Bamiyan 2006: the Fifth Excavation of the Niche of the 55 M Buddha Statue, Almost at the Foot of the Campaign of Prof

The site is located to the west Bamiyan 2006: The Fifth Excavation of the niche of the 55 m Buddha statue, almost at the foot of the Campaign of Prof. Tarzi’s Mission cliff itself. There we unearthed a remarkable ensemble of glass- Zemaryalai Tarzi blowing or glazing workshops. The Marc Bloch II University, Strasbourg Next year we will investigate this site further as well as sectors within the royal city or its neighboring sectors. This was the fifth consecutive year The site is located on the right that I led the French survey and side (north) of the Kabul–Band- We owe to Alfred Foucher excavation mission at Bamiyan. e-Amir road where the Valley of (1923, 1925, 1942-1947) the We have to excavate in unusual Tchehelsotun emerges and more initial identification of the and difficult conditions due to the precisely at the western Bamiyan royal city, notwith- fact that we work on private extremity of the ancient standing subsequent and property rented for the purpose of Bamiyan bazaar, today in ruins. unfounded contrary propositions excavation but restored to its As we anticipated, we could note made by M. L. Carter (1985). original cultivated state at the end how the cave architecture of the Furthermore, as indicated by the of each archaeological season. ancient city progressively gave Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang Another significant reason why we way to built architecture. In (Julien 1853, Beal 1983, Watters may not be able to complete our 2006 we opened the site. In 1904 and Pelliot in Godard et al. plans is the necessity of often 2007 we will build on the success 1928), the royal city, Bamiyan’s having to circumvent houses, of the first season and continue capital, was built up against the walls, gardens and, most of the our work there. cliff and crossed the valley. Its time, irrigation systems. Recog- wall was 6-7 li long. Today the nizing the incoherence shown in II. The Royal City site no. 2 = ruins indeed still abut the Great the drawings of the site, I decided VR2 (1st campaign of Cliff and spread east to west in 2006 to excavate the excavations) [Fig. 2] from Sorkh Qol (west of the monuments separately, even though I may later attempt to link their relationships to one another in a larger context. Amongst the monuments I chose are the chapel (sanctuary) found around Stupa no. 2 on the ‘Eastern Monastery’ site (MO in the text), and Stupa no. 1, which is the largest in Bamiyan and measures approximately 30 m on each side. We are just in the beginning phases of exploration of the other sites such as MR (Monastery of the ancient or former king), VR1 (Royal City site no. 1) and VR2 (Royal City site no. 2). The results will produce significant information on the history and archaeology of Bamiyan.

Choice of Sites

We have proceeded on the following sites, from West to East in the Bamiyan Valley, as part of a plan established in 2001:

I. The Royal City site no. 1= st VR1 (1 campaign of excava- Fig. 2. Bamiyan VR2 = Royal City site no.2, excavation plan for the tions) [Fig. 1, facing page] northern part of the site. Copyright © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi.

11 Fig. 3. Bamiyan, MO = site of Eastern Monastery, excavation site 2005-2006. Copyright © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. large 55 m Buddha) to the west IV. The Eastern Monastery = m Buddha. In 2006 we opened of Sang Tchaspan. In this way MO (5th campaign) [Figs. 3, four sites, extended our the city was built on both slopes 10] excavations around the chapel of the Tchehelsotun valley. Our of Stupa no. 2, freed Stupa no. excavations, although as yet We have been excavating on this 4, unearthed the northern side limited in scope, have added site since 2002 (Tarzi 2003, of the Great Stupa no. 1, and significantly to our knowledge of 2004 a-c, 2005). It is located to began excavations in the ‘clover the city. the south of the eastern part of field’ to the northwest of Stupa the Great Cliff and to the no. 1, practically at the foot of southeast of the niche of the 38 the Great Cliff. III. The Monastery of the preceding king = MR (The 2nd campaign of excavations did not take place because of landmines.)

We ran a series of surveys in 2005 (1st campaign) while moving around without appar- ent danger. However in 2006 this site, located between the two dynamited Buddha statues, had been entirely and deliberately littered with landmines, as indicated by several hundred white and red rocks. Where did the mines suddenly come from? The question remains curiously unanswered. In 2007, we will excavate there (2nd campaign) Fig. 4. Bamiyan Royal City site no. 1 (VR 1), excavations on the southern side according to our pre-established of the site, view from the northwest towards the southeast. Photograph copyright plan. © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi.

