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Narrative Techniques in Twenty-First Century Popular
NARRATIVE TECHNIQUES IN TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY POPULAR HOLOCAUST FICTION By Andrea Gapsch April 2021 ________________________ A Thesis presented to The Honors Tutorial College at Ohio University ________________________ In partial fulfillMent of the requireMents for graduation from the Honors Tutorial College with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in English. ________________________ Gapsch 2 Table of Contents Introduction Chapter One CaMp Sisters: Representations of FeMale Friendship and Networks of Support in Rose Under Fire and The Lilac Girls Chapter Two FaMilies and Dual TiMelines: Exploring Representations of Third Generation Holocaust Survivors in The Storyteller and Sarah’s Key Chapter Three The Nonfiction Novel: Comparing The Tattooist of Auschwitz and The Librarian of Auschwitz Conclusion Gapsch 3 Introduction As I began collecting sources for this project in early 2020, Auschwitz celebrated the 75th anniversary of its liberation. Despite more than 75 years of separation from the Holocaust, AMerican readers are still fascinated with the subject. In her book A Thousand Darknesses: Lies and Truth in Holocaust Fiction, Ruth Franklin mentions the fear of “Holocaust fatigue” that was discussed in 1980s and 1990s AMerican media, by which she meant the worry that AMericans had heard too about the Holocaust and could not take any more (222). This, Franklin feared, would lead to insensitivity from the general public, even in the face of a massive tragedy such as the Holocaust. After all, in his 1994 book Holocaust Representation: Art within the Limits of History and Ethics, Berel Lang estiMates Holocaust writing to include “tens of thousands” texts, spanning fiction, draMa, MeMoir, poetry, history monographs, and more (35). -
Colloque International Sur L'aktion Reinhardt Et L'aktion Erntefest
AKTION REINHARDT 75 AKTION ERNTEFEST L’ASBL Mémoire d’Auschwitz et la Fondation Auschwitz présentent Colloque international sur l’Aktion Reinhardt et l’Aktion Erntefest Les samedi 3 et dimanche 4 novembre 2018 ENABEL CONFERENCE CENTER ESPACE JACQMOTTE (Salle Tanganyika) rue Haute 139 - 1000 Bruxelles AKTION REINHARDT 75 AKTION ERNTEFEST Les 3 et 4 novembre 1943 fut ordonné l’Aktion Erntefest, la « fête de la moisson », qui marqua la fin de l’action d’extermination des Juifs de Pologne, appelée Aktion Reinhardt. Sous ce nom hermétique se cachent de terribles tueries de masse : la « fête » de la moisson ne fit pas moins de 42 000 morts (la plus grande tuerie de masse de la Seconde Guerre mondiale) et fut ordonnée par Heinrich Himmler pour clôturer l’Aktion Reinhardt qui vit environ 1,7 million de Juifs périr dans les chambres à gaz de Bełżec, de Sobibór, de Treblinka et de Majdanek. Les Juifs qui « échappèrent » aux chambres à gaz furent fusillés à Majdanek, à Trawniki et à Poniatowa en ces deux jours fatidiques des 3 et 4 novembre 1943. Exactement 75 ans après les faits, le colloque organisé par l’ASBL Mémoire d’Auschwitz – Fondation Auschwitz, veut faire le bilan des recherches actuelles sur l’Aktion Reinhardt, fait historique qui a connu une recrudescence d’intérêt parmi les historiens de la Shoah depuis une dizaine d’années, grâce, entre autres, aux avancées archéologiques sur les différents sites concernés. Un long chemin a été parcouru depuis le travail pionnier d’Yithzak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka : the Operation Reinhard Death Camps en 1987. -
Gedenkstätten-Rundschau Wird Herausgegeben Von
Gedenkstätten- Nr. 13 / Nov. 2014 / 1,– Euro Rundschau Gemeinsame Nachrichten der Gedenkstätten KZ Bisingen, KZ-Gedenkstätten Eckerwald/Schörzingen und Dautmer- gen-Schömberg, Ehemalige Synagoge Haigerloch, KZ Gedenkstätte Hailfi ngen · Tailfi ngen, Alte Synagoge Hechingen, Stauffenberg Gedenkstätte Albststadt-Lautlingen, Löwenstein-Forschungsverein Mössingen, Ehemalige Synagoge Rexingen, Gedenkstätte Synagoge Rottenburg-Baisingen, Ehemalige Synagoge Rottweil, Geschichtswerkstatt Tübingen Schutzhaft und Dienstentlassung in der Zeit des National- sozialismus am Beispiel von Rudolf Linkenheil aus Schramberg Carsten Kohlmann, Oberndorf am Neckar Über achtzig Jahre nach dem Beginn Schubladen wurde er auf eine Map- entdeckte Quelle zum Gedenktag für der nationalsozialistischen Gewalt- pe mit den Aufzeichnungen über die die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus der herrschaft am 30. Januar 1933 und Schutzhaft und Dienstentlassung sei- Öffentlichkeit vorgestellt. In der fast siebzig Jahre nach ihrem Ende nes Vaters aufmerksam. In der Familie Präsentation trug Rolf Linkenheil mit der bedingungslosen Kapitula- war zwar ab und zu einmal über diese einige Auszüge aus den Aufzeich- tion des Deutschen Reiches am 8. Aufzeichnungen gesprochen worden, nungen seines Vaters selbst vor. Mai 1945 ist die Literatur über diese eine Gelegenheit zur Einsichtnahme Bei den Aufzeichnungen handelt es Zeit mittlerweile fast nicht mehr zu hatte sich aber für Rolf Linkenheil bis sich um drei maschinenschriftliche übersehen. zu seinem Ruhestand nicht Dennoch ist bei weitem noch nicht ergeben. alles bekannt und erforscht – gerade Als er beim ersten aus lokalgeschichtlichem Blickwinkel Überfl iegen las, dass sein gibt es trotz mittlerweile langjähriger Vater in der Zeit des Forschung in unserer Region noch Nationalsozialismus als viele Lücken. Und nach wie vor „Landesverräter“ diffa- werden gerade aus Nachlässen neue miert worden war, ver- Quellen bekannt, die das Bild ver- stärk te sich sein Interesse vollständigen. -
