La Descrizione Della Battaglia Di Mantinea (418 A.C.) Nella Guerra Del Peloponneso Di Tucidide (Thuc

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La Descrizione Della Battaglia Di Mantinea (418 A.C.) Nella Guerra Del Peloponneso Di Tucidide (Thuc Καὶ ἡ μὲν μάχη τοιαύτη καὶ ὅτι ἐγγύτατα τούτων ἐγένετο, πλείστου δὴ χρόνου μεγίστη δὴ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν καὶ ὑπὸ ἀξιολογωτάτων πόλεων ξυνελθοῦσα. (THUC. V 74,1) LA DESCRIZIONE DELLA BATTAGLIA DI MANTINEA (418 A.C.) NELLA GUERRA DEL PELOPONNESO DI TUCIDIDE (THUC. V 70-75) LA GRECIA ALL’INIZIO DELLA GUERRA DEL PELOPONNESO GREECE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR (431 B.C.) (da WILLIAM SHEPHERD, Historical Atlas. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911, p. 17 riprodotta in Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/histori cal/index.html) LA POSIZIONE GEOGRAFICA DI MANTINEA NEL PELOPONNESO IL CAMPO DI BATTAGLIA (I) Posizione dei due schieramenti nella pianura di Mantinea SCHIERAMENTO DI ARGIVI E ALLEATI IN POSIZIONE CON SALDE DIFESE NATURALI E DI DIFFICILE ACCESSO (THUC. V 65,1) Οἱ δ' Ἀργεῖοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι ὡς εἶδον αὐτούς, καταλαβόντες χωρίον ἐρυμνὸν καὶ δυσπρόσοδον παρετάξαντο ὡς ἐς μάχην. “In response, the Mantineians and their allies deployed for battle in what Thucydides describes as ‘a strong position, difficult of approach’ (5.65.1), probably on the lower slopes of Mount Alesion, just east of Mantineia.” (J.F. LAZENBY, The Peloponnesian War: a military study, London-New York, Routledge, 2004, p. 119) BOSCO PELAGOS (?) cfr. THUC. V 66,1 vedi PAUS. VIII 11,1: μετὰ δὲ τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος χωρίον ὑποδέξεται σε δρυῶν πλῆρες καλούμενον Πέλαγος καὶ ἐκ Μαντινείας ἡ ἐς Τεγέαν ὁδὸς φέρει διὰ τῶν δρυῶν. ACCAMPAMENTO DI SPARTANI E ALLEATI PRESSO IL TEMPIO DI ERACLE (THUC. V 64,5) Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ ἀναλαβόντες τοὺς παρόντας Ἀρκάδων ξυμμάχους ἐσέβαλον ἐς τὴν Μαντινικήν, καὶ στρατοπεδευσάμενοι πρὸς τῷ Ἡρακλείῳ ἐδῄουν τὴν γῆν. “Meanwhile, the Spartans and the allies already with them had entered Mantineian territory and began to ravage from a base at a shrine of Herakles (5.64.5), which probably lay southwest of Mantineia itself”. (J. F. LAZENBY, The Peloponnesian War … cit., p. 118-119) (da J. F. LAZENBY, The Peloponnesian War… cit., p. 119, map 7 ) IL CAMPO DI BATTAGLIA (II) Posizione dei due schieramenti nella pianura di Mantinea ARGO MANTINEA ORCOMENO SCHIERAMENTO DI ARGIVI E ALLEATI IN POSIZIONE CON SALDE DIFESE NATURALI E DI DIFFICILE ACCESSO (THUC. V 65,1) BOSCO PELAGOS (?) ACCAMPAMENTO DEI LACEDEMONI PRESSO IL TEMPIO DI ERACLE (THUC. TEGEA V 64,5) SPARTA (da Google Maps, vista satellitare della pianura di Mantinea, coord. +37° 34' 49.80" N, +22° 23' 8.43" E ) IL CAMPO DI BATTAGLIA (III) Posizione dei due schieramenti nella pianura di Mantinea secondo Hornblower “The most plausible location for the Argives’ position as described in the present passage [THUC. V 65,1] is that of the mod. sanctuary of Agios Nikolaos on Mt. Barberi (ancient Alesion, the name Lazenby gives it): […] For the battle itself, the Herakleion, a gymnasium area provided with suitable level ground for phalanx manoeuvres, is an attractive candidate.” (SIMON HORNBLOWER, A Commentary on Thucydides, Oxford- New York, Oxford University Press, 1991-2008, 3 voll. vol. 3 (2008), p. 170) (da S. HORNBLOWER, A Commentary on Thucydides… cit., p. 165) IL CAMPO DI BATTAGLIA (IV) Caratteristiche geografiche della pianura di Mantinea Centralità di Mantinea nelle comunicazioni fra città del Peloponneso: Orcomeno a NNO, Argo a NNE e NE, Tegea e Sparta a SSE. Le tre battaglie di Mantinea: 1. 