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Alltag Am Östlichen Rand Der EU : Raumaneignungen Der Bevölkerung Im Grenzraum Rumänien/Republik Moldau

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Alltag Am Östlichen Rand Der EU : Raumaneignungen Der Bevölkerung Im Grenzraum Rumänien/Republik Moldau Universität Potsdam 0LKDHOD1DUFLVD1LHPF]LN$UDPEDúD Alltag am östlichen Rand der EU Raumaneignungen der Bevölkerung im Grenzraum Rumänien/Republik Moldau Praxis Kultur- und Sozialgeographie | PKS 54 Praxis Kultur- und Sozialgeographie | 54 Praxis Kultur- und Sozialgeographie | 54 Mihaela Narcisa Niemczik-Arambaşa Alltag am östlichen Rand der EU Raumaneignungen der Bevölkerung im Grenzraum Rumänien/Republik Moldau Universitätsverlag Potsdam Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.de abrufbar. Universitätsverlag Potsdam 2012 http://verlag.ub.uni-potsdam.de/ Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam Tel.: +49 (0)331 977 2533/Fax: -2292 E-Mail: [email protected] Die Schriftenreihe Praxis Kultur- und Sozialgeographie wird herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Wilfried Heller, Dr. Carsten Felgentreff und Prof. Dr. Hans-Joachim Bürkner ISSN (print) 0934-716X ISSN (online) 1868-2499 ISBN 978-3-86956-179-0 Zugl.: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2012 Satz: Martin Meyerhoff, wissensatz.de Druck: docupoint GmbH Magdeburg Das Manuskript ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Zugleich online veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der Universität Potsdam URL http://pub.ub.uni-potsdam.de/volltexte/2012/5914/ URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-59147 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-59147 Kurzfassung Als am 1. Januar 2007 Rumänien der Europäischen Union beitrat, änderten sich wieder einmal die Konturen der Europäischen Union. Einer der neuen Nach- barn der EU bzw. Rumäniens ist die 4,2 Mio. Einwohner zählende Republik Moldau (einschließlich Transnistrien). Die Grenze zwischen Rumänien und der Republik Moldau entlang des Flusses Pruth (684 km) trennt bekanntlich nicht nur zwei souveräne Staaten, sie bildet auch die aktuelle Außengrenze der EU. Dadurch bekommt der Fluss Pruth eine besondere Bedeutung: Er trennt jetzt den „Westen“ (Rumänien) vom „Osten“ (Republik Moldau) und zudem die ru- mänische Region Moldau von der Republik Moldau. Damit kommt der Grenze eine wichtige geopolitische Bedeutung zu. Die Situation ist deshalb eine besondere, weil auf beiden Seiten der Grenze dieselbe Sprache gesprochen wird und aus Sicht des Panrumänismus dieselbe „Nation“ lebt. Da in der Republik Moldau seit den 1990er Jahren ein moldaui- sches Nation-Building betrieben wird, ist die Situation konfliktträchtig. Seit dem EU-Beitritt Rumäniens wird ein Visum für die Einreise aus der Re- publik Moldau benötigt. Die neue Außengrenze der EU wirkte für viele der Grenzraumbewohner der Republik Moldau wie „ein moderner ,Eiserner Vor- hang‘“1. Vor allem wegen der Mobilitätseinschränkung für die Moldauer stellt sich für die EU die Frage: Wie kann es gelingen, diese Grenze zur EU- Außengrenze zu machen und gleichzeitig „neue Trennlinien an der Grenze der erweiterten Union zu vermeiden“ (Kommission der Europäischen Gemein- schaft 2004, S. 17)? Mithilfe von empirischen Erhebungen2 wurden unter Berücksichtigung von geopolitischen und ökonomischen Veränderungen nach dem 1. Januar 2007 u. a. folgende Fragen behandelt: 1. Wie funktionieren alltägliche Prozesse der Aneignung des Raumes entlang der moldauisch-rumänischen Grenze unter den veränderten geopolitischen 1 Cătălin, 2008 Interview in Sculeni (Republik Moldau). 2 Die empirische Feldforschung erfolgte in drei Etappen: 2006, 2008 und 2009. Insgesamt wur- den 1.470 standardisierte Fragebogen und 109 qualitative Interviews durchgeführt. II Kurzfassung Bedingungen (bzw. unter den Bedingungen der Grenzöffnung und -schließung)? 2. Wie geht die Bevölkerung mit der neuen Qualität der Grenze um? Was sind die Konsequenzen der undurchlässiger gewordenen Grenzen? 3. Welche Rolle spielt die nationale Identität im Alltag der Moldauer? Oder spielt sie überhaupt eine Rolle? 