11. LITERATURE CITED Abbe, T.B., and D.R. Montgomery. 1996. Large woody debris jams, channel hydraulics, and habitat formation in large rivers. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 12:201- 221. Abbe, T.B., and D.R. Montgomery. 2003. Patterns and processes in wood debris accumulation in the Queets River basin, Washington. Geomorphology 51:81-107. ACMRR/IABO Working Party on Ecological Indices of Stress to Fishery Resources. 1976. Indices for measuring responses of aquatic ecological systems to various human influences. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Fisheries Technical Paper 151, Rome, Italy. Adams, D.M., R.J. Alig, D.J. Anderson, J.A. Stevens, and J.T. Chmelik. 1992. Future prospects for western Washington’s timber supply. Institute of Forest Resources Contribution Number 74. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Adams, M.J., and R.B. Bury. 2002. The endemic headwater stream amphibians of the American Northwest: associations with environmental gradients in a large forested preserve. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11(2). Adams, T.A., and K. Sullivan. 1990. The physics of forest stream warming, a simple model. Timber/Fish/Wildlife Report No. TFW-WQ3-90-007. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. 30 pp. Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Cited in Reeves, G.H. 2006. Chapter 9: The aquatic conservation strategy of the Northwest Forest Plan: An assessment after 10 years. Northwest Forest Plan Part II. Agee, J.K. 1994. Fire and weather disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems of the eastern Cascades. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-320. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 52 pp. Ainley, D.G., S.G. Allen, and L.B. Spear. 1995. Offshore occurrence patterns of marbled murrelets in central California. Pages 361-370 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW-GTR-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Allanson, B.R., and Baird, D. 1999. Estuaries in South Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Andersen, A. 1996. Surface erosion report in Naches Pass watershed analysis. Plum Creek Timber Company, Seattle, Washington.

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Anderson, C.W. 2002. Ecological effects on streams from forest fertilization-literature review and conceptual framework for future study. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4047. U.S. Geological Survey, Portland, Oregon. Anderson, H.W., and R.L. Hobba. 1959. Forests and floods in the northwestern United States. International Association of Scientific Hydrology 48:30-39. Anderson, J.J. 2000. Decadal climate cycles and declining salmon. In Knudsen, E.E., C.R. Steward, D.D. MacDonald, J.E. Williams, and D.W. Reiser. (eds.). Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon. CRC Press, LLC, Boca Raton, Florida. Anderson, N.H., and J.R. Sedell. 1979. Detritus processing by macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology 24:351-377. Anderson, S.P., W.E. Dietrich, R. Torres, D.R. Montgomery, and K.M Loague. 1997. Concentration-Discharge Relationships in runoff from a steep un-channeled catchment. Water Resources Research 33:211-225. Andrus, C. 1998. Watershed analysis of streamside stands and woody debris. Unpublished report. National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Corvallis, Oregon. 143 pp. + appendices. Andrus, C., R. Bilby, S. Gregory, T. Nichelson, A. McKee, and J. Boechler. 1993. Modeling woody debris inputs and outputs. [Unpublished Report] Department of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Andrus, C.W., B.A. Long, and H.A. Froehlich. 1988. Woody debris and its contribution to pool formation in a coastal stream 50 years after logging. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45(12):2080-2086. Anthony, R.G., and L.S. Andrews. 2004. Summary Report: Winter habitat use by spotted owls on USDI Bureau of Land Management Medford District Lands within the boundaries of the Timbered Rock Fire. Unpublished report, Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 29 pages. Anthony, R.G., E.D. Forsman, A.B. Franklin, D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, G.C. White, C.J. Schwarz, J. Nichols, J.E. Hines, G.S. Olson, S.H. Ackers, S. Andrews, B.L. Biswell, P.C. Carlson, L.V. Diller, K.M. Dugger, K.E. Fehring, T.L. Fleming, R.P. Gerhardt, S.A. Gremel, R.J. Gutiérrez, P.J. Happe, D.R. Herter, J.M. Higley, R.B. Horn, L.L. Irwin, P.J. Loschl, J.A. Reid, and S.G. Sovern. 2004. Status and trends in demography of northern spotted owls, 1985-2003. Final Report to the Interagency Regional Monitoring Program, Portland, Oregon. September 2004. 179 pages. Anthony, R.G., and F.B. Isaacs. 1989. Characteristics of bald eagle nest sites in Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:148-159.