12 Site I. The Excavations of VR1 [Fig. 4, facing page]

Our goal was to excavate a pre- Islamic part of the Bamiyan royal city at the limit of the cave and open air built habitat. We had a very complicated negotiation with the owner of the chosen emplacement, an ancient serail (this word designates a caravan serail, not a Turkish palace reserved to women), located to the west of the ancient and now destroyed bazaar. Thanks to the support of the Bamiyan Government and of the national security we were able to come to an agreement. We excavated a Fig. 5. Bamiyan Royal City site no. 2 (VR 2), view of the northern part of the dozen squares 4m x 4m. We excavations from the Great Cliff. Copyright © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. began with square T15 by grotto A, to the north, and squares T16- of ashes in the excavations — excavations will shed more T19 to the south. The site was Bamiyan became a township of no definitive light on the subject, in enlarged to the west with squares importance and was repeatedly view of our discovery of a R18, S18, R19, S19 and the occupied by invaders from all over. beautiful and significant series of beginning of squares S20 and T20. In squares S19, T18 and T19 we ceramics. In addition, we found in found the corner section of the the Muslim layers a large number From north to south, it was very base of a fortification. There is of funerary pits (containing bones interesting to observe in the ruins plenty of documentation for the from bodies which had been left the transformation of cave study of this Muslim period of exposed to the air) that had been habitats into built habitats. One Bamiyan (Baker and Allchin 1991; inserted in the constructions or can note that the serail, probably Barthold 1913, 1977; Bosworth against the walls. As Charles established around the first part 1961, 1965, 1973, 1996; Elliot Masson had already noticed in the of the 20th century, revealed a 1867-1877; Gardin 1957, etc). region of Jalalabad and as we had more or less level terrain of which However more research in depth also noted in several of our the archaeological layers T15, T16 should be done. While our excavations in Hadda, the practice and T17 were in chaos. We found contribution has produced some of inhumation of bodies in- a broad mix of Turk pre-Islamic satisfying results, the excavation creasingly becomes the norm in (6th-9th centuries) and Ghurid of this site is not finished. Afghanistan following the Mongol (12th-13th centuries) ceramics, and period (15th and 16th centuries). some Ghaznavid, Khwarazmshahi The excavated area may well and modern ceramics. Further to encompass the Bamiyan ceramic Site II. The Excavations of VR2 the south the stratigraphy studios, judging from the finds of [Fig. 5] becomes more logical. a significant number of small clay rods used by potters in their kilns. Without going into too much Our knowledge of ceramics at The location of this site is to the detail one can observe that there Bamiyan had previously been west of the niche of the 55 m are three distinct periods. The first limited to a series of ceramic Buddha by Sorkh Qol, practically is Turk pre-Islamic, just prior to shards, most found on the surface, at the foot of the cliff. We chose the Ghaznevid; the second period with the exception of some found this location in the hope of finding — of the Ghaznevids and the through the surveys on the sites the fortified walls of the pre- Khwarazmshahs — is short, and of Zohak and Gholghola cities. The Islamic city of Bamiyan. We were the site for a time was abandoned. research undertaken prior to ours close. Instead of finding the The most flourishing Muslim was the work of famous southern face of the fortified wall, period for this site followed, that specialists, Gardin (1957), Gardin we discovered constructions built of the Ghurids, who established and Lyonnet (1987, and in Le against it. A careful study of our their second capital at Bamiyan. Berre et al. 1987b) and finally 1967 photographs shows that this Following the Mongol hiatus — the Baker and Allchin (1991), but area was used as a cultivated field, brutal passage of Chingis Khan should, however, be confirmed irrigated by a canal which is dry and the near total destruction of now through excavations such as today. A few years later it became all habitats, as seen in the layers ours. We hope that our a pond or reservoir. The layer of

13 rather than ceramic kilns. We that was left were the west and found a grinding device in situ, south walls and the southwest with a fixed (inferior) circular corner of this tower, which had millstone and a mobile superior obviously been built on a square millstone. The floor with its plan. In addition, during its long remains of glass paste (pâte de period of abandonment, it had verre) and glass shards been used to store hay and food originating from the making of for cattle; its plan had undergone vases suggest that these were such degradation that it had workshops for glass manu- almost became circular. A further facture. There were as well two complication for this investigation ovens or smithies and two is the fact Sorkh Qol is located in storage pits. the path of streams which flow into Until now no serious study the valley on the weather’s whim. has been done regarding the Thus, as we observed, a major industry of glassmaking during storm of 2005 had devastated the the Muslim period in Afghanistan irrigation channels in the area. and specifically in Bamiyan. The raw bricks fallen from the Readers may wish to refer to my two walls had the following research (Tarzi 2001, 97-99) dimensions: 38x20x6 cm, concerning this craft in 33x20x6 cm, 31x19x6 cm, northwestern India and its 27x20x6 cm. We discovered that relationship with China and the the foundations of the tower were Fig. 6. Bamiyan Royal City site no. 2 Muslim world. placed on a sandy ground in which (VR 2), general view of the glass or we found many glazed shards ceramics workshop. Photograph copy- B – The Sorkh Qol tower dating from the Muslim period. right © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. Near the eastern part of the tower Based on my own recollections deeper excavations (1.40 m) loess (pure clay) at the bottom of and 1967 photographs, the two unearthed only the foundation the pond is visible in our trenches. Sorkh Qol towers reminded me of seat of a wall, aligned northeast We excavated in two places: A, the sites in Chinese Turkestan. I to southwest, 0.70 m in width, cut first sector, to the north and at the thought then they might belong in its center by the foundation seat immediate south of the fortified to the fortifications of the royal of a second wall, itself positioned wall; B, the second sector to the city, the pre-Islamic capital of east-west and 0.40 m in width. southwest of the first em- Bamiyan. Since these two towers The two walls formed angles of 25o placement of a tower also visible now have been destroyed, I and 65o. At the same level of these in our 1967 photograph. wanted to find their locations in walls but further to the northwest order to excavate their found- of our excavation, we discovered A - Glass workshops (?) [Figs. 6, ations and establish their a more or less rectangular tiled 7] relationship to the wall that gutter. It is probable that we are connected them. Nothing is left of in the courtyard of a large In this sector we excavated eight the first tower located to the construction. Unfortunately, given 4m x4m squares, C5-C7, D5-D7 northwest. Its and E5-E7. The chronology materials were remains the same as for VR1. totally repro- However the positioning of the cessed for the structures does not change: they construction of a superimpose one another from the house which is end of the Turk period until the end now inhabited. of the Ghurid period. Two large The site of the ensembles were excavated. second tower, Because all of the constructions larger than the have not yet been fully unearthed first and further it is difficult to establish the to the southeast, relationship of one to the other. remains Nevertheless we are certain that unoccupied. We here is an ensemble of workshops were told by the where the kilns (vertical), such as inhabitants that, Fig. 7. Bamiyan Royal City site no. 2 (VR 2), glass work- small size tandoors, most likely prior to its final shop, detail, showing lower part of a millstone. Photo- served as smithies or hearths destruction, all graph copyright © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi.

