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“Pledge Ourselves and Our People” Irish Archives Education Pack “Pledge ourselves and our People” p1

Contents

Introduction 2 Timeline 3 Background 4 Extension of Franchise 6 Election Campaigning 8 Successful Candidates 10 Establishment of Dáil Éireann 14 Aftermath and Impact 15 Further Sources 17

The IAR is funded by the Department of Culture, Heritage and the ; the Department for Communities, Northern and the Heritage Council and the work of the IAR would not be possible without this assistance for which we are most grateful. This pack has been funded by the Heritage Council and we would like to thank the Heritage Council for their continued support and help with this project. It would not be possible to make these resources available without the archives services and cultural institutions that safeguard this rich heritage and we would like to thank all of those who so kindly contributed to the project.

The pack was written and produced by IAR Steering Group members Joanne Rothwell, Natalie Milne and David Gunning and designed by Red Heaven Design -www.redheavendesign.com IE/DCC/14/3/5/1 Representation of the People Act, 1918 Explanatory Booklet. By kind permission of Donegal County Archives. Copyright Irish Archives Resource, 2017 www.iar.ie EPH F202 Sinn Féin Manifesto. By kind permission of the National Library of Ireland www.nli.ie INTRODUCTION

The Irish Archives Resource (IAR) is an online portal to archive collections across Ireland, north and south. The goal of the IAR is to introduce people to the wealth of archival resources available in Ireland. This resource pack is part of a series of educational packs organised by topic that has been produced to highlight these resources.

“Pledge Ourselves and Our People” is designed to highlight archival resources that document the 1918 General Election in Ireland and the changes that the election made in the Irish political landscape. It documents the political situation in Ireland prior to the election, the candidates, the campaign and the immediate aftermath of the election.

This pack and the archival resources it provides are relevant to the following topics in the Leaving Certificate and A-Level History curriculum:

LEAVING CERTIFICATE: LATER MODERN IRELAND 1. Movements for political and social reform 1870 - 1914 2. The pursuit of sovereignty and the impact of partition 1912 - 1949 3. The Irish diaspora 1840 - 1966

LEAVING CERTIFICATE: EUROPE AND THE WIDER WORLD 1. National state and international tension 1871 - 1920

CCEA A-LEVELS 1. A2 Unit 1 Clash of ideologies Europe 1900 - 2000 2. A2 Unit 2 1900 - 1925

AQA A LEVELS 1. Challenge and transformation: Britain 1851 - 1964 2. 1857 - 1967

CAMBRIDGE AS AND A LEVELS FOR OVERSEAS STUDENTS 1. Component 3: The causes and impact of British imperialism c. 1850 - 1939 2. Component 3: Europe of the dictators 1914 - 1939 Irish Archives Education Pack “Pledge ourselves and our People” p3 Timeline Irish Archives Education Pack “Pledge ourselves and our People” p4

BACKGROUND

In the years immediately prior to the 1918 General Election The Military Services Bill was introduced in April 1918 and and following the 1916 the political landscape was widely opposed. Indeed, not only was it opposed by Irish in Ireland was changing. The initial success of the Home Nationalists it was also unpopular with Unionists but it was Rule Bill in 1914 followed by the outbreak of the First the virulent nationalist opposition to it that gained ground and World War, which suspended its enactment, conspired to was seized upon by Sinn Féin. In April 1918 a meeting was undermine the dominance of the Irish Parliamentary Party held at the Mansion House in to oppose it. A national and contributed to the increase in popular support for the pledge was signed at church doors against conscription. Sinn Féin party. Opposition to Home Rule, particularly in the North, increased popular support for the Although the Irish Parliamentary Party opposed the bill in the Unionist Party there. House of Commons, it was Sinn Féin that was identified in the public mind with opposition to conscription. Captain William The Irish Parliamentary Party under ’s Redmond spoke in the House of Commons stating “If they leadership had used their position in the House of Com- persist in this proposal of conscription there will be no Irish mons to leverage the introduction of the Home Rule Bill Party in the House of Commons but then you will have a very and were in every expectation of its’ enactment in 1914. much harder nut to crack in Ireland” (10 April 1918 Hansard The , under , were (Commons) Vol. 104 ). This threat of conscription and the bitterly opposed to the introduction of Home Rule and possibility of partition were at the forefront of the political campaigned actively against it. The Ulster Unionists campaigns on the eve of the 1918 General Election. moved increasingly towards advocating the partition of the six counties of the north-east to prevent any intro- duction of Home Rule in the North. As a result, there was an increasing tension between them and the southern unionists of the , led by Lord Midleton, who were opposed to partition and, who, by 1917, were seeking concessions and safeguards for unionists in the event of the introduction of Home Rule.

