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Common Rangia - REFERENCE COPY Do Not Remove from the Librorv - U. S. Fish and Wildlife hirn ~iologicalReport 82 (11- 31 ) lvorlonolWetlands Research Cenwr TR EL-$2-4 April, 1986 700 Cajun Dome Boulevarrf Latayette,I - Louisiana 70506 Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico) COMMON RANGIA Coastal Ecology Group a Fish and Wildlife Service Watenvavs Ex~erimentStation U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Army Corps of Engineers This is one of the first reports to be published in the new "Biological Report" series. This technical report series, published by the Research and Development branch of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, replaces the "FWS/OBS1' series published from 1976 to September 1984. The Biolog- ical Report series is designed for the rapid publication of reports with an application orientation, and it continues the focus of the FWS/OBS series on resource management issues and fish and wi Id1 i fe needs. Biological Report 82(11.31) TR EL-82-4 April 1985 Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fisheries and Invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico) COMMON RANG IA Mark W. LaSalle and Armando A. de la Cruz Department of Biological Sciences P.O. Drawer GY Mississippi State University Mississippi State, MS 39762 Project Officer John Parsons National Coastal Ecosystems Team U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1010 Gause Boulevard Sl idell, LA 70458 Performed for Coastal Ecology Group Waterways Experiment Station U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg, MS 39180 and National Coastal Ecosystems Team Division of Biological Services Research and Development Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, DC 20240 This series should be referenced as follows: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983-19 . Species profiles: life histories and environmental requi rements of coasts fishes and invertebrates. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. This profile should be cited as follows: LaSalle, M.W., and A.A. de la Cruz. 1985. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requi rements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Gul f of Mexico) - - common rangia. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.31). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 16 pp. e PREFACE This species profile is one of a series on coastal aquatic organisms, principally fish, of sport, commercial , or ecological importance. The profil es are designed to provide coastal managers, engineers, and biologists with a brief comprehensive sketch of the bi01 ogical characteristics and environmental require- ments of the species and to describe how populations of the species may be expected to react to environmental changes caused by coastal development. Each profile has sections on taxonomy, 1 ife history, ecological role, environmental requirements, and economic importance, if appl icabl e. A three-ring binder is used for this series so that new prof il es can be added as they are prepared. This project is jointly planned and financed by the U.S. Any Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Suggestions or questions regarding this report should be directed to one of the fol 1owing addresses. Information Transfer Special ist National Coastal Ecosys tems Team U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service NASA-Sl idel 1 Computer Compl ex 1010 Gause Boulevard Sl idel 1 , LA 70458 U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Attention: WESER-C Post Office Box 631 Vicksburg, MS 39180 CONVERSION TABLE Metric to U.S . Customary Mu1 tiply & To Obtain mil1 imeters (m) inches centimeters (an) inches meters (m) feet ki1 ometers ( km) mi1 es 2 square meters (m ) 10.76 square feet square ki1 meters ( km2) 0.3861 square miles hectares (ha) 2.471 acres liters (1) gal 1ons cubic meters (m3) cubic feet cubic meters acre- feet mil1 igrams (mg) 0.00003527 ounces grams (g) 0.03527 ounces kilograms (kg) 2.205 pounds metric tons (t) 2205.0 pounds metric tons 1.102 short tons ki1 ocal ories ( kcal ) 3.968 British thermal units Cel sius degrees 1.8("~) + 32 Fahrenhei t degrees U.S. Customary to Metric inches 25.40 mil1 imeters inches 2.54 centimeters feet (ft) 0.3048 meters fathoms 1.829 meters miles (mi) 1.609 kilometers nautical miles (mi) 1.852 ki1 ometers square feet (ft2) square meters ac res hectares 2 square miles (mi ) square kilometers gal 1ons (gal ) 3.785 1i ters cubic feet (ft3) 0.02831 cubic meters acre- feet 1233.0 cubic meters ounces (02) 28.35 grams pounds (Ib) 0.4536 ki1 og rams short tons (ton) 0.9072 metric tons British thermal units ( Btu) 0.2520 ki1 ocal ories Fahrenheit degrees 0.5556("F - 32) Celsius degrees CONTENTS Page PREFACE ........................................................... iii CONVERSION FACTORS ................