Lubycza Królewska
Lubycza Królewska Photo: Lubycza Królewska Source: www.fotopolska.pl HISTORY The origins of Lubycza Królewska date back to the times of the Mazovian and Wallachian colonization conducted at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th centuries by Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia. In 1787 the Austrian authorities gave Lubycza to Edward Romanowski, and in 1830 the town was bought at auction by Baron H. A. Leibnitz. The village was later owned by the Woroniecki, Zieliński, Kampf, and Marian Horowitz families. In 1855 Ludwik Zieliński established in Lubycza a faience and stoneware factory, which was open until 1911 when it was destroyed by fire. The factory was owned by Jews, including Parnas and Luft. It produced mainly, but not only, objects for the cult purposes for the Jewish community. The products of this factory, which were characterized by blue decorations, gained considerable fame. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Lubycza developed as a local industrial center. At that time, the town was inhabited mainly by Jews. During the World War I the town suffered considerably. Most of the buildings were in ruins. Photo: A vessel for matzah and Passover dishes - from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries Source: Collection of the Museum of Ethnography and Art crafts in Lviv; www.stalowka.net Photo: Location plan of Lubycza Królewska, 1852. Source: National Library Photo: Devastated Lubycza Królewska after World War I Source: www.facebook.com/Historia-Regionu-Tomaszów-Lubelski-Bełz-Rawa-Ruska-216532571884064/ Photo: Book of Numbers belonging to the Jews from Lubycza Królewska Source: Private collection Photo: Book of Exodus belonging to the Jews from Lubycza Królewska Source: Private collection The first information about the Jewish population in Lubycza Królewska dates back to the 16th century. -
“Bloody Friday”, 17/18 April, 1942
“Bloody Friday”, 17/18 April, 1942 In the early spring of 1942, the Warsaw ghetto could be perceived by some as an island (of relative security) surrounded by a turbulent sea (war unrest in eastern Europe). Proportionally to shrinking, and then disappearing of Jewish centres in the area of the General Government, the number of Jews in the ghetto was growing. Its stability or even “development” was witnessed by subsequent transports of Jews from around-Warsaw centres, from Western Europe and Germany. The Jewish population – by coercion – quickly adapted to the conditions created by the occupant. Those who initially considered them inhumane were soon to treat them as everyday. Life forced humbleness. And it made one realise that it could always be worse. The largest community of Jews in Europe was to be deemed as a permanent element. It was supposed to give them a guarantee of being and become a testimony that would deny the anti-Jewish actions of Hitler’s total power. How deceptive and elusive were these beliefs, hopes, and faith in the near and distant future, was indicated by the actions taken until then by the Germans: from 22 June, 1941, mass murders carried out in the Soviet Union and from 17 March, 1942, the implementation of the so-called Operation Reinhardt in the territory of the GG. That is what “Bloody Friday” proved: a drama that was taking place in a closed time frame (evening of 17 April, 1942 – early morning of 18 April, 1942), in a space isolated from the rest of the world (in the so-called Jewish district in Warsaw). -
The Ukrainian Weekly, 2016
No. 3 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, JANUARY 17, 2016 5 2015: THE YEAR IN REVIEW As war in east continues, Ukraine moves Westward ocket attacks in the east marked the beginning of 2015 for Ukraine. Twelve civilians were killed and R11 were wounded by a missile fired by Russian- backed militants that hit a bus in the town of Volnovakha, 35 kilometers southwest of Donetsk, on January 13. President Petro Poroshenko stated: “This is a disaster and a tragedy for Ukraine. This is more evidence after the MH17 plane, after the many civilian casualties – it is a crime that terrorists from the so-called DNR and LNR [Donetsk and Luhansk peoples’ republics] have severely violated my peace plan, which was approved and support- ed by the European Council and the European Union.” It was yet more evidence also that the ceasefire agreed to in Minsk in September of 2014 was being violated almost daily. As of the beginning of 2015, it was noted that over 4,700 people had been killed and more than 10,000 injured in the fighting in Ukraine’s east that began in April 2014. At year’s end, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reported that there were now more than 28,000 casualties in Ukraine since the war began, www.president.gov.ua including more than 9,000 killed. In addition to the dead At the Minsk summit on February 12 (front row, from left) are: French President Francois Hollande, Ukrainian and wounded, more than 1.5 million were internally dis- President Petro Poroshenko, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Belarusian President Alyaksandr placed as a result of the conflict. -
