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The Planning History of Turkey: Policies, Practices, Breakdowns

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The Planning History of Turkey: Policies, Practices, Breakdowns URBAN TRANSFORMATION: CONTROVERSIES, CONTRASTS and CHALLENGES THE PLANNING HISTORY OF TURKEY: POLICIES, PRACTICES, BREAKDOWNS Fatma Pelin ÖZTÜRK, Research Assistant Istanbul Technical University, Turkey [email protected] Hale ÇIRACI, Prof. Dr. Istanbul Technical University, Turkey [email protected] ABSTRACT Turkey went into social and economical regeneration process after pronouncement of the republic in 1923. Although there were many problems and constraints like limited economical sources, external debts from the Ottoman period, and the lack of technical crew the government gave importance to the planned urban development. In the single party period of 1920’s-1940’s, the industrial investments in particular settlements in the country came into prominence. By the beginning of the 1950’s the Marshall aid started to change the economic and demographic structure of Turkey (mechanization in agriculture, migration from rural to urban etc.). In 1950’s as a result of the unconsidered circumstances, immigration from rural to urban areas, unplanned urban development (squatter housing or gecekondu), land speculations, unemployment in the urban areas occurred as other problems. In 1960’s by the foundation of State Planning Organization the planned urban development was started and regional planning approach gained importance for the planning practices. The changing political order in that period also changed the status quo. The 1980’s were interpreted as the time of chaos for the developing cities as a result of intricacy of the 1970’s. The rapid urbanization, migration from rural to urban, unemployment, land speculations, marginal sector developments, the unsustainable uses of land and resources were the primary problems of 1980’s. The military coup between 1980 and 1983, the liberal economic changes of 1984 with the political elections, the private TV channels, changes in popular culture shaped the 1980’s in the context of planning discipline and social durations. After 1980’s the cities were shaped bycapital flow, incremental development approach (project based development), globalisation and rapid urbanization. In this study, urbanization practices, laws and regulations, the breakpoints for social, demographic and urban changes, economic and political processes, planning practices were evaluated in order to execute the relations between different processes. INTRODUCTION The examination and evaluation of the spatial planning approach of Turkey in political, economic and social content in 20th century goes beyond the scope of this paper. Within this content the purpose of this study is to define the changes in planning approach of Turkey in social, political and economic transformation periods between 1923 and 2000’s. The spatial planning in Turkey has been influenced by the paradigmatic changes in planning discipline through the history. The reflection of Turkish political history, social transformation and economic development are also seen in the planning approach. The purpose of the paper is to define the changes in the spatial planning approaches and the evaluation of the planning practices in four periods; 1923-1950: the modernization and industrialization efforts, economic depression, state investments in public infrastructure, manufacturing industry and social services. 1950’s-1960: the integration to the capitalist world, the rapid urbanization, changing approaches in modernity project. 1960’s-1970’s: changing tendencies, planning practices, State Planning organization: five-year development plans 1980’s-2000’s: transition to liberal economy, privatization of public services, dispose of public estates, foreign investments, obliteration of modernism project, improvement of communication and information 1 14th IPHS CONFERENCE 12-15 July 2010 Istanbul-TURKEY technologies, globalization, incremental planning-project based development. The research materials are the several critics on planning history of Turkey, plan reports, planning decisions, master plans, demographic data, industrialization and urbanization rates of different periods. THE MODERNIZATION IN OTTOMAN PERIOD: The modernity project which started in Europe -with the industrialization- in 19th century, accelerated the economic and institutional change in Ottoman Empire by 1840’s. The first influences of this movement were seen in the economy, which was opened to capitalism in market mechanism and the modern reforms that were handled by the manager elites (Tekeli, 2009 p:107-108). All these alterations accelerated the public and private space differentiation in the Ottoman social structure. After the emergence of the bureaucracy that was shaped by waged civil servants in 1860’s the formation of the commercial and business district in the traditional Ottoman city accelerated (Tekeli, 2009 p:107-108). The most appreciate example to that case was the development of Istanbul in 19th century. In the 19th century Istanbul was the only city with 500.000 inhabitants. The population agglomeration was related with the industrial production rate, international commerce activities, the government agencies and official character of the city. By the republican period the distribution of population and industrial enterprises changed through the country as a result of modernization movement and state policies (Tekeli, 2009). 1923-1950 PERIOD Turkey went into social, economic and spatial regeneration process by the pronouncement of the republic in 1923. Although there were many problems and constraints like limited economic resources, external debts from the Ottoman period, and the lack of technical crew, the government gave importance to the planned urban development. There were two main aims of the Turkish republic in 1920’s; to constitute / form a nation state space in the country and to organize the cities as a places of modernity (Tekeli, 2009). For the modernization purpose, the Turkish government got assistance of European experts as in Ottoman period. The change of the capital city from Istanbul to Ankara –to form a new modern city in the middle of Anatolia and to constitute an efficient railway system through the country in order to provide accessibility and connection between the cities- was one of the fundamental policies of Modernization period. In this scope, in 1924 the first development efforts (subdivisional planning) started in İzmir which was destroyed in the First World War (Ayataç, 2000 p.108). Between 1923 and 1933, 23 settlements were planned. However, the modern planning period started with the planning process of Ankara –new capital city of the republic- which was developed by Herman Jansen. The master plan of the city, which included green system, university neighborhood, social housing and workers’ dwellings, had some social and national concerns. Beside the master plan, Jansen worked on some urban design projects as Vekaletler neighborhood, Ulus Square and Bahçelievler between 1935 and 1938. The urban development efforts were supported with the rural development. In 1924, the government enacted the Village Law for the modernization of the rural settlements. Depending on this law in 1937 the modern republic village project was prepared. The prototype villages had generally grid plans and certain number of housing units depended on total population. The first example of the republic village “Temelli” was founded in Thrace in 1940’s (www.mimarlikmuzesi.org, March 2010). In 1930’s planning practices concentrated on street layout, building blocks and public open spaces. In the same period the foreign planers were dealing with zoning, transportation hierarchy and variety in legend (Ayataç, 2000). Industrialization efforts: In ottoman period, the industrial enterprises were mostly located in and around the capital city of Istanbul (In İzmit-uniform and green cloth production for army, and 2 URBAN TRANSFORMATION: CONTROVERSIES, CONTRASTS and CHALLENGES in İstanbul-green cloth, blanket, textile, military supplies, glass and tile industry) (Makaleler Bildiriler, p:237) The Turkish republic aimed to sustain the equal distribution of industrial enterprises through the country. In order to provide financial support for industrial enterprises, in 1924 and in 1925, two commercial banks were founded by the government (İş Bank & Sanayi ve Maadin Bankası). In 1927, the Industry encouragement law was enacted in order to provide financial support for private industrial investments. In 1930’s the urbanization approach of the republic was relied on; The generation of national economies (economic independence, industry- agriculture integration, cooperative basis in sectors), The balance between rural and urban areas, Regional integration, Central planning organization, Urban development on the nationalized land, The industrialization and industry-city integration (Keskinok, 2006, p:26). The macro level spatial strategies of the republic had three bases; 1) balanced regional development, 2) the creation of the connection between Anatolian settlements in order to control the national land and market, 3) the change of the capital city and the redevelopment of Ankara (Keskinok, 2006, p:26). The small sized Anatolian cities (population: 10.000) were selected for the development of industrial enterprises in the scope of the state policies of 1930’s. The urban development in these cities was supported with the state manufacturing investments, public enterprises and transportation investments. The industrial development in small sized settlements enabled the social, cultural
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