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AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PRESERVATION PLANS IN THE HISTORIC CORE OF ANKARA, TURKEY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Sena Kayasu May 2018 © 2018 Sena Kayasu ABSTRACT Ankara has been the capital of Turkey since 1923, but the city’s history goes back millennia. Over the last century, the historic city center, Ulus, has suffered the impacts of rapid urban development. The area has not had a functional preservation strategy since 2005. Today, large numbers of Ankara’s historic structures undergo significant alteration or even demolition to accommodate new development. This thesis surveys Ulus’ history, then focuses on the last 30 years to determine what happened. It is a first attempt at understanding how to design and implement a new strategy for Ulus that will preserve its historic cultural resources while accommodating the pressures of a rapidly expanding city. It finds that the lack of communication between various stakeholders has caused resistance to any possible strategies. Creating a viable master plan for Ulus will involve significant legal and administrative alterations to the preservation canon. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Sena Kayasü was born and raised in Ankara, Turkey and graduated from Bilkent Laboratory and International School with an IB Diploma in 2011. Following high school, Sena earned a Bachelor of Architecture degree from Bilkent University in Ankara. Between 2013 and 2016, she served on the board of the Design and Architecture Society of the same university. Sena interned at Mesa Construction in the summer of 2014, then A Architectural Design and the Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations in the summer of 2015. In August 2016, Sena relocated to Ithaca, New York to pursue a Master’s Degree in Historic Preservation Planning at Cornell University. While at Cornell, she served on the board of Preservation Studies Student Organization. In the summer of 2016, Sena was a Joseph P. Keithley Fellow at Cleveland Restoration Society, a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving the historic built fabric of northeast Ohio. Sena will graduate from Cornell University’s College of Architecture, Art, and Planning with a Master of Arts in Historic Preservation Planning on May 27th, 2018. iii To my city, Ankara, for its endurance over the centuries. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the support of so many people. I am deeply grateful for Jeffrey Chusid and Michael Tomlan for their continuous guidance not only while I wrote this thesis, but also for the past two years. I am eternally indebted to my family, who stood behind me no matter what: to my parents who consoled me through Skype while my mind exploded, to my brother and sister- in-law who never doubted me, and to my aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents who supported my every decision. I could not have finished this thesis, or the program, without the support and compassion of my HPP family. Every time I thought I was alone, I realized someone nearby shared my pain, my joy, or my surprise. I thank the Historic Preservation Planning Alumni, who provided financial support in the form of the Barclay Jones Grant. I would like to thank my friends for giving me a place in their lives and making me laugh. Among others, Melis Atalar and Derin Akşit offered me a home-away-from-home whenever I needed a break from Ithaca, my friends in Ankara were my eyes and ears on the ground, and Alp Giray Köse never left me wanting for a document. Finally, special thanks to Furkan Akdemir who was unwavering in emotional and technical support. v TABLE OF CONTENTS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................... III DEDICATION. .................................................................................................................................. IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................. V TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. VI LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ VIII LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................................ X LIST OF MAPS ................................................................................................................................. XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... XII KEY WORDS AND DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................... XIII INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 1. THE STORY OF ANKARA .................................................................................................... 13 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Ankara Before 1923 .................................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.1.1. Ankara’s Early Inhabitants ..................................................................................................... 13 1.1.2. Ankara as a Roman Province.................................................................................................. 17 1.1.3. Turks Enter Anatolia .............................................................................................................. 20 1.1.4. Ankara Becomes an Ottoman Province .................................................................................. 23 1.2. The Capital City of the Turkish Republic................................................................................................................... 27 1.2.1. 1923-1950 ............................................................................................................................... 27 1.2.2. 1950-1980 ............................................................................................................................... 42 1.2.3. 1980-2001 ............................................................................................................................... 54 1.2.4. After 2001............................................................................................................................... 56 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 57 2. THE HISTORY OF THE PRESERVATION FRAMEWORK IN TURKEY ................... 59 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 59 2.1. Before 1920: The Preservation Legacy of the Ottoman Empire ............................................................. 60 2.2. 1920 – 1972: Preservation in the Young Republic ............................................................................................. 62 2.3. 1973 – 2002: World Heritage and Shifts in the International Political Paradigm .................. 65 2.4. 2003 – Present ................................................................................................................................................................................. 70 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 76 3. THE 1986 ULUS PLAN ........................................................................................................... 79 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 79 3.1. The Beginning of the 1986 Ulus Plan ........................................................................................................................... 79 Strategy 1: A New CBD in Kazıkiçi Bostanları ................................................................................................................... 86 Strategy 2: Site Survey ............................................................................................................................................................................ 88 Strategy 3: Urban Design ..................................................................................................................................................................... 91 Strategy 4: Ownership ............................................................................................................................................................................. 92 3.2. Strengths of the Ulus Plan .............................................................................................................................. 96 3.3. Issues Related to the Ulus Plan ...............................................................................................................
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