Unstable Identities: Michelle Cliff and Olive Senior “Shortstorytelling” Jamaica

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Unstable Identities: Michelle Cliff and Olive Senior “Shortstorytelling” Jamaica FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍA INGLESA TESIS DOCTORAL UNSTABLE IDENTITIES: MICHELLE CLIFF AND OLIVE SENIOR “SHORTSTORYTELLING” JAMAICA EVA MARÍA MÉNDEZ BLÁZQUEZ DIRIGIDA POR: DRA. JULIA SALMERÓN CABAÑAS Conclusión La primera vez que leí las historias cortas de Olive Senior and Michelle Cliff fue durante mi beca Erasmus en Louvain-la–Neuve, Bélgica. Formaban parte de la lectura obligatoria de una asignatura llamada Modernism/Postmodernism. Todo era nuevo para mí y me enamoré de sus historias ya que eran muy diferentes de todo aquello que había leído con anterioridad. En seguida, me transportaron a un mundo exótico en una remota isla caribeña de la que solo había oído a través de agencias turísticas como un lugar donde descansar y comer sin límite en hoteles de todo incluido. Ambas autoras me mostraron un paraíso muy diferente en el cual la gente luchaba por su derecho a ser independientes y donde las mujeres trataban de evitar el estigma que el postcolonialismo y el patriarcado les había impuesto. Mi viaje a través de su literature fue también muy diferente; me sentí una parte de la isla, empaticé con sus protagonistas y sus preocupaciones raciales y con respecto a las tradiciones de la isla. En su ensayo “Hacia un criticismo feminista negro” (“Towards a Black Feminist Criticism”), Barbara Smith (1986) explica como las cuestiones raciales y de género han sido consideradas de forma separada. Ella reclama que ni los hombres negros ni las mujeres feministas blancas comprenden la doble presión impuesta sobre las mujeres negras. Por tanto, hablar de cuestiones sociales y de género conjuntamente siendo una mujer blanca occidental debería ser imposible ya que no se puede sentir esa doble presión que sienten las mujeres negras. Además, Smith menciona como el silencio impuesto es incluso peor para las mujeres negras lesbianas. Las autoras que trato en esta Tesis están comprometidas con todas esas voces diferentes. Olive Senior es negra y Michelle Cliff es lesbiana. Añaden sus experiencias como jamaicanas y feministas y de esta forma desafían lo que se ha considerado como central en la cultura femenina. Siendo una mujer blanca y heterosexual mi compromiso con los estudios de raza y género resultaría casi impensable. Sin embargo, me considero una voz autorizada para analizar las voces de estas mujeres que han sido silenciadas tradicionalmente, con distancia pero con un sentido claro de justicia. Ambas autoras me incorporaron en sus trabajos al leerlos y me surgió la urgieron a analizar sus textos desde perspectivas histórica, raciales y de género. Esta Tesis compara los trabajos de Olive Senior y Michelle Cliff. Ser jamaicanas podría ser inicialmente la única característica común de ambas autoras. Cuando empecé a investigar sobre ellas, me di cuenta de que ambas tenían un corpus sustancial de historias cortas y estos dos hechos me llevaron a establecer ciertas conexiones. Su origen jamaicano me llevó a trazar aspectos fundamentales del poscolonialismo y como aparece en sus trabajos. El principal marco teórico, por tanto es inevitablemente el del poscolonialismo y sus características como un movimiento que ocurre de forma simultánea al posmodernismo y con preocupaciones similares en cuanto a forma y temática. Sabía que tenía que tratar asuntos como la fragmentación temporal, la dicotomía narrador/autor y las más importante influencias que han tenido las autoras tal y como aparecen en sus historias cortas. El hecho de que ambas autoras sean originarias de antiguas colonias implica realizar una investigación más profunda en cuanto a la evolución histórica e identitaria del país y de las autoras. La teoría poscolonial desarrolla el conflicto racial y al tratar autoras mujeres, el conflicto de género has sido crucial para proporcionar un análisis más extenso. Por tanto, se analizan desde una perspectiva poscolonial asi como feminista. Estoy esencialmente interesada en la manera en la que proponen un discurso alternativo a las ideas más manidas sobre la época colonial y el patriarcado desafiando el canon literario y la historia tradicional. Si consideramos a Michelle Cliff y Olive Senior junto con otras escritoras jamaicanas como Sylvia Wynter, Lona Goodinson o Rachel Manley, podríamos hablar de una generación. ¿Por qué intenté comparar dos autoras que nunca habían sido comparadas? Aunque encontremos diferencias en cuanto a su status social, su edad o su posición de género, la experiencia colonial en Jamaica marca un espacio común. Ambas co-habitan un espacio histórico y cultural similar y sus expectativas al delinear sus historias parece bastante similar; primero, en la forma, son historias cortas, segundo, porque se centran en retratar la experiencia colonial en su país. Las dos autoras examinadas en esta Tesis contribuyen a crear un corpus poscolonial con voces diferentes. Cuando esta Tesis doctoral estaba casi terminada, decidí ponerme en contacto con ellas, ya que ambas son