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Zhao Rugua'nın Zhufanzhi Adlı Eserine Göre XII-XIII. Yüzyılda Orta

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Zhao Rugua'nın Zhufanzhi Adlı Eserine Göre XII-XIII. Yüzyılda Orta T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (ORTAÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI Zhao Rugua’nın Zhufanzhi Adlı Eserine Göre XII-XIII. Yüzyılda Orta Doğu Kentleri ve Ticari Emtia Yüksek Lisans Tezi Shan-Ju LIN Ankara-2015 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (ORTAÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI Zhao Rugua’nın Zhufan Zhi Adlı Eserine Göre XII-XIII. Yüzyılda Orta Doğu Kentleri ve Ticari Emtia Yüksek Lisans Tezi Shan-Ju LIN Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. Hatice ORUÇ Ankara-2015 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (ORTAÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI Zhao Rugua'nın Zhufanzhi Adlı Eserine Göre 12-13. Yüzyılda Ortadoğu Kentleri Ve Ticari Emtia Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: 0 u ç Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası L Ç Tez Sınavı Tarihi .?K.J.?£.L2P... TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Bu belge ile, bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim. (....../....../200...) Tezi Hazırlayan Öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı .................................................... İmzası .................................................... ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ 4 GĠRĠġ ........................................................................................................................... 6 ZHAO RUGUA‟NIN ÖNSÖZÜ ................................................................................ 30 BĠRĠNCĠ BÖLÜM: ORTADOĞU KENTLERĠ ......................................................... 33 1. DAQĠN GUO (大秦國) BĠLÂD-I ġAM/SURĠYE ................................................. 34 2. DASHĠ GUO (大食國) ARAPLAR/ARAPLAR ÜLKESĠ .................................... 49 3. MAJĠA GUO (麻嘉國) MEKKE ............................................................................ 78 4. CENGBA GUO (層拔國) ZENGĠBAR .................................................................. 81 5. BĠPALUO GUO (弼琶囉國) BERBERA ............................................................... 84 6. WUBA GUO (勿拔國) SAHAR ............................................................................. 89 7. ZHONGLĠ GUO (中理國) SOMALĠ ..................................................................... 89 8. WENGMAN GUO (甕蠻國) UMAN ..................................................................... 94 9. JĠSHĠ GUO (記施國) KÎġ ADASI ......................................................................... 95 10. BAĠDA GUO (白達國) BAĞDAT ........................................................................ 97 11. BĠSĠLUO GUO (弼斯囉國) BASRA ................................................................. 101 12. JĠCĠNĠ GUO (吉慈尼國) GAZNE ..................................................................... 103 13. WUSĠLĠ GUO (勿廝離國) MUSUL .................................................................. 108 14. LUMEĠ GUO (蘆眉國) RÛM (ANADOLU) ..................................................... 110 15. MULANPĠ GUO (木蘭皮國) MURÂBIT .......................................................... 113 16. WUSĠLĠ GUO (勿斯里國) MISIR ..................................................................... 116 17. EGENTUO GUO (遏根陀國) ĠSKENDERĠYE................................................. 119 18. HAĠSHANG ZAGUO (海上雜國) DENĠZDEKĠ ÜLKELER ............................ 121 A) Kunluncengqi Guo (崑崙層期國) Pemba Adası ve Madagaskar...................... 121 B) Chabisha Guo (茶弼沙國) Djabulsa, Güneşin Battığı Yer ................................ 123 C) Sijialiye Guo (斯加里野國) Sicilya.................................................................... 125 D) Moqielie Guo (默伽獵國) Fas (El-Mağribü’l-Aksâ) .......................................... 126 ĠKĠNCĠ BÖLÜM: TĠCARĠ EMTĠA ......................................................................... 128 1. RUXĠANG (乳香) AKGÜNLÜK.......................................................................... 129 1 2. MOYAO (沒藥) MÜR .......................................................................................... 133 3. XĠEJĠE (血竭) KIRMIZI SAKIZ (EJDER KANI) .............................................. 135 4. JĠNYANXĠANG (金顏香) ASELBENT ................................................................ 137 5. SUHEXĠANGYOU (蘇合香油) SIĞLA YAĞI ..................................................... 139 6. ANXĠXĠANG (安息香) ......................................................................................... 141 7. ZHĠZĠHUA (梔子花) GARDENYA ÇĠÇEĞĠ ....................................................... 145 8. QĠANGWEĠSHUĠ (薔薇水) GÜL SUYU ............................................................. 