DOCSLIB.ORG

Seismic Response of a Historical Mamluk Style Minaret

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seismic Response of a Historical Mamluk Style Minaret Transactions on the Built Environment vol 57, © 2001 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 Seismic response of a historical Mamluk style minaret A.G. El-Attar, A.M. Saleh, A. Osman Structural Engineering Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Abstract The dynamic behavior of Mamluk style minarets, which were reported to experience maximum damage during the Dahshur-Egypt 1992 earthquake, is investigated. A representative minaret (Manjaq AI-Yusufi, 1349 A.D.) was modeled using the finite element technique and analyzed to assess its dynamic characteristics and its response under different input ground motions. Results indicated that this type of minarets is prone to experience large damage during earthquakes with medium to high a/v ratios (0.8 < a/v 1.2). Results also indicated that the irregular distribution of mass and stiffness, typically found in this type of minarets, forms a potential source of damage during earthquakes. 1 Introduction Historically, minarets were initially constructed as elevated structures attached to Islamic mosques to be used by the Mu'adhdin to summon people for the prayers [l]. In modern times, minarets are only used as an architectural feature to enhance the external appearance of Muslim mosques. Cairo City is considered one of the oldest cities in the world that possesses a large inventory of historical minarets. Some of these minarets, such as Amr Ibn al'As minaret constructed 641A.D. date back to the early Islamic period. Chronologically, historical Cairene minarets can be categorized into five groups, namely, Tulunid (827 to 904 A.D), Fatimid (969 to 1171A.D), Ayyubid (l171 to 1250 A.D), Mamluk (1250 to 15 l7 A.D) and Ottoman Turk (15 17 to 1848 A.D). Among these groups, Mamluk minarets are considered to be the most deficient from the seismic point of view. Irregular mass and stiffness distribution along their heights made them more vulnerable to damage during earthquakes as Transactions on the Built Environment vol 57, © 2001 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 compared to other minaret styles. This was evident during the Dahshur 1992, where damage concentrated mainly in minarets belonging to the Mamluk era [2]. To assess the seismic response and performance of this type of structures, the Manjaq Al-Yusufi minaret (1349 A.D) was selected to represent the Mamluk style minarets. 2 Historical background and present situation survey Manjaq Al-Yusufi minaret was built in 1349 A.D and represents the medial Mamluk period style (Figure 1). It is located on the northern side of the Cairo Citadel. It consists of a 3.8~3.8meters square base, carrying a vertical shaft that changes its cross section from a square to an octagon to a smaller octagon and finally a top cap (Mabkhara) supported on eight columns at the top. From inside, a cylindrical shaft of a constant inner diameter extends from the bottom square base up to the level of the upper balcony. A helical staircase, constructed from stones interlocked with the stones of the inner cylindrical shaft and resting at its center on a common stone column, exists at the center of the minaret. The minaret's total height is about 26 meters, above the existing ground level. According to Roberts [l], the upper part of the minaret (the "Mabkhara" cap with its supporting columns) is newly introduced and is not a part of the original construction. It is likely that the Arabic Committee for Restoring Islamic Heritage that was formed at the beginning of the twentieth century restored this part of the minaret after its collapse, probably by an earthquake. The actual dimensions of the minaret were obtained using modem surveying equipment. The minaret was checked for verticality and was found to be perfectly vertical. The minaret was visually inspected to assess its current structural conditions. It was found that the minaret at present is in a sound condition with no visible cracks detectable through its entire body. Slight deterioration of stones comprising the minaret base was detected. Such stone disintegration is attributed mainly to environmental conditions and aging process. 2.1 Construction material Examining the minaret walls, it was clear that the bottom 20 meters of the minaret body were made of two layers of flat-faced limestone blocks, namely, external and internal. Each layer was built using blocks of different dimensions connected together by mortar. Between the external and the internal layers, a filling material consisting of cohesive and cohesionless materials highly chaotic with pieces of limestone was placed. For the remaining 6 meters, only solid limestone walls were used for the columns and the top cap (Mabkhara). 2.2 Local soil conditions Boreholes carried out very close to the site indicated that the soil stratification at the site consists of a fill layer followed by sandy layers over which the minaret is Transactions on the Built Environment vol 57, © 2001 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 founded up to the rock level. Also. it indicated that no high ground water table is present on site. 3 Numerical model Program COSMOSIM [3] was used for the finite element modeling of the minaret using the surveyed geometrical data. Eight-noded solid elements were used for modeling both the minaret body and the internal helical stair. Multi- layered walls were modeled using large number of elements to allow for modeling both the external and the internal limestone walls in addition to the filling materials in between. Figure 2 shows the finite element model of