Hydrological Standard for Water Quality Station Instrumentation

HP 35 HYDROLOGICAL PROCEDURE

HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD FOR HYDROLOGICAL PROCEDURE HP 35 HP PROCEDURE HYDROLOGICAL WATER QUALITY STATION

INSTRUMENTATION

DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE MALAYSIA

DISCLAIMER

The department or government shall have no liability or responsibility to the user or any other person or entity with respect to any liability, loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused, directly or indirectly, by the adaptation and use of the methods and recommendations of this publication, including but not limited to, any interruption of service, loss of business or anticipatory profits or consequential damages resulting from the use of this publication.

Opinions expressed in DID publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of DID.

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD FOR WATER QUALITY STATION INSTRUMENTATION. HP 35 (HYDROLOGICAL PROCEDURE ; HP 35) ISBN 978-983-9304-40-4 1. Hydrological stations--Malaysia. 2. Hydrology--Malaysia. 3. Government publications--Malaysia. I. Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia. II. Series. 551.5709595

PREFACE

The Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia (JPS) uses continuous water-quality monitors to assess the quality of the surface water. A common monitoring-system in water-quality collection involves six parameters, which collects ammoniacal nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, pH, and total suspended solids. The sensors that are used to measure water-quality parameters require field observation, cleaning, and calibration procedures, as well as thorough procedures in computing and publishing final records. This procedure is used as the standard for water quality instrumentation, installation and maintenance for hydrological stations in Malaysia, and the process improving in line with latest technologies.

Menara Teknik was commissioned by the Division of Water Resources and Hydrology to produce Hydrological Procedure No 35: Hydrological Standard for Water Quality Station Instrumentation through “Development of Hydrological Procedure No. 32: Hydrological Standard for Rainfall Station Instrumentation, Hydrological Procedure No 33: Hydrological Standard for Water Level Station Instrumentation and Hydrological Procedure No 35: Hydrological Standard for Water Quality Station Instrumentation”, contract no. JPS/IP/C/H/06/2016. The HP 32: Hydrological Standard for Rainfall Station Instrumentation and HP 33: Hydrological Standard for Water Level Station Instrumentation were also produced under the same commission.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors greatly acknowledge the valuable contribution and feedback from Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) personnel especially the Director of Water Resources Management and Hydrology, Dato’ Ir. Haji Nor Hisham Bin Mohd. Ghazali, Director of National Flood Forecasting and Warning Centre (PRABN), Pn. Hajah Paridah Anun Binti Tahir and the staff namely Ir. Rajaselvam a/l Govindaraju, Ir. Hasanuddin Bin Mohd Ibrahim and En. Hairuy Azmi bin Aziz.

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Table of Contents

DISCLAIMER...... i PREFACE ...... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iii 1. Introduction ...... 1 Water Quality Indices and Standards ...... 1 Water Quality Parameters ...... 2 2. Selection of Site ...... 3 Pollutant Sources ...... 3 Installation of Permanent Monitoring Station ...... 4 3. Review of Water Quality Sensor and Configuration ...... 5 Water Quality Sensor ...... 5 Configuration of Sensors ...... 6 General Specification of Sensor...... 11 4. Water Quality Sensor Selection ...... 12 5. Construction of Station ...... 13 Station ...... 13 Enclosure ...... 14 Earthing ...... 15 TN-C System ...... 17 TN-S- System ...... 18 TN-C-S System ...... 18 T-T System ...... 19 IT-System ...... 20 Lightning Protection ...... 20 Conduit ...... 22 Fencing ...... 23 Type of fencing ...... 23 Comparison of Type of Fencing ...... 25 Signboard ...... 25 6. Installation of Instrument ...... 26 Installation of Water Quality Sensor ...... 26 7. Solar Power Supply System ...... 26

8. Telemetry and Communication System ...... 27 Remote Terminal Unit ...... 27 Communication Instruments ...... 29 Radio Communication ...... 29 GSM/ EDGE Communication ...... 30 Satellite Communication ...... 30 9. Maintenance of Instruments ...... 31 Maintenance of Water Quality Instrument ...... 31 Maintenance of Telemetry ...... 33 10. Calibration of Instrument ...... 33 Field Calibration of Sensors ...... 34 11. Safety and Health Guidelines ...... 35 Site Tidiness ...... 35 Working at Height ...... 36 General provisions ...... 36 Guard rails ...... 36 Protective Equipment ...... 36 Safety helmet ...... 36 Footwear ...... 37 Working in a Hot Environment ...... 37 Working Over/Near Water ...... 37 Electrical Hazard ...... 37 Safety procedures in handling electrical equipment ...... 38 12. Do’s and Don’ts of Installation and Maintenance of Water Quality Equipment ...... 38 Installation ...... 38 Power Supply System ...... 39 Maintenance work ...... 39 Communication ...... 39 13. Summary Sheet ...... 40 14. References...... 42 Appendix A: List of Glossary ...... A1-A4 Appendix B: Related Documents from MS ISO 9001: 2015 ...... B1-B2 Appendix C: List of Drawing ...... C1-C6

List of Figures

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of flow-through water-quality monitoring station (USGS) ...... 7 Figure 2 Schematic diagram of in-situ water-quality monitoring station (USGS) ...... 8 Figure 3 Schematic diagram of internal-logging water-quality monitoring sensor and recording system (USGS) ...... 9 Figure 4 Typical Housing at Elevated Level at Flooding Area (a) and on Ground Level (b)) ...... 14 Figure 5 Illustration of Earthing and Protective Conductor System ...... 16 Figure 6 TN-C System ...... 17 Figure 7 TN-S- System ...... 18 Figure 8 TN-C-S System ...... 19 Figure 9 TT-System ...... 19 Figure 10 IT-System ...... 20 Figure 11 Security Fence ...... 24 Figure 12 Anti-Climb Fence ...... 24 Figure 13 Chain Link Fence ...... 25

List of Table

Table 1 The classification of River Water Quality Based on The Uses ...... 1 Table 2 The range of WQI ...... 2 Table 3 The water quality parameters ...... 3 Table 4 The advantages and disadvantages of continuous water-quality monitoring systems (USGS) ...... 10 Table 5 Comparison between Different Fencing Types ...... 25 Table 6 Technical Specification of RTU ...... 28 Table 7 Calibration criteria for continuous water-quality monitors. (USGS 2006) ...... 34 Table 8 Summary of Safety and Health Guidelines ...... 35

1. Introduction

Since decades JPS as the national hydrological agency has been developing hydrological stations throughout Malaysia to collect and obtain data for water resource assessment, planning, development, early flood warning and river monitoring purposes. Water quality is an important aspect of River of Life to be monitored by JPS. JPS has several water quality stations especially in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. This procedure is made as the standard for water quality station instrumentation, installation and maintenance at hydrological stations in Malaysia.

Water Quality Indices and Standards

River quality standard in Malaysia is based on Phase I and II studies of water quality criteria and standard. In the Phase I, recommendation is made pertaining to the classification of river water quality based on the usages. The six (6) classifications are as follows (Table 1).

Table 1 The classification of River Water Quality Based on The Uses Classification Use Conservation of the natural environment Water supply I – requires no treatment (except via Class I disinfection or boiling) Fishery I – very sensitive aquatic species Water supply II – conventional treatment required Class IIA Fishery II – sensitive aquatic species Class IIB Recreational use with body contact Water supply III – extensive treatment required Fishery III – common species of economic value and tolerant Class III species Livestock drinking Class IV Irrigation Class V Water unsuitable for use any of the above

In the Phase II study, another criterion was developed on the need of quantitative assessment of the river water quality, as the phase I study was just a fuzzy qualitative index on the health of river system in Malaysia. The Phase II study proposed and adopted the water quality index (WQI) based on the Environmental Quality Report 1990. The WQI standardises a cohort of quantifiable water quality parameters to a common scale and combines them into a single indicator index. The water quality parameters used in the WQI formula include pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS) and ammoniacal nitrogen (AN). The range of WQI is split into five (5) classes, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2 The range of WQI

Parameter Unit Classes I II III IV V Ammoniacal Nitrogen mg/l < 0.1 0.1 – 0.3 0.3-0.9 0.9-2.7 > 2.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l < 1 1-3 3-6 6-12 > 12 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l < 10 10-25 25-50 50-100 > 100 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l > 7 5-7 3-5 1-3 < 1 pH mg/l > 7.0 6.0 -7.0 5.0-6.0 < 5.0 > 5.0 Total Suspended Solids mg/l < 25 25-50 50-15- 150-300 > 300 Water Quality Index > 92.7 76.5-92.7 51.9-76.5 31.0 -51.9 < 31.0

Water Quality Parameters

The river water quality for selected river basins is monitored by a private organisation, ASMA, under the purview of the Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE). Other than the six (6) parameters used in computing the water quality index (WQI) such as DO, BOD, COD, AN, TSS, and pH), other parameters such as heavy metal ions, microorganisms, organic chemicals presented in the river water might also relevant.

The water quality parameters are important in assessing the well-being of the water bodies. They are grouped into three (3) subgroups; (a) physical, (b) chemical (c) biological parameters, as shown in Table 3 below.