14 (Delegation d’Archéologie Française en Afghanistan) to send us their restoration expert to demonstrate the use of new polymerized glass- based products for the consolidation of clay. In the same central sector of Massif A, we expanded our excavation squares around Stupa no. 2 in order to acquire a good and easy read of the chapel’s plan that surrounds it. First Fig. 9. Bamiyan Eastern Monastery (MO). Bottom we had to unearth the part of clay Buddha statue along W wall of Gallery western side of the A9. Photograph copyright © 2006 DAFA; stupa and pursue Zemaryalai Tarzi. excavations on the Fig. 8. Bamiyan Eastern Monastery northwestern sides. During this isolated feet are preserved in situ; (MO), Gallery A9. Clay molding with series of excavations we some are preserved to the knees. polychrome, representing a sitting discovered a clay votive stupa to Buddha in meditation. H 43 cm, W 29 cm at shoulder. Inv. no. BAM. the west (Stupa no. 5), two other Chapel A (= Caitya A), around V.06.1. Photograph copyright © clay votive stupas (Stupas nos. 6- Stupa no. 2 [Figs. 10; 11, 12 next 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi 7), and a series of benches on page] which presumably had stood 22 rapid erosion due to the streams, large clay Buddha statues. Of this In order for us to acquire a better excavations in 2007 may bring number, 14 pairs of feet and 5 understanding of the architecture only minor results.

Site IV. The Excavations at MO

Since 2002 we have been excavating the site of the Eastern Monastery referred to in our text as MO. At the end of each excavation campaign we re-bury the remains on site under several meters of soil. The first two weeks of excavations at MO were devoted to the costly and difficult task of reopening squares previously excavated. We enlarged Gallery A9 in which we had previously found many sculptures, largely composed of clay moldings with polychrome intact. Our discoveries this year however were more modest than in previous years: a clay statue representing a sitting Buddha in meditation [Fig. 8], the bottom part of a standing clay statue [Fig. 9] in situ, and many more fragments. Our efforts here were concentrated on the restoration of previously unearthed moldings too fragile to be Fig. 10. Bamiyan Eastern Monastery (MO). Detail of excavation plan, showing moved. We asked the DAFA Caitya A. Copyright © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi.

15 width of the corridor was reduced at the level of the masonry blocks, thus creating large pilasters against the enclosing wall. We did not find any traces of fire or a significant amount of compacted clay on the floor of the corridor(s) or of the four corner cells, which brings us to conclude that their covering was not made out of wood. In this case one can suppose that each of the four corner cells was roofed by a cupola resting on squinches and the corridors by barrel vaults. The nearly square central courtyard measured 9.50 m on a side. In its center is Stupa no. 2, also with a square plan and Fig. 11. Bamiyan Eastern Monastery (MO), Gallery A9. View of chapel (caitya) measuring 5.25 m. Therefore the from E with Stupa no.2 in its center. Photograph copyright © 2006 DAFA; circumambulation path (pradak- Zemaryalai Tarzi. sinaptha) did not exceed 2.20 m in width. In the middle of each side of Fig. 12. Bamiyan East- the courtyards each arm of the ern Monastery (MO), NE ‘cross’ is a structure like an ‘iwan’ corner of courtyard of opening on Stupa no. 2 (iwan N, Stupa no.2, with pairs of feet on benches. Photo- S, E and W). Logic would suggest graph copyright © 2006 that each of these iwans be DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. covered with a barrel vault. However signs of fire at the level where there were niches to support beams and joists prove of the site and ensembles in the four corners is a cell 3,50m x that each iwan was covered with Bamiyan Valley, we first studied 3,50m square (cells N, NE, SW, a wooden roof and had an this monastic complex — a caitya, SE). A corridor parallel to the attached portico. The Pradak- a sort of a large cruciform chapel ‘enclosing’ wall joined each cell to sinapatha around Stupa no. 2 placed in a square plan — the next one. These four corner initially had a schist or slated separately from its surrounding cells and their communicating limestone tiled floor, which context of the other constructions corridors had their inner sides subsequently was covered with a of the MO. This large caitya was defined by communicating with Gallery A9 to enormous blocks the east, which in turn gave of masonry simi- access to a similar yet probably lar to the double smaller complex that had in its towers of the center Stupa no. 4 (see below). corners of the To the north, it communicated Tall-i Takht forti- with other galleries and corridors. fications To the south, it was delimited by (Stronach 1978) an attached portico where we and the Nee found significant traces of fire (cf. Royal city 2005 report). Excavation of the (Ghirshman MO1 square gave us more precise 1946). These information on the western wall double massifs of this ensemble. were also rein- forced by the corners of the Fig. 13. Bamiyan Eastern Monastery (MO), Stupa no. 2 Caitya A is surrounded by four caitya’s central from SW. Photograph copyright © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai walls, 2.15 m thick. At each of the courtyard. The Tarzi.