the minaret. All openings, recesses in the walls, helical stair and changes in the minaret cross-section were faithfully simulated to create a realistic model. The 1. mechanical properties used in the analysis are given in Table These parameters were extracted from laboratory tests of limestone blocks of similar minarets constructed during the same period as Manjaq AI-Yusfi [4]. Table 1 : The Mechanical characteristics of the construction material Property Elastic Specific Poisson's Tensile Compressive Modulus Gravity ratio strength strength (MPa) (~lm~) (MPa) (MPa) Limestone 32650 23000 0.20 0.28 2.80 Filling 5000 20000 0.20 0.05 0.50 A damping ratio of 5% was used in the dynamic analysis to extract the natural modes and in the subsequent modal analyses. The first fifteen modes were utilized in the modal analysis. At this stage of work, linear elastic analysis was judged to be sufficient for the purpose of investigating the main dynamic characteristics of the minaret and to provide basic deformation modes as well as the distribution of stresses within minaret body. 4 Analysis of the minaret 4.1 Response to gravity loads As a first step towards examining the level of stress within the minaret body, the considered minaret was analyzed for gravity loads. The load in this case is the minaret self-weight. Results indicate that the compressive stresses do not exceed 0.6 MPa in the minaret body, which are within the allowable stress limits for the used limestone blocks. Transactions on the Built Environment vol 57, © 2001 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 4.2 Dynamic characteristics Table (2) lists the calculated natural periods for the first six modes for the minaret. It can be seen that, the minaret is highly rigid and posses low natural periods, leading to a high seismic risk during earthquakes with high frequency contents. Figure 4 shows the first three mode shapes of the minaret. It can be seen that they are all bending modes. Due to the nearly symmetrical geometry, modes 1 and 2 describing bending about axis X and Z almost have the same period. The same observation is true for modes 3 and 4 (Table 2). Table 2: Natural periods for the first six modes Mode Number Period (sec.) Description 1 mode 0.2013 First bending (lStdirection) 2ndmode 0.1989 First bending (2" direction) 31~mode 0.0799 Second bending (l" direction) 4thmode 0.0796 Second bending (2nddirection) 5thmode 0.0736 Torsional mode 6" mode 0.03 1 1 Bearthing 4.3 Seismic response The minaret was analyzed for three different earthquake records. In selecting these records, two main aspects were considered, namely, the frequency content, and the ratio of peak ground acceleration to the peak ground velocity (dv). As such. the selected records were picked to cover a wide spectrum of frequencies and (a%) ratios. The selected records were; (a) N-S component of 1940 Imperial Valley earthquake recorded at El-Centro (dv >l .2), (b) N-S component of 1966 Parkfield earthquake recorded at Temblor (1.2 > alv > 0.8), and (c) N-S component of 1985 Mexico earthquake recorded at Zihuatenejo (alv < 0.8) (Figure 4). All three records were scaled to a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.12g, corresponding to the maximum PGA expected in Cairo City. The analysis was performed using standard modal analysis numerical techniques. The dynamic response of the minaret was determined using step-by-step integration for the first fifteen modes. In each analysis, the earthquake record was applied in each of the two principal directions of minaret (X and Z, in Figure 2). Figures 5.a through 5.c show the envelopes of lateral displacements of the minaret along its height in both directions. These plots reveal one of the main dynamic characteristics of the minaret, namely, the relatively flexible upper part and the stiff lower body. The figures indicate a larger tendency of the upper part to sway relative to its stiff support. As can be seen, the largest minaret deformation is estimated due to El-Centro earthquake. This is attributed to the fact that the fundamental period of this earthquake is close to the fundamental period of the studied minaret.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY in CAIRO School of Humanities And
    1 THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO School of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations Islamic Art and Architecture A thesis on the subject of Revival of Mamluk Architecture in the 19th & 20th centuries by Laila Kamal Marei under the supervision of Dr. Bernard O’Kane 2 Dedications and Acknowledgments I would like to dedicate this thesis for my late father; I hope I am making you proud. I am sure you would have enjoyed this field of study as much as I do. I would also like to dedicate this for my mother, whose endless support allowed me to pursue a field of study that I love. Thank you for listening to my complains and proofreads from day one. Thank you for your patience, understanding and endless love. I am forever, indebted to you. I would like to thank my family and friends whose interest in the field and questions pushed me to find out more. Aziz, my brother, thank you for your questions and criticism, they only pushed me to be better at something I love to do. Zeina, we will explore this world of architecture together some day, thank you for listening and asking questions that only pushed me forward I love you. Alya’a and the Friday morning tours, best mornings of my adult life. Iman, thank you for listening to me ranting and complaining when I thought I’d never finish, thank you for pushing me. Salma, with me every step of the way, thank you for encouraging me always. Adham abu-elenin, thank you for your time and photography.