Table 3 The water quality parameters

Physical Parameters Chemical Parameters Biological Parameters Streamflow/Hydrometry Nutrients Total coliform Temperature BOD/COD bacteria Specific conductance Phosphate Faecal coliform pH Orthophosphate bacteria Turbidity Total organic carbon E. Coli bacteria Dissolved oxygen Dissolved organic carbon Virus Hardness Ammonia Alkalinity Nitrate Sediment/Solid Nitrites Total suspended solids Sulfate Total dissolved solids Chloride Fluoride Metal ions Heavy metals (Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn, Zn)

2. Selection of Site

The factors considered in selecting a water-quality monitoring site are for monitoring purpose and data quality objectives. All factors used in the site-selection process must be balanced between these two key factors. Determining the purpose of monitoring includes making decisions about parameters to be measured, the monitoring period and duration, and data collection frequency. Stream characteristics, site characteristics, and data-quality objectives determine whether data sonde will be placed in situ or a flow-through receptacle with a pumping sampler will be a better choice. Site-specific considerations in placing water-quality monitor include site-design requirements, installation type, physical constraints of the site, and servicing requirements.

Pollutant Sources

Water pollution takes place when water body is adversely affected due to the addition of large amount of effluent into the water. The effluent by nature reduce the aesthetic value of water and affect water quality in general. In addition, when the water body is unfit for its use, water is then considered polluted.

There are two types of water pollutants; (a) point source and (b) nonpoint source. Point source water pollution occurs when harmful substances are flowed directly into the water body. This is implied by the “end of pipe” discharge from any known or identifiable points throughout the water body. In fact, the point source pollutions are attributed to effluent discharged from the sewage treatment plant, industrial/manufacturing and household septic tank into surface drain, as well as effluent from yards and farms.

Point source pollutants in river water body are originated from industrial and domestic sources. These can be in the form of organic and inorganic, dissolved or solid. The most common pollutants are nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus, including micronutrients), dissolved or undissolved metal ions, sediments, and others.

Meanwhile, the nonpoint source pollution involves “diffusion” and not attributed to a single traceable source such as in agricultural activities and cities, where rainfall-induced surface runoffs cannot be traced to a single end-of-pipe outlet. The examples of this water pollution are when fertiliser is carried into stream by rain, storm water discharged into river, carrying sediments and pollutant wash off along the path. Nonpoint pollutants are also attributed to real airborne nutrients such as particulate nitrogen and phosphorus in the form of wet and dry deposition.

Nonpoint source also delivers pollutants indirectly through adverse environmental change. For instance, there is a sudden pulse of pollutant being mobilised and flushed into nearby water body and en route to river network. Discharge or effluent from domestic wastewater treatment facility such as industrial and domestic treated effluents are the source that flow into the river water body. Untreated effluent leads to fish kill in river due to the presence of pollutants and this also affect the operation of raw water intake downstream of the discharge point. Incidents of water intake shutdown were reported on several occasions.

Installation of Permanent Monitoring Station

Factors to be considered in placing and installing a water-quality monitoring system are;

1. The potential of water-quality measurement at the site to represent the location that is monitored, thus avoiding point source installation. 2. The degree of cross-section variation and vertical stratification. 3. A channel configuration that may pose unique constraint.

4. The expected range of stream stage (from low flow to flood). 5. Water velocity. 6. The presence of turbulence that will affect water-quality measurement. 7. The conditions that enhance the fouling rate, such as excessive amount of fine sediments, algae, or invertebrates. 8. The range of values for water-quality parameters. 9. The need for protection from high-water debris damage.

10. The need for protection from vandalism.

3. Review of Water Quality Sensor and Configuration

Water Quality Sensor

Water quality changes over time, this requires a frequent, repeated measurement to characterise variation in water quality. When the time interval between the measurements is small, the resulting water-quality data is considered to be continuous. A device that measures the water quality in this way is known as continuous water-quality monitor. The water-quality monitor has sensor and recording system to measure physical and chemical parameters at discrete time interval at point locations. Operation of a water-quality monitoring station provides a continuous record of water quality, to be processed and published or distributed from telemetry to the Internet. The water-quality record provides a complete record of changes in water quality, which serves as the basis for computation of constituent load at a site. Data from the sensor is used to estimate other constituents, if a significant correlation can be established, often via regression analysis.

Continuous monitoring of water-quality parameters such as temperature, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity, takes place in various aquatic environments, ranging from a clear, pristine, freshwater stream to productive estuary. The procedures to monitor streams are different from those in coastal environment. Continuous monitoring in coastal environment is challenging because of rapid biofouling from microscopic and macroscopic organisms, corrosion of electronic component due to salt and high humidity, and wide range in value of parameters influenced by weather change and tidal conditions.

Temperature and conductivity are physical properties of water bodies, whereas DO, pH, concentration, and turbidity is an expression of the water optical properties (ASTM International, 2003). For this report, all of the properties or constituents and sensor values

recorded by the monitors are referred as field parameters. Also, there are sensors available to measure other field parameters, such as reduction-oxidation potential, water level, depth, ammonia, nitrate, chloride, and fluorescence. Besides the measured field parameters, some monitors have algorithm to report calculated parameters such as specific conductance, salinity, total dissolved solids, and percentage of DO saturation.

The emerging sensor technology broadens the measurable chemical constituents and reduces the detection limit. Because it is possible to enable real-time water-quality monitoring data available on the Internet, a continual progress is made to improve its applications and refine quality-control procedures.

Configuration of Sensors

Jabatan Pengairan Saliran (JPS) and Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) adopt three configurations for water-quality monitor. Each configuration has advantages and disadvantages in terms of site location and data-quality objectives. First, the flow-through monitoring configuration has a pump that delivers water from the measuring point to the sensor(s) or sonde housed in a shelter, as depicted in Figure 1.The pumps used for a flow-through monitoring system require 110-volt alternating current (AC) and pump about 10 gallons of water per minute. The access to power is required for flow-through monitoring system, but the advantages and disadvantages of the configurations must be evaluated based on the monitoring objectives (Table 4).

For the second configuration, only the sensors are placed directly at the measuring point (in situ) in the aquatic environment, whilst communication cables are connected to the data logger and power system is located in a water-resistant shelter (Figure 2). The primary advantage of the in-situ configuration is that no power is needed to pump water, can use small shelters, and the system can be installed at remote locations where AC power is not available (Table 3). Direct current (DC) with 12-volt batteries meet the power requirement of the sensors and recording equipment, and solar panels may suffice in some areas.

The third is the internal-logging configuration, with combined sensor and recording sonde that is fully immersed and requires no external power, thus reducing its exposure to vandalism, as depicted in Figure 3. Power is supplied via conventional batteries located in a sealed compartment, and sensor data are stored in the sonde on nonvolatile, flash-memory,

6 recording devices. The primary advantage of the internal-logging configuration is that it requires no AC power or large batteries and shelters.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of flow-through water-quality monitoring station (USGS)

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of in-situ water-quality monitoring station (USGS)

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of internal-logging water-quality monitoring sensor and recording system (USGS)

Table 4 The advantages and disadvantages of continuous water-quality monitoring systems (USGS)

Advantages Disadvantages

Flow-through monitoring system

• Unit is coupled with chlorinators to • Require 110-volt AC power. reduce membrane fouling. • Require large shelters, incurring higher • Calibration can be performed in the installation cost. shelter. • Stream being pumped in can clog due to algal • Sample water from more than one fouling or high sedimentation load. measuring points can be pumped to a • In shallow bank or poorly mixed installation, it single sensor set. is difficult to locate intakes or sensors in the • With satellite telemetry, data can be cross section. transmitted to the office. • Electrical shock protection is required. • System problems that need service can • Pumps may be damaged because of be monitored remotely. sediments or corrosive waters. • Pump maintenance is necessary. • Pumping may change water quality.

In-situ monitoring system

• Installation at remote locations is • Sensors are susceptible to vandalism. possible. • Sensors are more prone to fouling than the • Can use small shelters. flow-through system. • No power is needed to pump water, this • It is difficult to service sensors during flood. reduce risk of electrical hazards. • In shallow bank or poorly mixed installation, it • With satellite telemetry, data can be is difficult to locate intakes or sensors in the transmitted to the office location. cross section. • System problems that need service can • Sensors are susceptible to debris or high flow. be monitored remotely. • Shifting channels require adjustment to • Pump maintenance is not necessary. sensor placement.

Internal-logging monitoring system

• Locations are flexible. • Sensors are more prone to fouling than the • No electrical hazard. flow-through system. • Pump maintenance is not necessary. • It is difficult to service sensors during flood. • In shallow bank or poorly mixed installation, it is difficult to locate intakes or sensors in the cross section. • Data are available only during site visit. • Sensors are susceptible to debris or high flow. • Shifting channels require adjustment to sensor placement. • The equipment status can only be checked during service. • Out of the site, data cannot be viewed, and loss of data is unknown, until the next site visit.