Nazi War Crimes, US Intelligence and Selective Prosecution at Nuremberg
Nazi War Crimes, US Intelligence and Selective Prosecution at Nuremberg Controversies regarding the role of the Office of Strategic Services Nazi War Crimes, US Intelligence and Selective Prosecution at Nuremberg provides a balanced but critical discussion of the contribution of American intelligence officials to the Nuremberg war crimes trials process. It discusses the role of such officials in mobilising the unique resources of a modern intelligence agency in order to provide a range of important trial evidence and undertake controversial plea-bargaining negotiations. The book also reviews recently declassified US intelligence documents to provide new details of how senior Nazi war criminals, such as SS-General Karl Wolff, were provided with effective immunity deals, partly as a reward for their wartime cooperation with US intelligence officials, including Allen Dulles, former CIA Director. This historical case study suggests that both war crimes prosecutors and intelligence officials can engage in mutually beneficial collaborations. The proviso, Michael Salter argues, is that both sides need to recognise and appreciate the problems that may arise from the fact that these institutitions are required to operate according to different, and in some cases contradictory, agendas. Michael Salter is Professor of Law at Lancashire Law School, UK. Nazi War Crimes, US Intelligence and Selective Prosecution at Nuremberg Controversies regarding the role of the Office of Strategic Services Michael Salter First published 2007 by Routledge-Cavendish 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge-Cavendish 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 A GlassHouse book Routledge-Cavendish is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2007 Michael Salter This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. -
Reichskommissariat Ostland from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Reichskommissariat Ostland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Ostland" redirects here. For the province of the Empire in Warhammer 40,000, see Ostland (Warhammer). Navigation Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) was the civilian occupation regime established by Main page Germany in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), the north-eastern part of Reichskommissariat Ostland Contents Poland and the west part of the Belarusian SSR during World War II. It was also known Reichskommissariat of Germany Featured content [1] initially as Reichskommissariat Baltenland ("Baltic Land"). The political organization Current events ← → for this territory—after an initial period of military administration before its establishment— 1941–1945 Random article was that of a German civilian administration, nominally under the authority of the Reich Donate to Wikipedia Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (German: Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete) led by Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg, but was in reality Interaction controlled by the Nazi official Hinrich Lohse, its appointed Reichskommissar. Help The main political objective, which the ministry laid out in the framework of National Flag Emblem About Wikipedia Socialist policies for the east established by Adolf Hitler, were the complete annihilation Community portal of the Jewish population and the settlement of ethnic Germans along with the expulsion or Recent changes Germanization of parts of the native population -
Julia Von Dem Knesebeck National Socialism in Post-War Germany
hirty years passed before it was accepted, in West Germany and elsewhere, that the Roma (Germany’s Gypsies) THE ROMA STRUGGLE FOR COMPENSATION STRUGGLE THE ROMA Thad been Holocaust victims. And, similarly, it took thirty years for the West German state to admit that the sterilisation of Roma had been part of the ‘Final Solution’. Drawing on a substantial body of previously unseen sources, this book examines the history of the struggle of Roma for recognition as racially persecuted victims of Julia von dem Knesebeck National Socialism in post-war Germany. Since modern academics belatedly began to take an interest in them, the Roma have been described as ‘forgotten victims’. This book looks at the period in West Germany between the end of the War and the beginning of the Roma civil rights movement in the early 1980s, during which the Roma were largely passed over when it came to compensation. The complex reasons for this are at the heart of this Germany in Post-War book. In looking at how the West German compensation process for victims of racial, religious and political persecution affected Roma, Dr von dem Knesebeck shows not only how the Roma were treated but also how they themselves perceived the process. The case of the Roma reveals how the West German administrative and legal apparatus defined and classified National Socialist injustice, and in particular where pejorative attitudes were allowed to continue unchallenged. The main obstacle for Roma seeking compensation was the question, unresolved for many years, of whether National Socialist policies against Roma had been racially motivated as opposed to having been mere policing measures. -
