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Neocaledonian Vegetation Plant Formations in the Neocaledonian BioProvince Peter Martin Rhind Neocaledonian Tropical Rainforest These can be broadly divided into lowland forests and montane forests. The lowland component has a very mixed composition with many endemic gymnosperms such as Agathis lanceolata, A. ovata, Araucaria bernieri (Araucariaceae), Dacrydium araucarioides, Dacrycarpus vieillardii (Podocarpaceae) and Falcatifolium taxoides (Podocarpaceae). The main angiosperm trees include endemics such as Calophyllum neocaledonia, Montrouziera cauliflora (Clusiaceae), Neoguillauminia cleopatra (Fabaceae) and species of the endemic genus Sleumerodendron (Proteaceae). Smaller under storey trees may include the endemic Alphitonia austrocaledonica (Rhamnaceae), but in other areas there are dominant stands of other endemics such as Nothofagus aequilateralis (Nothofagaceae), while in coastal areas the endemic Araucaria columnaris (Araucariaceae) often forms conspicuous stands, a species which is very close to the Norfolk Island endemic Araucaria heterophyllum. The montane forests typically include species of Acmopyle, Agathis, Araucaria (e.g. A. muelleri), Dacrydium, Libocedrus, Metrosideros, Nothofagus (e.g. N. codonandra), Podocarpus, Quintinia and Weinmannia. On lower slopes this may grade into a Gymnostoma deplancheana association, while on the steeper slopes a more open woodland with maquis undergrowth may be present. The dominant shrubs include endemics such as the bright green Arillastrum gummiferum (Myrtaceae) and grey green rosettes of Cocconerion minor (Euphorbiaceae). Species composition of these rainforest if strongly dependent on the soil types with many species confined to ultrabasic soils. Amongst these are many of the BioProvince’s palaeo- endemics including most of the endemic conifers. There are also a number of species confined to calcareous substrates including endemics such as Tieghemopanax crenatus (Araliaceae), Diospyros inexporata (Ebenaceae), Acalypha pulchrespicata (Euphorbiaceae), Cyrtandra mareensis (Gesneriaceae) and Serianthes lifouensis (Mimosaceae). Neocaledonian Woodland Savanna Most of the woodland savanna is dominated by Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark tree) known locally as Niaouli Woodland. Other conspicuous species in this habitat include Agathis ovata, Dacrydium araucaroides, Grevillea gillivrayi and Gymnostoma chameocyparis. More typical of the untrabasic soils is the endemic Acacia spirorbis (Fabaceae). Neocaledonian Sclerophyllous Forest Mainly in the dryer western side of Grande Terre, this dense, closed canopy forest is mostly confined to sedimentary substrates such as chert, limestone or sandstone. Compared with the rain forest and maquis, there are fewer endemics and species diversity is much lower than elsewhere. Nevertheless there are still some 59 endemic species and one endemic genus - the magnificent Captaincookia (C. margaretae) of the Rubiaceae, which can have pink blossums covering its entire trunk. Other endemic species include Codiaeum peltatum (Euphorbiaceae), Gardenia urvillei (Rubiaceae) and Pittosporum pancheri (Pittosporaceae). Neocaledonian Maquis Virtually confined to ultrabasic soils, maquis is often characterized by species of Grevillea and Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae) such as the endemic Hibbertia baudovinii. The species composition of associated taxa varies from place to place, but may include Callistomom Copyright © 2010 Peter Martin Rhind pancheri, the endemic Soulamea muelleri (Simaroubaceae) and various species of Gardenia and Myrtopsis. There is also a distinctive upland maquis with a prostate form of Baeckia ericoides often representing the dominant species, and on the southern massif, species such as Greslania montana and Xeronema moorei and confined to upland maquis. On the Massif de Koniambo a somewhat different type of maquis occurs in which Tristania guillainii is the dominant species. Other characteristic species include the endemic Styphelia balansae and S. macrocarpa (Epacridaceae) and species of Guioa (Sapindaceae) such as the endemic Guioa fusca. Further information required. References Balgooy, Van. M. M. J. 1960. Preliminary plant geographical analysis of the Pacific. Blumea, 10: 385-430. Balgooy, Van. M. M. J. 1969. A study of the diversity of island floras. Blumea, 17: 139-178. Campbell, D. G. & Hammond, H. D. 1989. Floristic Inventory of Tropical Countries. The New York Botanical Garden. Compton, R. H. 1917. New Caledonia and the Isle of Pines. The Geographical Journal, 49: 81-106. Gillison, A. M. Tropical Savannas of Australia and Southwest Pacific. In: Ecosystems of the World 13 - Tropical Savannas. Ed. F. Bourliere. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. Good, R. 1950. Madagascar and New Caledonia - a problem in plant geography. Blumea, 6: 470-490. Heads, M. 2008. Panbiogeography of New Caledonia, southwest Pacific: basal angiosperms on basement terrains, ultramafic endemics inherited from volcanic island arcs and old taxa endemics to young islands. Journal of Biogeography, 35: 2153-2175. Holloway, J. D. 1979. A survey of the lepidoptera, biogeography and ecology of New Caledonia. W. Junk. The Hague. Jaffré, T., Bouchet, P. & Veillon, J. 1998. Threatened plants of New Caledonia: is the system of protected areas adequate? Biodiversity and Conservation, 7: 109-135. Jaffré, T. & Veillon, J. 1995. Structural and floristic characteristics of a rain forest on schist in New Caledonia: a comparison with an ultramafic rain forest. Bulletin of the Museum of Natural History, Paris 17: 201-226. Krupnick, G. A. & Kress, W. J. 2003. Hotspots and ecoregions: a test of the conservation priorities using taxonomic data. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12: 2237-2253. Ladiges, P. Y. 2008. Synthesizing biotic patterns and geology for New Caledonia (Commentary). Journal of Biogeography, 35: 2151-2152. Copyright © 2010 Peter Martin Rhind Morat, P., Jaffre, T. & Veillon, J. 2001. The flora of New Caledonia’s calcareous substrates. Adansonia, ser 3, 23: 109-127. Moret, P., Veillon, J. M. & MacKee, H. S. 1984. Floristic relationships of New Caledonian rain forest phanerogams. In: Biogeography of the Tropical Pacific (Proceedings of a Symposium). Eds. F. J. Radovsky, P. H. Raven and H. Sohmer. Bishop Museum Special Publication No. 72. Mueller-Dombois, D. & Fosberg, F. R. 1998. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer. Proctor, J. 2003. Vegetation and soil and plant chemistry on ultramafic rocks in the tropical Far East. Perspective in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 6: 105-124. Read, J. & Hope, G. S. 1996. Ecology of Nothofagus Forests of New Guinea and New Caledonia. In: The Ecology and Biogeography of Nothofagus Forest. Eds. T. T. Veblen, R. S. Hill and J. Read. Yale University Press. Setoguchi, H., Ohba, H. & Tobe, H. 1998. Evolution in Crossostylis (Rhizophoraceae) on the South Pacific Islands. In: Evolution and Speciation of Island Plants. Eds. T. S. Stuessy and M. Ono. Cambridge University Press. Schmid, M. 1978. The Melanesian forest ecosystems (New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Fiji Islands and Solomon Islands). In: Tropical forest ecosystems. Natural Resources Research Vol. XIV. UNESCO Schmid, M. 1989. The forests in the tropical Pacific archipelagoes. In: Ecosystems of the World 14B - Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems. Elsevier. Sohmer, S. H. 1990. Elements of Pacific phytodiversity. In: The Plant Diversity of Malesia. Proceedings of the Flora Malesiana Symposium commemorating Professor Dr. C. G. G. J. van Steenis Leiden, August 1989. Eds. P. Baas, K. Kalkman and R. Geesink. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Specht, R. L. 1979. “Maquis” vegetation of New Caledonia. In: Ecoystems of the World (9A) – heathlands and related shrublands: descriptive studies. Ed. R. L. Specht. Elsevier Science. Thorne, R. F. 1965. Floristic relationships of New Caledonia. University of Iowa Studies in Natural History, 20: 1-14. Ungricht, S., Rasplus, J. & Kjellberg, F. 2005. Extinction threat evaluation of endemic fig trees of New Caledonia: priority assessment for taxonomy and conservation with herbarium collections. Biodiversity and Conservation, 14: 205-232. Copyright © 2010 Peter Martin Rhind .
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