Biological and Conference Opinion 871

Anthony, R.G., R.J. Steidl, and K. McGarigal. 1995. Recreation and bald eagles in the Pacific Northwest. Pages 223-241, in Knight, R.L., and K.J. Gutzwiller. Wildlife and Recreationists: coexistence through management and research. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 372 pp. Ashton, D.T., S.B. Marks, and H.H. Welsh Jr. 2005. Evidence of continued effects from timber harvesting on lotic amphibians in redwood forests of northwestern California. Forest Ecology and Management 221:183-193. Atterbury Consultants, Inc. 2003. Major forestland owners: Western Washington. Beaverton, Oregon: Atterbury Consultants. Aubry, K.B., and P.A. Hall. 1991. Terrestrial amphibian communities in the southern Washington Cascade Range. Pages 327-338 in Ruggiero, L.F., K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M. Huff (tech. coords.). Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, General Technical Report PNW-GTR- 285. Auld, A.H., and J.R. Schubel. 1978. Effects of suspended sediment on fish eggs and larvae: a laboratory assessment. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 6:153-164. Austin, R.C., and D.H. Baisinger. 1955. Some effects of burning on forest soils of western Oregon and Washington. Journal of Forestry 53(4):275-280. Austin, S.A. 1999. Streamflow response to forest management: a meta-analysis using published data and flow duration curves. Master’s Thesis. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Baitis, K. 1999. Surface erosion outline, LLP, 5-Year Review. [Unpublished report dated June 1999]. Weyerhaeuser Company, Federal Way, Washington. 14 pp. Baker, C.O., and F.E. Votapka. 1990. Fish passage through culverts. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington D.C. Project No. FHWA-FL-90-006. Baker, J. 1968. Effects of slash burning on soil composition and seedling growth. Information Report BC-X-28. Forestry Branch, Forest burning on soil composition and seedling growth. Infor- Victoria, : Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Research Laboratory. 18 pp. Baldwin, J. 2002. Assessing the 2-year protocol for marbled murrelets. July 16, 2002. Pacific Seabird Group, Arcata, California. Unpublished report available at http://www.pacificseabirdgroup.org. Barber, M.E., and R.C. Downs. 1996. Investigation of culvert hydraulics related to juvenile fish passage. Final technical report. WA-RD 388.2. Washington State Department of Transportation. 172 pp

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Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers: periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish, second edition. EPA 841-B-99-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Water, Washington, D.C. Barbour, R.J., S. Johnston, J.P. Hayes, and G.F. Tucker. 1997. Simulated stand characteristics and wood product yields of Douglas-fir forest managed for ecosystem objectives. Forest Ecology and Management 91:305-219. Bargmann, G. 1998. Forage fish management plan: a plan for managing the forage fish resources and fisheries of Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Olympia, Washington. 66 pp. Barrett, J.C., and G.D. Grossman. 1988. Effects of direct current electrofishing on the mottled sculpin. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8:112-116. Barrowclough, G.F., and R.J. Gutiérrez. 1990. Genetic variation and differentiation in the spotted owl. Auk 107:737-744. Barrowclough, G.F., R.J. Gutiérrez, and J.G. Groth. 1999. Phylogeography of spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) populations based on mitochondrial DNA sequences; gene flow, genetic structure, and a novel biogeographic pattern. Evolution 53(3):919-931. Barrows, C.C. 1980. Feeding ecology of the spotted owl in California. Journal of Raptor Research 14:73-77. Barrows, C.W., and K. Barrows. 1978. Roost characteristics and behavioral thermoregulation in the spotted owl. Western Birds 9:1-8. Bart, J. 1995. Amount of suitable habitat and viability of northern spotted owls. Conservation Biology 9(4):943-946. Bart, J., and E.D. Forsman. 1992. Dependence of northern spotted owls Strix occidentalis caurina on old-growth forests in the western USA. Biological Conservation 62:95-100. Barton, D.R., W.D. Taylor, and R.M. Biette. 1985. Dimensions of riparian buffer strips required to maintain trout habitat in southern Ontario streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5:364-378. Bash, J., C. Berman, and S. Bolton. 2001. Effects of turbidity and suspended solids on salmonids. Center for Streamside Studies, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 72 pp. Bates, K.M. 1997. Fishway design guidelines for Pacific salmon. Working Paper 1.6, January 1997. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Bates, K., B. Barnard, B. Heiner, J.P. Klavas, and P.D. Powers. 2003. Design of Road Culverts for Fish Passage. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Olympia, Washington. 110 pp.