    [Show full text]
  • The Grain Economy of Mamluk Egypt by Ira M. Lapidus
    THE GRAIN ECONOMY OF MAMLUK EGYPT BY IRA M. LAPIDUS (University of California, Berkeley) Scholarly studies of the economy of Egypt in the Middle Ages, from the Fatimid through the Mamluk periods, have stressed two seemingly contradictory themes. On the one hand, the extraordinary involvement of the state in economic affairs is manifest. At different times, and in various ways, the ruling regimes of Egypt monopolized or strictly controlled certain primary or strategic products. Wood and metals, both domestic and imported, were strictly controlled to assure the availability of military supplies. Certain export products like natron were sometimes made state monopolies. So too products of unusual commercial importance were exploited, especially by the Mamluk Sultans, to gain monetary advantages. Sugar production, often in the hands of rulers and oflicials, was also, on occasion, a state monopoly. At another level, the state participated in economic activity it did not monopolize. Either the governing bureaus themselves, or elite members of the regime, were responsible for irrigation and other investments essential to agricultural productivity. In the trading sphere, though state-sponsored trading expeditions are unknown, state support for trade by treaty arrangements, by military and diplomatic protection, and direct participation in the form of investments placed with mer- chants were characteristic activities. How much of the capital of trade was "booty" or political capital we shall never know. In other spheres, state participation gave way to state controls for the purposes of taxation. Regulation of the movements of merchants, or the distribution of goods, facilitated taxation. For religious or moral reasons state controls also extended to the supervision, regulation, or prohibition of certain illicit trades.
    [Show full text]
  • Daily Life in the Mamluk Period
    THE ARABIAN NIGHTS AS A SOURCE FOR DAILY LIFE IN THE MAMLUK PERIOD Irmeli Perho The story collection the Arabian Nights is problematic as a source for social history. How much in these stories can we accept as accurate descriptions of social life? In Muhsin Mahdi's opinion, the stories should not be used as a source for the study of the 'manners and customs of Oriental societies'. According to him, the stories were of exotic places and times filled with characærs who could experience more or less anything. (Mahdi 1994: 180, n. 58.) But fairy tales always æll something about tt¡g society of their audience. To make the story interesting to the audience, a storyt€ller or an author had to tetl about problems or conflicts that the audience could recognise even though the particular story was set in an imaginary land and had mermaids or fairies as major characters. The storytellef could not paint too odd a picture, but had to retain some degree of familiarity so that the audience was able to imagine tlrc scenery. Therefore, mixed witlr the remarkable occl¡Íences, all stories contain small everyday details or references to customs with which the contemporary audience was familiar. This applies to the Nights' stories as well. The fantastic stories contain many details: the house of a physician is described, the friends of a ba¡ber a¡e listed, a broker collects his fees, etc. In this a¡ticle I intend to look into these dehils and try to find out if they are confirmed or discounted by what is othen¡vise known of the period.
