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Gold Civilization of Mamalic Dynasty and Its Contributions for the Islamic World

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Gold Civilization of Mamalic Dynasty and Its Contributions for the Islamic World Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica 635 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°3, 635-642 DOI: 10.24205/03276716.2020.766 Gold Civilization of Mamalic Dynasty and its Contributions for The Islamic World Muhammad Qoriba*, Dadang Hartantob Abstract Islam has a long history of forming a new civilization in the world. Through several dynasties that were born, Islam made a significant contribution to the existence of science and the world of academia in particular. One dynasty that made a significant contribution to world civilization was the Mamalik dynasty. For this reason, this research aims to find out how the Mamalik dynasty civilization and its contribution to the Muslim world. This research was conducted by following a systematic literature review approach. Researchers collected data from books and scientific articles relating to the civilization of the Mamalik dynasty. To achieve the objectives of this study, researchers analyzed data qualitatively with an interactive analysis model. This study's results indicate that the Mamalik dynasty was born from descendants of slave backgrounds taken when the Bani Abbasids came to power. However, when they became sultans, they were able to provide something equivalent to those not from a slave's past. The Mamalik dynasty introduced a new government system, namely the military oligarchy system, which undermined the tradition of lifting the Caliph based on heredity. Besides that, when this dynasty was in power, many scholars and scientists were born, such as Ibn Taimiyah, Jalaluddin al-Suyuthi, Ibn Qudamah, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalany, Ibn Qayyim al- Juziyah, and others. Keywords: Civilization, Mamalik, Islamic world 1. Introduction Many works and figures at this time became an The importance of human resource improvement inspiration in the development of science, Islamic civilization has experienced ups and downs evidenced by the existence of the Bayt al-Hikmah in history from the time of the Prophet Muhammad library as a scientific centre at that time (Fahruddin to the peak of the glory of Islam to its current M. M., 2009). decline. The decline of civilization and the glory of After Baghdad, which was the center of Islam began since the destruction of the Abbasid Islamic culture and science, was conquered by Caliphate in Baghdad, then the crusade for Hulagu Khan (Suryanti, 2017), the Mongol army hundreds of years, which drained all the energy of continued to creep up and surrender and control Muslims and direct resistance from the Mongol other Islamic countries. The Mongol army swept army from the East (Ahmed, 1992). The Abbasid through the cities of culture, commerce, religion, dynasty lasted for approximately five centuries and philosophy with an unprecedented level of (750-1258 AD) (Langgulung, 2004). It occupied a destruction (Black, 2006). In the conquest of prominent position in Islamic history because the Baghdad, more than one million eight hundred glory of Islam reached its peak in a long period thousand Muslims died due to the ferocity of the (Amin M., 2016). Mongol army (Amin A., 1993). This conquest made the Islamic world ravaged and ended the Islamic a Departement of Islamic Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah caliphate, which had ruled for five centuries (Sujati Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia b Departement of Public Administration, Universitas Muhammadiyah & Astuti, 2018). However, there is one country that Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia has survived the invasion and attacks of the Mongol *E-mail correspondence: [email protected] REVISTA ARGENTINA 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°3, 635-642 DE CLÍNICA PSICOLÓGICA 636 Muhammad Qorib, Dadang Hartanto army and even saved the Abbasid empire from the 3. Result destruction of the Khilafah, namely Egypt. The origin of the Mamalik Dynasty Egypt, which was previously conquered by Fathimiyah and ruled for about a century and a Mamalik is the plural of mamluk, which half, then in 1174 AD, was replaced by the al- means slave (al-'abdu and al-riqqu) (Yatim, 2000; Ayyubid dynasty, which was Shiite. However, when Ma'luf, 1973) or also subdued (Hitti, 2001). This Salahuddin came, Egypt returned to the Sunni title given to slaves from Turkistan, Asia Minor, and school. The Shi'a sect disappeared with the fall of Greece, who were bought by the Abbasid Sultans at the Fathimiyah Dynasty. Salahuddin was known as the Nukhasah market, whose purpose was to be one of the heroes who defended Islam during the trained as warriors in place of soldiers from Egypt Crusades. and Arabia (Nahdi, 1994). Other opinions say that The al-Ayyubid dynasty was taken over by the they were initially prisoners of the Ayyubid dynasty Mamalik group, which included "insiders" from al- rulers brought in from outside who were 10 or 12 Ayyubid himself. The Mamalik group later formed a years old. They converted to