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Manual on Hydrometry Government of India & Government of The Netherlands DHV CONSULTANTS & DELFT HYDRAULICS with HALCROW, TAHAL, CES, ORG & JPS VOLUME 4 HYDROMETRY DESIGN MANUAL Design Manual – Hydrometry (SW) Volume 4 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 GENERAL 1 1.2 DEFINITION OF VARIABLES AND UNITS 2 2 PHYSICS OF RIVER FLOW 5 2.1 GENERAL 5 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWS 5 2.3 VELOCITY PROFILES 8 2.4 HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE 10 2.5 UNSTEADY FLOW 14 2.6 BACKWATER CURVES 17 3 HYDROMETRIC NETWORK DESIGN 21 3.1 INTRODUCTION 21 3.2 NETWORK DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 22 3.2.1 CLASSIFICATION 22 3.2.2 MINIMUM NETWORKS 22 3.2.3 NETWORKS FOR LARGE RIVER BASINS 23 3.2.4 NETWORKS FOR SMALL RIVER BASINS 23 3.2.5 NETWORKS FOR DELTAS AND COASTAL FLOODPLAINS 23 3.2.6 REPRESENTATIVE BASINS 24 3.2.7 SUSTAINABILITY 24 3.2.8 DUPLICATION AVOIDANCE 24 3.2.9 PERIODIC RE-EVALUATION 24 3.3 NETWORK DENSITY 24 3.3.1 WMO RECOMMENDATIONS 24 3.3.2 PRIORITISATION SYSTEM 25 3.3.3 STATISTICAL AND MATHEMATICAL OPTIMISATION 26 3.4 THE NETWORK DESIGN PROCESS 26 4 SITE SELECTION OF WATER LEVEL AND STREAMFLOW STATIONS 28 4.1 DEFINITION OF OBJECTIVES 28 4.2 DEFINITION OF CONTROLS 28 4.3 SITE SURVEYS 29 4.4 SELECTION OF WATER LEVEL GAUGING SITES 31 4.5 SELECTION OF STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT SITE 31 5 MEASURING FREQUENCY 34 5.1 GENERAL 34 5.2 STAGE MEASUREMENT FREQUENCY 35 5.3 CURRENT METER MEASUREMENT FREQUENCY 36 6 MEASURING TECHNIQUES 38 6.1 STAGE MEASUREMENT 38 6.1.1 GENERAL 38 6.1.2 VERTICAL STAFF GAUGES 39 6.1.3 INCLINED STAFF OR RAMP GAUGES 42 6.1.4 CREST STAGE GAUGES 43 6.1.5 ELECTRIC TAPE GAUGES 44 6.1.6 FLOAT SYSTEM WITH AUTOGRAPHIC RECORDING 45 6.1.7 FLOAT SYSTEM WITH DIGITAL RECORDING 50 6.1.8 PRESSURE SENSORS (TRANSDUCERS) 52 6.1.9 DATA LOGGERS 59 Hydrometry January 2003 Page i Design Manual – Hydrometry (SW) Volume 4 6.1.10 SELECTION OF STAGE AND WATER LEVEL SENSORS AND RECORDING EQUIPMENT 63 6.2 INTRODUCTION TO VELOCITY AREA METHOD OF STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT 64 6.2.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES 64 6.2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN OPEN CHANNELS 66 6.2.3 DISTRIBUTION OF VELOCITY 69 6.3 FLOAT MEASUREMENT 70 6.3.1 BACKGROUND 70 6.3.2 TYPES OF FLOAT 71 6.3.3 FLOAT MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE 72 6.3.4 DETERMINATION OF DISCHARGE FROM SURFACE FLOAT VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 74 6.4 CURRENT METER STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT 76 6.4.1 INTRODUCTION 76 6.4.2 ROTATING ELEMENT CURRENT METERS 76 6.4.3 TYPES OF CURRENT METER 78 6.4.4 METHODS OF SUSPENSION AND DEPLOYMENT OF CURRENT METERS 81 6.4.5 SPACING OF VERTICALS 86 6.4.6 MEASUREMENT OF WIDTH, HORIZONTAL DISTANCE OR POSITION IN THE HORIZONTAL 88 6.4.7 MEASUREMENT OF DEPTH 91 6.4.8 SKEW EFFECTS 97 6.4.9 METHODS OF ESTIMATING MEAN VELOCITY IN THE VERTICAL 98 6.4.10 LEGITIMATE SHORT CUTS 100 6.4.11 COMPUTATION OF DISCHARGE 100 6.4.12 ERROR ANALYSIS VELOCITY AREA METHOD 101 6.4.13 MINIMISING ERRORS IN CURRENT METER DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 106 6.4.14 ELECTROMAGNETIC CURRENT METER 106 6.5 ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER (ADCP) 107 6.5.1 INTRODUCTION 107 6.5.