The success of the Ulster Unionist Party in 1917 in ensuring that the six counties were excluded from the introduction of Home Rule in the Government of Ireland Act was popular amongst their voters, but hugely detrimental to the Irish Parliamentary Party. John Redmond had reluctantly accepted this proposal on the understanding that it was to be a temporary measure, but this acceptance, even on a temporary basis, was not widely supported even amongst his own party. The was established by the British Gov- ernment in to try to bring about agreement on the introduction of Home Rule and a resolution to the “Irish Question”. Among the proposals was the introduction of Home Rule to a twenty-six county Irish with the six counties left out. Such a possibility succeeded only in highlighting and heightening the divisions on both nation- alist and unionist sides.

The Irish Parliamentary Party responded to the outbreak of the First World War by calling on the men of Ireland to join the and fight in the war. This early support for recruitment became problematic for the Irish Parliament- EPH A156 ary Party when the British Government proposed to extend Cavan by - election poster. conscription to Ireland. By kind permission of the National Library of Ireland www.nli.ie Irish Archives Resource Pack The Present Duty of Irishwomen p5

BACKGROUND

EPH F113 D627/432/166 Recruitment Poster, 23 August 1915. Letter from John E. Walsh to Hugh de Fellenberg Montgomery, 1918. By kind permission of the Deputy Keeper of By kind permission of the National Library of Ireland the Records, Public Record Office, Northern Ireland. www.nli.ie

DS32.11 Trinity College - Irish Convention 1917-1918’, Dixon Slide Collection, Dublin and Irish Collections. By kind permission of Dublin City Library and Archive.

IE/GCCA GC/7/11 IE/WCA/TNC/4/2 Entry at the back of Staff Attendance Register, County Council. Petition Against Conscription, 1918. By kind permission of Galway County Council Archives. By kind permission of City and County Archives. Irish Archives Education Pack “Pledge ourselves and our People” p6 The Extension of the Franchise

The Representation of the People Act, 1918 provided a campaign for the right to vote for women. The Representa- watershed moment for democracy in the tion of the People Bill was unanimously passed in June and Ireland. This legislation reformed the electoral system 1917 and with it came the establishment of the Boundary and saw the inclusion of almost all men, and, for the first Commission to redistribute seats in the House of Commons time, women in the political system by giving them the vote. under the terms of the Bill. The Act removed the property qualification for all men over the age of 21, enabling working class men to vote for the first The intention was to have an average of 43,000 people time. It also introduced suffrage to women over 30 years old per MP, but it was deemed necessary by the Commission on the stipulations that: members to reduce this to 30,000 per MP in certain areas to ensure counties with a large geographical spread and • they owned property smaller population retained adequate representation. The report recommended the boroughs of Galway, Kilkenny, • they were a university graduate voting in a university Newry and Waterford were to lose their separate representa- constituency tion and King’s County (Offaly), Leitrim, Longford, Louth, Queen’s County (Laois) and Westmeath were all to return • they were a member or married to a member of the one MP instead of two. The boroughs of Dublin and Local Government Register were to gain representation as were the counties of Down and Dublin In Ireland this legislation increased the electorate from 700,000 voters to over 2 million. Sinn Féin and the Ulster Unionist Party were active is seeking the votes of the newly enfranchised voting public. It was the First World War that impelled electoral reform, The votes of the new women voters were actively targeted in acknowledgement that service in war deserved political with Cumann na mBan campaigning for Sinn Féin and representation but the widening of enfranchisement had the Ulster Women’s Unionist Council campaigning for the been anticipated, particularly, in the face of the long Ulster Unionist Party.

D 2846/1/3/12 Letter from James Craig on preparations for the General Election to Lady Londonderry, 1918. By kind permission of the Deputy Keeper of the Records, Public Record Office, Northern Ireland. Irish Archives Resource Pack The Present Duty of Irishwomen pAp7

The Extension of the Franchise

CSO/RP/1917/29520/3(15) CSO/RP/1919/29520/3(21) Map of County Down showing parliamentary divisions, Map of Galway showing parliamentary divisions. Boundary Commission (Ireland), 1917. Boundary Commission (Ireland), 1917. By kind permission of the National Archives of Ireland. By kind permission of the National Archives of Ireland.

