FMR 58 relations between all three groups of people and their livestock was key to finding solutions. key to finding was livestock their and people of groups three all between relations the Understanding peoples. nomadic and population local the between relationships existing the disrupting livestock, their with arrived refugees when arose tensions , South In saw hostilities rekindled in September September in rekindled saw hostilities regions both Sudan’s and independence, way for South the opened that agreement peace the in clarified fully not was states Sudan’sin Kordofan South Blue and Nile regions of border war. However, status the of civil decades after Sudan from separating July 2011, world’s in the country newest became Sudan of South Republic The relations The role of livestock in refugee–host community can that disciplines of different range the indicates migration, of studies scientific in part taken also who has artist by an piece, This connected. closely are migration, of experience the shape and migration, animal and human to contribute that factors environmental shows, the Robertson Derek by article the As environments. natural larger within situated always dynamically are ones, urban even camps, And landscape. surrounding its and itself camp the to enclosures or nearby shelters own their from animals, of their needs the around spaces (or reorganise) organise refugees which ways in the inform will turn in This lives. economic and social refugees’ by, in role their affected be and affect, also it will have –and they impact psychological the influence will animals different of significance cultural outrage. The but an unwelcome just not be home would the adog in others in while ‘a ahouse’,that just adog is home without believe people places some in vary: will matter they how Precisely of humans. health emotional and psychological the in matter how animals much illustrates network our in psychotherapist by aclinical Nepal and Calais in work camps therapy in done art The simply not biomedical. are connections those to Buthumans). animals from transmitted be Charles Hoots June 2018 Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/ University ofGlasgow [email protected] Benjamin ThomasWhite relevance. of are fields which diverse and many of the any in researchers and practitioners from project own of our stage initial this to We would welcome responses subject. of the understanding our to contribute community have sometimes been difficult, difficult, been have sometimes community local outnumbered heavily the with relations refugees’ the state, in Sudan. South in border the across refuge seek to Blue state Nile from goats, and sheep of cattle, of thousands tens with along people, drove nearly 125,000 offensives ground 2011. and bombardment Aerial http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey024 Baquba, Iraq,1918–20’,JournalofRefugeeStudies 7. WhiteBT(2018)‘Humansandanimalsinarefugeecamp: 205708/Z/16/Z]. Award inHumanitiesandSocialScience 2016[award reference 6. ‘Humansandanimalsinrefugeecamps’,Wellcome TrustSeed http://bit.ly/UNHCR-Livestock-handbook-2005 Returnee Situations: A PracticalHandbookforImproved Management IUCN (2005)Livestock-Keeping and Animal HusbandryinRefugeeand www.livestock-emergency.net/resources/download-legs; UNHCR/ Standards (2ndedition)Practical Action Publishing 5. SeeforexampleLEGS(2014)Livestock EmergencyGuidelinesand www.fmreview.org/climatechange-disasters/beirne-keltyhuber migration’, ForcedMigrationReview OUP; BeirnePandKelty-HuberC(2015)‘Animals andforced (2014) TheOxfordHandbookofRefugeeandForcedMigrationStudies 4. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh E,LoescherG,Long K andSigonaN(Eds) Camp, Cox’sBazar Situation, andPossibleIntervention SitesinandaroundKutupalong Survey ReportonElephantMovement, Human-ElephantConflict 3. InternationalUnionfortheConservation ofNature(2018) Refugee Camp,PortobelloBooks 2. Rawlence B(2016)CityofThorns:NineLives intheWorld’sLargest Western Sahara,LarsMüllerPublishers302–303,340–347 1. HerzM(Ed)(2012)FromCamptoCity:RefugeeCampsofthe Living in four camps in Maban County County Maban in camps four in Living www.unhcr.org/5a9946a34 www.fmreview.org/economies issue49:97–98

, 71 72 this area – number approximately 45,000. approximately –number area this in community host –the people Maban The The peopleandtheiranimals tensions. reduce to groups various the between able forge agreements were to (NGOs) organisations governmental non- and agencies (UN) Nations United however, communities, local and refugee both and government local and State involving efforts Through conflicts. the in role important an playing livestock with also grow a variety of crops on small plots plots small on of crops a variety grow also people Maban member. The of acommunity death or accidental murder event of injury, the in compensation as given be may also cash, to addition in Livestock, wife. prospective of his family the to groom’s by the family payment the in component important an are and emergency, an in or bartered sold for cash be can They roles. important play other animals people, their Maban by the minimally only consumed are products their and livestock day. the Although during scavenge and graze to free are animals cow. one at these least All own households of Maban thirds two about while chickens, up ten to and goats, and sheep pigs, eight to up cattle, six to up four to one typically livestock, some keep families Maban Nearly all villages. as to referred often are what forming of others, anumber to loosely connected group each with homesteads, thatch of mud and groups small in live They Gendrassa refugee camp, . South camp, refugee Gendrassa www.fmreview.org/economies Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps

1 entered South Sudan between November and November and between Sudan South entered Mbororo 2011, hundred afew only perhaps Sudan’s in South independence following situation political uncertain the With survival. for livestock their on exclusively almost but depend people Ingessena and Maban the of ways those to similar in livestock their use Mbororo The then. begin that rains heavy the tolerate do not cattle their May as in north November, in returning season dry the of onset the andat goats sheep cattle, their with County Maban in arrive Mbororo The of grazing. search in Ethiopia neighbouring and Sudan Blue South state, Nile between moving lifestyle, nomadic entirely follow an – population Sudan’s Fulfulde-speaking prestige. of social asymbol and parties, third on inflicted or death injury damages, for compensation awife, of securing means a emergencies, in of cash asource as and occasions, for special meat on and for milk transport, and agriculture in for use animals their on depend Ingessana At home, the Ingessana. the –is them with of livestock numbers large bring to people only the and – group single largest Blue the state, Nile Sudan’s from groups linguistic numerous from come County Maban in refugees the While Maban. of conditions wetter the to unused and long trek the from stressed have to perished, thought is livestock refugee of the up half to year of that end The Mbororo nomads – a subset of –asubset nomads Mbororo The

UNHCR/C Pouilly although by the by the although County, Maban to goats and sheep and 150,000 cattle around 100,000 haveto brought estimated were state Sudan’s from refugees villages. the around and in living livestock by the damage prevent to order in dwellings their from more or akilometre half located are which By mid-2012, By mid-2012, June 2018

FMR 58 FMR 58 date on vaccinations – than are the local local the are –than vaccinations on date up to them by keeping –notably livestock of their care the in proactive more are generally Mbororo the that recognises population Maban However, local the pass. they which through communities the between diseases infectious of spreading capable are animals, all but, like robust are nomads mobile highly of the animals The arrangements. by long-standing regulated well are communities Maban local and Mbororo the between arrangements Grazing Mbororo: the and community host Maban Sources ofconflict lifestyles. their about rumours but also admiration move freely, about exciting and languages local no other speak often ‘cautious’. themselves, to keep Mbororo The as described best is nomads Mbororo the peopletowards Maban the of attitude general war. The civil long Sudanese the during suffering mutual by their reinforced been has communities these between solidarity the and affinity, have acultural diverse, culturally and linguistically although Sudan, South in County Maban and Sudan of in Blue state peoples Nile indigenous The Sources ofsolidarity and goats. sheep 50,000 and cattle at 50,000 nomads by Mbororo goats; and and sheep 80,000 and cattle at 50,000 Blue refugees Nile pigs; 20,000 by and goats and sheep 40,000 cattle, at 20,000 people Maban by local owned numbers livestock estimated (VSF) Germany refugees. by the owned those to number in comparable were and Maban local of the those outnumbered far still cattle but their normal, 2013, than fewer December many grazing rights in the areas they traverse. they areas the in rights grazing for communities and government local pay also nomads The cattle. additional as well provide, as cannot animals their necessities few those purchase to cash the use and markets local in milk the sell Mbororo The months. dry the during none little or produce cattle own whose however, population, Maban for the of milk June 2018 In March 2014, Vétérinaires sans Frontìeres Frontìeres sans 2014, March In Vétérinaires The Mbororo are an important source source important an are Mbororo The Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps 2 3 the war was over. was war the once way of life their resume to refugees for the it impossible would make disease to animals of these loss the that fact of the acknowledgement in livestock refugees’ on by VSF Germany, implemented focused and for it. blamed invariably were refugees the and increased also livestock of local Theft problem. the aggravated further fuel for trees of down cutting the and feed as use to trees from of branches lopping The animals. of refugee number the with step in increased which of discontent, source another was Maban in water sources and areas grazing livestock of common degradation The shortages. of food risk aserious posed crops of these loss the that meant area the in of farming nature subsistence The communities. Maban of the crops the to livestock refugees’ by the caused damage the proved be to problem immediate and serious most The tensions. created inevitably populations animal and latter’s human large the Blue refugees, Nile the towards population Maban felt by empathy the general the Despite refugees: the and community host Maban unhindered. relatively movement continued their so and lose to important too considered were Sudan South in Mbororo by the paid 2014, late rights least however, grazing the Up at to risk. asecurity as them citing and loyalty political their questioning Sudan, South into Sudan from of Mbororo crossing the of forbidding spoken have occasionally officials Sudanese South independence. Sudan’s of South implications political the are Mbororo for the More ominous unconcerned about the risk of disease. risk the about unconcerned relatively therefore are people local the and communities, refugee the and Maban slaughtered sheep and goats to decrease the the decrease to goats and sheep slaughtered and purchased VSF also programmes. treatment and vaccination animal and clinics medical boreholes, village-level establishing ways, by for example various in done was This refugees. the alongside beneficiaries as population local smaller much the include –to agencies other most –and us motivated of it much legitimate, population, local the My own project, funded by VSF Canada by VSF Canada funded project, My own www.fmreview.org/economies 5 However, resentment by However, resentment 4

