Potentialites Microbiologiques Des Sols Rhizospheriques De Cinq Especes Vegetales De L'ecosysteme Minier De Mandena Fort Dauph

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Potentialites Microbiologiques Des Sols Rhizospheriques De Cinq Especes Vegetales De L'ecosysteme Minier De Mandena Fort Dauph . FACULTE DES SCIENCES DOMAINE : SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES MENTION BIOCHIMIE FONDAMENTALE ET APPLIQUEE ******************************* MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE MASTER PARCOURS BIOTECHNOLOGIES POTENTIALITES MICROBIOLOGIQUES DES SOLS RHIZOSPHERIQUES DE CINQ ESPECES VEGETALES DE L’ECOSYSTEME MINIER DE MANDENA FORT DAUPHIN (Mimosa latispinosa, Leptolaena pauciflora, Aphloia theiformis, Hymenaea verrucosa, Psorospermum revolutum) Présenté par : RAKOTOMALALA Rijanirina Maître ès Sciences Soutenu publiquement le 08 Janvier 2021 devant le jury composé de : Président : Professeur RAHERIMANDIMBY Marson Encadreurs : Professeur RAMANANKIERANA Heriniaina Docteur BAOHANTA Rondro Harinisainana Examinateurs : Professeur TSIRINIRINDRAVO Herisetra Lalaina Docteur RANDRIANIERENANA Ando Lalaniaina « Tout ce qui doit arriver arrivera, quels que soient vos efforts pour l’éviter. Tout ce qui ne doit pas arriver n’arrivera pas, quels que soient vos efforts pour l’obtenir. » Ramana Maharshi « Ary fantatsika fa ny zavatra rehetra dia miara-miasa hahasoa izay tia an'Andriamanitra, dia izay voantso araka ny fikasany rahateo ». Romana 8 :28 Remerciement Avant toute chose, nous tenons à remercier Dieu de nous avoir donné le courage, la force, la santé ainsi que la volonté afin de parvenir à l’achèvement de ce mémoire. Le présent travail est le fruit d’une collaboration étroite entre le Laboratoire de Biotechnologie-Microbiologie de la Mention Biochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo et le Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l’Environnement (LME) du Centre National de Recherche sur l’Environnement (CNRE). Nous tenons donc à adresser nos vifs et sincères remerciements aux personnes suivantes : Messieurs le Professeur RAHERIMANDIMBY Marson et le Docteur RAMAHAZOSOA Irrish Parker, Doyens successifs de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, Monsieur le Responsable de la Mention Biochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée de la Faculté des Sciences le Professeur RANDRIANARIVO Hanitra Ranjàna et Monsieur le Responsable du parcours Biotechnologies le Professeur TSIRINIRINDRAVO Herisetra Lalaina de m’avoir permis de soutenir ce mémoire de fin d’études. Monsieur le Professeur RAMANANKIERANA Heriniaina et Monsieur le Docteur Yves JEAN MICHEL Mong, les Directeurs successifs du CNRE, Monsieur le Docteur RANDRIAMBANONA Herizo, Chef du Département « Ecosystèmes Terrestres » du CNRE et Monsieur le Professeur RASOLOMAMPIANINA Rado, Chef du Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l’Environnement du CNRE de m’avoir accueilli chaleureusement au sein de cette institution. Nous adressons également notre profonde gratitude à : ❖ Professeur RAHERIMANDIMBY Marson, de nous avoir fait le grand honneur d’accepter de présider le jury de ce mémoire. ❖ Professeur RAMANANKIERANA Heriniaina, Docteur BAOHANTA Rondro Harinisainana, qui ont bien voulu encadrer et diriger notre travail ; pour sa disponibilité à la réalisation de ce mémoire malgré ses multiples responsabilités, sa rigueur scientifique et ces précieux conseils nous ont permis de travailler dans les meilleures conditions. ❖ Professeur TSIRINIRINDRAVO Herisetra Lalaina et Docteur RANDRIANIERENANA Ando Lalaniaina, qui ont accepté d’apporter leurs compétences dans le jugement de ce travail, malgré leurs nombreuses occupations. Au Docteur RAKOTOARIMANGA Nirina Christophe, Docteur ANDRIANANDRASANA Martial Doret, Docteur RAZAKATIANA Adamson Tsoushima Ernest et Madame RATSIZAFY Irinah, chercheurs au Centre National de Recherche sur l’Environnement (CNRE) qui ont grandement contribué au succès de ce travail. Toute l’équipe du LME : chercheurs, stagiaires, personnels et techniciens ; mes remerciements à tous pour votre accueil et tous vos conseils. Je tiens à exprimer également ma profonde reconnaissance à ma famille particulièrement à mes parents qui m’ont toujours soutenue durant toutes mes années d’étude, à mon frère et à mes sœurs qui m’encouragent et m’ont réconforté en tout moment. Enfin, à mes amis et à tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, ont contribué à la réalisation de ce mémoire. Table des matières Table des matières GLOSSAIRE .............................................................................................................................. i LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... ii LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................................ iii LISTE DES TABLEAUX ....................................................................................................... iii LISTE DES ANNEXES .......................................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 SYNTHESE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ....................................................................................... 4 I.1. Le sol ................................................................................................................................ 4 I.2. La rhizosphère et les microorganismes rhizosphériques .................................................. 4 I.1.2. La rhizosphère ........................................................................................................... 4 I.2.2. Les microorganismes rhizosphériques ............................................................ 5 I.2.2.1. Les bactéries capables de solubiliser le phosphate ............................................. 5 I.2.2.2. Les Pseudomonas fluorescents ........................................................................... 6 I.2.2.3. Les Actinomycètes .............................................................................................. 7 I.2.2.4. Les champignons mycorhiziens .......................................................................... 7 I.3. Les activités enzymatiques dans le sol ............................................................................. 9 I.3.1. Les oxydoréductases .................................................................................................. 9 I.3.2. Les hydrolases ........................................................................................................... 9 I.3.3. Les enzymes hydrolysant le di-acétate de fluorescéine ........................................... 10 I.4. L’exploitation minière dans la région de l’Anosy .......................................................... 10 I.4.1. Projet d’exploitation minière de la société QIT Madagascar Minerals (QMM) ..... 10 I.4.2. Impact environnemental de l’extraction d’ilménite sur le site de Mandena ............ 10 I.4.3. Notion de restauration écologique ........................................................................... 11 I.4.4. Espèces pionnières ................................................................................................... 12 I.4.5. Le phénomène de facilitation : effet plante nurse .................................................... 12 II. MATERIELS ET METHODES ...................................................................................... 13 II.1. Zone d’étude ................................................................................................................. 13 II.1.2. Les échantillons de sol ............................................................................................... 13 II.2. Méthodes ....................................................................................................................... 13 II.2.1. Mesure des activités microbiennes du sol .............................................................. 13 II.2.1.1. Activité microbienne globale du sol ................................................................ 14 II.2.1.2. Mesure des activités des phosphatases du sol ................................................. 14 II.2.2. Evaluation du potentiel infectieux mycorhyzogènes (PIM) des sols ..................... 15 Table des matières II.2.2.1. Extraction et comptage des spores de champignons endomycorhiziens (MVA) ....................................................................................................................................... 15 II.2.2.2. Diversité spécifique des champignons mycorhiziens associés aux sols d’étude ....................................................................................................................................... 16 II.2.2.3. Evaluation du Potentiel Infectieux Mycorhizogènes (PIM) du sol ................. 16 II.2.3. Dénombrement des microorganismes du sol.......................................................... 17 II.2.3.1. Dénombrement des bactéries solubilisatrices de phosphate ............................ 17 II.2.3.2. Dénombrement des Actinomycètes ................................................................. 18 II.2.3.3. Dénombrement des Pseudomonas fluorescents ............................................... 18 II.3. Analyse statistique des données .................................................................................... 18 III. RESULTATS ................................................................................................................... 20 III.1. Activité microbienne globale des sols ......................................................................... 20 III.3. Potentiel Infectieux Mycorhizogène des sols .............................................................. 21 III.3.1.
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