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The Invention of Addiction in Early Modern England

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The Invention of Addiction in Early Modern England By: Jose Murgatroyd Cree A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts & Humanities Department of History September 2018 Abstract This thesis explores the word ‘addict’ and the concepts it was applied to, from the invention of the term in the early sixteenth century, through to the end of the seventeenth century. It begins with an examination of the historical and linguistic context in which ‘addict’ emerged, in the writing of early English protestant reformers. Next, it looks back to the Latin origins of the term, using dictionaries and translated works to draw links between the Latin term ‘addicere’, and the English words derived from it. This thesis then uses quantitative methods and corpus analysis to trace changing uses of ‘addict’ across the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, focusing particularly on the subjects and objects of addiction. Finally, the results of this quantitative analysis form the basis for two in-depth studies: first, on the relationship between addiction and the self; and second, on the ways in which addiction was employed as a tool for cultural stereotyping. This thesis finds that early modern addiction was commonly used for denoting habitual behaviours of all kinds, from devotional attachments to bodily sins. As such, the term had particular relevance for writers attempting to describe human behaviours, including religious reformers writing about sin, biographers defining the characteristics of illustrious men, and ethnographers discussing the behaviour of cultural groups. Acknowledgements With thanks to everyone who offered support, help, and advice, over the last four years. I am grateful to my supervisors, Phil Withington and Tania Demetriou; to my funders, the White Rose College of Arts and Humanities (WRoCAH), particularly Clare and Caryn for all their support; and to everyone in the Cultures of Consumption network. Thanks also go to Ruth & Sebastian Ahnert, for giving me the opportunity to spend a month working in Stanford, and to WRoCAH (again), for funding it. Massive thanks to friends, family, colleagues, co-workers, and all my fellow-PhDs, particularly those who so generously offered their proof-reading skills, and their time. Perhaps most importantly, thank you to Sam & Ada, for always being there. This work was supported by the University of Sheffield through the White Rose College of the Arts & Humanities. Parts of this thesis were published in the article ‘Protestant evangelicals and addiction in early modern English’ in Renaissance Studies (32:3), under a Creative Commons licence (CC-BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Sections of the article were altered to fit the format and structure of this thesis. Contents Abstract............................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements........................................................................................... 4 Abbreviations..................................................................................................... 6 List of figures...................................................................................................... 7 Introduction........................................................................................................ 9 I. The arrival of ADDICT into sixteenth-century English............................. 38 II. Translating ADDICERE into ADDICT.......................................................... 70 III. Quantifying early modern addiction........................................................ 95 IV. The addicted self......................................................................................... 144 V. Cultural addiction......................................................................................... 176 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 209 Bibliography........................................................................................................ 213 Appendix A: Referencing notes....................................................................... 239 Appendix B: EEBO-TCP texts containing ADDICT, 1529-49..................... 241 Appendix C: List of dictionaries from Chapter II......................................... 243 Appendix D: List of translated works from Chapter II................................ 246 Appendix E: A list of stopwords used in Chapters II & III........................ 248 Abbreviations EEBO = Early English Books Online ODNB = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography OED = Oxford English Dictionary TCP = Text Creation Partnership List of figures Figure 1 showing EEBO-TCP and ESTC text counts, by Anupam Basu, Early Modern Print (18/11/2013) [used twice] ............................................................................................................. 31 & 99 Figure 2 showing the list of titles included in the analysis of neologisms, including length of text and number of new words ........................................................................................................................ 53 Figure 3 showing the number of new words per-page-image broken down by their language of origin...... 54 Figure 4 showing the top 11 words and n-grams in dictionary entries for ADDICT and ADDICERE ... 77 Figure 5 showing the total number of translated pairs found in each Latin period ................................ 83 Figure 6 showing the frequency-per-million words of ADDICT per year on EEBO-TCP ..................... 103 Figure 7 showing the percentage of different word forms of ADDICT .................................................... 105 Figure 8 comparing the results of a collocation search done on word form, lemma, and unregularized spelling ............................................................................................................................................ 107 Figure 9 comparing the results of a collocation search ordered according to frequency, log-likelihood, mutual information, z-score, and dice co-efficient ................................................................................ 108 Figure 10 showing a collocation search for ‘ad(d)?(i|y)ct*’ on CQPweb, for the top ten most significant lemmas in positions -5 to +5 relative to the node, for three different time periods ................................... 110 Figure 11 showing the top collocates of addiction in each quarter-century from 1550-99 in position +2 to +5, ranked according to significance (with one as most significant) .................................................. 116 Figure 12 comparing addiction to service and devotion to service in EEBO-TCP, 1550-1699 ........... 117 Figure 13 showing the percentage of all hits for ADDICT that have a religious collocate (RELIGION, CEREMONY, PRAYER, PIETY, IDOLATRY, or SUPERSTITION) .................................................... 119 Figure 14 showing a collocate tree for study, pleasure, and lust ............................................................. 122 Figure 15 showing the top collocates for ADDICT in position +2 to +5 across the whole period, with the selected objects highlighted in green................................................................................................. 126 Figure 16 showing examples of results where the identified collocate was not the object of addiction (matching collocate shown in red, actual object of addiction in blue)...................................................... 127 Figure 17 showing a full list of subject-tags and object categories, along with number of times each appears on the spreadsheet ................................................................................................................ 128 Figure 18 showing the distribution per-year of entries on EEBO-TCP as a whole compared to the data sample ..................................................................................................................................... 129 Figure 19 showing the percentage of subject-tags which appear alongside other subject-tags ..................... 132 Figure 20 showing the percentage of each object that is associated with each subject-tag ......................... 133 Figure 21 showing William Alingham’s map of the world, on which I have highlighted the torrid zone in pink [copyright Chadwyck-Healey, image not reproduced in eThesis] .............................................. 189 Introduction ddiction is a word that grabs attention. It promises the reader a story of compulsion, deterioration, loss of control, a spiral downwards, paired with a story A of withdrawal, recovery, and redemption. Often employed as a synonym for ‘substance abuse’, addiction is associated with intoxicating or illicit substances, and frequently incurs moral judgement. Addiction is also controversial: there are ongoing debates over the categorization of compulsive behaviours as addictions, and even disagreement over the classification of addiction as a disease. 1 Gambling is the only behavioural addiction recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and only since the fifth edition in 2013.2 In medical terms, addiction is still primarily a substance‐ related disorder.3 The argument of this thesis is that, in stark contrast, early modern addiction was most often 1 For the debate on whether
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