16 layer of lime stucco, as also was Stupa no. 2. Finally, probably Fig. 15. Bamiyan th th between the 6 and 9 centuries Eastern Monas- CE, the floor was completely tery (MO), a part covered by a layer of clay which of the excavated has retained the traces of fire. relics from Stupa no. 2. Photograph Stupa no. 2 [Fig. 13, facing page] copyright © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. In 2005 we excavated three sides of this stupa. Two (east and south) were unearthed completely and unidentifiable the north partially. In 2006 we stupas. At the upper level though, fragments. We might interpret completed excavation of the there is something new: on each these findings in the following way. monument. Its form and its stucco side of the stupa are three It may be that the persons in coating links it to the stupas of relatively deep niches on top of charge of the restoration of this Gandhara and more specifically of molded bases, flanked by pilasters stupa, between the 6th and 9th Hadda, the location of the first or columns whose circular, molded century CE, left the relics in stupa to be found to the north of bases are like ionic bases. The few disarray. Such has been noted the Hindu Kush. It consists of a architectonic elements still left on previously, for example in Butkara platform on a plinth, a torus, scotia this row are very interesting (Facenna 1980-1981), where or cavetto of the ‘classical’ type of indeed, but will require further relics were divided and placed Hadda, and on each side, seven investigation in order to give a behind the niches of a monument pilasters, two of which are located complete description. instead of inside a reliquary. This at the corners. Each pilaster is on Despite the deterioration of its was exactly the case with our a molded base composed of a exterior, Stupa no. 2 had not been Stupa no. 4 to which we shall plinth, a torus, and cavetto or disturbed by illegal excavation in return later. In conclusion I should hollow molding. The shafts of the the past. So we excavated its note that, while we attempted to pilasters are without any center vertically, in the hope of reach a deeper floor such as that decoration. The capitals are of the discovering a reliquary and its attained in A6 in 2003, we Corinthian type with a row of relics. We were absolutely excavated Stupa no. 2 only to a polylobed acanthus leaves surprised at the finds. In the depth of 550 cm. As our workers hanging on the abacus [Fig. 14]. southeastern corner of the stupa, became increasingly endangered within the compact masonry, in the narrowing trench of the about 0.50 cm from the top of the excavation, we had to cease our edifice, we found a bronze bell, a activities. bronze earring with screw and chiseled rings and a thin gold Stupas nos. 3, 5-7, around Stupa circular plaque in the shape of a no. 2 ring [Fig. 15]. At the same depth towards the northwest, we Stupa no. 3 [Fig. 16] discovered ivory beads, fine stones and gems, and further to Stupa no. 3 was partially the west we found 5 more bronze unearthed last year in the eastern rings, one of which seems to be a ring with a bulge for a bezel, a small bronze coin, etc. Our discoveries ceased at about 1.60 cm, almost at the ground level of Stupa no. 2. At that level we also Fig. 14. Bamiyan Eastern Monastery found several (MO), one of the pilasters of stupa no. 2. Photograph copyright © 2006 fragments of very DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. small gold petals and a small and very In the lower levels then, there is thin bronze coin Fig. 16. Bamiyan Eastern Monastery (MO), NW cor- no difference from the Gandhara broken into several ner of votive Stupa no. 3, detail. Photograph copyright © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi.