Biological and Conference Opinion 873

Bates, K.M. 1997. Fishway design guidelines for Pacific salmon. Working Paper 1.6, January 1997. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Bauer, H.H., and M.C. Mastin. 1997. Recharge from precipitation in three small glacial-till- mantled catchments in the Puget Sound Lowland, Washington. Water Resources Investigations Report 96-4219. U.S. Geologic Survey, Tacoma, Washington. Baxter, C.V. 2002. Fish movement and assemblage dynamics in a Pacific Northwest riverscape. Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Baxter, C.V., and F.R. Hauer. 2000. Geomorphology, hyporheic exchange, and the selection of spawning habitat by bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Canadian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 57:1470-1481. Baxter, J.S., and J.D. McPhail. 1997. Diel microhabitat preferences of juvenile bull trout in an artificial stream channel. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17:975-980. Baxter, J.S., E.B. Taylor, R.H. Devlin, J. Hagen and J.D. McPhail. 1997. Evidence for natural hybridization between Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) and bull trout (S. confluentus) in a northcentral British Columbia watershed. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54:421-429. Beak Consultants. 1998. Habitat Status of Streams on State and Private Lands in the State of Washington. Prepared for Washington Forest Protection Association. Beak Consultants Incorporated, Kirkland, Washington. Beale, C.M., and P. Monaghan. 2004. Human disturbance: people as predation-free predators? Journal of Applied Ecology 41:335-343. Beamish, R.J. 1980. Adult biology of the river lamprey (Lampetra ayresi) and the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) from the Pacific coast of Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 37:1906-1923. Beamish, R.J., and C.D. Levings. 1991. Abundance and freshwater migrations of the anadromous parasitic lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, in a tributary of the , British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences 48:1250-1263. Beauchamp, D.A., and J.J. VanTassell. 2001. Modeling seasonal trophic interactions of adfluvial bull trout in Lake Billy Chinook, Oregon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:204-216. Becker, D.S. 1988. Relationships between sediment character and sex segregation in English sole, Parophrys vetulus. Fisheries Bulletin 86:517-524. Becquey, J., and P. Riou-Nivert. 1987. L'existence de zones de stabilite des peuplements. Consequences sur la gestion. Revue Forestiere Francaise 39:323-334. Beechie, T., E. Beamer, and L. Waserman. 1994. Estimating coho salmon rearing habitat and smolt production losses in a large river basin, and implications for habitat restoration. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14:797-811.

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Beechie, T.J., and T.H. Sibley. 1997. Relationships between channel characteristics, woody debris, and fish habitat in Northwestern Washington streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:217-229 Beeson, C.E., and P.F. Doyle. 1995. Comparison of bank erosion at vegetated and non- vegetated channel bends. Water Resources Bulletin 31:983–990. Behnke, R.J. 1992. Native trout of western North America. American Fisheries Society Monograph 6. Bethesda, Maryland. Behnke, R.J. 1992. Native trout of western North America. American Fisheries Society Monograph 6. Beissinger, S.R. 1995. Population trends of the marbled murrelet projected from demographic analyses. Pages 385-393 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW- GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Beissinger, S.R. 2002. Analysis of the effect of a 10 percent reduction of population size on marbled murrelet population dynamics in northern California. A report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arcata Field Office, California. April 5, 2002. 10 pp. Beissinger, S.R., and M.Z. Peery. 2003. Range-wide analysis of juvenile rations from marbled murrelet monitoring programs: implications for demographic analysis. A report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arcata Field Office, California. Unpublished report. University of California, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley. August 20, 2003. Bell, M. 1991. Fisheries handbook of engineering requirements and biological criteria. Fish passage development and evaluation program. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division, Portland, Oregon. Belsky, J., A. Matzke, and S. Uselman. 1999. Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 54: 419-431. Benda, L., and T. Cundy. 1990. Predicting deposition of debris flows in mountain channels. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27:409-417. Benda, L., and T. Dunne. 1997. Stochastic forcing of sediment supply to the channel network from landsliding and debris flow. Water Resources Research 33(12):2849-2863. Benda, L.E., M.A. Hassan, M. Church, and C.L. May. 2005. Geomorphology of steepland headwaters: the transition from hillslope to channels. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41(4):835-851. Benda, L., D. Miller, T. Dunne, J. Agee, and G. Reeves. 1998. Dynamic Landscape Systems. Pages 261-288 in Naiman, R. and R. Bilby (eds.). River Ecology and Management: Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.