CSO/RP/1917/29520/3(1) CSo/RP/1917/29520/3(9) CSO/RP/1917/29520/3(11) Report of the Boundary Commission (Ireland), 1917. By kind permission of the National Archives of Ireland. Irish Archives Education Pack “Pledge ourselves and our People” p8

Election Campaigning

Sinn Féin began building a steady stream of successes in by-elec- A nation-wide set of Sinn Féin clubs was founded and meetings tions during 1917 leaving them in a strong position coming were organised throughout the country. The party spread rapidly up to the 1918 elections. The first of their successes was in the in Ireland with over 1,200 branches and a membership of over by-election of North Roscommon held on 3 February 1917 one million individuals by the time of the Ard Fheis in October which was won by Count George Noble Plunkett who ran as an 1917. Sinn Féin had developed a strong organisational network Independent but later joined Sinn Féin. His success demonstrates with popular support in local communities, successfully estab- the change in attitude towards those who had participated in lishing itself as an alternative to the Irish Parliamentary Party the 1916 Rising and the sympathy and support that was gained by December 1918. The party manifesto was based on four main followed the execution of the leaders of the 1916 Rising, includ- points: ing his son, .The increase in support for those in prison and for the Sinn Féin policy can be seen in the success of 1. Abstention from Westminster Joe McGuinness in Longford in May 1917. McGuinness was in 2. Total separation from Westminster prison at the time and far from being a matter of disquiet it was a 3. Complete autonomy for Ireland matter of pride and central to his campaign. 4. International recognition

His success was followed by success for Éamon de Valera in East Clare in July 1917 and for W.T. Cosgrave in Kilkenny City on 10 August 1917.

0509/057 W.T. Cosgrave at the hustings, 1920s. By kind permission of RTE Photographic Archive.

EPH E31 Election Poster Joe McGuinness. By kind permission of the National Library of Ireland. www.nli.ie Irish Archives Education Pack “Pledge ourselves and our People” p9

Election Campaigning

The Irish Parliamentary Party were starting to fight back campaign on this basis to much success in their northern with some by-election successes, including that of Captain constituencies. Southern Unionists had some success in William Redmond in Waterford. However, the Party’s Rathmines and Trinity in Dublin but their few seats were not organisational base began to disintegrate in the face of enough in the face of the wider Sinn Féin election success. the organised opposition of Sinn Féin and the leadership distracted itself with the abortive Irish Convention. The Voter intimidation was rampant during the election cam- stagnation of the party was evident in the fact that many paign and interruption of speeches and other disruptions seats went uncontested in the general election; entire coun- were common occurrences. The Waterford City by-elec- ties such as Clare, and Kerry offered no opposition. tion, held following the death of Redmond in March 1918, The had been wavering in its support for in which his son Captain William Redmond defeated Sinn the Irish Party and this came to a head early during the Féin’s Dr Vincent White, was marked by violent scuffles Longford by-election. Redmond’s assent to the “temporary which were repeated in the December General Election. exclusion of Ulster” from the Government of Ireland Act (1914) had seriously damaged his credibility and Catholic Footage of Waterford Election Campaign is available and Protestant bishops signed a petition opposing partition from British Pathé on the day before the Longford poll. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FaleO5T8nA4

The Irish Unionist Alliance and the Ulster Unionist Party The campaign in 1918 demonstrated the preparation of Sinn were also experiencing difficulties and divisions as a con- Féin and the Ulster Unionist Party in the months prior to sequence of the willingness of southern unionists, under election and this was reflected in the election results. Lord Midleton, to compromise during the Irish Convention Sinn Féin Unionist Irish Independants in July 1917. The Ulster Unionist Party were not willing Parliamentary and Labour to agree to any compromise and were pressing for Home Party Rule to be postponed, or, for Ulster to be cut out of the Government of Ireland Act. The Ulster Unionist Party were Seats Before 6 17 67 10 successful in this demand and fought their General Election Seats After 73 26 6 0

IE/LHA/PP118/F/17 (2) IE/LHA/PP118/F/21 (2) IE/DCC/14/3/5/4 Letter from , MP and Leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party. Election Poster for Richard Hazelton, Statutory Declaration of Secrecy, 1918 By kind permission of Louth County Archives. Irish Parliamentary Party Candidate. Parliamentary Elections. By kind permission of Louth By kind permission of Donegal County Archives. County Archives. Irish Archives Education Pack “Pledge ourselves and our People” p10