17 ‘iwan’ or arm of the cross of Chapel A. In 2006 we unearthed its eastern side and its eastern and northern stairs. It is a miniaturized clay votive stupa, preserved on two levels only, since it was partially crushed due to the collapse of the walls and the roof. Its plan is square, but with its four stairs and their landings it has a cruciform shape. In some places it preserves its entire painted relief decoration, little columns, modillons etc. Its north-south length measures 196 cm and its east-west length measures 199 cm. Our stupa resembles the clay votive stupas of Tape Sardar at Ghazni (Taddei 1985). There is a difference, however, in that the Fig. 17. Bamiyan Eastern Monastery (MO), clay votive Stupa No. 5, located W stupa in Bamiyan is not placed in of Stupa no. 2. Photograph copyright © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. a lotus flower as is the stupa at Ghazni. Stupa no. 3 of Bamiyan is Stupa no. 4 [Fig. 19] similar to the stupas of the kind represented on the baked clay We anticipated we would find a plaques of Kashmir (Kak 1933) stupa in this location (squares NE and the painted murals of the B20 and NE C20). In order to Bamiyan grottos. Prof. Taddei had reach it we had to demolish a wall dated the second period of Tape separating two fields. With the Sardar from the 6th to the 7th consent of the fields’ owners, MM. century CE (Taddei 1968). The Bahauddin and Khan Mohammad destruction of Bamiyan in the 9th we proceeded without damaging century CE is historically attested. a very old poplar tree. We were It is therefore reasonable to date disappointed with the results of the construction of Stupa no. 3 of the excavation because the stupa the MO of Bamiyan between the had been extensively plundered in 6th and 9th century CE. the past. Was this act of Fig. 18. Bamiyan Eastern Monastery (MO), vandalism, dating probably from Stupa no. 5 [Fig. 17] clay votive Stupas nos. 6 and 7, located N the Ghurid period, due to the of Stupa no. 2. Photograph copyright © salvaging of the construction stone This stupa is the twin of Stupa no. 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. or the limestone coating, or was 3, almost of the same dimensions, were preserved; the higher levels, this systematic destruction aimed better preserved in its form but as with Stupas nos. 3 and 5, were at recovering the reliquary hidden less so in its miniaturized relief completely crushed decoration. It is to be noted that by the collapse of some panels on the façade were the walls and roofs. adorned with images: seated Their lower levels figures in a nimbus at the lower consist of a platform level and standing figures in a on a plinth and an nimbus at the upper level, possibly unadorned scotia. images of the Buddha in miniature Their upper levels and made in the pure tradition of have the beginning the Bamiyan artistic school. of a square body adorned by pilasters Stupas nos. 6 and 7 [Fig. 18] which have dis- integrated. This type These two clay votive stupas were of stupa is often built on an irregular square plan. found in Hadda Fig. 19. Bamiyan Eastern Monastery (MO), Stupa One side of the square measures where it is usually no. 4. Photograph copyright © 2006 DAFA; approximately 115 cm. Two levels stuccoed. Zemaryalai Tarzi.

18 its origin when the results come back from the laboratory.

Stupa no. 1 (western survey)

This survey was done differently from our usual square pattern. The goal was to find the northwest corner of the Great Stupa no. 1 in order to get the exact measurement of one side of the square plan for this monument. We established that the northern side measures 29-30 m. This very Fig. 20. Bamiyan Eastern Monastery large survey of more than 10 m in (MO), Stupa no. 4. Reliquary in the length improves our under- shape of a small globular pot. H 5.7 standing of this monument and cm, Dia. 5.5 cm. Inv. no. BAM, V.06- Fig. 21. Contents of the reliquary BAM, the site of MO [Fig. 22]. In addition 187. Photograph copyright © 2006 V.06-187: beads, agate, ivory and two the excavation revealed the DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. small pearls. Photograph copyright © western landing of the northern 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. behind the niches of the stairs of the stupa [Fig. 23]. Two other discoveries should be noted: monument? Indeed, in con- diameter — contained 5 beads, 2 firmation of our second of which were totally decomposed • It looks as though in its first hypothesis, we found at 200 cm a marine pearls and one of which state of decoration the stupa had reliquary [Fig. 20]. This little was an ochre-orange soft stone in a stucco coating. reliquary — a small globular pot, a disk shape with a hole in its • It is also important to explain 7 cm high with a 5.5 cm maximum center [Fig. 21]. The lid sealing the why around the base of the relics was made stupa there is a considerable of a type of thickness in the layer left by the decomposed fire. This layer is composed of mastic; we will burnt clay fragments, burnt know more about wood and many iron or bronze

