NO. 04 JULY 31, 2012 JANUARY 31, 2011 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International ThisDevelopment. publication It was was produced prepared for by reviewDAI. by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by DAI. This page left intentionally blank for double-sided printing. USAID Cambodia MSME2/BEE Project Quarterly Report No. 15 Task Order No. 4 Program Title: Strengthening Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Cambodia Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID/Cambodia Contract Number: EEM-I-00-07-00009-00/04 Contractor: DAI Date of Publication: July 31, 2012 Author: Cambodia MSME 2/BEE Project The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 8 Background ..................................................................................................................... 8 Project Objectives and Approach .................................................................................... 9 Summary of Project Highlights This Quarter ................................................................. 10 Component 1 - Strengthening Value Chains ........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Collaborative Exploration of Capsicum Genetic Resources in Northern Cambodia, 2016
    〔AREIPGR Vol. 33: 207-221, 2017〕 Original Paper Collaborative Exploration of Capsicum Genetic Resources in Northern Cambodia, 2016 Toru SUGITA 1)*, Hiroshi MATSUNAGA 2), Sim THEAVY 3), Sakhan SOPHANY 3) 1) Miyazaki Agricultural Research Institute, Shimonaka 5805, Sadowara, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 880- 0212, Japan 2) Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, NARO, Kusawa 360, Ano, Tsu, Mie 514-2392, Japan 3) Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, National Road 3, Prateahlang, Dangkor, P.O. Box 01, Phnom Penh, Cambodia *Present affiliation: Faculty of Environmental and Horticultural Science, Minami Kyushu University, Tateno 3764-1, Miyakonojyo, Miyazaki 885-0035, Japan Communicated by K. EBANA (Genetic Resources Center, NARO) Received May 7, 2017, Accepted Jan. 20, 2018 Corresponding author: H. MATSUNAGA (e-mail: [email protected]) Summary The National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) and the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) have collaborated under the Plant Genetic Resources in Asia project to survey the vegetable genetic resources available in Cambodia, since 2014. As part of this project, two field surveys of solanaceous crops were conducted in November 2014 and 2015 in western and eastern Cambodia, respectively. In November 2016, we conducted a third field survey in northern Cambodia, in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, Oddar Meanchey, and Preah Vihear provinces. We collected 46 chili pepper fruit samples from markets and farmer yards, including 13 Capsicum annuum and 33 Capsicum frutescens fruits. Harvested seeds were evenly transferred to the CARDI and the NARO gene banks. KEY WORDS: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, chili pepper, genetic resources, Cambodia Introduction There are abundant vegetable genetic resources available in Southeast Asia, many of them within Solanaceae (Yamamoto and Nawata 2005; Matsunaga et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Preah Vihear Province Investment Information
    Municipality and Province Preah Vihear Province Investment Information Preah Vihear Province Preah Vihear Road Network 99 Municipality and Province Preah Vihear Province Investment Information I. Introduction to the Province Preah Vihear is located in northern Cambodia, 294 km from Phnom Penh running through National Road No. 6 and 629. The province borders Stung Treng province to the east, Siem Reap province and Oddar Meanchey province to the west, Thailand and Laos to the north and Kampong Thom province to the south. While much of the province is extremely remote and strongly forested, and the province is one of least populated in Cambodia, it is home to three impressive legacies from the Angkorian era: the mountain temple of Prasat Preah Vihear, which is well known as a World Heritage Site, the 10th-century capital of Koh Ker and the mighty Preak Khan. These legacies attract many local and international tourists every year. The provincial economy 85% based on farming and the remaining 15% based on fishing and other sectors. Recently, because of its border with Thailand, international trade has increased slightly, becoming another important sector for the province's economy. The province is endowed with endless natural treasures. With acres of dense, hilly forests and scrub green vegetation, Preah Vihear is indeed an ideal getaway destination to Cambodia’s nature with the breathtaking views over the Dangkrek Mountains and lush jungle from Preah Vihear temples. Preah Vihear has abundant water resources from 219 natural water reservoirs
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Government of Cambodia Department of Pollution Control Ministry of Environment
    Royal Government of Cambodia Department of Pollution Control Ministry of Environment Project titled: Training Courses on the Environmentally Sound Management of Electrical and Electronic Wastes in Cambodia Final Report Submitted to The Secretariat of the Basel Convention August-2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF APPENDICES.......................................................................................3 LIST OF ACRONYMS.........................................................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................................................5 REPORT OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES.................................................................6 I. Institutional Arrangement.......................................................................6 II. Project Achievement...........................................................................6 REPORT OF THE TRAINING COURSES..........................................................8 I- Introduction............................................................................................8 II Opening of the Training Courses...........................................................9 III. Training Courses Presentation...........................................................10 IV. Training Courses Conclusions and Recommendations.....................12 V. National Follow-Up Activities..............................................................13 2 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A: Programme of the Training Course Appendix B: List