418 a.C.; 2. 362 a.C.: combattuta nell'estate del 362 a.C. dagli Spartani e dagli Ateniesi (insieme a contingenti peloponnesiaci dell'Acaia e di Mantinea) contro l' esercito tebano di Epaminonda (affiancato da contingenti provenienti dall'Arcadia, dalla Messenia e delle città di Sicione e Argo): vittoria tebana; 3. 207 a.C.: combattuta tra gli Spartani guidati dal tiranno Macanida e le truppe della Lega achea comandate da Filopemene: vittoria della lega achea. Macanida cadde nello scontro Una pianura di natura carsica ricca di katavòtra (inghiottitoi) vedi anche STRAB. VIII 8,4 e che spiega le operazioni militari di Agide in V 65,3-5 per inondare Mantinea Il torrente più importante nella pianura fra Tegea e Mantinea è l’attuale Sarandopotamos che scorre a est di Tegea verso nord per poi deviare bruscamente verso est e uscire dalla pianura. A nord-ovest scorre il torrente Zanovistas. Agide devia le acque del primo nel letto del secondo. L’inondazione sarebbe avvenuta più tardi con le piogge autunnali, quando i katavòtra alla base delle colline di Mantinea nelle quali si gettano i vari torrenti, non avrebbero potuto assorbire tutta l’acqua. Il pendio della pianura che scende verso nord è leggero (ca. 30 metri nei 17 km che separano Tegea da Mantinea). LE STIME NUMERICHE DELLE FORZE IN CAMPO (I) La testimonianza di Tucidide Difficoltà dichiarata da Tucidide nel fornire i dati esatti della consistenza numerica dei due schieramenti (V 68,2: ἀριθμὸν δὲ γράψαι ἢ καθ' ἑκάστους ἑκατέρων ἢ ξύμπαντας οὐκ ἂν ἐδυνάμην ἀκριβῶς· τὸ μὲν γὰρ Λακεδαιμονίων πλῆθος διὰ τῆς πολιτείας τὸ κρυπτὸν ἠγνοεῖτο, τῶν δ' αὖ διὰ τὸ ἀν- θρώπειον κομπῶδες ἐς τὰ οἰκεῖα πλήθη ἠπιστεῖτο. ἐκ μέντοι τοιοῦδε λογισμοῦ ἔξεστί τῳ σκοπεῖν τὸ Λακεδαιμονίων τότε παραγενόμενον πλῆθος.) SPARTANI E ALLEATI L’esercito spartano era più numeroso di quello avversario (V 68,1: στρατόπεδον τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων μεῖζον ἐφάνη) Sciriti: 600 soldati (V 68,3); Altre forze (Lacedemoni e alleati): a. Sette lochi (V 68,3: λόχοι μὲν γὰρ ἐμά- χοντο ἑπτὰ ἄνευ Σκιριτῶν ὄντων ἑξακοσίων) Consistenza massima delle unità a ranghi interi (la profondità delle fila dipende dalle decisioni del locago) Enomotia: quattro uomini in prima fila su otto file (= 32 uomini); Pentecostia: quattro enomotie (=128 uomini); Loco: quattro pentecostie (=512 uomini); Totale forze dei Lacedemoni e alleati: sette lochi (=3.584 uomini). b. Prima fila di 448 uomini esclusi gli Sciriti (V 68,3: παρὰ δὲ ἅπαν πλὴν Σκιριτῶν τετρακό- σιοι καὶ δυοῖν δέοντες πεντήκοντα ἄνδρες ἡ πρώτη τάξις ἦν.) Totale forze dei Lacedemoni e alleati: 448 uomini x 8 file (=3.584 uomini). ARGIVI, ATENIESI E ALLEATI Soldati scelti di Argo: 1.000 uomini (V 67,2: Ἀργείων οἱ χίλιοι λογάδες ) Ateniesi: 1.000 opliti e 300 cavalieri (V 61,1: Ἀθηναίων βοηθησάντων χιλίων ὁπλιτῶν καὶ τριακοσίων ἱππέων) LE STIME NUMERICHE DELLE FORZE IN CAMPO (II) La stima del contingente spartano di Karl Julius Beloch «6 μόραι di 16 ἐνωμοτίαι di 32 uomini l’una, compresi 27 ufficiali 3234 uomini Σκιρῖται 600 » Soldati di cavalleria (Thuc. , I V, 55) 400 » ____________ 4234 uomini A questi debbono aggiungersi i νεοδαμώδεις e il presidio del campo. A Sparta era rimasta la sesta parte degli atti alle armi. Gli Spartani atti alle armi si possono dunque calcolare nelle