19 with a hill and certain we have to proceed with three arches, caution when attempting to the date can explain a chronological hypo- be pushed thesis. The only written back to the 2nd information available to us is in the century CE Chinese and Muslim sources that (Rapson 1908; shed some light on the second Allan 1936; great period of Bamiyan. It is our Mitch-iner excavation data which enable us 1976). I dated to determine the first great period the second and place it between the 3rd and period to the the 5th century CE, with the 6th century CE possibility that we can extend this in my first period back to the 2nd century CE. Fig. 24. Bamiyan Eastern Monastery (MO), Stupa no.1: traces thesis on Of particular interest in this of fire, 9th century CE. Photograph copyright © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. Bamiyan (Tarzi chronology is to learn what caused 1977). This a general degradation involving fragments [Fig. 24]. It is quite date corresponded to that of the the profanation of many statues. possible that Stupa no. 1 was construction of the 55 m Buddha One could attribute this encircled by a wooden railing statue and with the restoration of destruction to the Sasanians in the (vedika or pado-vedika) sup- the ensemble of the 38 m Buddha time of Shapur or to the ported in some places by clay statue. It is to this second period Hephthalites. masonry. that I attribute the realization and extension of the ‘Eastern We know for certain that the Northwest Sector (excavations in Monastery’ (MO), in which we hiatus between the first and the clover field) hope to find the 1000-foot-long second periods is rather large and reclining Buddha statue translates into an accumulation of For several years I wanted to open mentioned by Chinese pilgrim soil and embankment 1 m – 1.5 a site that would extend the Xuanzang. The carbon 14 analysis m thick. Also certain is that the northern limits of the MO to the of vegetal and animal fibers from second great period of Bamiyan north and at the foot of the Great the coating of the 38 m Buddha corresponds to its seizure by the Cliff. Reaching an agreement with statue done by the German team western Turks. Indeed whether the owners took a long time, but in charge of the protection of the the central power at Bamiyan is we eventually were able to open fragments of the two large statues Hephthalite or local (Tajik), politics the site on August 13th. Our guest supports my proposed dating, of Central Asia at the time were of honor, Roland Bezenval, viz.: the second great period of governed by the Western Turks, Director of the DAFA, broke the Bamiyan begins in the middle of the same ones who asked ground with the first shovelful of the 6th century CE. When we reach Xuanzang to go through Balkh and dirt. It became a very large the level of the fire of the 9th Bamiyan, two cities that were not survey, 25m x 2.5m, that crossed century CE, I will ask the Germans on the initial itinerary of the the field south to north. Due to the for more analysis. What is certain Chinese pilgrim. collapse of the cliff in the northern is that the moldings unearthed in part of the survey, there one has Gallery A9 date from before the The ceramics and chronological to go at least 7 m deep to obtain 6th century CE. I have carried out precision results. Given the size of the task a careful comparison with the clay we will have to pursue the moldings of Hadda on the site of The study of the ceramics we operation in 2007. Tape Shotor (Tarzi 1976) and of excavated remains to be done. Tape Sardar in Ghazni — Yet the discovery of shards found The Chronology excavated by my colleagues and in the site of MO along its long wall friends Profs. Maurizio Taddei V, in survey N (north), has already The pre-Islamic period (1968, 1981, 1985) and Giovanni produced valuable information Verardi (1981, 1989). Based on (Tarzi 2005). These pre-Islamic In 2003 and 2004 we discovered stylistic and technical criteria in ceramics, which we will detail later, the two great periods of Bamiyan the analysis of the pre-molded consist of two lots: one from the around Stupa no. 1 (BN, BS, BW clay curls, I am able to date these 2nd – 5th century CE and another and A6 and A8). I had initially to the 3rd - 5th century CE. from the 6th – 9th century CE. estimated the first period to be of Indeed it is to Ya’qub bin Laith as- the 3rd century CE. However, Because the history of Central Saffar in 871 CE that I attribute thanks to the discovery in 2004 of Asia is yet inadequately known the end of life at the MO, the ceramics and of an Indian coin and no dates are absolutely destruction of Bamiyan in general

20 and of the statues and their had been politically undermined historians such as Yaqubi and temples. Further study of the first by the fleeting coalition of the Tabari, who describe the gradual group of ceramics needs to be Sasanians and Western Turks [Fig. shift from one religion to another done. The second lot is composed 25]. However, in our research among the local population. Such of shards generally similar to the regarding Bamiyan in particular study is necessary to understand ones found by Le Berre in the and more generally Central Asia why we find in our excavations fortified castles of the Hindukush to the northwest of India, we find Turk ceramics of the early Islamic and published by Jean-Claude a discrepancy between the hand- period. Despite attacks by the Gardin and Bertille Lyonnet (in Le made Turk ceramics and the dozen Samanids and the Ghaznevids, Berre 1987a, b) and Piers Baker or so surviving issues of several Sardars (Sar = lords, (1991). Hephthalite coinage. wrongly labeled by the Arabs as It is with too much caution that Sher) managed to stand up to We do not yet have definitive them and remain loyal to their these ceramics are termed ‘turco- answers regarding the Heph- hephthalite’ and attributed both to religion, Buddhism, until 987 CE. thalites and their art. However, This is probably why the ceramics the Hepthalites and the Turks. there is no reason to doubt the Hephthalite ceramics, generally of Bamiyan during the Samanid well founded hypotheses of my and Ghaznevid periods occupy a made in the Kushan tradition, are colleagues Roman Ghirshman difficult to identify. In some modest place [Fig. 26] among our (1948), Robert Göbl (1967) and finds. On the other hand the regions they seem to be inspired Shoshin Kuwayama (1989, 2002). by the Kushano-Sasanids, and in Ghurid period is amply We should continue to study represented in its ceramic forms some cases can be included in the closely the Hephthalites taking Begram III group (Kuwayama into consideration the Tape Sardar 1991). In Hadda, for example, (Ghazni) Italian excavations, the nothing allows us to distinguish 2004 and 2005 Afghan ex- between the Kushan and cavations at Khwadja Safa and Hephthalite ceramics. On the Tape Narendj in Kabul, and my other hand, there the Turk own excavations in Hadda. To ceramics are obvious and specific. these we should add the DAFA These hand-made ceramics have excavations at Tape Alghata near been very well analyzed by Gardin the village of Dadal (Myadan- and Lyonnet, both from the Wardak province) and my standpoint of techniques of excavations in Bamiyan. Sadly shaping and polishing and the use there has also been a series of of under-glazes, and from the illegal excavation in Khawar, Fig. 26. Bamiyan Royal City site no. 1 standpoint of the symbols and Messe Aynak of Logar or Khord in (VR 1), ceramic with painted geomet- motifs in the painted designs, Kabul, and many other sites. Our ric and vegetal decoration in relief in th which reflect a connection with the duty is to provide documentation the Muslim layers (12 century CE?) (BAM.V.06.MS18). Photograph copy- peoples of the steppes. These so that specialists will be able to right © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. ceramics appear at a later date study and interpret our database th (second half of the 6 century CE) objectively. Until our future at a time when the Hephthalites and their new decorations, all of excavations uncover Hepthalite which are very important coins we will continue to attribute regarding the history of the region the pre-Islamic art of Bamiyan to [Figs. 27-29, next page]. Once the post-Kushan period, including more thanks to historical texts, the Kidarites, Hephthalites and especially the Tabakat-i Nasiri of Turks. Dzuzdjani (Dzuzdjani 1963-1964; Raverty 1881), and studies by The Islamic Period Bosworth (1961) and Barthold (1977), we learn that Bamiyan The ceramic and numismatic served as a capital for the evidence Shansabani kings of Ghur, starting with Fakhr al-Din Mascud (1163 A. Ceramics CE) and ending with Djalal al-Din cAli (1213 CE) and ‘Ala’ al-Din The transition between the pre- Muhammad. We know that the city Fig. 25. Bamiyan Royal City site no. 2 Islamic and Islamic period is of Gholghola also served as (VR 2),Turk ceramic (BAM.V.06. representative of the history of the capital. The royal Ghurid city ”tower”—140 cm). Photograph copy- Bamiyan Valley. One should take extended over a kilometer from right © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. into account the writings of the south where today’s Bamiyan