U = Unionist SUCCESSFUL IPP = Irish Parliamentary Party SF = Sinn Féin ND = Independent CANDIDATES UO= Unopposed

ANTRIM CAVAN CORK COUNTY East Br: East East: Gen Robert MacCalmount (U) (SF UO) David (SF UO) Mid: West Mid: Robert O’Neill (U) Peter Galligan (SF UO) Terrence McSwiney (SF UO) North: North: Maj Peter Kerr Smiley (U) Patrick O’Keefe (SF UO) South: North-East: Charles Craig (U) Thomas Hunter (SF UO) South: ARMAGH CLARE Michael Collins (SF UO) Mid East: South-East: James Lonsdale (U) Eamonn de Valera (SF UO); (SF UO) North West: West: Lt Col Sir William Allen (U) Brian O’Higgins (SF UO) Seán Hayes (SF UO) South Patrick Donnelly (U)

BELFAST CORK CITY DERRY IE/CCCA/U192 Liam De Róiste and JJ Walsh, 1918. Cromac James Walsh and City: Hallahan Photo Album. William Kindsay (U); Liam de Roiste (SF) Prof. Eoin MacNeill (SF); By kind permission of Cork City and County Archives. Duncairn North: Sir Edward Carson (U); Hugh Anderson (U) Falls South: (IPP); (U) Ormeau Thomas Moles (U); Pottinger Capt. Herbert Dixon (U); Shankill Samuel McGuffin (U); St Anns Thomas Burn (U); Victoria Thompson Donald (U); Woodvale Robert Lynn (U)

CARLOW James Lennon (SF unopposed)

0506/077 Members of Sinn Féin, Cork, 1915. L-R Front Row: Tadhg Barry; Tomás MacCurtain; Pat Higgins. Back Row: David Cotter; Seán Murphy, Donal Barrett, Terence MacSwiney, Pat Trahey. Taken at the Freeman’s Journal office, Dublin. By kind permission of RTE Photographic Archive. Irish Archives Education Pack “Pledge ourselves and our People” p11

U = Unionist IPP = Irish Parliamentary Party SF = Sinn Féin ND = Independent SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES UO= Unopposed

DONEGAL DUBLIN CITY East: St James: Edward Kelly (IPP) Joseph McGrath (SF) North: St. Michans: Joseph O’Doherty (SF) (SF) South: St Patricks: Peter Ward (SF) Countess Markievicz (SF) West: St. Stephens: Joseph Sweeney (SF) Thomas Kelly (SF) Trinity: DOWN Rt Hon Arthur W. Samuels Joseph Sweeney, Sinn Féin. By kind permission of East: (U) and Sir Robert Woods The Capuchin Annual, 1970. David Reid (U) (IND) Mid: James Craig (U) North: Thomas Brown (U) South: Jeremiah McVeigh (IPP); West: Daniel Wilson (U) FERMANAGH North Edward Archdale (U) South Seán O’Mahony (SF)

DUBLIN GALWAY Clontarf: Conemara: Gen (SF); Padraic O’Maille (SF); College Green: East: Seán T. O’Kelly (SF) (SF UO); Harbour: North: Philip Shanahan (SF) Dr. Bryan Cusack (SF); North: South: Frank J. Lawless (SF) Frank Fahy (SF) Pembroke: 0510/051 Desmond Fitzgerald (SF) Countess Markievicz, Sinn Féin Rathmines: candidate and first woman elected to parliament. Sir Maurice Dockrell (U) By kind permission of George Duffy (SF) RTE Photograph Archive.

Frank J. Lawless, Sinn Féin. Tom Kelly, Sinn Féin and later By kind permission of Swords Alderman, Dublin City Council, 1938. Historical Society. By kind permission of Dublin City Library and Archive.