General Specification of Sensor

Main sensors that are used by JPS are;

1. Multiparameter sonde

a. Sonde is used to measure perimeters such as; - Dissolved oxygen (DO) - Ammonical nitrogen (AN) - pH - Temperature

b. General specification is as per below;

- Seven built-in expansion ports - Measure up to sixteen (16) parameters simultaneously (DO, conductivity, pH, turbidity, depth, chlorophyll-a, blue green algae, ion-selective electrode, oxidising reducing properties (ORP), total dissolved gas, rhodamine, PAR, and temperature) - Used for attended or unattended monitoring

2. Sensor Carbolyser

a. Sensor Carbolyser is used to measure parameters such as;

- chemical oxygen demand (COD) - biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) - total suspended solids (TSS)

b. General specification is per below;

- measuring principle: UV-Vis spectrometry over the range of 190 - 720 nm - multiparameter probe with adjustable open path length - ideal for surface water, ground water, drinking water and wastewater - long term stability and maintenance free - factory-precalibrated, local multipoint calibration is possible - automatic cleaning with compressed air or brush - mounting and direct measurement in the media (in situ) or in a flow cell (monitoring station) - operation via scan terminals & scan software - integrated cleaning - adaptation of optical path lengths of 5 mm, 2 mm, 1 mm or 0.5 mm is possible - ease of mounting without clogging

4. Water Quality Sensor Selection

The selection of a water-quality sensor involves four interrelated elements - (1) data collection purpose, (2) the type of installation, (3) the type of sensor deployed at the installation site, and (4) the specific sensors needed for accuracy and precision to meet data-quality objectives.

Sensors are available as individual instrument or combined instrument with different sensors in various combinations. For this report, a sensor is the fixed or detachable part of the instrument that measures a particular field parameter. A group of sensors arranged together commonly is referred as sonde. A typical sonde has a single recording unit or electronic data logger to record the output from multiple sensors. The term monitor refers to the combination of sensor(s) and the recording unit or data logger.

As reported by JPS Wilayah Persekutuan, the measurement are currently focus on Water Quality Index (WQI). The parameters involved are ammoniacal nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, pH, and total suspended solids.

In addition, the Department of Environmental (DOE) under the Environmental Quality Monitoring Programme (EQMP) focused on seventeen (17) parameters; pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and saturation, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) salinity, conductivity, turbidity, ammonium, total suspended solids (TSS), hydrocarbon, nitrate (NO3), total organic carbon (TOC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) and discharge.

5. Construction of Station

Station

At first, the site should be cleared by getting shrubs, grass and overgrowth weeded out. Then the site should be levelled. The fencing should be constructed according to the specifications and dimensions shown in Appendix C: List of Drawing; Drawing no: BSAH/HP35/FEN/01.

There are two types of water quality station construction in JPS. They are ground level and another at elevated level. Figure 5 (a) and (b) show typical station at flooding area and on ground level respectively.

Advantages of elevated station are

i. Less vandalism ii. Anything hanging during flood such as logs and twigs will be washed away easily and do not stuck and damage the housing. iii. Elevated housing can be built near the river, thus, shorter cable installation required, hence lesser maintenance.

The construction should be done with care, to avoid excavated earth being thrown onto the levelled site. It is advisable to check the site level once the fencing has been constructed.

(a) (b)

Figure 4 Typical Station at Elevated Level at Flooding Area (a) and on Ground Level (b))

Enclosure

The enclosure should be water resistant with ingress protection of IP65 and complete with compartment for manual. Also, it needs to be tidied up and maintained in good condition all times. For future installation, it is recommended that JPS specifies the use of epoxy coated galvanised enclosures.

Cable gland are used to attach and secure the end of the electrical cable. Cable gland provides strain relief and connects with suitable cable for which it is designed, including electrical connection to the armour or braid and lead or aluminium of the cable sheath, if any. Rubber seal gaskets need to be replaced frequently, to ensure that the enclosure is insects or small rodents’ proof. Moreover, the wiring inside the enclosure need to be terminated with suitable ferrule, flexible conduits, cable ties and labelled accordingly.

Finally, the enclosures on-site need to be provided with troubleshooting manuals, such as wiring diagrams, operation & maintenance manual as well as as-built drawings. All equipment on site should be labelled accordingly to make the troubleshooting easier. The enclosure is sealed with JPS logo and marked with “HAK MILIK KERAJAAN MALAYSIA”.

Earthing

Every building, equipment, power plants, substations and facilities that use electricity require earth grounding, either directly or through a grounding system. By definition, the earthing system that is sometimes called ‘earthing’, it means the total set of measures used to connect electrically conductive part to earth. Figure 5 illustrates the earthing and protective conductor system. The earthing system is an essential part of power networks at both high- and low- voltage levels. In this system, we are going to use voltage less than 1 Ω and the installation of Surge Protection Device (SPD) 7 step is necessary for overvoltage protection. In general, a good earthing system is required to protect station buildings and installations against lightning, safeguard human and animal life by limiting touch and step voltage to safe value, rectify operation of the electrical supply network and ensure good power quality.

The ground system resistance is tested beforehand to provide a concrete proof that the preliminary design assumption is accurate and the earthing system is adequate and effective in protecting water level station system. Besides, ground resistance measurements are to verify the new ground system adequacy and determine ground potential rise (GPR) in developing protection for power and communication circuits. In designing an earthing system, the system shall provide low impedance path to ground for personnel and equipment protection, as well as circuit relaying and it shall withstand and dissipate repeated fault and surge current.

Overall, the earthing system is essential to complete an electrical path to ground if there is non-designed or unanticipated above-normal potential current or voltage surge during operating conditions. Personal injury, death or equipment damage can happen if the grounding system is not properly designed and installed to guide the potentially dangerous charge safely to ground. Furthermore, the earthing system under normal conditions carries no current. It only carries current under abnormal conditions, when an electrical appliance or equipment is faulty, and becomes a potential shock or fire hazard.

Figure 5 Illustration of Earthing and Protective Conductor System

In conclusion, it is important for the earthing system at water quality station to be inspected, tested and reviewed periodically, so that all components are protected from hazard or damage, thus ensuring data collection for water quality measurement runs continuously.

BS 7671 lists five types of earthing system: TN-S, TN-C-S, TT, TN-C, and IT.

• T = Earth (from the French word Terre) • N = Neutral • S = Separate • C = Combined • I = Isolated

TN-C System

• Neutral and protective functions combined in a single conductor in a part of the system. • The usual form of a TN-C-S system is as shown (Figure 6), where the supply is TN-C and the arrangement in the installations is TN-S. • This type of distribution is also known as protective multiple earthing. • The supply system PEN conductor is earthed at two or more points and an earth electrode may be necessary at or near a consumer’s installation. • All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected via the main earthing terminal and the neutral consumer’s installation.

Figure 6 TN-C System

TN-S- System

• Separate neutral and protective conductors throughout the system (Figure 7). • The protective conductor (PE) is the metallic covering of the cable supplying the installation or a separate conductor. • All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected to this protective conductor via the main earthing terminal of the installation.

Figure 7 TN-S- System

TN-C-S System

• Neutral and protective functions combined in a single conductor in a part of the system. • The usual form of a TN-C-S system is as shown (Figure 8), where the supply is TN-C and the arrangement in the installations is TN-S. • This type of distribution is knows as protective multiple earthing. • The supply system PEN conductor is earthed at two or more points and an earth electrode may be necessary at or near a consumer’s installation. • All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected via the main earthing terminal and the neutral terminal, these terminals being linked together.

Figure 8 TN-C-S System

T-T System

• All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected to an earth electrode which is electrically independent of the source earth (Figure 9).

Figure 9 TT-System

IT-System

• All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected to an earth electrode (Figure 10) • The source is either connected to earth through a deliberately introduced earthing impedance or is isolated from earth.

Figure 10 IT-System

Lightning Protection

The lightning protection system shall be provided where necessary based on site condition. It shall include air termination network, down-conductors, joints and bonds, testing joints, lightning flash counter, earth termination, earth electrodes and accessories incidental to the whole system (Refer Appendix C: List of Drawing; Drawing no: BSAH/HP35/ELP/01).

Air termination network shall consist of a network of vertical and horizontal conductors, as shown in the drawing. Whether shown in the drawings or not, all metallic projections, chimneys, ducts, gutters, vent pipes, guard rails, aerial masts on or above the main surface of the roof of the structure shall be bonded to and form part of the air termination network. Other than air terminal or vertical finial, air termination network shall be of 25 mm x 3 mm annealed copper tape. The method and nature of the fixing shall be simple, solid and permanent. Air terminal or vertical finial shall be having rounded end and made of copper. They shall be 300 mm in length and 16 mm diameter with lock nut. Down conductors shall be 25 mm × 3 mm bare annealed copper tape, installed around the walls outside of the structure.

The lightning protection system should have as few joints as possible. Joints and bonds shall be mechanically and electrically effective, via copper clamps, welding, soldering or brazing. Contact surface shall first be cleaned then protected against oxidation with a noncorrosive compound. Each earth termination shall be connected to a down-conductor. Earth termination shall be made by 25 mm x 3mm annealed copper tape, connecting the down conductor at the testing joint to the earth electrodes.

All measuring and test instruments used for lightning protection system installations shall be regularly tested and calibrated by manufacturers or calibration laboratories, to preserve their functionality and accuracy at the water quality station. This is followed by the installation of Surge Protection Device (SPD) 7 Steps in the lightning protection system. SPD is an electrical installation protection component. This device is connected parallel to the power supply circuit of the load that it has to protect. It is also used at all power supply network levels. It is the most efficient overvoltage protection. SPD is designed to limit transient overvoltage of atmospheric origin and divert current wave to earth, to limit the overvoltage amplitude to a value that is non-hazardous for the electrical installation, electric switchgear and control gear.