21 Fig. 29. BAM.V.06.MS20-160 cm (12th century CE?).

Fig. 27. BAM.V.06.MS20-160 cm. to the city of coins in our excavations of 2003- Bamiyan Royal City site no. 1 (VR 1), ceramics with Gholghola. We 2005, we know that the beginning nd polychrome of the Muslim period. Photographs copy- have to investi- of Bamiyan was around the 2 or rd right © 2006 DAFA; Zemaryalai Tarzi. gate further why 3 century CE. The discovery of a there is such an bronze coin depicting the image Fig. 28. BAM.V.06.MS20-160 cm (12th century CE?). abundance of of a Greco-Bactrian king (first half Muslim ceramics of the 2nd century CE) is very in Bamiyan on important despite the fact that it several levels and in was not found in the earliest layers many places in the of Bamiyan. Further investigations valley. Once we will be necessary. Our exca- finish our photo vations, especially of the Turk processing for the ceramics, have shed light on the excavations of 2006, end of the Buddhist period of the we will be able to valley around the 9th century and tackle this question on the relationship between this more seriously. pre-Islamic period and the beginning of the Islamic period. B.Numismatic One can say that this phase of evidence archaeological uncertainty concerning the transition between To date we have not the two great periods is a cleaned the coins we reflection of the history of found. In 2006 we Bamiyan, when its Buddhist found no Greek or sovereigns converted to Islam and Kushan coins. We its monuments devoted to the cult found several thin of Sakyamuni were brutally Muslim bronze coins destroyed by Ya’qub bin Laith as- airport is to the edge of the probably from the Ghaznevid Saffar in the 9th century CE. plateau on the north and was period, a few Ghurid coins, and Nonetheless, Buddhism would last called Tape Almas. Gholghola was even a few from the modern still until the Ghaznevid period. its citadel. This city and its citadel period such as the reign of the former king of Afghanistan were taken first by the Further study of the Muslim Mohammad Zaher Shah al Khwarazmshahs (1215 CE) and ceramics and the study of the Motawakelellalah. later by Chingis Khan. numismatic evidence will enable According to Gardin (1957), the us to establish more precise dates. Khwarazmshahi and Ghurid Conclusion We have found so far Ghaznevid, ceramics originating from Khwarazmshahi and Ghurid coins Gholghola city were the product It is a challenge to draw a dating from the 10th-13th centuries of an imported Iranian workshop, conclusion from this scientific CE right up to the abandonment whose brief duration lasted from patchwork without being able to and destruction of the site by approximately 1175 into the 13th include carbon 14 analysis or other Chingis Khan. Once we have century CE. As Gardin also noted, laboratory test results. Thanks to cleaned these coins it will be these ceramics were not limited the discovery of ceramics and possible to date with more