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Benda, L., and J. Sias. 1998. Wood budgeting: Landscape controls on wood abundance in streams. Earth Systems Institute, Seattle, Washington. 70 pp. Benda, L.E., C. Veldhuisen, and J. Black. 2003. Influences of debris flows on the morphological diversity of channels and valley floors, Olympic Peninsula, Washington cited in Reeves, G.H. 2006. Chapter 9: The aquatic conservation strategy of the Northwest Forest Plan: An assessment after 10 years. Northwest Forest Plan Part II. Benfield, E.F. 1997. Comparison of litterfall input to streams. In: Webster, J.R., and J.L. Meyer (eds.). Stream Organic Matter Budgets. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16(1):104-108. Bennie, D.T. 1999. Review of the environmental occurrence of alkylphenols and alkylphenols ethoxylates. Water Quality Resources Journal of Canada 34(1):79-122. Benoit, C.R. 1978. Fluvial sediment delivery as percent of erosion; the relationship between landslope and effective streamside buffer strip width. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Portland, Oregon. 4 pp. Benoit, C.R. 1979. Fluvial sediment delivery as a percent of erosion [white paper]. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service State and Private Forestry, Portland, Oregon. 4 pp. Bentivoglio, N., J. Baldwin, P.G.R. Jodice, D.E. Mack, T. Max, S. Miller, S.K. Nelson, K. Ostrom, C.J. Ralph, M.G. Raphael, C. Strong, C. Thompson, and R. Wilk. 2002. Northwest Forest Plan marbled murrelet effectiveness monitoring 2000 annual report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station and Pacific Southwest Research Station, Oregon State University Wildlife Cooperative Research Unit, Crescent Coastal Research, and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. April 2002. 73 pp. Berg, D.R., A. McKee, and M.J. Maki. 2003. Restoring floodplain forests. Pages 248-291 in Montgomery, D.R., and L. Wall (eds.). Restoration of Puget Sound Rivers. University of Washington Press. Berg, L., and T.G. Northcote. 1985. Changes in territorial, gill-flaring, and feeding behavior in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) following short-term pulses of suspended sediment. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42:1410-1417. Berge H.B, and K. Higgins. 2003. The current status of Kokanee in the greater Lake Washington watershed. King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Water and Land Resources Division. Seattle, Washington. Beschta, R.L. 1978. Long-term patterns of sediment production following road construction and logging in the Oregon Coast Range. Water Resources Research 14:1011-1016. Beschta, R.L. 1981. Patterns of sediment and organic-matter transport in Oregon Coast Range streams. Pages 179-188 in Erosion and Sediment Transport in Pacific Rim Steeplands. IAHS Publication 132. Christchurch, New Zealand.