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DOPPLER VELOCITY METERS 108 6.5.3 ADCP FUNCTIONING AND COMPONENTS 110 6.5.4 PRACTICAL USE OF THE ADCP 113 6.5.5 COLLECTING DISCHARGE DATA WITH A SONTEK ADP 118 6.5.6 PROCESSING OF SONTEK ADP DATA 120 6.5.7 ADCP - GLOSSARY OF TERMS 123 6.6 SLOPE - AREA METHOD 125 6.6.1 INTRODUCTION 125 6.6.2 PRINCIPLES OF THE METHOD OF MEASUREMENT 125 6.6.3 ESTIMATION OF VELOCITY HEAD AND DISCHARGE 128 6.6.4 ESTIMATION OF MANNING’S COEFFICIENT 128 6.6.5 COMPOSITE SECTIONS 129 6.6.6 STATE OF FLOW 130 6.7 COMPARISON AND APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT FLOW MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 130 7 EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 134 7.1 INTRODUCTION 134 7.2 PREPARATION OF STAGE AND STREAM FLOW MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION AND EQUIPMENT TENDER SPECIFICATIONS 135 7.2.1 INTRODUCTION 135 7.2.2 SITE SURVEYS AND INSTALLATION PLANNING 135 7.2.3 TENDER PACKAGES 136 Hydrometry January 2003 Page ii Design Manual – Hydrometry (SW) Volume 4 7.2.4 RESOLUTION AND ACCURACY 137 7.2.5 HYDROMETRIC SENSOR AND EQUIPMENT SELECTION CRITERIA 137 7.2.6 INSTRUMENT AND EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 138 7.2.7 OTHER ITEMS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE SPECIFICATIONS 141 7.3 INTERPRETATION OF EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTS AND SUPPLIERS 143 7.3.1 INTERPRETING EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 143 7.3.2 EVALUATION OF SPECIFICATIONS 143 7.4 EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 145 8 STATION DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION 147 8.1 DESIGN AND INSTALLATION CRITERIA - WATER LEVEL MONITORING 147 8.1.1 STAFF GAUGES 147 8.1.2 BENCH MARKS 149 8.1.3 STILLING WELLS 149 8.1.4 DWLR - PRESSURE SENSOR TYPE 154 8.1.5 INSTRUMENT PROTECTION AND HOUSINGS 157 8.2 DESIGN AND INSTALLATION CRITERIA - CURRENT METER GAUGING INSTALLATIONS 158 8.2.1 GENERAL 158 8.2.2 WADING GAUGING SITES 159 8.2.3 BRIDGE GAUGING 159 8.2.4 CABLEWAY GAUGING 160 8.2.5 BOAT GAUGING 165 8.3 SITE OFFICES AND STORES 166 8.3.1 SITE TYPES 166 8.3.2 ASSUMPTIONS 167 8.3.3 GUIDELINES 167 8.3.4 POSSIBLE BUILDING REQUIREMENTS 168 9 REFERENCES 169 Hydrometry January 2003 Page iii Design Manual – Hydrometry (SW) Volume 4 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL The branch of Geophysics, which deals with the occurrence and movement of water in terms of quantities and quality on and below the surface of the earth except the oceans, in vapour, liquid or solid state, is termed Hydrology. For hydrological design and water resources assessment purposes proper estimates of river flow and river stages are required. Their measurement is the domain of hydrometry. Figure 1.1: Hydrometric station The measurement of river stages and discharges at the observation stations is dealt with in this Volume 4 “Hydrometry” of the “Manual on Hydrological Field Measurements and Data Processing”. This volume on hydrometry includes how measurements are made, with what equipment, where and when. Volume 4 consists of three parts: 1. Design Manual, in which the basic principles and procedures are put in context 2. Reference Manual, for details on specific topics, and 3. Field Manual, dealing with operational procedures at the observation station. This part of Volume 4 covers the Design Manual: ‘Hydrometry’. It is set up as follows: • Chapter 1 deals with definition of quantities and units and unit conversions. • Some basic hydraulic principles as far as relevant for hydrometry are dealt with in Chapter 2. • In Chapter 3 the design and optimisation of hydrometric networks are discussed. Network densities are related to measurement