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................... v i NOMENCLATURE/TAXONOMY/RANGE .......................................... 1 MORPHOLOGY/IDENTIFICATION AIDS ....................................... 3 REASONS FOR INCLUSION IN SERIES ...................................... 3 LIFE HISTORY ......................................................... 3 Spawning ........................................................ 3 Larvae and Postlarvae ........................................... 4 Adult Activity and Feeding ...................................... 4 Life Span ....................................................... 4 GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS ............................................... 5 Growth Rate ..................................................... 5 Size ............................................................ 5 THE FISHERY .......................................................... 6 ECOLOGICAL ROLE ...................................................... 7 Trophic Level ................................................... 7 Predators and Parasites ......................................... 7 Competitors ..................................................... 7 Spatial Distribution ............................................ 7 Density ......................................................... 7 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS ........................................... 9 Temperature ..................................................... 9 Salinity ........................................................ 9 Temperature and Salinity ........................................ 9 Oxygen .......................................................... 9 Substrate ....................................................... 10 Depth ........................................................... 10 Effects of Pollution ............................................ 10 LITERATURE CITED ..................................................... 13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Dr. Courtney T. Hackney, University of North Carolina at Wiltnington and Dr. H. Dickson Hoese, University of Southwestern Louisiana, for their critical reviews of the manuscript; T. Dale Bishop and Darryl R. Clark for information and help with the literature search; Mark F. Godcharles, Jake M. Valentine, and personnel of the Alabama State Docks Department and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, for providing comments and unpublished reports; Jeanne J. Hartley for her illustration of rangia; and Dr. Robert J. Muncy, Betty Muncy, and Cindy Mil1s for help in the preparation of the manuscript. & Posterior periostracum sinus line Figure 1. Common rangia. COMMON RANGIA New Jersey (Woodburn 1962). Before Scientific name ................. Rangia 1956, living common rangia had not cuneata (Gray) (Figure 1) been collected along the Atlantic Preferred common name ........... Common coast (We1 1s 1961) probably because rangia (Andrews 1971; Fotheringham earlier sampling in brackish water and Brunenmeister 1975) areas had been inadequate. Common Other common names ............ Brackish rangia inhabit low salinity (0 to 18 water clam, Louisiana road clam ppt) estuarine habitats (Parker 1966; Class ............. .............Molluscs Christmas 1973; Hopkins et al. 1973; Order. ................Eulamell ibranchia Swingle and Bland 1974). Family........................ Mactridae Geol ogical ly, the common rangi a Geographic range: The common rangia is has been found in Pliocene deposits found alonq the Gulf of Mexico coast in the Carol inas and Florida and in (Figure 2)-from northwest Florida to Pleistocene deposits in Chesapeake Laguna de Terminos, Campeche, Mexico Bay and the Potomac River, the Caro- (Dall 1894; Andrews 1971; Ruiz 1975), linas, Florida, the entire north and along the Atlantic coast as far coast of the Gulf of Mexico (Figure north as Maryland (Pfi tzenmeyer and 2), and the north coast of South Drobeck 1964; Gallagher and Wells America (Conrad 1840; Dall 1894; 1969; Hopkins and Andrews 1970) and Maury 1920; Richards 1939). MORPHOLOGY1 IDENTIFICATION A1 DS 1973, 1976a; Hoese 1973). In turn, this biomass is consumed by fishes, The following description of crustaceans, and ducks (Suttkus et al. common rangia is taken from Abbott 1954; Darnel1 1958; Gunter and Shell (1954) and Andrews (1971, 1981). 1958; Harmon 1962; North Carolina Adults range from 2.5 to 6.0 cm in Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife length. The valves are obliquely 1965; O'Heeron 1966; Cain 1972; Tarver ovate, thick, and heavy (Figure 1). and Dugas 1973). The shells provide The exterior of the shell is covered hard substrate for epifaunal attachment with a strong, rather smooth (Hoese 1973). periostracum that ranges from light
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