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Lecture Notes Course: Watershed Hydrology (SWC-201) (Instructor Lecture Notes Course: Watershed Hydrology (SWC-201) (Instructor : Dr. R. Suresh, Professor SWE) Department of Soil & Water Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering R.P.C.A.U., Pusa (Samastipur)-848 125 Lecture – 1 Introduction Definition and Importance Hydrology, by its term meaning is the science of water. However it does not gives a complete view of hydrology in respect to water generating source for creating water resource on earth system, essential for mankind. After a great exercise and deal the scientists defined the hydrology as the science dealing the occurrence of rainfall, its distribution & circulation on and below the earth and physical and chemical reaction with earth materials. In hydrology, the land unit is the watershed, which also may be referred to as a basin or catchment. A watershed is defined as an area of land in which all of the incoming precipitation drains (i.e., “sheds”) to the same place – toward the same body of water or the same topographic low area (e.g., a sinkhole) – as a result of its topography. This means that a watershed's boundary is defined by its topographic high points. Watersheds are fairly simple to identify in mountainous or hilly terrain because their boundaries are defined by ridges (Figure 1). However, in flatland watersheds, such as in the Coastal Plain of the Southeast, identifying topographic high points can be very challenging because the highest and lowest elevations may differ only by a few centimetres. The study of hydrology is important to have the information is following aspects: The variation of water production from catchments can be calculated and described by hydrology. Engineering hydrology enables us to find out the relationship between a catchments’s surface water and groundwater resources The expected flood flows over a spillway, at a highway at a Culvert, or in an urban storm drainage system can be known by this very subject. It helps us to know the required reservoir capacity to assure adequate water for irrigation or municipal water supply in droughts condition. It tells us what hydrologic hardware (e.g. rain gauges, stream gauges etc) and software (computer models) are needed for real-time flood forecasting Used in connection with design and operations of hydraulic structure Hydrology is an indispensable tool in planning and building hydraulic structures. Hydrology is used for city water supply design which is based on catchments area, amount of rainfall, dry period, storage capacity, runoff evaporation and transpiration. Dam construction, reservoir capacity, spillway capacity, sizes of water supply pipelines and affect of afforest on water supply schemes, all are designed on basis of hydrological equations. Crop planning based on available water in the area. Divisions of Hydrology: Hydrology can generally be divided into two main branches Engineering Hydrology: Engineering hydrology deals with the planning, design and Operation of Engineering projects for the control and use of water Applied Hydrology: Applied hydrology is the study of hydrological cycle, precipitation, runoff, relationship between precipitation and runoff, hydrographs, Flood Routing Chemical Hydrology: Study of chemical characteristics of water. Eco-hydrology: Interaction between organisms and the hydrological cycle. Hydrogeology: Also referred to as geo-hydrology, is the study of the presence and movement of ground water. Hydro-informatics: is the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resource applications Hydrometeorology: It is the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere. Isotope Hydrology: It is the study of isotropic signatures of water (origin and age of water). Surface Water Hydrology: It is the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near earth’s surface. Ground Water Hydrology: It is the study of underground water. The Hydrologic Cycle It refers to the continuous circulation of water within the earth’s hydro-sphere. Water moves into and from the various sources on, over and below the earth, with the total mass of water remaining fairly constant. The water cycle is highly crucial to maintain the life on earth, as it replenishes the world’s freshwater resources and moderates extremes in climate. The physical processes involved in hydrologic cycle are . Evaporation . Condensation . Sublimation . Precipitation . Transpiration, . Interception, . Infiltration, . Percolation and . The runoff Sun is the source of energy to activate Evaporation - It involves the vaporization of water from the water sources due to heat energy of solar radiation. The evaporated water gets converted into cloud. Through which water gets fall on the earth system in terms of precipitation. In water transfer process about 90% of atmospheric water is contributed by evaporation. Condensation- It refers to the transformation of evaporated water vapours into liquid water droplets suspended in the air as clouds or fog. It is important process to convert the evaporated water into liquid state enabling formation of