Updated Guideline of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor for Acute Coronary Syndrome
Young-Hak Kim, MD, PhD
Heart Institute, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
1 Disclosure Information
Honorarium from Handok Corp Clinical Classification of ACS
Acute Coronary Syndrome Hx
EKG No ST Elevation ST Elevation
Cardiac Biomarker
Final Unstable Non- Dx STEMI Angina STEMI
3 Platelet Activation
Epinephrine Collagen ADP Thrombin
AA Thienopyridines Aspirin Platelet TxA2
GP IIb/IIIa Platelet GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors Membrane Fibrinogen Target Sites of Antiplatelet Therapy
Disruption of Shear Stress, Prostaglandins Endothelium Binding of Agonists:
Direct GPlb/vWF Platelet l Thrombin Antithrombins Antagonists, Adhesion Dipyridamole Serotonin l Serotonin Antagonists Platelet Activation Clopidogrel l ADP Ticlopidine
Aspirin, Platelet TxS Inhibitors Release TXA Receptor l TXA 2 2 Antagonists l Others
GPllb/llla Platelet GP = Glycoprotein Antagonists Aggregation vWF = von Willebrand factor TxS = Thromboxane synthase
TXA2 = Thromboxane A2
Schafer AI. Am J Med. 1996;101:202. Parenteral GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors
Antibody • abciximab (ReoProâ, Centocor/Lilly)
Cyclic peptide • eptifibatide (INTEGRILIN®, COR/Key)
Nonpeptide • tirofiban HCI (Aggrastatâ, Merck) GP IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonists
Abciximab Tirofiban Eptifibatide (ReoPro®) (Aggrastat®) (Integrilin®)
Fab portion of Pharma chimeric monoclonal Synthetic non-peptide Cyclic heptapeptide antibody Half-life 30 minutes 1.8 hours 2.5 hours Renal Adj. No Yes Yes
Dosage 0.25 mcg/kg bolus 0.4 mcg/kg/min for 30 180 mcg/kg bolus (x2) followed by minutes followed by followed by 0.125 mcg/kg/min drip 0.1 mcg/kg/min drip 2.0 mcg/kg/min drip (max 10 mcg/min) for for 48-96 hours for 18-24 hours 12-24 hours Early Abciximab PCI Trials Death, MI, Urgent Revascularization – 30 Days EPIC EPILOG EPISTENT Placebo 12.8 12 Bolus Placebo 11.7 Placebo + Stent 10.8
8 8.3 Abciximab + PTCA 6.9 Bolus + Infusion Abciximab 5.2 Abciximab + Stent 5.3 4 Absolute - 4.5% Absolute - 6.5% Absolute - 5.5% Relative – 35% Relative – 55% Relative – 51% p = 0.008 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 0 30 30 30 0 Days 0 Days 0 Days
NEJM 1994; 330:956-61 NEJM 1997; 336:1689-96 Lancet 1998; 352:87-92 For STEMI Primary PCI 30 Day Death, MI or Urgent TVR
20 ¯ 48% ¯ 52% ¯ 52% ¯ 30% ¯ 57% p = 0.03 p = 0.04 p = 0.01 p = 0.02 p = 0.02 14.6 15 11.2 10.5 10.5 10 6.9 6.0 5.8 5.0 4.5 4.5 % % of Patients 5
0 RAPPORT ISAR-2 ADMIRAL CADILLAC* ACE** n = 483 n = 401 n = 300 n = 2082 n = 400 Circ 1998; JACC 2000; NEJM 2001; NEJM 2002; 98:734-41. 35:915-21. 41:1895-03. 346:957-66 Placebo Abciximab FINESSE – 90-Day Endpoints
12 10.710.5 9.8 10 8.9 8 7.5 7.4
6 5.5 5.2 4.5 Percent 4 2.9 2.2 1.9 2
0 Composite* Death MI Comp CHF Primary PCI (806) PCI+Abcix (818) PCI+Abcix+Reteplase (828) *All-cause mortality; rehosp or ED visit for CHF; VF >48 hours after randomization; cardiogenic shock. N=2452.