SPD eliminates overvoltage in the following ways; (i) common mode, between phase and neutral or earth; (ii) differential mode, between phase and neutral. (i) in the event of an overvoltage exceeding the operating threshold, the SPD conducts the energy to earth, in common mode; and (ii) Distributes the energy to the other live conductors, in differential mode.

SPD is classified into 3 types, namely Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3. The Type 1 SPD is recommended in service-sector and industrial buildings, protected by a lightning protection system or meshed cage. It protects electrical installation against direct lightning stroke. It discharges the lightning back-current from the earth conductor to the network conductors. Type 1 SPD is characterised by 10/350 µs current wave. The Type 2 SPD is the main protection system for low voltage electrical installation, installed in electrical switchboard, to prevent the spread of overvoltage in electrical installation and protect the loads. Type 2 SPD is characterised by 8/20 µs current wave, with low discharge capacity. Therefore, they must be installed as a supplement to Type 2 SPD and in the vicinity of sensitive load. Type 3 SPD is characterised by a combination of voltage wave (1.2/50 µs) and current wave (8/20 µs).

International standard IEC 61643-11 Edition 1.0 (03/2011) defines the characteristics and tests for SPD connected to low voltage distribution system into three characteristics. The first characteristic is Uc, which is the maximum continuous operating voltage where A.C. or D.C. voltage is above which the SPD becomes active. This value is according to the rated voltage and earthing arrangement. Another characteristic is Up, the voltage protection level (at In). This is the maximum voltage across the SPD terminals when it is active. This voltage is reached when the current flowing in the SPD equals to in. The voltage protection level must be lower than the load overvoltage withstand capability. In the event of lightning stroke, the voltage across the SPD terminals remains lesser than Up. The last one is In, the nominal discharge current where the peak current value is 8/20 µs waveform, this is when the SPD can discharge for 15 times.

Conduit

Automatic water quality station consists of electrical components connected in a system to operate as JPS data collection station. This system requires proper wiring and conduit system to make maintenance work easier, in terms of fault detection and repair. In general, wiring and conduit system is an electrical distribution connected through wires, which use wiring conductors inside a room or building with better load control at water quality station. Therefore, PVC conduit wiring is recommended to be installed to connect electrical instrument and enclosure board (Refer Appendix C: List of Drawing; Drawing no: BSAH/HP35/EC/01).

In addition, PVC conduit wiring has advantages such as being cheap and easy to install and customise, strong and durable. In fact, PVC conduit wiring installed on roof or wall is known as surface conduit wiring. In the conduit wiring system, the conduits should be electrically continuous and connected to earth at suitable points, in case of steel conduit. The conduit protects the cables from being bitten by rodents, which will result in short circuit.

In the external wiring system, it is recommended to use GI pipes as protection. External wiring will cause further damage due to activities such as vandalism, theft and excavation work. To install GI pipe, marking point shall be marked according to designed drawing and laid underground. In addition, marking signage shall be provided along GI pipe to notify the existence of wiring line.

For voltage drop in consumer installation, in the absence of any consideration, under normal service condition, the terminal voltage of any fixed current-using equipment shall be greater

than the lower limit of the equipment standard. The fixed current-using equipment is not subjected to product standard; thus, the terminal voltage shall not impair the equipment safety. These requirements are satisfied if the voltage drop between the origin of the installation (usually the supply terminals) and socket-outlet or terminals of the fixed current- using equipment does not exceed;

Requirements Lighting Other Uses Low voltage installations supplied directly from a public low 3% 5% voltage distribution system Low voltage installation supplied from private LV supply (*) 6% 8%

A voltage drops greater than the amount stated above is acceptable for a motor during starting period and equipment with high inrush current, provided that the voltage variation is verified within the limit specified in the equipment product standard or, in the absence of product standard, it should be in accordance with the manufacturer recommendations.

Fencing

The type of fencing should be chosen depending on the area. The construction should be done with care to refrain excavated earth from being thrown onto the levelled site. It is advisable to check the site level once fencing has been constructed.

Type of fencing

Type of fencing used are: (i) Security fence (ii) Anti-Climb Fence (iii) Chain-link fence

Security Fence

Security fence, also known as roll top fence (Figure 11) is a hot dipped galvanised iron welded mesh panel that provides see-through security, with contemporary design. It has spacing specification of 50 mm × 150 mm, making the place looks safe and elegant. The fence is designed with a triangular roll on the top and bottom parts, thus making it stronger and tougher. With wire thickness of 5 mm and 50 mm × 150 mm spacing, the roll top fence is

23 very strong, hard to be bent. Hence, this prevents anyone from climbing over the fence to reach the protected area.

Figure 11 Security Fence

Anti-climb Fence

Anti-climb fence (Figure 12) is the heavy duty hot dipped galvanised iron welded mesh panel with toe and finger proof profile, this provides the highest degree of see-through security. With spacing specification of 75 mm × 12.5 mm, which makes it impossible for fingers and toes to go through, this prevents anyone from climbing over the fence to reach the protected area. The fence is known as anti-cut fence as it is difficult to cut through the panel with simple hand tools. With wire thickness of 4 mm and 75 mm × 12.5 mm spacing, intruders can never cut off the fence.

Figure 12 Anti-Climb Fence

Chain Link Fence

Chain link fence (Figure 13) is the most economical and oldest fence available in the market. The chain link fence (also referred to as wire netting, wire-mesh fence, chain-wire fence, or diamond-mesh fence) is made of thick steel wire and has a diamond-shaped pattern, often galvanised or PVC wire is used for this fence.

Figure 13 Chain Link Fence

Comparison of Type of Fencing

Table 5 shows the comparison between fencings. Different fences are used, depending on the water level station area.

Table 5 Comparison between Different Fencing Types

Type of Fence Perimeter Size Cost Safety Ease of (w × l × h) (m) Installation Chain Link 6 × 6 × 1.5 Lowest Lowest Easy Safety Fence 6 × 6 × 2.1 Moderate Moderate Easy Anti-climb 6 × 6 × 2.5 Highest Highest Hard

Signboard

General specifications of signboard are as below:

Plate Material : 1300 mm x 1000 mm aluminium plate Frame Material : 50 mm x 25 mm hollow section mild steel Pole material : 50 mm diameter mild steel pipe Reinforcement : 30 mm x 30 mm x 30 mm angle section (anchor)

The detailed drawings and wordings are depicted in Appendix C: List of Drawing; Drawing No: BSAH/HP35/SB/01.

6. Installation of Instrument

Installation of Water Quality Sensor

Installation of sensor must adhere to but not limited to the following procedures; 1. Only qualified personnel should conduct the tasks described in this section. 2. Remove the multiprobe from its shipping carton and have it inspected to look for any visible damage. 3. Remove protective plugs and keep them in a safe place, they will be reused for moving and storage. 4. Connect the tubes to the installed sensor and ensure the cable connection and tubing is according to the manufacturer’s manual. 5. As per drawing shown in Appendix C: List of Drawing; Drawing no: BSAH/HP35/WQ/01, the installation of fibre optic cable should be handled with care. 6. Special yellow box should be used if the distance is more than 20 m. 7. Ensure all instrument is working well before leaving the station. 8. Prepare installation and maintenance report.

7. Solar Power Supply System

The calculation of the power consumption for the Hydrological Standard for Water Quality Station Instrumentation is as below;

The total enclosure amp-hour consumption includes the running of; (1) water quality sensor, (1) enclosure, (1) telemetric equipment, (1) power supply and related components in the enclosure = 1.6 Amp.

Thus, total power consumption (PC) for 24 hours, PC = V x AH = 12 × (1.6 x 24 hours) = 12 × 38.4 = 460.8 WH Total power consumption for 24 hours, PT = PC = 460.8 WH

Total sunshine hours = 4 Hours,

Efficiency of solar panel charging = 0.85

Thus, total solar power (100W) required to charge the battery = (460.8) / (100 × Sunshine hour × Efficiency of solar charging) = (460.8) / (100 × 4 × 0.85) = 1.355 (value of more than 1) = 2 pieces 100 W solar panel

From the calculation, it shows that 2 pieces of 100W solar panel are needed to recharge the battery every day, with around 40% of reserve. This is to make sure that the power is enough during rainy day.

The calculation to prove that the system is sufficient for 14 non-sunny days.

Thus, the total ampere hour consumption for 24 hours, AHC = 24 x 1.6 = 38.4 AH

And total ampere hour consumption for 14 Days, AH4D = 14 x 38.4 = 537.6 AH

6 units of 100 Ah battery shall be used as power storage and power backup.

Thus, the total ampere hour available from batteries, AHB = 100 x 6 = 600 AH.

Total power reserve available = AHB – AH4D = 600 – 537.6 = 62.4 AH

From the calculation, this shows that power consumption is sufficient for 14 non-sunny days, with 6 units of 100Ah battery as power storage and backup system. The total power reserve available from the design is 62.4 Ah, which is around 10.4% of the total power storage of 600 Ah.

8. Telemetry and Communication System

Remote Terminal Unit

A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a microprocessor-controlled electronic device interface objects in the physical world to a distributed control system or supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA) by transmitting telemetry data to the system and/or altering the connected objects based on control messages received from the system. With the low power consumption concept, it has been successful in monitoring and control system applications. RTU can directly interface with most of measuring instrument present on site. Table 6 shows the summarized general specification of the RTU.