Joseph Sweeney, Sinn Féin. By kind permission of The Capuchin Annual, 1970. Irish Archives Education Pack “Pledge ourselves and our People” p12

U = Unionist IPP = Irish Parliamentary Party SF = Sinn Féin ND = Independent SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES UO= Unopposed

KERRY KILDARE LAOIS MAYO East: North: Kevin O’Higgins (SF) East: Pearce Beasley (SF UO) Donal Buckley (SF) Eamonn de Valera (SF) North : Art O’Connor (SF) North: James Crowley (SF UO); Dr. John Crowley (SF) South: South: Fionan Lynch (SF UO); William Sears (SF UO) (SF UO) West: Joseph McBride (SF)

KILKENNY LEITRIM MEATH North: James Dolan (SF) North : WT Cosgrave (SF UO) Liam Mellows (SF) South: South: James O’Mara (SF) Edmund Duggan (SF)

James Crowley, Sinn Féin. LIMERICK MONAGHAN By kind permission of Kerry County Archives. East: North: Dr. Richard Hayes (SF) (SF) West: South: Conor Collins (SF UO) Sean MacEntee (SF) City: Michael P Colivet (SF UO)

LONGFORD NATIONAL Joseph P. McGuinness (SF) UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND Prof. Eoin MacNeill (SF)

LOUTH OFFALY John J. O’Kelly Dr Patrick McCartan (also known as Sceilg (SF UO) - pamphlets)

Fionán Lynch, Sinn Féin, Casement Park, August 1917. By kind permission of Kerry County Archives. Irish Archives Education Pack “Pledge ourselves and our People” p13

U = Unionist IPP = Irish Parliamentary Party SF = Sinn Féin ND = Independent SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES UO= Unopposed

QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY WATERFORD Sir William Whitla (U) City: Capt. William Redmond (IPP) County: (SF)

ROSCOMMON WESTMEATH North: (SF) Count Plunkett (SF UO) South: Harry Boland (SF)

SLIGO Captain William Redmond campaigning in 1918. North: North: By kind permission of Waterford City John Clancy (SF) Roger Sweetman (SF) and County Archives. South: South: Alex McCabe (SF) Dr. James Ryan (SF)

Dr. James Ryan By kind permission of Wexford County Archives.

TIPPERARY WICKLOW East: East: Pierce McCann (SF) Sean R. Etchingham (SF) Mid: West: Seamus Bourke (SF UO) (SF) North: Joseph McDonough (SFUO) South: Patrick Moloney (SF)

TYRONE North East: Thomas Harbison (IPP) North West: Arthur Griffith (SF) South: William Coote (U)

WLAA/PP1/BE7 Letter of recommendation from Captain Booth, Curragh Camp, for Robert Childers Barton, 17 December 1915. By kind permission of Wicklow County Archives. 0207/009 Members of the First Dáil Éireann, 21 . By permission of RTE Photographic Archive. ESTABLISHMENT OF Dáil Éireann

In accordance with Sinn Féin policy the elected members The Ulster Unionist Party also viewed the election as a suc- boycotted Westminster and refused to attend the House cess thus paving the way for a new Boundary Commission of Commons to take their seats. British politicians had and further divisions over partition. publicly doubted that Sinn Féin members would adhere to their vow to abstain from parliament believing they would not miss out the opportunity for a high profile public voice, or indeed the lure of a £400 per annum salary. However, the party was adamant in its resolve to form an assembly in Ireland – Dáil Éireann.

The surviving remnants of the Irish Parliamentary Party, the Unionists and Unionist Labour members all boycotted Dáil Éireann, consequently the first Dáil was an assembly of Sinn Féin only. In addition, only 26 Sinn Féin members were free to take their seats, the rest being incarcerated at the time.

At 3.30pm on 21st January 1919 the first Dáil Éireann met at the Mansion House in Dublin. All proceedings were held in Irish with select papers translated into English and French for the observing media. The meeting lasted less than two hours but was proclaimed as the parliament of a new state, the . The British administration and Unionists refused to acknowledge the Dáil but Sinn Féin focused on being recognised internationally as the D627/434/137 Letter from Bishop Charles D’Arcy to Hugh de Fellenberg Montgomery, 1918. key to Ireland’s right to self-determination and launched a By kind permission of the Deputy Keeper of the Records, Public Record Office, campaign for international recognition. Northern Ireland. Irish Archives Education Pack “Pledge ourselves and our People” p15 Aftermath and Impact