Ellis S. ESC N Engl J Med 2008;358:2205 FINESSE – 90-Day Bleeding *** ** *** ** 16 14.5 14 12 10.1 * 9.7 10 8 6.9 6
Percent 6 4.8 4.1 4.3 4 2.6 2 0 Overall TIMI Major TIMI Minor Primary PCI (806) PCI+Abcix (818) PCI+Abcix+Reteplase (828) * p= 0.025. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001
Ellis S. ESC N Engl J Med 2008;358:2205 CARESS Abciximab with ½ Dose Reteplase
P=0.001 P=0.032 14 12.2 12 11.1
10
8 7.4
6 5
Percent 4.1 4.4 3.7 4 3.1 1.7 2 2 0.3 0.7 0 Composite Death Re-MI Ischemia Bleed Transfuse Immediate PCI (N=298) Rescue PCI (N=300) Composite = 30-day Death, Re-MI, Refractory ischemia. N=600
Di Mario C. Lancet 2008; 371: 559–68 On-TIME 2: Study Design
STEMI diagnosed in ambulance or N=984 Jun 2006–Nov 2007 referral center ASA + 600 mg clopidogrel + UFH
Placebo HDB Tirofiban*
Transportation
Angiogram PCI center Angiogram
Provisional PCI Tirofiban HDB Tirofiban cont’d
*Bolus: 25 µg/kg and 0.15 µg/kg/min infusion.
van ‘t Hof AWJ, et al. Lancet 2008;16;372(9638):537-46 BRAVE-3 Abciximab before Primary PCI 30-day Death, MI, Revas, and Stroke
Mehilli et al. Circulation. 2009;119 On-TIME 2 Pre-hospital High Dose Tirofiban ST-Resolution Time
P=0.033 P=0.020 P=NS P=NS P=NS
Pre-treated with aspirin, heparin & 600 mg clopidogrel
(Complete) post-PCI Bleeding Composite: death, recurrent MI, urgent revascularization
Lancet. 2008;372:537 IIB/IIIa Meta-regression 30-Day Mortality
De Luca G. et al. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2705 GP IIb/IIIa Guideline for STEMI 2009 Early invasive / PCI Medical Management
ACC / AHA ESC ACC / AHA ESC
Class IIa Class I Class IIb Class III Abciximab Without stenting Abciximab with half-dose lytic for patients age < 75 years Class IIb Class IIa Tirofiban, With stenting eptifibatide
GPI = glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor For UA / NSTEMI Medical vs Interventional Therapy 30-day Death or MI – No Early PCI
20% p=NS Placebo 2b3a Inhibitor 15.6% 14.5% 15% p=NS P=NS
11.3% 10.8% p=NS 10.1% 10% 8.7% 7.8% 8.0%
5%
0% PURSUIT PRISM PLUS PARAGON B GUSTO-IV ACS Medical vs Interventional Therapy 30-day Death or MI – Early PCI
P<0.05 Placebo 20% p=0.01 18.5% 16.7% 2b3a Inhibitor
15% p=NS
11.6% 11.6% p=0.03 10.2% 10% 9.0%
5.9% 4.8% 5%
0% PURSUIT PRISM PLUS PARAGON B CAPTURE ISAR-REACT PCI for Low-risk SA Patients – 30 Days
Placebo Abciximab 10% p=NS p=NS p=NS p=NS
5% 3.8% 3.7% 4.0% 4.0%
0.9% 0.3% 0.3% 0.6% 0% Death MI Death/MI Urg Revac
NEJM 2004;350:232-8 ISAR-REACT 2 PCI for Higher-risk ACS Patients – 30 Days
p=0.06 p=0.03 11.5% Placebo (1012) 10.5% Abciximab (1010) 10% 8.6% p=0.34 8.1% p=0.64
5%
1.6% 1.1% 1.2% 1.0%
0% Death MI Death/MI Urg Revac
JAMA 2006;295:1531-38 ISAR-REACT 2 Higher-risk Patients (ACS) – 30 Days
JAMA 2006;295:1531-38 EVEREST: Study Design
• Angina at rest within 12 h of admission • Unequivocal changes on ECG during angina High-risk • cTnI elevation NSTEMI ACS
“In-Lab” “In-Lab” “Upstream” Tirofiban Abciximab HDB Tirofiban
ASA/heparin ASA/heparin ASA/heparin thienopyridine thienopyridine thienopyridine tirofiban
Intent to PTCA/stent Intent to PTCA/stent Intent to PTCA/stent 24 - 48 hours 24 - 48 hours 24 - 48 hours + Abciximab + HDB tirofiban
HDB, high dose bolus
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(3):522-528. EVEREST Tissue-Level Perfusion by TMPG
Pre-PCI Post-PCI n=93
P=.0009 P=.015 TMPG 0/1 (%) 0/1 TMPG (%) 0/1 TMPG
Upstream HDB Abciximab Upstream HDB Abciximab Tirofiban Tirofiban Tirofiban Tirofiban
TMPG, TIMI perfusion grade
Bolognese L, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(3):522. EVEREST Tissue-Level Perfusion by Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography
MCE score index Normal tissue-level n=93 perfusion by MCE P=.04 P=.012 MCE Score Index MCE Score Patients Perfused (%) Perfused Patients
Upstream HBD Abciximab Upstream HBD Abciximab Tirofiban Tirofiban Tirofiban Tirofiban
Bolognese L, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(3):522-528. EVEREST Peak cTnI Levels Post-PCI
n=93 P=.0002
P=.015 ng/mL
Upstream HBD Abciximab Tirofiban Tirofiban
Bolognese L, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(3):522-528. ACUITY Timing Moderate-high risk ACS undergoing invasive strategy (N=13,800) PCI in 57%
JAMA. 2007;297:591 ACUITY Timing Ischemic Composite
Ischemic Death MI Unplanned rev composite for ischemia
JAMA. 2007;297:591 ACUITY Timing Major Bleeding
JAMA. 2007;297:591 EARLY-ACS: Primary Endpoint Invasive Strategy
15 Death, MI, Urgent revasc., Thrombotic events Delayed provisional Early routine eptifibatide eptifibatide N 4684 4722 # Events 469 439 10.0%
10
Delayed provisional eptifibatide 9.3%
P = 0.23 (stratified for intended early 5 clopidogrel use) Early routine eptifibatide Death, MI, RIUR orDeath, RIURMI, (%) TBO
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 Time Since Randomization (Hours) Giugliano et al. N Engl J Med 2009;360 Early-ACS: 30-day Death or MI
15 39% use of eptifibatide 12.4% Delayed provisional eptifibatide 10 11.2% P = 0.079 (stratified for intended early clopidogrel use)
Death MI (%)or Early routine eptifibatide 5 Delayed provisional Early routine eptifibatide eptifibatide N 4684 4722 # Events 578 528 Days to Event 2.1 (1.0, 5.8) 2.7 (1.0, 4.9)
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Time Since Randomization (Days)
Giugliano et al. N Engl J Med 2009;360 GP IIb/IIIa Guideline for UA / NSTEMI 2009 Early invasive / PCI Medical Management
ACC / AHA ESC ACC / AHA ESC
Class I Class I Class I Class II Either GPI or clopidogrel in (high risk) If subsequent recurrent (high risk) addition to aspirin should be symptom/ischemia, heart failure, or initiated before angiography serious arrhythmia occur, angiography should be performed with upstream Class IIa use of either clopidogrel or GPI Reasonable to initiate antiplatelet therapy with both Class IIa GPI and clopidogrel If recurrent ischemic discomfort with clopidogrel, it is reasonable to add a GPI before angiography
Class IIb May be reasonable to add GPI to oral antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy
GPI = glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor ICE Trial Intracoronary Injection of Eptifibatide 180-g/kg eptifibatide IC bolus
Pre-PCI Post-PCI
Circulation. 2010;121:784 Conclusion
• Extensive data support the use of IV GPIs in the setting of moderate- or high-risk NSTE-ACS, particularly if an early invasive strategy is planned. • Patients who present with STEMI who are undergoing primary PCI also appear to benefit; however, the benefit is less evident. • In the setting of low-risk ACS, GPIs may not be useful. • In spite of extensive studies, open questions remain, including the timing of initiation, their clinical utility in combination with and compared with newer antithrombotics, and optimal dosing in certain patient populations (i.e., the elderly, patients with renal insufficiency). Reimbursement Policy in Korea
Abciximab Tirofiban o High risk PCI o High risk ACS with elevated o PCI for high risk AMI troponin or change of EKG o Acute closure due to thrombus o No reflow after stenting o Threatening of acute closure due to no reflow, new thrombus, intramural hazziness during PCI