Table 6 Technical Specification of RTU

Capability • Long-term data telemetry, data collection, monitoring and control of Real Time Data Management and Telemetry System • Automatic and reliable data logging, alarm reporting and transmitting of collected telemetry data to Telemetry Gateway Server

Internal Data Storage Minimum of 125MB

Real-time Clock Yes

Communication • Ethernet Port Interfaces • USB Port • Host RS232 Port

LCD Display Yes

Power • External Power of 10-24VDC • Internal Battery

Humidity Up to 70% RH

I/O Module Minimum of 4DI, 2DO, 5AI

Protocols supported Modbus, FTP, HTTP, XML, SMTP, NTP and SDI-12

• Bulit-in Software and The software shall be built in without no major application Application installation is required. • Easy to configure, interactive interface, able to access live and historical data.

• The application shall be used to collect, automate and transmit the data telemetrically with the connected or built in 3G/GPRS Modem.

Communication Instruments

Communication devices modems are important in a telemetry system to transmit data from on-site RTUs to its master station for data processing, display and archiving purposes. In general, there are three telecommunication mediums used as the communication media for the hydrology telemetry system, they are radio communication, GSM/GPRS communication and satellite communication.

Radio Communication

Radio modem is a modern way to create private radio network (PRN). PRN is used in industrial critical applications, when real-time data communication is required. Also, radio modem enable users to be independent of telecommunication or satellite network operators. Users use licensed frequency, either the UHF or VHF band. VHF band is utilised as the radio communication channel medium for the telemetry system. Licensed frequency is reserved for users in certain area, thus ensuring that there is lesser radio interference from other RF transmitters. The Tait radio modem is used as the radio communication modem for telemetry systems, using radio VHF communication and the specification is summarised in Table 7.

Table 7 Summary of Specification of VHF Band

Channels Frequency Ranges Supply Voltage Transmitter Power 4 (Simplex or 13.8 V nominal 25W 66-88 MHz semi-duplex) 10.8-16.0 V 22.5W 500-530 MHz 136-174 MHz Channel range 15W 800 MHz, 900 175-225 MHz Spacing MHz 220-270 MHz 12.5 kHz 330-360 MHz 20 kHz 360-400 MHz 25 kHz 400-470 MHz 450-520 MHz 500-530 MHz 800 MHz: 806-870 MHz Tx : 851-870 MHz Rx 900 MHz: 896-941 MHz Tx : 935-941 MHz Rx

GSM/ EDGE Communication

Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile, is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the second generation (2G) digital cellular network technology. Developed to replace the first generation (1G) analog cellular network, the GSM standard originally describes a digital, circuit-switched network optimised for full duplex voice telephony. The standard was expanded over time to include first circuit-switched data transport, then packet data transport via General Packet Radio Services (GPRS). GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the number of users using the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching, where quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection. The enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) (also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), or Enhanced data rate for Global Evolution) is a digital mobile phone technology that improves data transmission rate via a backward-compatible extension of GSM. EDGE is a pre-3G radio technology and is part of ITU’s 3G definition.

Also, EDGE is standardised by 3GPP as part of the GSM family. Through the introduction of methods such as coding and data transmission, EDGE delivers higher bit-rates per radio channel, resulting in a threefold increase in capacity and performance as compared to GSM/GPRS connection. EDGE is used for any packet switched application, such as an Internet connection.

Satellite Communication

A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to COMSAT) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for telecommunication purpose. Communications satellite use a variety of orbits such as geostationary orbit, Molniya orbit, elliptical orbit and low (polar and nonpolar) Earth orbit. For fixed (point-to-point) service, communication satellite provides a microwave radio relay technology complementary to that of communication cable. Satellite internet access is utilised as one of the communication methods in remote areas, where it is difficult to deploy radio communication or GSM/GPRS communication.

9. Maintenance of Instruments

The main goal in monitoring water quality is to obtain the most accurate and complete record possible. The operation includes maintenance of the monitoring station and equipment, regular verification of sensor calibration, troubleshooting of sensors and recording equipment, and thorough record keeping.

JPS headquarters will assist the state hydrological officer in carrying out the maintenance, repair or calibration works. The data logger readings should be checked regularly with telemetric instrument. If any appreciable error occurs between the two reading sets, the cause of error must be identified and rectified. Regular maintenance of the water quality instrument is essential in collecting good quality data. Maintenance must comply with following items;

Maintenance of Water Quality Instrument

The standard protocol for the operation and maintenance of a continuous water-quality monitor should be but not limited to following;

1. Conduct site inspection a. Record monitor readings, time, and conditions b. With an independent field metre, observe and record sensor readings at the specific time 2. Remove sonde from the monitoring location 3. Clean sensors 4. Return sonde to the monitoring location a. Record monitor readings and time b. Using an independent field meter, observe and record sensor readings at the specific time 5. Remove sonde, rinse thoroughly, and check calibration a. Record the calibration values b. Recalibrate if necessary 6. Return sonde to monitoring location a. Record monitor readings at the specific time b. Using an independent field meter, observe and record sensor readings at the specific time 7. Fill up TKUP 11 (refer Appendix B: Related Documents from MS ISO 9001: 2015; B1)

Maintenance frequency depends on the sensor fouling rate, and this rate relies on the sensor type, hydrologic and environmental conditions, and season. The temperature and specific conductance sensors are less affected by fouling than sensors for DO, pH, and turbidity. The use of wiper or shutter mechanism on modern turbidity instrument reduces fouling in some aquatic environments. For sites with data-quality objectives that require high accuracy, maintenance can be done weekly or more often (Table 8). Monitoring sites with nutrient-enriched water and moderate to high temperature require maintenance every three days. In the cases of severe fouling or in remote locations, the use of personnel that enables more frequent maintenance to the water-quality monitor should be considered.

In addition to fouling issue, such problems related to monitoring because of recording equipment malfunction, sedimentation, electrical disruption, debris, ice, pump failure, or vandalism require additional site visits.

Table 8 General maintenance at a water-quality monitoring station.

Daily maintenance (for sites equipped with telemetry) (i) Daily review of sensor function and data is downloaded (ii) Battery (or power) evaluation (iii) Deletion of spurious data, if necessary

Maintenance during site visit (i) Calibration of the field meter(s) (ii) Inspection of the site for sign of physical disruption (iii) Inspection and cleaning of sensor(s) due to fouling, corrosion, or damage (iv) Inspection and cleaning of deployment tube (v) Battery (or power) evaluation (vi) Time check (vii) Routine sensor cleaning and service (viii) Calibration evaluation (and recalibration, if necessary) (ix) Downloading of data

Maintenance of Telemetry

Maintenance of the telemetry unit must comply with but not limited to the following items:

1. Cleanliness of the overall system 2. Check and compare all readings between sensors and stick gauge 3. Check functionality of transmitter and receiver 4. Antenna should be free from vandalism 5. Check and record reading on the power supply system 6. Check and record the earthing value 7. Check and clean the sensor 8. Fill up TKUP 9 (refer Appendices 15.2).

10. Calibration of Instrument

The purpose of sensor inspection is to verify that it is working properly, to provide an ending for the water-quality record interval since the previous maintenance visit, and to provide a starting point for the next water-quality record interval. This is accomplished by recording the initial sensor reading, cleaning the sensors, then recording the sensor readings in the environment, evaluating calibration of sensors by using the standard calibration method, and recalibrating the sensors if the readings are outside the acceptable ranges. A final sensor reading is required after the calibration evaluation or after recalibration. The difference between the initial and the cleaned sensor readings is the error caused by fouling, which indicates the difference in calibration standard solutions of known quality, that represents sensor error caused by calibration drift. If the calibrated sensor cannot be recalibrated or does not match to the calibrated field meter, the faulty sensor must be repaired after verifying that there is no error in the field meter readings. The alternative is to replace the monitoring sonde or sensor with a calibrated, backup unit and repair the monitor in the laboratory or return it to the manufacturer for repair.

When calibration evaluation reveals only a small amount of calibration drift, it is not necessary to recalibrate the instrument (USGS 2006). Under field conditions, the equipment accuracy has its limits. Within the acceptable limits (calibration criteria), adjustment to calibration does not improve overall data accuracy. The calibration criteria for water-quality monitors (

Table 7) are based on stabilised criteria defined by USGS. The criteria considers the lower accuracy of some continuous water-quality sensors. In practice, calibration evaluation of cleaned sensors using

33 calibration standard is compared to the calibration criteria. If calibration drift is within the standard, the sensor is deemed stable and does not require recalibration.

Table 7 Calibration criteria for continuous water-quality monitors. (USGS 2006)

Measurement Calibration criteria (variation outside the value requires recalibration)

Temperature ± 0.2 ºC Specific conductance ± 5 μS/cm or ±3 % of the measured value,

whichever is greater Dissolved oxygen ± 0.3 mg/L pH ± 0.2 pH unit Turbidity ± 0.5 turbidity unit or ± 5% of the measured value, whichever is greater

Field Calibration of Sensors

Some components are affected by time, usage and environment. To ensure the instrument accuracy, it is recommended to perform system routine tests under standard condition. A water-quality monitoring sensor or sonde should be calibrated in the laboratory prior to installation at a location and has the calibration being evaluated at the site. Calibration either in laboratory or the site is done by using calibration standard of known quality. During field visit, calibration of all sensors should be evaluated with two standard solutions that include the range of expected environmental conditions while the third standard should be close to the environmental conditions before making any adjustments to the monitor.