During the 1918 general election, the Conservative party had appointed Count George Plunkett as the first Minister for secured a pledge from Prime Minister Lloyd George not to Foreign Affairs. Seán T. Ó Ceallaigh was sent to the Paris submit the “six counties of Ulster to a Home Rule parliament Peace Conference in February 1919 as Ireland’s envoy to against their will”. Sinn Féin’s abstentionist policy meant gain a hearing for recognition of the Irish state and entry in that unionists maintained the only effective Irish voice in its own right to the . Westminster and this increased their determination to work towards separation. In 1919, the Cabinet Committee on the Indian politicians and activists including Vithalbhai Patel Irish Question proposed partition of the island between and Subhas Chandra Bose were enthusiastic followers of the two parliaments. On 24 February 1920, the Cabinet decided Irish independence movement, and both visited the nascent that the territory of ‘Northern Ireland’ would comprise the on a number of occasions. From as early as counties of Antrim, Armagh, Derry, Down, Fermanagh and 1922, the British authorities monitored links between Irish Tyrone. and Indian nationalists, and were particularly apprehensive about de Valera’s visit to the newly independent in Despite opposition from nationalists and some unionists 1948. In 1932, the Indian-Irish Independence League was including Edward Carson who felt it betrayed southern formed with the aim to “work by every possible means to unionists, the bill was supported and endorsed by the Ulster secure the complete independence of India and Ireland, Unionist Council. Following the Government of Ireland Act and to achieve the closest solidarity between the Irish and (1920), the Ulster Unionist Council voted for James Craig the Indian masses in their common struggle against British as Prime Minister, Craig succeeded Carson as leader of the imperialism”. Ulster Unionist Party in February 1921. The unionists took forty of the fifty-two seats for the Northern Ireland parlia- The Irish Free State retained dominion status but succes- ment, which was opened by King on 22 . sive governments attempted to overcome this limitation by establishing an authoritative and independent voice in Following the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in De- international affairs. The Cumann na nGaedheal govern- cember, the parliament of Northern Ireland voted itself out ment (1922 - 32) pushed Ireland into the international arena of the jurisdiction of a . and despite British objections, the Free State was formally admitted to the League of Nations on 10 September 1923. The first Dáil adopted a Message to the Free Nations of the The Anglo-Irish Treaty was registered with the organisation World in addition to the Declaration of Independence and as an International Agreement in 1924.

D3480/22/1 Opening of Ulster Parliament, 1921. By kind permission of the Deputy Keeper of the Records, Public Record Office, Northern Ireland. Irish Archives Resource Pack The Present Duty of Irishwomen p16

Aftermath and Impact

0505/094 William T. Cosgrave and deValera meeting Governor Dunne of Philadephia, Michael J. Ryan and Frank P Walsh, prominent Irish Americans c1919. By kind permission of RTE Photographic Archive.

P150/2955 Letter from Jawaharlal Nehru to Éamon de Valera with photograph from his visit in 1948. Reproduced by kind permission from UCD-OFM Partnership.

2002/5/1 Cover Page and Signatures of Anglo-Irish Treaty. By kind permission of the National Archives of Ireland. Irish Archives Education Pack “Pledge ourselves and our People” p17

Further Sources

Irish Archives Resource Portal. www.iar.ie

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade https://www.dfa.ie/about-us/ourhistory/100years/1919-1929/1919/

Documents on Irish Foreign Policy http://www.difp.ie/docs/1923/Irish-Free-State-and-the-League-of-Nations/388.htm

Public Record Office of Northern Ireland Research Guide www.proni.gov.uk/guide_to_sources_for_womens_history_-_may_2013.pdf

Anglo-Irish Treaty http://www.difp.ie/docs/1922/League-of-Nations/320.htm

Decade of Centenaries, Public Records Office, Northern Ireland https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/information-and-services/public-record-office-northern-ireland-proni/decade-centenaries

First Dáil Exhibition, RTE Archives http://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/920-first-dail-eireann-1919/

Decade of Centenaries http://www.decadeofcentenaries.com/

Publications:

A Nation and Not a Rabble, Diarmuid Ferriter (, 2015)

Ireland, India and Empire: Indo-Ireland Radical Connections 1919-1964, Kate O’Malley (Manchester, 2009)

Ireland in the Twentieth Century, Tim Pat Coogan (London, 2003)

Revolutionary Government in Ireland: Dáil Éireann 1919-1921, Arthur Mitchell (Dublin, 1995)

The Irish Parliamentary Party at Westminister 1900-1918, Conor Mulvagh (Manchester, 2016)

The Partition of Ireland, 1911-1925, Michael Laffan (, 1983)

The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party 1916-1923, Michael Laffan (Cambridge, 2005) pA

“Pledge Ourselves and Our People”

Irish Archives Education Pack

2017