clouds with the aid of condensation nuclei. Sublimation- This is the process in which there is direct conversion of solid ice into water vapour. By this process water mass is also added to atmosphere for cycling. Precipitation- It is the fall of atmospheric water to the ground surface. Under this process the water becomes available for its distribution (surface and sub-surface) and circulation on the above and below the earth surface. It mostly takes place in the form of liquid (rainfall) and very little in solid form (snow, sleet, hail fog etc.) Transpiration- It is a process of water loss from plants' leaves through respiration. The water loss through transpiration and evaporation coupled together is referred to Evapotranspiration (ET). In hydrologic cycle about 10% water or moisture is added to the atmosphere by transpiration process. Interception- This is the process in which a part of precipitation is abstracted by the objects lying on the ground surface. The objects may be the crop, tree, natural vegetations and any other in live or dead conditions. Intercepted precipitated water is ultimately lost through evaporation process. Rate and quantity of water loss under this process varied with the type and characteristics of vegetation/objects and climatic condition, mainly. Infiltration- It is defined as the entry of water into the soil by crossing the imaginary boundary between soil and atmosphere and its rate called infiltration rate. Under this process the precipitated water moves into the soil media and ultimately joins to the water –table or deposited on impervious layer, if there occurs across water movement path. It is treated as the input process for ground water occurrence. Runoff- The flow of joined rain water in the stream is designated as the channel flow or the runoff. The characteristics associated to the climate and watershed affects the quantum of runoff at the outlet. Runoff is categorised into surface and sub-surface runoff. In which surface runoff is that part of the runoff which travels over the ground surface thought the channels/ streams /rivers to reach the basin outlet, and sub- surface or indirect runoff points to the flow of precipitated water below the soil surface leading to water- table. The view of hydrologic cycle is presented in Fig- Fig- View Hydrologic cycle Hydrologic Budget It consists of inflows, outflows, and storage, presented by the following equation: Inflow = Outflow +/- Changes in Storage Inflows contribute or add water to the different parts of the hydrologic system, outflows remove water from them, and storage is the retention of water by parts of the system. Since, water movement is cyclical; therefore, an inflow for one part of the system is an outflow to another. As example, for an aquifer the percolation of water into the ground is the inflow to the aquifer while discharge of groundwater from the aquifer to a stream is an outflow. Over time, if inflows to the aquifer are greater than its outflows, the amount of water stored in the aquifer will increase. Conversely, if the inflow to the aquifer is less than the outflow, the amount of water stored decreases. Assignment - Describe various atmospheric/weather variables affecting hydrologic cycle. Suggested Reference 1. Watershed Hydrology- R. Suresh 2. Soil & Water Conservation Engineering- R. Suresh 3. Hydrology and Soil Conservation – G. Das 4. Engineering Hydrology – K. Subramanya Lecture- 2 Watershed- Concept and Laws Definition- Watershed is an isolated area with a well demarcated boundary line, draining the rainwater to a single outlet. Within the boundary a watershed contains various natural resources such as the soil, water and natural vegetations. Also, there is a network of stream system to drain the rain water. The stream network is also called drainage system of watershed. A watershed having the measured hydrological parameters such as rainfall, runoff and others is called gauged watershed. For hydrological study of watershed the hydrological input data is essential. There is a variation in one to other watersheds regarding shape, size, morphology and other aspects. This variation enforces to cause variations in rainfall- runoff – soil erosion /loss relationship. The stream network system makes the watershed dynamic in regard to hydrologic processes. View of watershed is shown in figure-1. Figure-1.0 View of Watershed Watershed Component The followings are the major components of the watershed, 1. Watershed boundary, 2. Stream network, 3. Watershed soils/land ,and 4. Land use system. Boundary- It defines the size and shape of watershed. Boundary of a watershed may be the any continuously elevated ridge lines covering a particular extent of land segment. Also the river line, roads, etc may be as the watershed boundary. Stream Network- The watershed within it boundary assembles several interconnected streams leading to the outlet. Stream network constitutes drainage system for the watershed. Drainage system is assessed by the term called drainage density, which is defined as the ratio of total length of steams to the total area of watershed.
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