Field calibration is performed if the cleaned-sensor readings obtained during the calibration evaluation are different by more than the calibration criteria. Spare sonde or sensors are used to replace water-quality monitors that fail to calibrate after troubleshooting. All calibration equipment and supplies must be kept clean, stored in protective casing during transportation, and protected from extreme temperature. Fill in TKUP 11 form (attached in Appendix B: Related Documents from MS ISO 9001: 2015; B1). The detailed calibration procedure for sensors varies between suppliers, thus, please follow a specific supplier’s manual.

11. Safety and Health Guidelines

These guidelines are to protect workers from hazards and eliminate work-related injuries, ill health, diseases, incidents and deaths. Table 8 summarises the hazard, risk and control during installation, operation and maintenance works in water quality station.

Table 8 Summary of Safety and Health Guidelines

Hazard Risk Control Working at a height Falling • Make planning • Work at height safety programme • Wear safety harness • Comply with the Factories and Machinery (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations, 1970 – Regulation 12.

Insect bite Injury • Wear long sleeves, trousers, and protective footwear.

Working in a hot Heat-related illness • Work/rest cycle environment • Enough hydration

Work over/near Drowning/ death • Bring lifejackets/ buoyancy aid water Electrical Burns, shocks and • Comply with electrical safety standards electrocution (death)

Site Tidiness

i. The site should be kept tidy. ii. Walkways and stairs should be kept free of slipping and tripping hazards. iii. Ensure there are no protruding nails on loose or fixed materials.

Working at Height General provisions

i. Ensure that working platform is secure and make sure that it; (a) will support the weight of workers as well as materials and equipment they are likely to use or store on it. (b) is stable and will not overturn. (c) is footed on stable ground or any support or structure. ii. Provide guard rails, barriers, at open edges, including floor edges, floor openings, roof edges and working platform edges.

Guard rails

Guard rails should:

i. be made from strong and rigid material to prevent people from falling and can withstand other loads placed on them. ii. be fixed to a structure, or part of a structure that can support them. iii. include; (a) a main guard rail of at least 900 mm above any edge, from which people tend to fall. (b) a toe board of at least 150 mm height. (c) a sufficient number of intermediate guard rails or suitable alternatives. iv. Risk of falling through opening or fragile material (e.g. rooflights) is reduced by providing appropriate and adequate guard rails or barriers to cover the opening or material.

Protective Equipment Employers on construction site need personal protective equipment (PPE) to ensure their safety and health such as;

Safety helmet

i. Employees should be provided with safety helmets to protect their head from injury due to falling, flying objects or striking against objects or structures. ii. Employers should ensure that safety helmets are worn by the employees. iii. When working at height, a strap should be used to prevent the safety helmets from falling.

Footwear

i. Protective footwear should be worn by workers who are exposed to the risk of injury of materials being dropped on their feet or nail, or sharp objects penetrating their sole. ii. When employees are working in water or wet concrete, they should wear appropriate boots.

Working in a Hot Environment Excessive exposure to heat causes a range of heat-related illnesses, such as heat rash, heat cramp, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. To reduce heat exposure and risk of heat-related illness while working, practise work/rest cycle, drink water often, and provide an opportunity for workers to build up tolerance level while working in the heat.

Working Over/Near Water i. Life jacket/ buoyancy aid should be provided to and worn by workers with risk of falling into water. ii. Life jacket/buoyancy aid should conform to BS EN ISO 12402-1, 2, 3 or 4, or equivalent international standards according to working conditions. iii. Life jacket should be thoroughly checked by the user prior to use.

Electrical Hazard

Electrical hazard is defined as;

• a dangerous condition where a worker makes electrical contact with energised equipment or a conductor, and from which the person may sustain injury from shock; and/or • the worker may face arc flash burn, thermal burn, or blast injury.

Electricity has the potential to cause serious injury and death. Electrical hazards exist in contact with the exposed live parts, electrical faults are the source of ignition that initiates fire or explosion.

The sectors that involves those who perform electrical works on or near energised electrical equipment, which include electrical installation, use and maintenance of electrical equipment, they need to be alert of the risks associated to the job.

Safety procedures in handling electrical equipment

i. Ensure only licensed or registered electricians carry out electrical work ii. Switch off electrical supply before working on equipment iii. Ensure tag out and isolation procedures are in place and used iv. Ensure electrical equipment is in good working order (testing and tagging) v. Use battery operated tools rather than main power tool where possible vi. Remove damaged, unsafe electrical equipment or cords from the workplace vii. Use residual current devices (or safety switches) with portable equipment (as per the WHS Regulations) viii. Don’t overload power sockets. Use power board not double adaptor. ix. Meet electrical safety standards.

12. Do’s and Don’ts of Installation and Maintenance of Water Quality Equipment

Installation Item Do’s Don’ts Sensor • The installation site should be selected • Do not install the sensor at in a way that the flow is constant over unstable riverbank. the area occupied by the beams. • Sensor mounting pipe should be securely attached to the river bank stream with a bottom pin, so that the sensor remains at the same location. Housing • Install housing as near as possible to the • Do not install below flood level sensor but the location should be safe from flood.

Power Supply System

Item Do’s Don’ts TNB • Use surge protection • Don’t connect to TNB if surge • Must use power faulty detector to protection is faulty. monitor power failure Solar • Use solar power supply system for water - quality station.

Maintenance work

Do’s Don’ts Maintenance work must be carried out by Do not go to site to carry out maintenance work trained personnel. without proper checklist. Bring checklist and enough spare parts for Do not compromise by not changing the battery maintenance before a trip. as scheduled. Test the sensor to make sure it is in good Do not go to site without understanding site condition. safety requirement as it may differ from site to site. Calibration schedule must be checked timely - Spare recorder and sensor must be kept at state - office. Data loss must be immediately scrutinised or - retrieved from the second recorder sensor

Communication

Do’s Don’ts Use communication by system provider such as Do not use satellite without comparing the bill Telekom, Celcom or Maxis. with other system providers as it is expensive. Must study signal strength of the chosen area Do not use GSM if the signal at that area is below before using GSM. than three (3) bars, to prevent data loss.

13. Summary Sheet

1 INTRODUCTION This section describes about the water quality instrumentation standard and its aim.

2 SELECTION OF SITE This section explains criteria in selecting suitable site to place water quality station.

3 REVIEW OF WATER QUALITY This section review the existing water quality sensor, its SENSOR AND CONFIGURATION parameters and configurations.

4 WATTER QUALITY SENSOR This section reviews the selection of water quality sensor SELECTION selection, which depends on the selected parameters.

5 CONSTRUCTIONN OF STATION This section gives a brief explanation on other items set up at water quality station that include;

(i) Station (ii) Enclosure (iii) Earthing (iv) Lightning Protection (v) Conduit (vi) Fencing (vii) Signboard

6 INSTALLATION OF This section provides information on procedures involved in the INSTRUMENT installation of different water quality sensors.

7 SOLAR POWER SUPPLY This section explains that six (6) units of 100 Ah battery used as SYSTEM power storage and backup system are sufficient for power consumption within 14 non-sunny days.

8 TELEMETRY AND This section describes the general technical specification of COMMUNICATION SYSTEM telemetry as well as different medium of communication such as Radio, GSM 3G/4G, as well as Satellite.

9 MAINTENANCE OF This section provides information on maintenance of water INSTRUMENTS quality instrumentation.

10 CALIBRATION OF This section provides information on calibration of water quality INSTRUMENT instrumentation.

11 SAFETY AND HELATH This section provides brief guidelines on safety and health GUIDELINES during installation, operation and maintenance works.

12 DO’S AND DON’TS OF This section provides Do’s and Don’ts during installation, INSTALLATION AND operation and maintenance works. MAINTENANCE OF WATER

QUALITY EQUIPMENT

14. References

1 Department of Irrigation and Drainage – DID (1981). River water quality sampling. 2 Hydrological Procedure No. 22. Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, Kementerian Pertanian Malaysia. 3 Department of Irrigation and Drainage - DID (2000). Volume 4 Hydrology and Water Resource Urban stormwater management manual for Malaysia. Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia. 4 Department of Irrigation and Drainage – DID (1984). WRP 14 Comparison of Raingauge Performance Under Tropical Climate Conditions. Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, Kementerian Pertanian Malaysia. 5 World Meteorological Organization (2006). Initial Guidance to Obtain Representative Meteorological Observations At Urban Sites. 6 World Meteorological Organization (2014). Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation. 7 USGS (2006) Guidelines and Standard Procedures for Continuous Water-Quality Monitors: Station Operation, Record Computation, and Data Reporting. 8 Radtke, D.B., Kurklin, J.K., and Wilde, F.D., eds., 2004, Temperature (version 1.2): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 9, chap. A6, section 6.1, 15 p. 9 ASTM International, 2003, D1889–00, Standard test method for turbidity of water: ASTM International, Annual Book of Standards, Water and Environmental Technology, v. 11.01, 6 p.