objectives, spatial variation of the phenomena and cost of installation and operation. Hydrometry January 2003 Page 1 Design Manual – Hydrometry (SW) Volume 4 • Once the network density has been specified the sites for the water levels and discharges have to be selected. Criteria for site selection are discussed in Chapter 4. • Next, in Chapter 5 the observation frequency to be applied for the various hydrological quantities in view of the measurement objectives and temporal variation of the observed processes are treated. • The measurement techniques for observation of hydrometric variables and related equipment are dealt with in Chapter 6. • Since the buyers of the hydrometric equipment are often neither sufficiently familiar with the exact functioning of (parts of) the equipment nor with the background of the specifications, remarks on the equipment specifications have been added in Chapter 7. The equipment specifications proper are covered in a separate and regularly updated volume: “Equipment Specification Surface Water”. • Guidelines on station design and equipment installation are dealt with in Chapter 8. In the Field Manual operational practices in running the network stations are given. It also includes field inspections, audits and last but not least, the topic of equipment maintenance and calibration. Notes • The content of this part of the manual deals only with hydrometric measurements in the States of Peninsular India. The equipment discussed is used or appropriate for use in the Hydrological Information System. Hence, the manual does not provide a complete review of all techniques and equipment applied elsewhere. • The procedures dealt with in this manual are conformably to BIS and ISO standards. It is essential that the procedures described in this manual are closely followed to guarantee a standardised approach in the entire operation of the Hydrological Information System. 1.2 DEFINITION OF VARIABLES AND UNITS In this section definitions, symbols and units of relevant quantities and parameters when dealing with hydrometry are given. The use of standard methods is an important objective in the operation of the Hydrological Information System (HIS). Standard methods require the use of a coherent system of units with which variables and parameters are quantified. This section deals with the system of units used for the measurement of hydrological quantities. Quantity Symbol Unit Quantity Symbol Unit Density Head -3 Density of water ρ kg.m Velocity head hv m -3 Density of sediment, ρs kg.m Pressure head hp m Relative density under water ∆=(ρs-ρ)/ρ [-] Energy head He m Pressure Slope Air pressure pa kPa Slope/gradient (general) S [-] Water pressure p kPa Bottom/bed slope/gradient S0 [-] Water surface slope/gradient Sw [-] Temperature Energy slope/gradient Se [-] o Water temperature T ,t C or K w w o Air temperature Ta ,ta C or K Discharge Flow velocity u, v, w m.s-1 Level, depth, area Discharge Q m3.s-1 2 -1 Water depth y, h m Discharge per unit width q m .s Wetted perimeter P m 2 Wetted area A m Characteristic numbers Hydraulic radius R m Reynolds number Re [-] Equilibrium or normal depth yn, hn m Froude number Fr [-] Critical depth yc, hc m Table 1.1: Overview of relevant quantities, symbols and units used in hydrometry Hydrometry January 2003 Page 2 Design Manual – Hydrometry (SW) Volume 4 General terms Control: The physical properties of a channel, natural or artificial, which determine the relationship between stage and discharge at a location in the channel.
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