Islam and grew up in government known as the Mamalik Dynasty (Chase, barracks, where they not only learned military 2003). The Mamalik dynasty in the Islamic historical techniques but also stuffed with loyalty to their path, including dynasties which maintained the masters and fellow military forces. After Abbasid Daula from destruction, sought to re- undergoing several stages of education in the establish the glory of the Daula Islamiyah. This schools in the barracks, a mamluk who has been group consisted of former slaves who turned out to fully trained works as a regiment of the Mamluk be remarkable achievements, such as when Sultan or as a soldier working for another high- successfully repelling the Mongol army at 'Ain ranking military official (Lapidus, 1999). Jaluth (Goliath) in 1260 AD Kings who came from Some argue that the Mamluks came from the this slave called Mamalik, or by Western literature Caucasus, a mountainous area located on the called Mamluk (Effendy, 2001). The Mamalik border of Russia and Turkey. They were taken to dynasty inherited many civilizations, starting from Baghdad, Istanbul, and Egypt to be given military the fields of economics, science, and technology education and made guards of the Sultan because (science and technology), monuments in the form they were known to be manly and physically of historic buildings, such as mosques, madrasas, healthy. In the military service, the mamluk was grave complexes, hospitals, and libraries (Yusuf, given freedom by the Sultan so that their 2015). position increased, including some who reached the 2. Method highest military position or vizier (prime minister). This research was conducted by following a Efforts to recruit slaves and use them in systematic literature review (SLR) approach. The government activities, especially in the military SLR approach was chosen in this study because SLR sphere, began during the reign of al-Ma' mun (813- aims to obtain empirical evidence in answering the 833 H) (Islamic Encyclopedia Editorial Board 1994). phenomenon or problem under study (Tranfield, In the 12th century AD, they were sent to Egypt to Denyer, & Smart, 2003). It is in line with the strengthen the power base of the Abbasid Daula, purpose of this study to explain the civilization of which was then supported by the Ayyubid Dynasty the Mamalik dynasty and its contribution to the (Hamka, 1979). Islamic world through empirical evidence recorded Some say that the Mamalites came from the in books or scientific articles. Caucasus and the Caspian Sea. They got special Data Collection privileges, both in the military and material rewards Thus, the data needed in this study taken from the last Ayyubiah ruler, al-Malik al-Salih from books and scientific articles describing the Najamuddin Ayyub. They trained military and existence of the Mamalik dynasty. religious on the island of Raudhah in the Nile valley, Data Analysis so they are known by the nickname the Mamluk The data then analyzed qualitatively by an Bahri. Thanks to their military skills and steadfast interactive analysis model consisting of three loyalty, al-Malik al-Salih Najamuddin Ayyub made stages: data reduction, data display, and conclusion them guards to ensure the continuity of his power drawing/verification (Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, (Supriyadi, 2008). Some of them were given 2014). When viewed from the research procedure, positions as commanders of the Ayyubid dynasty the SLR approach has four stages: designing the and led them to seize power in Egypt (Sunanto, review, conducting the review, analyzing, and 2003). Strong competitors in the world of military writing the review (Snyder, 2019). and military are soldiers from the Kurdish tribe. REVISTA ARGENTINA 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°3, 635-642 DE CLÍNICA PSICOLÓGICA 637 Muhammad Qorib, Dadang Hartanto The Mamluks who were always spoiled by al- were initially bodyguards bought by the Caliph al- Malik al-Salih Najamuddin Ayyub felt very lost when Salih from the Ayyubid dynasty, who placed their he died. The sadness increased when Turashah son slaves on the small island of Rawdah in the Nile of al-Malik al-Salih ascended the throne as Sultan. It River. These slaves came mostly from Turkey and was because Turashah was too close to soldiers the Mongols. The Ayyubid dynasty's policy of from the Kurdish tribe, who were rivals of Mamalik recruiting foreign slaves to become bodyguards was in the military dynasty. similar to the Caliphs' custom in Baghdad, and the Mamalik felt threatened and made plans to end was the same. The slaves who had only been kill Turashah. So in 1250 AD, they succeeded in servants now became leaders of the troops and killing Turashah under the leadership of Aybak and became sultans later (Hitti, 2010). During the Baybars. Under these conditions, Syajar al-Durr, Mamluk Bahri government, Egypt's social life had widow of Malik al-Salih (d. 1249), was appointed to changed a lot: feudal ownership and military power avoid a vacuum of power (Holt, The Cambridge were consolidated, military power was disciplined History of Islam, 1977). Syajar al-Durr called himself according to Mongolian type.
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