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Beschta, R.L. 1991. Stream habitat management for fish in the northwest United States: the role of riparian vegetation. American Fisheries Society Symposium 10:53-58. Beschta, R.L. 1998. Forest practices and possible cumulative effects? Cumulative Effects Workshop April 21, 1998. Oregon Department of Forestry, Salem, Oregon. 7 pp. Beschta, R.L., R.E. Bilby, G.W. Brown, L.B. Holtby, and T.D. Hofstra. 1987. Stream temperatures and aquatic habitat: fisheries and forest interactions. Cited in Salo, E.O., and T.W. Cundy (eds.). Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. University of Washington, Institute of Forest Resources, Seattle, Washington. Pp. 143- 190. Beschta, R.L., J.R. Boyle, C.C. Chambers, W.P. Gibson, S.V. Gregory, J. Grizzel, J.C. Hagar, J.L. Li, W.C. McComb, M.L. Reiter, G.H. Taylor, and J.E. Warila. 1995. Cumulative effects of forest practices in Oregon. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Beschta, R.L., M.R. Pyles, A.E. Skaugset, and C.G. Surfleet. 2000. Peak flow responses to forest practices in the western Cascades of Oregon, USA. Journal of Hydrology 223:102- 120. Bevis, K.R.,G.M. King, and E.E. Hanson. 1997. Spotted owls and 1994 fires on the Yakama Indian Reservation. Pages 117-22 in Greenlee, J.M. (ed.). Proceedings: Fire Effects on Rare and Endangered Species Habitats Conference, November 13-16, 1995. Coeur D'Alene, Idaho. International Association of Wildland Fire. Bilby, R.E. 1981. Role of organic debris dams in regulating the export of dissolved and particulate matter from a forest watershed. Ecology 62:1234-1243. Bilby, R.E. 1995. Protection of non-fish bearing streams under Weyerhaeuser’s Willamette Habitat Conservation Plan. Unpublished Manuscript. Weyerhaeuser Corporation, Federal Way, Washington Bilby, R.E. 1996. Large woody debris in type 4 and 5 streams: abundance, distribution, function, and relationship to forest management. Page 33 in Type 4 and 5 Waters Workshop Proceedings. 1996 October 16, Seattle Washington. Timber/Fish/Wildlife, Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. TFW-WQ20-96- 001 Bilby, R.E., B.R. Fransen, P.A. Bisson, and J.K. Walters. 1998. Response of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead (O. omykiss) to addition of salmon carcasses to two streams in southwestern Washington. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:1909-1918. Bilby, R.E., K. Sullivan, and S.H. Duncan. 1989. The generation and fate of road surface sediment in forested watersheds in southwestern Washington. Forest Science 3(2):453- 468. Bilby, R.E., and J.W. Ward. 1991. Characteristics and function of large woody debris in streams draining old-growth, clear-cut, and second-growth forests in southwestern Washington. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48:2499-2508.

Biological and Conference Opinion 877

Bilby, R.E., and L.J. Wasserman. 1989. Forest practices and riparian management in Washington State: data based regulation development. Pages 87-94 in Gresswell, R.E., B.A. Barton, and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Practical applications to riparian resource management: an educational workshop. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. Binford, L.C., B.G. Elliot, and S.W. Singer. 1975. Discovery of a nest and the downy young of the marbled murrelet. Wilson Bulletin 87:303-319. Bingham, B.B., and B.R. Noon. 1997. Mitigation of habitat “take”: Application to habitat conservation planning. Conservation Biology 11(1):127-138. Binns, N.A., and F.M. Eiserman. 1979. Quantification of fluvial trout habitat in Wyoming. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108:215-228. BioAnalysts, Inc. 2000. A status of Pacific lamprey in the mid-Columbia region. Final study report for Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County, Wenatchee, Washington. Rocky Reach hydroelectric project, FERC project no. 2145. Birtwell, I.K. 1999. The effects of sediment on fish and their habitat. Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat Research Document 99/139. Bisson P.A., and R.E. Bilby. 1982. Avoidance of suspended sediment in juvenile coho salmon. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 2:371-374. Bisson, P.A., R.E. Bilby, M.D. Bryant, C.A. Dolloff, G.B. Grette, R.A. House, M.L. Murphy, K.V. Koski, and J.R. Sedell. 1987. Large woody debris in forested streams in the Pacific Northwest: past, present, and future. Pages 143-190 in Salo, E.O., and T.W. Cundy (eds.). Streamside management: Forestry and fishery interactions. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Institute of Forest Resources Contribution No. 57. Bisson, P.A., J.L. Nielsen, and J.W. Ward. 1988. Summer production of coho salmon stocked in Mount St. Helens streams 3-6 years after the 1980 eruption. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 117:322-335. Bisson, P.A., and J.R. Sedell. 1984. Salmonid populations in streams in clearcut vs. old-growth forests of western Washington. Pages 121-129 in Meehan, W.R., T.R. Merrell, Jr., and T.A. Hanley (eds.). Fish and wildlife relationships in old-growth forests. Proceedings of a symposium. American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists, Morehead City, North Carolina. Bjornn, T.C. 1971. Trout and salmon movements in two Idaho streams as related to temperature, food, stream flow, cover, and population density. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 100(3):423-438. Bjornn, T.C., M.A. Brusven, M.P. Molnau, J.H. Milligan, R.A. Klamt, E. Chacho, and C. Schaye. 1977. Transport of granitic sediment in streams and its effects on insects and fish. University of Idaho, Idaho Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit, Completion Report, Project B-036-IDA, Bulletin 17. Moscow, Idaho.