22 precision the stratigraphy, which County Museum of Art, October, album photographique. Mémoires will then make possible the use of 1970. Leiden: Brill, 1972: 1-26. de la Délélegation archéologique the glazed ceramics as an française en Afghanistan [Mém. Allchin and Hammond 1978 indispensable tool in identifying DAFA], 4. Paris: G. van Oest, the archaeological layers we F. Raymond Allchin and Norman 1930. encounter in Bamiyan. Hammond, eds. The Archaeology of Afghanistan from Earliest Times Beal 1983 About the Author to the Timurid period. London; Samuel Beal, tr. Si-yu-ki. Buddhist New York: Academic Press, 1978. Records of the Western World. Translated from the Chinese of Born in 1939 in Kabul, Professor Abu al-Fazl 1939 Hiuen Tsiang AD 629. 2nd ed. New Zemaryalai Tarzi completed his Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak. The A’in- Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint studies under the supervision of i Akbari [by] Abu’l-Fazl ‘Allami. Corp., 1983 (1st ed., 1884). Professor Daniel Schlumberger, in Henry Blochmann, tr. Douglas C. the process obtaining three PhDs. Phillott, ed. 2nd ed. revised. Beal 1888 From 1973 to 1979, he was Bibliotheca Indica, N.S., Work no. Samuel Beal, tr. Life of Hiuen- Director General of Archaeology 61, Vol. 1. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic tsiang by the Shamans Hwui li and and Preservation of Historical Society of Bengal, 1939. Yen-tsung, with a preface Monuments of Afghanistan. He containing an account of the works later directed the excavations in Ball 1982 of I-Tsing. London: Trübner, 1888. Bamiyan and Hadda on the sites Warwick Ball, avec la collaboration Breshna 1972 of Tape Shotor and Tape Tope de Jean-Claude Gardin. Archae- Kalan. Exiled to France in 1979, ological Gazetteer of Afghanistan. A. G. Breshna. “A Glance at the he is currently Professor of Eastern Catalogue des sites archéolo- History of Fine Arts in Archaeology at the Marc Bloch II giques d’Afghanistan. 2 tt. Paris: Afghanistan.” Afghanistan 25/3 University of Strasbourg, France, Editions Recherche sur les (1972): 11-21. and will go to Kabul University in civilisations, 1982. Bivar 1971 early March 2007 to teach their Baker and Allchin 1991 A. D. H. Bivar. “Hayatila.” The archaeology Master’s students in Encyclopaedia of Islam, New ed., Farsi. He is Director for the French Piers H. B. Baker and F. Raymond Vol. 3 (Leiden: Brill; London: Archaeological Missions for the Allchin. Shar-i Zohak and the Luzac, 1971): 303-304 Surveys and Excavations of History of the Bamiyan Valley, Bamiyan, the mission having been Afghanistan. Ancient India and Bivar 1998 co-funded by the National Iran Trust Series, No. 1. Oxford: A. D. H. Bivar. “The Sasanian Geographic Society since 2004. BAR, 1991. Princes at Bamiyan.” in: Vesta S. Prof. Tarzi is the author of some Barthold 1913 Curtis, et al. eds. The Art and seventy-five articles and books. Wilhelm Barthold (V. V. Bartol’d). Archaeology of Ancient Persia: He is also President for the “Bamiyan.” The Encyclopaedia of New Light on the Parthians and Association for the Protection of Islam, Vol. 1 (Leiden: Brill; Sasanian Empires. London; New Afghan Archaeology, Inc. (San London: Luzac, 1913): 643-4. York: I. B. Tauris, 1998: 103-110. Francisco, California), whose Bosworth 1961 managing director and founder is Barthold 1977 Clifford E. Bosworth. “The early his daughter Nadia Tarzi. For more Wilhelm Barthold (V. V. Bartol’d). Islamic history of Ghur.” Central information please contact Turkestan down to the Mongol Asiatic Journal, 6 (1961): 116- [email protected] and/or visit http:/ Invasion, 4th ed. E. J. W. Gibb 133. /www.apaa.info. Memorial Series, N. S., 5 (1e ed.1928), London: E. J. W. Gibb Bosworth 1965 References Memorial Trust, 1977 (reprint of Clifford E. Bosworth. “Ghurids.” revised and expanded 3rd ed., The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New 1968; 1st ed. 1928). Allan 1936 ed., Vol. 2 (Leiden: Brill; London: Luzac, 1965): 1099-1104. John Allan. Catalogue of the Coins Barthold and Allchin 1960 of Ancient India. London: British Wilhelm Barthold and F. Raymond Bosworth 1973 Museum, 1936 (reprinted 1967). Allchin. “Bamiyan.” The Encyclo- Clifford E. Bosworth. The paedia of Islam, New ed., Vol. 1 Allchin 1972 Ghaznavids, Their Empire in (Leiden: Brill; London: Luzac, Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, F. Raymond Allchin. “A cruciform 1960): 1009-1010. 994-1040. 2nd ed. Beirut, 1973 reliquary from Shaikhan Dheri.” (1st ed., 1963). In: Pratapaditya Pal, ed. Aspects Barthoux 1930 of Indian Art. Papers Presented in Jules J. Barthoux. Les fouilles de Bosworth 1996 a Symposium at the Los Angeles Hadda. T. 3 . Figures et figurines, Clifford E. Bosworth. Les dynasties

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