    [Show full text]
  • Preah Vihear World Heritage Sit
    No. 678, Group 1, Phum Tavien, Siem Reap City, CAMBODIA H/P: +85512 971 645 E-maiL: [email protected], [email protected] WebSite: www.cambodiatraveLtraiLS.com …………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... Tour Name: Preah Vihear WorLd Heritage Site Guided ExcurSion Tour Code: A1N Tour Duration: 1 day Tour Operates: alL year round / on demand Number of Pax: avaiLable upon requeSt Tour Price: avaiLable upon requeSt Pick-up and drop off location Can be anywhere upon request HoteL in Siem Reap Upon arrivaL in Siem Reap airport Upon arrivaL in Siem Reap buS Station Upon arrivaL in boat pier in Chong Kneah fLoating viLLage Any AirBnB and residences in Siem Reap. Pick-up and drop-off direction Kindly provide your pick-up and drop-off StyLes for direction! PREAH VIHEAR WORLD HERITAGE SITE GUIDED EXCURSION Preah Vihear – in the morning, you will be met and welcomed by our English Speaking guide, picked up and tranSferred onward to viSit Preah Vihear TempLe. It iS Situated atop cLiff in the Preah Vihear province of northern Cambodia (180 kiLometerS from Angkor Wat) and on the border of KantharaLak diStrict (amphoe) in SiSaket province of eastern ThaiLand. In 1962, folLowing a Lengthy diSpute between ThaiLand and Cambodia over ownerShip, a majority of the International Court of Justice in The Hague awarded the temple to Cambodia. Affording a view for many kiLometerS acrosS a pLain, PraSat Preah Vihear haS the most SpectacuLar Setting of aLL the tempLeS buiLt during the Six-centurieS-long Khmer Empire. AS a key edifice of the empire's Spiritual life, it waS supported and modified by successive kings and so bears eLements of severaL architecturaL styLes.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Topics Royal Academy of Cambodia ARC
    Royal Academy of Cambodia_ARC Type No. Year Academic Discipline Research Topics Research Project 1 Humanities Group of Prasat Preah Khan Kampong Svay Research Project 2 Humanities Historical and Archaeological Sites Inventory in Ponhear Krek District Research Project 3 Humanities Buddisht Monks and Human Resources Development in Cambodia, Kampong Cham-Kampot 1908-1930 Research Project 4 Social Sciences The Commune's Economy in Cambodia Research Project 5 2005 Social Sciences Site Survey and Inventory Mapping of Ancient Mound Feature in 12 Villages Mkak Commune, Angsnoul District Research Project 6 Social Sciences Background and Management of Pagoda in Cambodia Research Project 7 Social Sciences Inscription Printing and Translation Project in Battambang Province Research Project 8 Professions Development and Planning of Tourism Communication in Ronakse Commune, Sangkum Thmei District Research Project 9 Professions A Study on Simple Micro-Hydro Electric Power Development and Its Impacts Research Project 10 Humanities The Changing Livelihood based on Historical Sites: Case Stydy on the Khmer Village of Kulen Mountain of Siem Reap Research Project 11 Humanities Folk Tale of Minority Ethnics in Rattanakiri Province Research Project 12 Humanities Inventory Mapping of Ancient Mound Features in Pon Sang Commune of Ang Snoul District Research Project 13 Social Sciences Khmer Philosophical Thoughts of Angkor Period Research Project 14 2006 Social Sciences Social Development Environment Prevention in Cultural-Historical Siteof the Community of Ronakse
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodia's Dirty Dozen
    HUMAN RIGHTS CAMBODIA’S DIRTY DOZEN A Long History of Rights Abuses by Hun Sen’s Generals WATCH Cambodia’s Dirty Dozen A Long History of Rights Abuses by Hun Sen’s Generals Copyright © 2018 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-36222 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JUNE 2018 ISBN: 978-1-6231-36222 Cambodia’s Dirty Dozen A Long History of Rights Abuses by Hun Sen’s Generals Map of Cambodia ............................................................................................................... 7 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Khmer Rouge-era Abuses .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    RICE UNIVERSITY Tracing the Last Breath: Movements in Anlong Veng &dss?e?73&£i& frjjrarijsfass cassis^ scesse & w o O as by Timothy Dylan Wood A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE Doctor of Philosophy APPROVED, THESIS COMMITTEE: y' 7* Stephen A. Tyler, Herbert S. Autrey Professor Department of Philip R. Wood, Professor Department of French Studies HOUSTON, TEXAS MAY 2009 UMI Number: 3362431 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3362431 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Tracing the Last Breath: Movements in Anlong Veng by Timothy Dylan Wood Anlong Veng was the last stronghold of the Khmer Rouge until the organization's ultimate collapse and defeat in 1999. This dissertation argues that recent moves by the Cambodian government to transform this site into an "historical-tourist area" is overwhelmingly dominated by commercial priorities. However, the tourism project simultaneously effects an historical narrative that inherits but transforms the government's historiographic endeavors that immediately followed Democratic Kampuchea's 1979 ousting.