The Quest for Racial Purity: African Germans
the quest for racial purity: Germans with Mental and Physical Disabilities, African Germans, and Roma rom the moment that hitler took power in germany, he began implementing his vision for a new Germany—one that elevated “Aryan” Germans to the top of the Nazis’ racial hierarchy and that ranked all other groups along a spectrum of relative inferiority. Nazi leaders wasted no time conceiving and adopting measures that would safeguard the “Aryan” German race, thereby ensuring that future genera- tions would be—in their eyes—racially pure, genetically healthy, and socially productive and loyal to the state. This goal meant, above all, stigmatizing, discriminating against, and ultimately killing those whom the Nazis identified as being biologically and racially flawed. In such a context, especially Jews (see chapter 5), but also Roma (Gypsies), people with mental and physical disabilities, and African Germans, faced direct and immediate danger at the hands of the Nazis. In time, the Nazi decision to go to war would advance those long-term goals in pre- viously unimaginable ways. Territorial acquisition went hand in hand with population engineering as the Nazis sought to increase the number of “Aryan” Germans while simul- taneously thinning the ranks of those they considered inferior by virtue of race or biology. The state of national emergency created by the war would eventually provide the pretext and cover for increasingly radical steps. Nazi racial persecution was unique, for there was no escape—not even for those who were German by birth—from the harsh verdict of inferiority. For those who were targeted, national loyalty or communal solidarity were of no consequence: only “Aryans” who met the racial and biological standards of the Nazis could claim membership in the National Community (Volksgemeinschaft). -
Is the Gestapo Everywhere? the Origins of the Modern Perception of the Secret Police of the Third Reich Matt Loughlin Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Legacy Volume 11 | Issue 1 Article 5 2011 Is the Gestapo Everywhere? The Origins of the Modern Perception of the Secret Police of the Third Reich Matt Loughlin Southern Illinois University Carbondale Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/legacy Recommended Citation Loughlin, Matt (2011) "Is the Gestapo Everywhere? The Origins of the Modern Perception of the Secret Police of the Third Reich," Legacy: Vol. 11: Iss. 1, Article 5. Available at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/legacy/vol11/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Legacy by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Matt Loughlin Is the Gestapo Everywhere? The Origins of the Modern Perception of the Secret Police of the Third Reich The attempted genocide of European Jews committed by the National Socialist-controlled Germany in the 1930s and 40s has left scholars with more questions than could ever be answered definitively. A persisting question in the mind of anyone studying the Holocaust has to be “How could this happen?” How could the mechanized killing of millions of people happen in a modernized country in the twentieth century? Surely, whoever is to blame for these atrocities, this black spot on the human race is unlike you and me. Blame must be placed on something grand and evil. This type of thinking makes it possible to blame an overpowering government. The Secret Police of Germany during this time, also known as the Gestapo, was one of the groups that was put on trial and allocated blame for the Holocaust after World War II. -
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THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE Institute of Human Relatrons 165 East 56 Street New York NY 10022 2746 SlnplWOQY%? M, b EAMER~JPNISHCO~HTEEir&ib1leoftiUrnantlelsllm1~~~158~ NRYork NYlOM2n48 pbs nrequasl ;!!EL auanuy 1 Working Papers on Contemporary Anti-Sernltlsm KNOWLEDGE AND REMEMBRANCE OF THE HOLOCAUST -- IN POLAND * The Jewuh Commtfee pmtecfs the rtghts and freedom of Jews the world over combats b~gotiyand ant1 SemztIsm and promotes Renae Cohen human right.v for all works for the securzty of Israel and deepened ul derstanding Amerwms and lsraelu dvocateS PoSrtions Amertcan democra~cvalm and the poltcy lhe Jewish herria@ and enhances the creattve vital19perspectives of people in of the ~~,,~~h Unrted States lt IS the ploneer humn re[atlons rh FOREWORD Jennifer Golub is a research analyst and Renae Cohen Ph D is senior Jennifer Golub and Renae Cohen s Knowledge and Remembrance of the research analyst in the Department of Research and Publicahons at the Holocaust m Poland is the twenty second in a senes of Worlung Papers Amencan Jewish Comrmttee on Contemporary Anh Sermhsm pubhshed by the Amencan Jewish Com nuttee The Worlung Papers senes seeks to ennch our understanding of con temporary anti Senuhsm by inventorying current knowledge pmv~ding analyhcal perspechves and suggesting avenues for further research Among the issues that call for analysis are the following Is contemporary anh Sem~tisma dtrect conhnuahon of the Jew hatred of the past or is it in some sense a new phenomenon? Has the Holocaust finally deleghmated anh Senuhsm or has