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Bjornn, T.C., and D.W. Reiser. 1991. Habitat requirement of salmonids in streams. Pages 83- 138 in Meehan, W.R. (ed.). Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19. Black, E.C. 1953. Upper lethal temperatures of some British Columbia freshwater fishes. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 10(4). Black, J., and S. Bolton. 1996. Stream sources and temperatures (pilot study) in Type 4 & 5 Waters Workshop Proceedings, October 16, 1996. Timber Fish and Wildlife, Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. TFW- WQ20-96-001. Blakesley, J.A., A.B. Franklin, and R.J. Gutiérrez. 1992. Spotted owl roost and nest site selection in northwestern California. 1992. Journal of Wildlife Management 56(2):388- 392. Blann, K., F.J. Frost Nerbonne, and B. Vondracek. 2002. Relationship of riparian buffer type to water temperature in driftless area region of Minnesota. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22:441-451. Blaustein, A.R., J.J. Beatty, D.H. Olson, and R.M. Storm. 1995. The biology of amphibians and reptiles in old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-337. 98 pp. Bledsoe, B.P., C.C. Watson, and D.S. Biedenharn. 2002. Quantification of incised channel evolution and equilibrium. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38(3):861-870 Blessing, B.J., E.P. Phenix, L.L.C. Jones, and M.G. Raphael. 1999. Nests of Van Dyke's salamander (Plethodon vandykei) from the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Northwestern Naturalist 80:77-81. Blood, D.A. 1993. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Land and Parks (BCMELP). Wildlife in British Columbia at risk (Salish Sucker). Fisheries Branch. ISBN 0-7726- 7468-x, ENV 322362.1093. Victoria, British Columbia. Bloxton, T.D., and M.G. Raphael. 2005. Breeding ecology of the marbled murrelet in Washington State: 2004 Season Summary. A report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, Washington. Unpublished report. Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Olympia, Washington. January 2005. 9 pp. (BMSL) Battelle Marine Sciences Laboratory, Pentec Environmental, Striplin Environmental Associates, Shapiro Associates, Inc., and King County Department of Natural Resources. 2001. Reconnaissance assessment of the state of the nearshore ecosystem: eastern shore of central Puget Sound, including Vashon and Maury Islands (WRIA 8 and 9). Prepared for King County Department of Natural Resources, Seattle, Washington.