proporzioni seguenti: ἱππεῖς 300 uomini 5 λόχοι, di 256 uomini, compresi gli ufficiali 1360 » La metà della cavalleria 200 » Riserva in Sparta 370 » ____________ 2220 uomini Sommandovi ora il presidio del campo, gli uomini al di là dei 60 anni e gli invalidi al servizio militare, anche qui si hanno presso a poco 3000 spartani, quanti erano mezzo secolo più tardi, avanti la battaglia di Leuttra.» (KARL JULIUS BELOCH, La popolazione del mondo greco-romano, Bologna, Arnaldo Forni Editore, 1977, p.170 (ed. orig. Die Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt, Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1886, p. 140) cit. in DOMENICO MUSTI, Storia greca, Bari, Laterza, 1989, p. 425 tav. 49). LE STIME NUMERICHE DELLE FORZE IN CAMPO (III) Le stime numeriche degli studiosi moderni KAGAN, DONALD, The peace of Nicias and the Sicilian expedition, Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 1981, p. 123 (vedi anche The Peloponnesian War, New York: Penguin Books, 2003, p. ) Spartani e alleati: circa 9.000 uomini Argivi, Ateniesi e alleati: circa 8.000 uomini RHODES, PETER JOHN, A History of the Classical Greek World 478–323 BC, Second Edition, Chichester, U.K., Blackwell Publishing, 2010, p. 135- Spartani e alleati: circa 11.000 uomini Argivi, Ateniesi e alleati: circa 10.000 uomini Ampia discussione in S. HORNBLOWER, A Commentary on Thucydides… cit., p. 180-182. LA DISPOSIZIONE DELLE FORZE IN CAMPO (I) Sciriti, Traci, Neodamodi, Lacedemoni, Erei, Menali e Tegeati (THUC. V 67,1-2) (da PHILIP DE SOUZA, The Peloponnesian War 431-404 BC, Oxford, Osprey Publishing, 2002, p. 54) Τότε δὲ κέρας μὲν εὐώνυμον Σκιρῖται (2) αὐτοῖς καθίσταντο, αἰεὶ ταύτην τὴν τάξιν μόνοι Λακεδαιμονίων ἐπὶ σφῶν αὐτῶν ἔχοντες· παρὰ δ' αὐτοὺς οἱ ἀπὸ Θρᾴκης Βρασίδειοι στρατιῶται καὶ νεοδαμώδεις (3) μετ' αὐτῶν· ἔπειτ' ἤδη Λακεδαιμόνιοι (4) αὐτοὶ ἑξῆς καθίστασαν τοὺς λόχους, καὶ παρ' αὐτοὺς Ἀρκάδων Ἡραιῆς, μετὰ δὲ τούτους Μαινάλιοι, (5) καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ δεξιῷ κέρᾳ Τεγεᾶται καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων ὀλίγοι (6) τὸ ἔσχατον ἔχοντες, καὶ οἱ ἱππῆς (1 e 7) αὐτῶν ἐφ' ἑκατέρῳ τῷ κέρᾳ. Λακεδαιμόνιοι μὲν οὕτως ἐτάξαντο. (THUC. V 67,1-2) ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐν χερσὶν ἐγίγνοντο τοῖς ἐναντίοις, τὸ μὲν τῶν Μαντινέων δεξιὸν τρέπει αὐτῶν τοὺς Σκιρίτας καὶ τοὺς Βρασιδείους, καὶ ἐσπεσόντες οἱ Μαντινῆς καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν Ἀργείων οἱ χίλιοι λογάδες κατὰ τὸ διάκενον καὶ οὐ ξυγκλῃσθὲν τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους διέφθειρον καὶ κυκλωσάμενοι ἔτρεψαν καὶ ἐξέωσαν ἐς τὰς ἁμάξας (8) καὶ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων τῶν ἐπιτεταγμένων ἀπέκτεινάν τινας. (THUC. V 72,3) LA DISPOSIZIONE DELLE FORZE IN CAMPO (II) Mantineesi, Argivi, Cleonesi, Orneati e Ateniesi (THUC. V 67,2) (da P. DE SOUZA, The Peloponnesian War … loc.cit.) οἱ δ' ἐναντίοι αὐτοῖς δεξιὸν μὲν κέρας Μαντινῆς (1) εἶχον, ὅτι ἐν τῇ ἐκείνων τὸ ἔργον ἐγίγνετο, παρὰ δ' αὐτοὺς οἱ ξύμμαχοι Ἀρκάδων (2) ἦσαν, ἔπειτα Ἀργείων οἱ χίλιοι λογάδες (3), οἷς ἡ πόλις ἐκ πολλοῦ ἄσκησιν τῶν ἐς τὸν πόλεμον δημοσίᾳ παρεῖχε, καὶ ἐχόμενοι αὐτῶν οἱ ἄλλοι Ἀργεῖοι (4), καὶ μετ' αὐτοὺς οἱ ξύμμαχοι αὐτῶν, Κλεωναῖοι καὶ Ὀρνεᾶται (5), ἔπειτα Ἀθηναῖοι (6) ἔσχατοι τὸ εὐώνυμον κέρας ἔχοντες, καὶ ἱππῆς (7) μετ' αὐτῶν οἱ οἰκεῖοι. (THUC. V 67,2) LΑ TESTIMONIANZA SULLA BATTAGLIA DI DIODORO SICULO DIODORO SICULO, Biblioteca storica, XII 79,1-7 1.
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