4. Welchen Einfluss haben die gemeinsamen historischen, kulturellen und sprachlichen Wurzeln sowie die häufigen Fahrten in das Nachbarland auf die Identität der moldauischen Grenzraumbevölkerung? Gibt es eine spezi- fische gemeinsame grenzbezogene Identität? Aus den Untersuchungsergebnissen wurden Handlungsempfehlungen für Poli- tik und Verwaltung abgeleitet, welche auf die Verbesserung der Lebensbedin- gungen der Grenzraumbevölkerung abzielen. Abstract Romania joined the European Union on the 1st January 2007, and the outlines of the European Union changed once again. One of the EU’s new neighbors, bordering Romania, is the Republic of Moldova, which comprises approximate- ly 4.2 million inhabitants (including Transnistria). As a consequence, the bor- der between Romania and the Republic of Moldova along the river Pruth not only divides two sovereign states but also forms the current external border of the EU. Hence, the border gains a special significance: it divides the “West” (Romania, and hence the EU) from the “East” (Republic of Moldova). It is especially interesting as nowhere else along the EU’s eastern border the people on both sides of the border speak the same language. On the one hand the Romanianists from either sides of the border hold a view that it is one “common Romanian nation” and on the other hand, the Moldovenists are car- rying out a Moldovan “nation building” program since 1990, resulting in com- pletely conflicting stance – there are two different countries with two different languages, histories and traditions. Consequently, the border is geopolitically very important and has a high potential of conflict. Since January 1st, 2007 citizens of the Republic of Moldova are required to ob- tain a visa to enter Romania. The new external border of the EU is viewing as a “modern version of the ‘iron curtain’”3 as remarked in the interviews. Espe- cially because of limited mobility for the Moldovans arises the question for the EU: How can it be possible to “to avoid the creation of new dividing lines on the border of the enlarged European Union” (Commission of the European Community, 2004, S. 17)? By means of the empirical study4 and considering the geopolitical and eco- nomical changes after the 1st January 2007, the following questions were treat- ed: 3 Cătălin, 2008 Interview in Sculeni (Republic of Moldova). 4 The empirical investigation was conducted in three stages: 2006, 2008 and 2009. A total of 1.470 standardized questionnaires and 109 qualitative interviews were all in all carried out. IV Abstract 1. How do the everyday processes of appropriation and of production of space along the Moldovan-Romanian border work under the changed geopolitical conditions (respectively the border opening vs. closing)? 2. How does the population deal with the new quality of the border? What are the consequences of impermeable boundaries? 3. What role does the national identity of the border area population play in everyday life? Or does it play any role? 4. What influences do the common historical, cultural and linguistic roots as well as the frequent crossings in the neighboring country have for the identity of the Moldovan border area population? Is there a certain spatial identity or not? From the research results recommendations for policy and administration have been derived, which are aimed to improve the living conditions of the popula- tion at the Moldovan-Romanian border. Inhaltsverzeichnis Kurzfassung ............................................................................................................ I Abstract ................................................................................................................ III Inhaltsverzeichnis ................................................................................................ V Abbildungsverzeichnis ....................................................................................... IX Tabellenverzeichnis ........................................................................................... XII Abkürzungsverzeichnis ..................................................................................... XV Danksagung ...................................................................................................... XIX 1 Einleitung ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Moldova, Moldawien, Moldau ......................................................................... 1 1.2 Charakterisierung des moldauisch-rumänischen Grenzraums ............... 2 1.2.1 Geschichte ................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Die sozioökonomische und ethnische Situation im Überblick .................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Fragestellung und Zielsetzung ...................................................................... 12 1.4 Arbeits(hypo)thesen ........................................................................................ 14 1.5 Forschungsstand und -lücken ........................................................................ 16 1.6 Aufbau der Arbeit ............................................................................................ 23 1.7 Begriffsklärung: Alltag, alltägliche Raumaneignung ............................... 24 2 Untersuchungsdesign .................................................................................... 27 2.1 Überblick ............................................................................................................ 27 2.2 Auswahl der Befragungsorte
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