146 9. DĠNGXĠANG (丁香) KARANFĠL ....................................................................... 148 10. ROUDOUKOU (肉豆蔻) KÜÇÜK HĠNDĠSTAN CEVĠZĠ ............................... 148 11. MOSHĠZĠ (沒石子) MAZI MEġESĠ .................................................................. 151 12. MUXĠANG (木香) HĠMALAYA ÇĠÇEĞĠ .......................................................... 152 13. AWEĠ (阿魏) ġEYTANTERSĠ ........................................................................... 154 14. LUHUĠ (蘆薈) SARISABIR .............................................................................. 156 15. SHANHUSHU (珊瑚樹) MERCAN (AĞACI) .................................................. 157 16. LĠULĠ (琉璃) LÂCĠVERT TAġI/YARISAYDAM CAM ................................... 159 17. ZHENZHU (珍珠) ĠNCĠ ..................................................................................... 162 18. XĠANGYA (象牙) FĠLDĠġĠ ................................................................................. 164 19. XĠJĠAO (犀角) GERGEDAN BOYNUZU ........................................................ 166 20. WANAQĠ (腽肭臍) MĠSK KEDĠSĠ/FOK MERHEMĠ ....................................... 167 21. LONGXĠAN (龍涎) AMBER.............................................................................. 169 22. DAĠMEĠ (瑇瑁) BAĞA ...................................................................................... 171 SONUÇ .................................................................................................................... 173 ġEHĠRLER VE ĠTHAL-ĠHRAÇ ÜRÜNLERĠNĠ GÖSTERĠR TABLO .................. 179 TĠCARĠ EMTĠA LĠSTESĠ-1 .................................................................................... 180 TĠCARĠ EMTĠA LĠSTESĠ-2 .................................................................................... 181 KAYNAKÇA ........................................................................................................... 182 Kaynak Eserler ...................................................................................................... 182 Araştırma Eserleri ................................................................................................. 187 EKLER ..................................................................................................................... 198 2 Ek 1: Transkripsiyon Tablosu................................................................................. 199 Ek 2: Ölçü Birimleri Tablosu .................................................................................. 205 Ek 3: Kaynak Metin ............................................................................................... 206 3 ÖNSÖZ ÇalıĢmamız, 1170-1231 yıllarında yaĢayan bir devlet görevlisi Zhao Rugua‟nın kaleme aldığı Zhufanzhi (Chu-fan-chi, Yabancıların Tasviri) isimli eserin, Ortadoğu kentleri ve bu kentlerde üretilen ticari meta hakkındaki kısımlarını incelemektedir. Söz konusu bu kısımlar ilk önce Türkçe‟ye tercüme edilmiĢ, ardından, döneme iliĢkin bilgi veren diğer kaynakların yardımı ile kritiğe tabi tutulmuĢtur. Büyük oranda, Çin‟e gelen tüccarların verdiği Ģifahi bilgilere dayanan eser, Ortaçağ Ortadoğu tarihi ile ilgili araĢtırmalara katkıda sağlar niteliktedir. Biz de bu eserin ilgili kısmını TürkçeleĢtirerek bu katkının Türk akademisine de teĢmilini amaçlamıĢ bulunuyoruz. Bu çalıĢma münasebeti ile, öncelikle Ankara Üniversitesi ile Tayvan National Chengchi Üniversitesi arasında imzalanan akademik iĢbirliği protokolüne göre benim Ankara Üniversitesi‟nde yüksek lisans eğitimi almamı kabul ettiği için Prof. Dr. Berahitdin ALBAYRAK‟a ve Doç. Dr. Lan-Ya TSENG‟e teĢekkür ediyorum. Yükseklisans ve lisans derslerine katıldığım Prof. Dr. Melek DELĠLBAġI‟ya, Prof. Dr. Ġlhan ERDEM‟e, Doç. Dr. Hatice ORUÇ‟a, Doç. Dr. Mustafa UYAR‟a ve Prof. Dr. Damla DEMĠRÖZÜ‟ne Ortaçağ tarihine iliĢkin bilgilerimi zenginleĢtirdikleri için Ģükranlarımı sunuyorum. 4 Tez konusu seçiminde, geliĢtirilmesinde ve konu ile ilgili çalıĢmalarda yardımlarını ve desteklerini esirgemeyen tez danıĢmanlarım Sayın Doç. Dr. Mustafa UYAR‟a ve Doç. Dr. Hatice ORUÇ‟a teĢekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Bu alanla ilgili öneri ve yardımlarından dolayı Sayın Prof. Dr. AyĢe ONAT‟a, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Gürhan KIRĠLEN‟e, Chih-Yung Li‟ye ve Shih-Chen Liu‟ye teĢekkürü bir borç bilirim. Tezimdeki Farsça kaynaklar ile ilgili çalıĢmalarda bana yardım ettiği için Farsça hocam Manouchehr Ghorbani-Koshkaki‟ye teĢekkür ediyorum. Her konuda bana sabırla yardımcı olan aileme ve dostlarıma desteklerinden dolayı teĢekkürlerimi sunarım. Sizin sayenizde bu iki yıllık yoğun çalıĢma süresince uzun süren ve mutlulukla dolu bir yolculuk etmiĢ gibiyim; fakat elbette bu tez, yolculuğumun son durağı değil, güzel bir baĢlangıç noktasıdır... SHAN-JU LĠN Ankara 5 GĠRĠġ XIV. yüzyılın
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