    [Show full text]
  • Annales Islamologiques
    MINISTÈRE DE L'ÉDUCATION NATIONALE, DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE ANNALES ISLAMOLOGIQUES en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne AnIsl 41 (2007), p. 97-118 Anne F. Broadbridge Diplomatic Conventions in the Mamluk Sultanate Conditions d’utilisation L’utilisation du contenu de ce site est limitée à un usage personnel et non commercial. Toute autre utilisation du site et de son contenu est soumise à une autorisation préalable de l’éditeur (contact AT ifao.egnet.net). Le copyright est conservé par l’éditeur (Ifao). Conditions of Use You may use content in this website only for your personal, noncommercial use. Any further use of this website and its content is forbidden, unless you have obtained prior permission from the publisher (contact AT ifao.egnet.net). The copyright is retained by the publisher (Ifao). Dernières publications 9782724708288 BIFAO 121 9782724708424 Bulletin archéologique des Écoles françaises à l'étranger (BAEFE) 9782724707878 Questionner le sphinx Philippe Collombert (éd.), Laurent Coulon (éd.), Ivan Guermeur (éd.), Christophe Thiers (éd.) 9782724708295 Bulletin de liaison de la céramique égyptienne 30 Sylvie Marchand (éd.) 9782724708356 Dendara. La Porte d'Horus Sylvie Cauville 9782724707953 Dendara. La Porte d’Horus Sylvie Cauville 9782724708394 Dendara. La Porte d'Hathor Sylvie Cauville 9782724708011 MIDEO 36 Emmanuel Pisani (éd.), Dennis Halft (éd.) © Institut français d’archéologie orientale - Le Caire Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 1 / 1 Anne F. BroAdBridge Diplomatic Conventions in the Mamluk Sultanate iplomatic conventions are generally understood to mean the protocol and etiquette that govern encounters between the representatives of different states, such as when Dambassadors go to a foreign court to meet with its ruler on behalf of their own.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Mansions of the Umayyad Era Until the Mamluk Era (Study of the Most Important Mansions in the Levant, Irag and Egypt)
    The 2015 WEI International Academic Conference Proceedings Harvard, USA ISLAMIC MANSIONS OF THE UMAYYAD ERA UNTIL THE MAMLUK ERA (STUDY OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MANSIONS IN THE LEVANT, IRAG AND EGYPT) Alia Ali Yahya Aljubaili Associate Professor - Department of History - Faculty of Arts University of Princess Nora bint Abd Rahman Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudia Arabia Abstract In the down of Islam, there was no major development created in the field of construction and architecture within the Arabian peninsula, because people were not familiar with a lot of life in cities, but they have got used to the life of the desert, so they were not interested in luxury and wellbeing, but after the spread of Islam in civilized area of long history, at this time the (Mesopotamian art) has affected clearly on the Persian art, and also the byzantine art which was bring in Syria and central Asia. When Islam appeared in the area which these two civilizations were found, it definitely inherited the traditions and gets benefit from these distinctive and flourished civilizations, coexisted and mixed with it. When Umayyad state was developed on 40 AH and Damascus became the capital; people started to get interest on the life of cities, and that clearly seen in the building of sporadic mansions in different cities of the Levant, and they initially bring the most skilled constructors for building there mansions, which characterized by accurate and perfect construction with creativity in the decoration. This qualitative jump – in the life of caliphs – was not arbitrarily, but it occurred due to the economic and political situation of the state in that period.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Documents for the Study of Mamluk History (MSR I, 1997)
    Donald P. Little McGill University The Use of Documents for the Study of Mamluk History* I would like to thank Bruce Craig and the staff of the Mamluk Studies Review, the Mamluk Studies Workshop, and the Center for Middle Eastern Studies of the University of Chicago for inviting me to give the First Annual Mamluk Studies Review Lecture. Being first is always, of course, an honor which I embrace with gratitude but not without wondering, I must confess, why it has been conferred on me, and this puzzlement has led me to a bit of autobiographical retrospection and speculation which I am afraid will mark much of this lecture. In justification I can only say that when Bruce Craig first invited me he stressed the informality of the occasion; in a later conversation, however, he mentioned in passing that the talk would be published in the Mamluk Studies Review, and still later he asked, quite casually, whether I could deliver a final draft upon arrival in Chicago. This query led me to believe that the occasion would not be so informal after all. In any case, my remarks are going to be what might be characterized as semi-formal, partly autobiographical and, I hope, mildly amusing (as an anonymous student once damned me with faint praise in a course evaluation), and partly scientific. In this respect I should warn you that an English reviewer of my catalogue of the Haram˛ documents has characterized some of my work as "nonsensical," while another, more charitable, has stated that my articles on the Haram˛ papers "demonstrate, rather convincingly, that documentary studies need not necessarily be dull."1 These two criticisms need not necessarily be regarded as incompatible, of course, but while I shall certainly strive to be not necessarily dull, I shall also try to avoid the nonsensical.