contemporáneas y estaban vivas. En el caso de Michelle Cliff parecía que había desaparecido de la faz de la tierra. Contacté a sus editores un par de veces y nunca obtuve respuesta. Comprobé si había escrito algo recientemente y no encontré nada. Parecía como si desde que falleció su pareja, Adrienne Rich, en 2012, Cliff no había escrito nada ni había dado ninguna entrevista. Parecía estar recluida. Luego descubrí que había fallecido en julio de 2016. Con Olive Senior tuve más suerte. La contacté directamente a través de su página web, intercambié varios emails con ella y la entrevisté. Estaba promocionando su último volumen de historias cortas en Estados Unidos, Canadá y Reino Unido. Como estaba bastante ocupada y no podía verme en Reino Unido o vía Skype, decidí enviarle varias preguntas sobre su trabajo que he incluido al final de esta tesis. Después de dos meses me respondió. Sin embargo, mi desilusión fue notable. Solo me respondió a algunas preguntas y su conclusión fue que era labor del crítico responder a dichas preguntas. Senior considera que bajo ningún concepto debe ella proveer a nadie con las interioridades de su trabajo, sobre la forma en la que construye sus personajes o el marco teórico de su trabajo. Solo parecía interesada en mi análisis de una de sus historias “Discerner of Hearts” como un cuento porque ella había pensado en ella de esta misma manera. Al final, no conseguí ninguna información relevante o nueva tras la entrevista. Es más, añadió a sus respuestas escuetas la siguiente reflexión: “Esto es todo lo que puedo decirte. Espero oír más de ti. Aprecio tu interés por mi trabajo y la visión que sin duda harás de su interpretación. ¡Quizás no necesitabas la contribución de la autora al final!” Por tanto, todo lo que propongo en esta Tesis es mi versión de las autoras y su trabajo. No intento establecer un puente entre ellas y su audiencia. El análisis proviene de mi perspectiva, he asumido lo que pretendían implicar con sus historias y la construcción de las autoras es absolutamente personal. Tanto Senior como Cliff se han convertido en personajes para mí todos estos años. Intento acercarme a sus textos tras haber leído entrevistas, sus biografías y artículos sobre ellas, pero resultan un misterio para mí y al final he construido mi propia idea sobre ellas. Además de considerar como la experiencia colonial aparece en los trabajos de Senior y Cliff y analizando su trabajo desde una perspectiva temática, presento sus textos desde una perspectiva formal, estudiando el género narrativo de la historia corta. Este subgénero surge como una colección de características específicas que estudio y contrasto. En este personal análisis crítico de las historias de Cliff y Senior, me aproximo a sus textos desde no solo una perspectiva poscolonial pero también considerando su trabajo como una alternativa a la historia tradicional. En todas sus historias ambas autoras abordan cuestiones raciales y de género. El hecho de ser mujeres hace que la cuestión de género adquiera ciertas connotaciones dentro del contexto feminista y el poscolonial. También muestran como ser mujeres influencia su narrativa y sus versiones de la realidad. Ambas autoras representan a “el otro” en los términos impuestos por la perspectiva imperialista. Tratan el estereotipo colonial y como se relaciona con aspectos raciales, sociales y de género. Por eso, en mis argumentos, elaboro como la creación de arquetipos refuerza la idea de “el otro” y sitúa las colonias en una posición periférica al ser comparada con Gran Bretaña. En el primer capítulo de esta Tesis, abordo como los autores poscoloniales confrontan la literatura británica canónica cuestionando la tradición temática de raza y género. He analizado “Swimmimg in the Ba’ma Grass” de Senior y “Columba” de Cliff. Las dos historias exploran el abuso sufrido por los jamaicanos negros por las instituciones del imperio como la policía, la iglesia y la influencia de la supremacía blanca. Senior y Cliff nos aportan la otra parte de la historia. La versión de aquellos que no tenían armas ni el poder para hacerse oír. Cliff y Senior desafían la idea que retrata al sujeto colonial como un inferior silencioso. El poscolonialismo incorpora a los sujetos colonizados en la historia de sus propios países. Los autores poscoloniales le dan voz a los que han estado mudos tradicionalmente. Utilizan sus textos para desafiar la idea de “el otro” y empoderarle. Reflexionan sobre la construcción de sus textos como versiones autorizadas dentro de la experiencia colonial. Los críticos han señalado la importancia del lenguaje en la literatura poscolonial. El inglés, el lenguaje de la civilización y del discurso dominante, es el lenguaje usado por los autores poscoloniales para escribir. Para incluirse dentro de las convenciones del criticismo literario y cultural, paradójicamente, y traemos a colación el discurso de Caliban, emplean el lenguaje que les situa como “el otro” periférico. El sujeto colonizado, irónicamente, utiliza el lenguaje de la opresión, el inglés, para explicar sus circunstancias y representar su identidad, que es percibida como dividida.
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