    [Show full text]
  • How Cambodia's Elite Has Captured the Country's Extractive Industries 1 Glossary of Key Terms Resource
    Country for sale – how Cambodia’s elite has captured the country’s extractive industries Glossary of key terms Resource curse – the phenomenon by which natural resource wealth often results in poor standards of human development, bad governance, increased corruption and sometimes conflict. Extractive industries – for the purposes of this report, the extractive industries are defined as the oil, gas, and mining industries. Kleptocracy – a style of governance characterised by high-level corruption and looting of state funds for the purpose of increasing the personal wealth and political power of the ruling class. Shadow state1 – a state where political power is wielded as a means to personal self- enrichment and state institutions are subverted to support those needs. Behind the laws and government institutions of such states is a parallel system of personal rule. Leaders of these states are typically able to exploit their country’s public assets, particularly natural resources, through the subversion of bureaucratic institutions and the monopoly on the use of violence. In this way, they can enrich themselves and pay for the means to stay in power. 1 Country for sale – how Cambodia’s elite has captured the country’s extractive industries Map Glossary of key terms Contents Recommendations Summary Chapter I: Cambodia’s extractive industries – the stakes are high Minerals – an introduction Oil and gas – an introduction Cambodia today: From democracy experiment to one-party kleptocracy Box 1: Wasted wood – the lessons of illegal logging Box
    [Show full text]
  • SAMBOR PREI KUK, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE Representing the Cultural LANDSCAPE of Ancient Ishanapura
    KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND FINE ARTS SAMBOR PREI KUK, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE Representing the Cultural LANDSCAPE of Ancient Ishanapura REQUEST FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST Cambodian National Commission for UNESCO Glossary Brahma ‐ The Creator of all things, originally conceived as the deification of Brahma, becoming the principle deity of the rimurti (with Vishnu and Shiva). Brahma has four heads, and four arms holding scepter, rosary, bow and alms bowl. Chenla – The name “Chenla”, like the name Funan, comes from Chinese reports on Cambodia. Durga ‐ Consort of Shiva in her terrible form; also called Kali, Chandri, Bhairavi. Flying palace ‐ Term used to describe a small depiction of a building or celestial palace supported by winged or flying Fig.s or animals. In Hindu mythologie, known as the palace of Indra. Funan ‐ The oldest Indianized state in todays’South Vietnam and precursor of Chenla and not known in Khmer epigraphy. The name is only found in Chinese records of contacts with Funan, contacts which began around 230 A.D. Gambhiresavara ‐ “The God of Seriousness”, “The God of the Depths” or ‘hidden knowledge’ and associated with 7th century worship derived from India. Harihara ‐ ‘Hari=Vishnu; ‘Hara’= Shiva; Deity combination of two gods seen as the synthesis of the two Hindu cults. Harihara is depicted with the Vishnu tiara on the one side and the Shiva’s pleated locks on the other. Indic ‐ refers to/related to India Isvara ‐ Sanskrit meaning ‘lord’, generally referring to Shiva. K ‐ Indicates the inscription number as universaly inventorized. kendi (kundika) ‐ form of pottery with a long neck with a spout swelling at the base.
    [Show full text]