73 74 military environment. When civil war war civil When environment. military and political the in shifts to vulnerable highly are relations such Unfortunately, Conclusion crops. damaged animals whose refugees on fines hefty imposing began communities population. local the among vulnerable most the on meat, focusing the distributed then and these from pressure population conflict with the refugees were minimised. were refugees the with conflict for but occasions nomads the with trade and rights grazing for payments from benefited still communities local and government the while access, their maintained thus Mbororo The Sudan. South into moving when camps refugee of the west well pass to Mbororo the instructed authorities Sudanese South To state. Nile 2013 avoid in problems, the in Blue of fighting units military irregular Mbororo suspect to refugees the led has of Sudan parts various in rebellions quell to militia of local use Khartoum’s by mistrust. characterised are nomads Mbororo the and refugees the between Relations Mbororo: the and Refugees of acrisis. stages early the in priority higher given be should situations livestock refugee/ other in arrangement an such negotiating that suggest outcomes positive The points. watering few waterto at the animals refugee then and animals for local aside set were times owner. Specific animal the on imposed was afine damaged, were crops example,of Newfor Guffa, when village the In areas. these in place put in were protocols resolution Conflict tensions. reduced significantly communities, Maban local the with by agreement for them designated area an in camps, away the from animals the having and this, miss not did families refugee the any,so if little, milk very giving were animals The worked overall. well system The camps. refugee the from 60km as far as located areas grazing populated sparsely afew to herds moved their refugees the by mid-2013 agreement result, by mutual As a damage. crop to related fighting to attributed were deaths 20 human as many www.fmreview.org/economies Nevertheless, tensions flared and local and local flared tensions Nevertheless, Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps 6 As As and the appropriateness of possible solutions. of possible appropriateness the and for conflict potential the understanding to key always be will animals, their and people the between relationship of the awareness informed an involved, including cultures of the Knowledge elsewhere. situations similar in possible be also could County, and Maban in again achieved be could this 2013–14 in Sudan that South hope offers in implemented effectively and found were solutions which with rapidity The them. mitigate to found be can compromises and arrangements well-considered challenge, with fraught is conditions difficult very under equilibrium new a finding and inevitable, are conflict and tensions doubly so. While them makes equation the to livestock adding complex, and are communities theirs. protect to amilitia formed communities local while families, their protect to camps refugee the to returned in state Blue Nile fighting Soldiers herders. livestock of several deaths the and by locals, retaliation subsequent by refugees, animals and of food theft increased triggering at atime, for weeks suspended was camps the to aid Food conflict. unlooked-for into County Maban in communities host and refugees drew soon uncertainties and rivalries renewed 2013, December in Sudan South outbroke in around YusifBatilcamp. 6. Finesamountedtothe equivalent ofover US$1,000per offence http://bit.ly/animalspeoplepathogens02082016 about theMabanrefugeesituation,seeauthor’s blogat 2014; theprogrammeendedin August 2014.Formoreinformation 5. TheauthorworkedinMabanCountyfrom June2013untilMay they arenotinthehabitofvaccinating. have littletono refrigerationcapacitytostore vaccines; asaresult, normal timesarecutofffromsuppliesforhalf ofthe year and good insurancepolicyforthem.LocalMaban populationsin their ownanimals;beingsodependenton cattle,thisisa 4. Thenomadspurchasevaccines mostlyinSudanandvaccinate Maban Countyinthe2012–13dryseason. 3. Thisreportedlytotalledtheequivalent ofUS$5,000across sorcerers. 2. Forexample,theMbororoarewidelyreputedtobeskilled 1. According toSouthSudan’s2008census. Frontiers inAgriculture Livestock Technical Lead,Cultivating New Charles Hoots [email protected] Refugee interactions with host host with interactions Refugee www.cnfa.org June 2018

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