Cruzando Fronteras: Imágenes Literarias De La Migración Marroquí a España

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Cruzando Fronteras: Imágenes Literarias De La Migración Marroquí a España View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Universidad Carlos III de Madrid e-Archivo UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID TESIS DOCTORAL Cruzando fronteras: imágenes literarias de la migración marroquí a España. Una lectura comparatista. Autor: Nasima Nisha Akaloo Director/es: Domingo Sánchez-Mesa Martínez y David Conte Imbert HUMANIDADES: FILOSOFÍA, LENGUAJE Y LITERATURA Getafe, mayo de 2012 2 TESIS DOCTORAL CRUZANDO FRONTERAS: IMÁGENES LITERARIAS DE LA MIGRACIÓN MARROQUÍ A ESPAÑA. UNA LECTURA COMPARATISTA. Autor: Nasima Nisha Akaloo Directores: Domingo Sánchez-Mesa Martínez y David Conte Firma del Tribunal Calificador: Firma Presidente: Vocal: Vocal: Vocal: Secretario: Calificación: Getafe, de de 3 4 Índice 1. Introducción................................................................................................................ 9 1.1. Vigilando las fronteras de la identidad española....................................................... 9 1.2. El recorrido de algunos términos clave ................................................................... 17 1.3. Marruecos como caso de estudio............................................................................. 24 1.4. Génesis, objetivos y estructura de trabajo ............................................................... 30 1.5. Conceptos culturales en circulación ........................................................................ 41 Capítulo 2. La migración y la literatura..................................................................... 47 2.1. La importancia de la literatura en los estudios sobre migración ............................. 47 2.2. La evolución en las formas y tipologías de la literatura de migración.................... 52 2.3. En búsqueda de un nuevo hogar donde instalarse: la escritura (migrante) ............. 60 2.4. Bases metodológicas para el estudio de las literaturas de migración: la literatura comparada....................................................................................................................... 67 2.4.1. Nuevas líneas (abiertas) en el comparatismo: la imagología ....................... 70 2.4.2. Ensayo de aplicación de los estudios teóricos de la traducción al de la literatura de migración............................................................................................ 76 2.4.3. El poscolonialismo y la literatura de migración ........................................... 82 2.4.4. El pensamiento nómada aplicado a la literatura de migración ..................... 89 2.4.5. Situando la literatura de migración en el marco de la world literature........ 92 Capítulo 3. Un contexto sociohistórico para situar la migración marroquí en España. .......................................................................................................................... 97 3.1. Breve trazado histórico de las relaciones España-Marruecos ................................. 98 3.1.1. La islamización de la migración................................................................... 98 3.1.2. El rechazo del otro “moro” en el nos (otros).............................................. 105 3.1.3. Una lectura del pasado musulmán de España............................................. 114 3.1.3.1. Rupturas y fragmentaciones: piezas de la identidad española............. 118 3.1.4. La expansión española con vistas a Marruecos.......................................... 125 3.1.4.1. El orientalismo del siglo XIX: ¿una tendencia impuesta desde fuera? 129 3.1.4.2. Tiempos del Protectorado.................................................................... 133 3.2. La migración marroquí en España......................................................................... 148 3.2.1. Algunas pautas para situar la migración marroquí en España.................... 148 5 3.2.2. Características de la emigración marroquí ................................................. 155 3.2.3. La construcción discursiva del sujeto migrante marroquí.......................... 159 3.2.4. El elemento religioso en las percepciones públicas del inmigrante marroquí .............................................................................................................................. 167 3.2.5. Los caminos de la integración .................................................................... 170 3.2.6. España, de país emisor a país receptor de emigrantes................................ 176 Capítulo 4. Un acercamiento a una selección de obras españolas de migración .. 183 4.1. Tendencias generales de la representación de la migración marroquí en la narrativa española ........................................................................................................................ 187 4.2. La presencia incipiente de la figura del norteafricano clandestino en la novela española ........................................................................................................................ 194 4.3. La evolución de la figura del inmigrante marroquí en la novela negra................. 202 4.4. La migración marroquí en el currículo escolar: ¿hacia la integración o el arraigo del otro musulmán como diferente? ................................................................................... 226 4.5. Entre ficción y “documentalismo”: en búsqueda de una realidad evasiva............ 238 4.6. La “nueva” literatura española .............................................................................. 255 4.7. La (auto) representación de subjetividades “subsaharianas”................................. 259 Capítulo 5. El multilingüismo en la literatura poscolonial marroquí.................... 271 5.1. Pautas del poscolonialismo en Marruecos............................................................. 271 5.2. Características de la literatura emergente.............................................................. 281 5.3. La “literatura nacional” por excelencia: un breve repaso de la novela marroquí en árabe.............................................................................................................................. 287 5.3.1. La temática de la migración en la literatura marroquí escrita en árabe...... 290 5.4. ¿Existe una literatura hispano-magrebí?................................................................ 292 5.4.1. El tema de la migración en la literatura hispano-magrebí.......................... 306 5.5. Un repaso introductorio de la literatura marroquí escrita en inglés ...................... 315 5.6. Cruzando el Estrecho: el tema del viaje, en sentido contrario .............................. 320 5.7. Un modelo de mestizaje: la antología Lettres à un jeune marocain ..................... 330 Capítulo 6. Historias migrantes: voces enunciantes más allá del Estrecho........... 341 6.1. Transgrediendo fronteras a través de la imaginación ............................................ 341 6.1.1. La fronterización aplicada a la literatura nacional...................................... 341 6.1.2. La construcción de una Europa de miedo y fronteras ................................ 343 6.1.3. La ausencia de la figura migrante en la literatura nacional ........................ 345 6 6.1.4. La inmigración y el Islam en el imaginario social holandés ...................... 355 6.1.5. Los autores y sus textos.............................................................................. 360 6.2. La emigración del terrorismo a la ficción.............................................................. 377 6.2.1. Ficcionalizando el terrorismo (islámico) desde la migración..................... 377 Conclusiones................................................................................................................ 393 Bibliografía.................................................................................................................. 411 Indice de Ilustraciones ............................................................................................... 435 Anexos.......................................................................................................................... 437 7 8 1. Introducción En un mundo como el que nos está tocando vivir, la emigración es un fenómeno natural, y cuando acaben de abrirse las fronteras será aún más natural, tan natural como casi antinatural es el llamarse nacionalista, en un mundo en que cada uno necesita del otro para sobrevivir. Victor Canicio, ¡Contamos contigo! 1.1. Vigilando las fronteras de la identidad española Abdelkebir Khatibi señala la extrañeza con la que se ha asociado secularmente el Magreb y que aún le caracteriza, a juzgar por las representaciones españolas y europeas. Tanto el origen de las palabras “Berbería” como “Magreb”, para designar históricamente el territorio, significan “extraño”. Durante la invasión romana, la región ocupada se incorporó bajo “Berbería” y los habitantes fueron considerados “bereberes” o “bárbaros”, ya que no hablaban el idioma de los romanos y, en tal sentido, la gente autóctona eran extraños y extranjeros. Del mismo modo, en árabe el verbo raíz del Magreb, “gharaba”, cuyo sustantivo es “gharib”, significa “extraño” (y “extranjero”). Según Khatibi, el “Magreb”, “lugar donde se pone el sol”, y por extensión, extremo alejamiento, evoca el viaje, exilio y separación de la tierra natal (Khatibi 1983: 214- 215). Esta apertura y facilidad de separarse de la patria se contraponen a los esfuerzos y las construcciones de demarcaciones fronterizas que cobran especial intensidad en una época de fuertes corrientes
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