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & the Exuberance of Mamluk Design
    The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & The Exuberance of Mamluk Design Tarek A. El-Akkad Dipòsit Legal: B. 17657-2013 ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del s eu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tesisenred.net) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nile and Irrigation System During the Mamluk Period (1468-1517)
    Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(9): 2264-2268, 2011 ISSN 1991-8178 The Nile and Irrigation System during the Mamluk Period (1468-1517) Wan Kamal Mujani Institute of West Asian Studies (IKRAB), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Abstract: Agriculture has been the main source of the economy for all dynasties established in Egypt, and the Mamluk kingdom was no exception. This can be seen from the fact that the Mamluk sultans gave special attention to this sector by establishing various bureaus specifically to supervise agricultural activity. Indeed, most of the inhabitants of Egypt were involved in agricultural activity of one sort or another. Therefore, the following is a discussion of the Nile and irrigation system in Egypt so as to explore its importance in relation to agricultural activities. This article finds that the Nile was and remains the main source of agricultural prosperity since this country has a dry climate and consists wholly of desert. There are several factors that affected irrigation system during the period under review such as the negligence in digging canals and in repairing irrigation dams. Key words: Nile, irrigation system, agriculture, Mamluk. INTRODUCTION The history of agriculture under the Mamluks cannot be understood in isolation. On the one hand, it closely corresponds to modern circumstances, while on the other, the practices of Mamluk agriculture were clearly a continuation of those in existence during Pharaonic times. Indeed, it is not uncommon for contemporary scholars to remark on the basically unchanging nature of agricultural activity in Egypt. For example, Alan K. Bowman and Eugene Rogan (1999) remark: It is easy even in the 1990s to stand on the banks of the Nile, to observe the rectangular plots of land, the primitive methods of irrigation, the continued reliance on animal power and basic tools and to aver that agrarian life in Egypt has changed little since Pharaonic times.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shadow Play in Mamluk Egypt: the Genre and Its Cultural Implications
    AMILA BUTUROVI¶ YORK UNIVERSITY The Shadow Play in Mamluk Egypt: The Genre and Its Cultural Implications The growing, albeit still meager, scholarship on Ibn Daniya≠ ≠l brings him into focus as one of the wittiest men of letters in medieval Arabo-Islamic culture, and hails his work as a pioneering expression of Arabic drama. Such complimentary proclamations of Ibn Daniya≠ l's≠ artistic stature counteract a long-standing textual and contextual marginalization of Ibn Daniya≠ l:≠ "textual," due to a habitual scholarly neglect of non-canonical genres, including the shadow play; and "contextual," thanks to an enduring notion that the Mamluks had a rather unimpressive cultural and literary record that does not merit comprehensive analysis.1 As both areas are now being reassessed and Ibn Daniya≠ ≠l has started to attract interest, he emerges as one of the most challenging and exotic authors of medieval times. Even so, the conceptual ambiguity related to the development of dramatic art in medieval Arabo-Islamic culture, the semantic difficulties of his idiom, and a critical apparatus inadequate to tackle the peculiarities of the genre have resulted in the ongoing neglect of Ibn Daniya≠ l≠ as a playwright. Instead, when studied, his work is usually compared or related to the mainstream literary heritage of the medieval Arabs at the expense of a more complex assessment of his dramaturgy. Although the merits of such an approach need not be belittled, the main feature of Ibn Daniya≠ ≠l's work—namely, its dramaturgy—has been seriously overshadowed by concerns about its textuality. To be fair, such scholarly tendencies are not surprising.