Appendix A: List of Glossary

Alkalinity Alkalinity is not a pollutant. It is a measure of substances in water that have "acid-neutralising" ability. AT is a measure of a solution ability to neutralise acids to the equivalence point of carbonate or bicarbonate. Alkalinity is related to the acid neutralising capacity (ANC) of a solution and it is incorrect to use ANC in making reference to alkalinity. Alkalinity is the stoichiometric sum of the bases in a solution. In the natural environment, carbonate alkalinity tends to make up the total alkalinity due to the common occurrence and dissolution of carbonate, as well as the presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand or Biological Oxygen Demand. It is a chemical procedure that determines how fast biological organisms use up oxygen in water body.

Chloride Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that dissolves in water. It has a pungent odour that some people can smell at concentration above 0.3 parts per million. Because chlorine is an excellent disinfectant, it is added to most drinking water supplies in the US. In countries where chlorine is not added to drinking water, thousands of people die due to waterborne diseases such as typhoid and cholera. Also, chlorine is used as a disinfectant in wastewater treatment plants and swimming pools. It is used as a bleaching agent in textile factories and paper mills, and it is an important ingredient in laundry bleaches. Free chlorine (chlorine gas dissolved in water) is toxic to fish and aquatic organisms, even in a tiny amount.

Chlorophyll-a Chlorophyll-a is the green pigment found in plants and algae, which is useful to trap the energy from the sun for their growth. Chlorophyll-a is the most common of the six types that present in plants that undergo photosynthesis. The presence of many pigments help the plants to absorb light more efficiently from the different parts of the spectrum. Chlorophyll-a absorbs well at a wavelength of 400-450 nm and 650-700 nm. Chlorophyll a is measured in micrograms per litre (μg/l) units. It indicates the amount of chlorophyll in a litre of water. In estuaries, chlorophyll-a measurement can range from 1 μ g/L to

more than 20 μ g/L. Scientists measure chlorophyll-a in the lab by separating it from the algae in the water.

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand is a test used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. It is useful to determine the amount of organic pollutants in surface water such as lakes and rivers, making it a useful parameter to measure water quality.

Conductivity Conductivity is the ability of an aqueous solution to carry an electrical current. An ion from an atom of an element that gains or loses an electron creates a negative or positive state. For instance, sodium chloride (table salt) consists of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions held together in a crystal. There are factors that determine which water will carry an electrical current. These include the concentration of ions, mobility of the ion, oxidation state (valence) and the water temperature.

DO Dissolved Oxygen. It refers to the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in an aqueous solution.

Faecal coliform Faecal coliforms refer to facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating bacteria. They can grow in the presence of bile salts or surface agents such as oxidase negative, and produce acid and gas from lactose within 48 hours at 44 ± 0.5ºC. Fecal coliforms include the genera that come from faeces; Escherichia as well as genera that are not of faecal origin; Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter. The assay is an indicator of faecal contamination that demonstrates the presence of pathogens in faeces, or in particular, shows the presence of E. coli.

NH4+ Ammonium is the ionised form of ammonia, which occurs when the water is acidic.

Nitrates In inorganic chemistry, nitrate is a salt from of nitric acid consists of one nitrogen and three oxygens (NO3-). In organic chemistry, the esters of nitric

acid and alcohols are called nitrates. Nitrate reactions [NO3-] in fresh water causes oxygen depletion. Thus, aquatic organisms that depends on the oxygen supply in the stream will die. The major entry routes of nitrogen into water

bodies are via municipal and industrial wastewater, septic tanks, feed lot discharge, animal waste (including birds and fish) and discharge from car

exhaust. Bacteria in water quickly convert nitrites [NO2-] to nitrates [NO3-].

ORP Oxidation Reduction Potential is known as redox potential. It is the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced. Each species has its own reduction potential, in which the more positive the potential, the higher the species affinity for electrons and its tendency to be reduced. pH Potential of Hydrogen is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.

Phosphate Phosphorus is necessary for plant and animal growth. Most of fertilisers contain phosphates (chemical compounds that has phosphorous). When it rains, an amount of phosphates washed away from farm soils into nearby waterways. Phosphates stimulate the growth of plankton and water plants, which provide fish with food. This may increase the fish population and improve the quality of life in the waterway. However, if too much phosphate is present, algae and water weeds grow wildly, choke the waterway, and use up large amount of oxygen, thus causing many fish and aquatic organisms to die.

Salinity Salinity is the mass of dissolved salts (ionic constituents) in a solution and it is expressed as parts per thousand (ppt). Ions commonly found in water include cations such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium and anions such as bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate.

Silicates Silicates are the compounds which have silicon-oxygen anions that are chemically combined with metals such as aluminum, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, sodium to form silicate salts. Most silicate salts, with the exception of sodium silicate, are slightly soluble in water and widely distributed in nature. Minerals such as asbestos, mica, talc, and lava contain silicates.

Temperature Temperature is a physical property of a system denotes the level of hotness and coldness. Something that is hotter in general has higher temperature. Temperature is one of the principal parameters in thermodynamics. For water quality study, temperature affects the solubility and, in turn, leads to toxicity of

other parameters. In general, the solubility of solids increases with increase of temperature, while gases tend to be more soluble in cold water. Temperature determines the acceptable limit for other parameters such as ammonia.

Total hardness In studying water quality, total hardness is due to the presence of multivalent metal ions that come from minerals dissolved in the water. Hardness is based on the ability of these ions to react with soap to form a precipitate. In fresh water, the primary ions are calcium and magnesium besides iron and manganese. Carbonate hardness denotes alkalinity but a non-carbonate fraction may include nitrates and chlorides.

TSS Total Suspended Solids is used as parameter in water quality measurement. It refers to the dry weight of identical particles trapped by a filter, of a specified pore size.

Appendix B: Related Documents from MS ISO 9001: 2015

No. Title

A1. Borang Tatacara Kerja Ujijalan dan Penyelenggaraan Kualti Airt (TKUP 11)

A2. Borang Tatacara Kerja Ujijalan dan Penyelenggaraan Telemetrik (TKUP 9)

SEKSYEN PERALATAN HIDROLOGI BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SUMBER AIR DAN HIDROLOGI JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

BORANG TATACARA KERJA UJIJALAN DAN PENYENGGARAAN KUALITI AIR ( TKUP 11 )

Jenis Alat : Tarikh Lawatan : Nombor Siri : Nama Stesen : Tamat Tempoh : Nombor Stesen : Tentukuran

Bil Tatacara Kerja Penyenggaraan Tindakan/Catatan Alatan Kerja 1. Air suling - Sila gunakan air suling untuk mencuci semua jenis sensor

Maklumat Standard Tarikh Standard Buka Tamat Tempoh 1 Conductivity 1000 2 Conductivity 10000 3 Conductivity 50000 4 Buffer solution pH 4.00 5 Buffer solution pH 7.00 6 Buffer solution pH 10.00 7 1mg/L NH4+ -N Standard 8 100mg/L NH4+ -N Standard

9 DO meter perlu "ON" selama 15 minit

10 Ujian DO% ( 90% - 110%) * Sekiranya bacaan DO bawah 80% sila bersihkan sensor DO mengunakan kertas pasir halus (saiz 1000 keatas) dan uji semula. Sekiranya bacaan yang sama, sila tukar membrane

Tentukuran ini dilakukan 6bulan sekali. Tarikh akhir 11 Conductivity 1000 - Air biasa ( 900 - 1100) 12 Conductivity 10000 - Air buangan kilang/air muara ( 9000- 11000) 13 Conductivity 50000 - Air masin (55000 - 45000)

*Sila tutup sensor Amonia NH4+ sebelum kerja-kerja tentukuran pH dijalankan.

14 pH 4.00 pH 7.00 pH10.00

*Sila buka penutup sensor Amonia NH4+ sebelum kerja-kerja tentukuran NH4+ dijalankan.

15 1mg/L NH4+ -N Standard 16 100mg/L NH4+ -N Standard

B1-1 Bil Tatacara Kerja Penyenggaraan Tindakan/Catatan

*Sila gunakan penutup perlindungan sensor sebelum kerja-kerja pengambilan sampel data disungai.

17 Water DO TDS NH4 Conductivity Temperature pH °C Mg/L Mg/L Mg/L μS/cm

18 Sila cuci sensor mengunakan air suling selepas kerja-kerja pengambilan data dan simpan sensor di dalam bekas yang basah berisi air suling.

19 Tanggalkan beteri DO meter sekiranya DO meter tidak digunakan lebih pada 1 minggu.

Diperiksa Oleh : Disemak Oleh :

Tarikh : Tarikh :

TKUP11_issue01

B1-2 SEKSYEN PERALATAN HIDROLOGI BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SUMBER AIR DAN HIDROLOGI JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

BORANG TATACARA KERJA UJIJALAN DAN PENYENGGARAAN TELEMETRIK ( TKUP 9 )

Tarikh Lawatan : Jenis Stesen : Hujan / Aras Air / Hujan & Aras Air Nama Stesen : Pengenalan Stesen ( ID ) : Nama Sungai : Nombor Stesen : Daerah / Kawasan : Nama Stesen Repeater :

Bil Tatacara Kerja Penyenggaraan Tindakan/Catatan Alat kerja i. Tool Box ii.Multimeter iii. Meter Kuasa iv. Earth Tester v. Portable Tipping Bucket Calibrator A RTU ( Remote Terminal Unit )

1. Jenis RTU 2. Nombor Siri 3. Casing RTU Baik / Tidak Baik 4. Keypad/ Touch Skrin Baik / Tidak Baik 5. Jenis Paparan LED / LCD Baik / Tidak Baik 6. Paparan Tarikh Baik / Tidak Baik 7. Paparan Masa Baik / Tidak Baik 8. Paparan Hujan mm 9. Paparan Aras Air Meter 10. Stick Gauge Meter 11. Connector dan kabel Baik / Tidak Baik B Sistem Perhubungan

1. Jenis alat perbubungan ( VHF/GSM/PSTN/GPRS/MESH ) 2. Nombor Siri 3. TX Frequency mHz 4. RX Frequency mHz 5. Kuasa TX watts 6. Kuasa RX watts 7. Pengunaan arus sistem sedia amps 8. Pengunaan arus sistem aktif amps 9. Ujian suara Baik / Tidak Baik 10. Jenis modem 11. Nombor Siri 12. Jenis antenna 13. Bilangan element 14. Jenis kabel 15. Connectors Baik / Tidak Baik 16. Impedance antenna ohm 17. Jenis tiang 18. Staywire Baik / Tidak Baik

TKUP9_Issue04

B2-1 Bil Tatacara Kerja Penyenggaraan Tindakan/Catatan

C Sistem Bekalan Kuasa

1. Bekalan kuasa AC Ada / Tiada 2. Jenis bateri 3. Bilangan 4. Voltan bateri volt 5. Bilangan solar 6. Voltan solar volt 7. Solar Charging amps 8. Pendawaian Kemas/ Tidak

D Sistem Pembumian ( Earthing )

1. Impedance pembumian ohm 2. Arrestor Ada/Tiada

E Sistem Penderia ( Sensor )

1. Jenis rainfall tipping bucket 2. Nombor Siri 3. Tamat tempoh 4. Ujian tipping ( 40-42 Tip ) 5. Jenis sensor aras air 6. Bacaan sensor aras air Meter 7. Nombor Siri 8. Tamat tempoh 9. Jenis perakam 10. Tamat tempoh 11.Jenis Encoder 12. Bacaan Encoder Meter 13. Bekalan kuasa encoder volt 14. Stick Gauge meter F Bangunan Stesen

1. Bagunan / Housing Baik / Tidak Baik 2. Keselamatan stesen Baik / Tidak Baik 3. Kebersihan stesen Bersih / Kotor

Diperiksa Oleh : Disemak Oleh :

Tarikh : Tarikh : :

TKUP9_Issue04

B2-2 Appendix C: List of Drawing

NO DRAWING NO DRAWING TITLES 1 BSAH/HP35/WQ/01 TYPICAL INSTALLATION OF WATER QUALITY SENSOR 2 BSAH/HP35/EN/01 TYPICAL COMPACT, INDOOR AND OUTDOOR ENCLOSURES 3 BSAH/HP35/FEN/01 TYPICAL FENCING 4 BSAH/HP35/ELP/01 EARTHING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION 5 BSAH/HP35/EC/01 ELECTRICAL CONDUIT 6 BSAH/HP35/SB/01 TYPICAL DETAIL OF SIGNBOARD

PEMILIK:

PELAKSANA:

750mm X 350mm X 600mm OUTDOOR WEATHERPROOF PANEL

FENCING

PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:

STAINLESS STEEL PLATE 304

TIMBALAN PENGARAH:

STAINLESS STEEL PLATE 304

REFER DETAIL A HAKCIPTA : FILL UP WITH CEMENT

KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI STAINLESS STEEL PLATE 304 TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN GALVANIZE C CHANNEL BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA SIZE : 38mm X 75mm NOTA AM : 1" DIA. HOLE (8ft LONG) FILL UP WITH CEMENT STAINLESS STEEL PLATE 304 GALVANIZE C CHANNEL SIZE : 38mm X 75mm PINDAAN:

Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh

GALVANIZE C CHANNEL SIZE : 38mm X 75mm

DETAIL A GALVANIZE C CHANNEL SIZE : 38mm X 75mm PROJEK:

8" CLASS D PVC PIPE (MULTI PARAMETER WATER QUALITY PROBE)

TAJUK LUKISAN:

6" CLASS D PVC PIPE (PRESSURE-BASED WATER LEVEL SENSOR)

DIREKABENTUK:

DILUKIS:

DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN:

STATUS LUKISAN PEMILIK:

1000 800 500 600 PELAKSANA:

LPU 100

RTU, solar charger and other accessories PENGARAH BAHAGIAN: compartment 500

TRUNKING COMPACT TYPE ENCLOSURE TIMBALAN PENGARAH: 1400 SENSOR compartment 500

HAKCIPTA :

KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

NOTA AM :

INSIDE VIEW SIDE VIEW

PINDAAN:

Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh 500 400 300 300 50

LPU PROJEK:

RTU, solar charger and other accessories compartment 250

INDOOR / OUTDOOR ENCLOSURE TRUNKING TAJUK LUKISAN: 700

SENSOR compartment 250

DIREKABENTUK:

DILUKIS:

DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN: INSIDE VIEW SIDE VIEW STATUS LUKISAN PEMILIK:

PELAKSANA:

Razor Blade

2000 2000 2000 6000

PENGARAH BAHAGIAN: 500

2" Ø Column

50.8 5mmØ

TIMBALAN PENGARAH: 2100 3300 114.3 152.4

GROUND LEVEL GROUND LEVEL GROUND LEVEL

HAKCIPTA : 700

KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW NOTA AM : 6000

PINDAAN:

Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh

PROJEK:

TOP VIEW 6000

TAJUK LUKISAN:

DIREKABENTUK:

DILUKIS:

DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN:

STATUS LUKISAN PEMILIK:

AIR TERMINAL

PELAKSANA:

25mm X 3mm THK COPPER TAPE

PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:

TIMBALAN PENGARAH:

LPU 3mm X 25mm COPPER TAPE RTU PANEL (CONCEALED IN WALL / COLUMN) SEE DETAIL 'B' RTU, solar charger TEST JOINT and other accessories compartment HAKCIPTA : 3mm X 25mm COPPER TAPE (CONCEALED IN WALL / COLUMN) COLUMN / WALL KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI GROUND LEVEL PRE-CAST CONCRETE INSPECTION LID TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN TRUNKING BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

NOTA AM :

SENSOR PEAT COPPER TAPE 3mm x 25mm COPPER TAPE FOR LIGHTNING PROTECTION compartment REQUIRED HEAVY DUTY CONCRETE INSPECTION CHAMBER / PIT 16mm DIA. COPPER JACKETED STEEL CORE RODS OF 1500mm PERMANENT LABEL WITH 4.7mm LETTERING LENGTH EARTH ELECTRODE ''SAFETY ELECTRICAL CONNECTION. DOT NOT REMOVE'' AND : 1. LIGHTNING PROTECTION PINDAAN: EXOTHERMIC WELDING CONNECTION 2.MSB TO SUIT Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh 3.MDP

MAIN EARTHING BAR (NOT TO SCALE)

EARTH CHAMBER EARTH CHAMBER FOR EARTHING SYSTEM / LIGHTNING PROTECTION ELECTROD TO MEET 5 OHM

PROJEK: 25mm X 3mm THK COPPER TAPE 610mm

25mm X 3mm COPPER TAPE (CONCEALED IN WALL / COLUMN) 15mm

300mm (min)

6mm 6mm 300mm (min) TAJUK LUKISAN:

16mm TEST JOINT

16mm 9.52mm x 27mm 80mm 25mm X 3mm COPPER TAPE C/W SADDLE CLIP RUN ON SURFACE ROOF TOP.

6.5mm DIREKABENTUK:

25mm X 3mm COPPER TAPE EARTH CHAMBER FOR EARTHING (CONCEALED IN WALL / COLUMN) DILUKIS: SYSTEM 100mm DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN: SENSOR POLE STATUS LUKISAN

EARTH CHAMBER PEMILIK:

PELAKSANA:

1000

PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:

TIMBALAN PENGARAH:

HAKCIPTA :

2000 KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA

NOTA AM :

PINDAAN:

Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh

500

SANDLE IN PROPER CLAM.

DOOR SENSOR

700

2500 PROJEK: 2000 ENCLOSURE

25mm G.I CONDUIT LAID UNDERGROUND ALL SIGNAL CABLE NEED A PROPER PROTECTION TAJUK LUKISAN:

SENSOR POLE SOLAR POLE

DIREKABENTUK:

DILUKIS:

DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN:

STATUS LUKISAN PEMILIK:

PELAKSANA:

PENGARAH BAHAGIAN: 1300

TIMBALAN PENGARAH: JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN

NEGERI 1000 JENIS STESEN 50mmx25mm HAKCIPTA : KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI holow section TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN NAMA STESEN mild steel BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA STESEN ID: NOTA AM : LONG: 50mm dia. M.S Pipe LAT: PINDAAN:

1170 Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh

JPS DAERAH BAHAGIAN/SEKSYEN/UNIT JPS NEGERI NO. TEL: NO. TEL: 30mmx30mmx3mm angle section

PROJEK: 400

300

TAJUK LUKISAN:

DIREKABENTUK:

DILUKIS:

DISEMAK :

TARIKH:

SKALA:

NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN:

STATUS LUKISAN