    [Show full text]
  • Industries, Manufacturing and Labour
    5. industries, manufacturing, and labor 5. IndustrIes, ManufacturIng, and Labor Maya ShatzMiller he economic performance of any manufactur- of the survivors (Pamuk and Shatzmiller 2014). High ing sector is determined by a series of essen- wages paid to skilled and unskilled labor allowed tials: population size, natural resources, tech- workers to enjoy high standards of living and use Tnological innovation, human capital, government the increase in their purchasing power to generate intervention, as well as by each city’s unique histori- demand for basic and non-basic manufactured goods, cal, physical, and geographical features (fig. 5.1). In including literacy and literacy-related items. the case of Fustat, early urban development was ham- This early pull of demand in the post-Justinian pered by a deep demographic decline in Egypt, caused era drove manufacturing in the Middle East into by the Justinian plague (Alston 2001). A century of high gear and boosted the performance of the sec- plague recurrences followed the initial outbreak of tor. The expansion of Fustat’s industrial capacity also 541 ad and, combined with limited Arab migration to played a role in initiating growth in related sectors Egypt, resulted in slow population recovery. However, of the economy. Intensive demand for raw materials as recent work has shown, the demographic shock in stimulated agricultural productivity and exploitation the Middle East also improved the economic welfare of natural resources. Increased mining of precious figure 5.1. A street scene at a public fountain, Damascus, Syria, 1920 (OIM P. 7572 / N. 4012) 49 A cosmopolitAn city: muslims, christiAns, And jews in old c Airo metals and improved minting techniques allowed occupations (Shatzmiller 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Manufacturing Wooden and Armored Doors in the Mamluk Era Dr
    مجلة العمارة والفنون والعلوم اﻻنسانية – عدد خاص )2( ابريل2021 الموتمر الدولي السابع " التراث والسياحة والفنون بين الواقع والمأمول" Manufacturing Wooden and Armored Doors in the Mamluk Era Dr. Ola M. Mohammed Ahmed Interior architecture department - Faculty of fine arts, Alexandria University [email protected] Abstract The Mamluk era was characterized by skill, creativity, good design, Mamluk architecture, perfect craftsmanship and accuracy. The doors remained in the mosques of the Muslims for the applied arts, which were used by the worshipers, both in religious and civil architecture, in addition to the defensive war, especially the outer doors, which were a hallowed title for those who looked behind these doors. It was remarkable that the Muslims did not care about the greatness of their doors and always chose two-legged types of mosques, schools and palaces, while the author relied on one piece of houses mainly as well as the doors of castles and forts. The doors of the wooden doors were characterized by fine panels decorated with strips of ivory or precious wood, as well as , it was flourished the manufacture of many of historical doors which was an art of Islamic war architecture, both those built in the Fatimid or Ayyubid, and the most famous were the eight doors Fatimid, which represented the valve safety and security to defend Cairo throughout the ages, each of these doors had a name which was known to the people, and they had been repeating it for hundreds of years, and behind it is a historical story. The doors in the Mamluk era were constructed with an architectural genius.
    [Show full text]
  • Gold Civilization of Mamalic Dynasty and Its Contributions for the Islamic World
    Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica 635 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°3, 635-642 DOI: 10.24205/03276716.2020.766 Gold Civilization of Mamalic Dynasty and its Contributions for The Islamic World Muhammad Qoriba*, Dadang Hartantob Abstract Islam has a long history of forming a new civilization in the world. Through several dynasties that were born, Islam made a significant contribution to the existence of science and the world of academia in particular. One dynasty that made a significant contribution to world civilization was the Mamalik dynasty. For this reason, this research aims to find out how the Mamalik dynasty civilization and its contribution to the Muslim world. This research was conducted by following a systematic literature review approach. Researchers collected data from books and scientific articles relating to the civilization of the Mamalik dynasty. To achieve the objectives of this study, researchers analyzed data qualitatively with an interactive analysis model. This study's results indicate that the Mamalik dynasty was born from descendants of slave backgrounds taken when the Bani Abbasids came to power. However, when they became sultans, they were able to provide something equivalent to those not from a slave's past. The Mamalik dynasty introduced a new government system, namely the military oligarchy system, which undermined the tradition of lifting the Caliph based on heredity. Besides that, when this dynasty was in power, many scholars and scientists were born, such as Ibn Taimiyah, Jalaluddin al-Suyuthi, Ibn Qudamah, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalany, Ibn Qayyim al- Juziyah, and others. Keywords: Civilization, Mamalik, Islamic world 1. Introduction Many works and figures at this time became an The importance of human resource improvement inspiration in the development of science, Islamic civilization has experienced ups and downs evidenced by the existence of the Bayt al-Hikmah in history from the time of the Prophet Muhammad library as a scientific centre at that time (Fahruddin to the peak of the glory of Islam to its current M.
    [Show full text]