Biological and Conference Opinion 879

Boag, T.D. 1987. Food habits of bull char (Salvelinus confluentus), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), coexisting in the foothills stream in northern Alberta. Canadian Field- Naturalist 101(1):56-62. Bolsinger, C.L., N. McKay, D.R. Gedney, and C. Alerich. 1997. Washington’s public and private forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Resources Bulletin PNW- RB-218. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. Bolton, S., and J. Shellberg. 2001. Ecological issues in floodplains and riparian corridors. University of Washington, Center for Streamside Studies. White Paper prepared for the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington Department of Ecology, and the Washington Department of Transportation. Bonar, S.A., L.G. Brown, P.E. Mongillo, and K. Williams. 1997. Status of burbot in Washington State. Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife, Research Report. Olympia, Washington. Bond, C.E. 1963. Distribution and ecology of freshwater sculpins, genus Cottus, in Oregon. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Bond, C.E. 1992. Notes on the nomenclature and distribution of the bull trout and the effects of human activity on the species. Pages 1-4 in Howell, P.J., and D.V. Buchanan (eds.). Proceedings of the Gearhart Mountain bull trout workshop. Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, Corvallis, Oregon. Bond, M.L., R.J. Gutierrez, A.B. Franklin, W.S. LaHaye, C.A. May, and M.E. Seamans. 2002. Short-term effects of wildfires on spotted owl survival, site fidelity, mate fidelity, and reproductive success. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(4):1022-1028. Bond, C.E., E. Rexstad, and R.M. Hughes. 1988. Habitat use of twenty-five common species of Oregon freshwater fishes. Northwest Science 62(5). Bonneau, J.L., and D.L. Scarnecchia 1996. Distribution of juvenile bull trout in a thermal gradient of a plunge pool in Granite Creek, Idaho. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125(4):628-630. Booker, M. 2000. Integrating history into the restoration of coho salmon in the Siuslaw River, Oregon. Pages 625 to 635 In Knudsen, E.E., C.R. Steward, D.D. MacDonald, J.E. Williams, and D.W. Reiser (eds.). Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon. CRC Press, LLC, Boca Raton, Florida. Booth, D.B. 2000. Forest cover, impervious-surface area, and the mitigation of urbanization impacts in King County, Washington. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Prepared for King County Water and Land Resources Division, Seattle, Washington. Booth, D.B., D. Hartley, and R. Jackson. 2002. Forest cover, impervious-surface area, and the mitigation of stormwater impacts. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38:835-845.

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Booth, D.B., J.R. Karr, S. Schauman, S.P. Konrad, S.A. Morley, M.G. Larson, P.C. Henshaw, E.J. Nelson and S.J. Burges. 2001. Urban stream rehabilitation in the Pacific Northwest. The Washington Water Resource-The quarterly report of the Center for Urban Water Resources Management. 12(1):1-11. Booth, D.E. 1991. Estimating pre-logging old-growth in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Forestry (October):25-29. Bortleson, G.C., M.J. Chrzastowsji, and A.K. Helgerson. 1980. Historic changes of shoreline and wetland at eleven major deltas in the Puget Sound Region. Hydraulic Investigations Atlas HA-617, Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Bortleson, G.C., and D.A. Davis. 1997. Pesticides in selected small streams in the Puget Sound Basin, 1987-1995. U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Assessment Program, Washington, D.C. Bortolotti, G.R. 1984. Physical development of nestling bald eagles with emphasis on the timing of growth events. Wilson Bulletin 96:524-542. Bosch, J.M., and J. D. Hewlett. 1982. A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology 55:3-23. Boulton, A.J., S. Findlay, P. Marmonier, E.H. Stanley, and H.M. Valett. 1998. The functional significance of the hyporheic zone in streams and rivers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:59-81. Bowling, L.C., P. Storck, and D.P. Lettenmaier. 2000. Hydrologic effects of logging in western Washington, United States. Water Resources Research 36(11):3223–3240. Boyd, M.S. 1996. Heat source: Stream temperature prediction. Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Bradley, J.E., and J.M. Marzluff. 2003. Rodents as nest predators: influences on predatory behavior and consequences to nesting birds. Auk 120:1180-1187. Brake, D.M. Molnau, and J.G. King. 1997. Sediment transport distances and culvert spacing on logging roads within the Oregon coast mountain range. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) Annual International Meeting, August 10-14, 1997, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Paper No. IM-975018. 11 pp. Brazier, J.R., and G.W. Brown. 1973. Buffer strips for stream temperature control. Research Paper No. 15, Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 9 pp. Brenkman, S.J. 1998. Factors influencing spawning migration of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the North Fork Skokomish River, Olympic National Park, Washington. Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

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Brenkman, S., and S. Corbett. 2003a. Seasonal movements of threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Hoh River basin and coastal Washington. Olympic National Park. Brenkman, S., and S. Corbett. 2003b. Radio tracking of bull trout in the Hoh basin and coastal Washington. Olympic National Park. Brenkman, S.J., and S.C. Corbett. 2005. Extent of anadromy in bull trout and implications for conservation of a threatened species. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25:1073-1081. Brewin, P.A., and M.K. Brewin. 1997. Distribution maps for bull trout in Alberta. Pages 209- 216 in MacKay, W.C., M.K. Brewin, and M.Monia (eds.). Friends of the Bull Trout Conference Proceedings. Bull Trout Task Force (Alberta), c/o Trout Unlimited, Calgary. Broadway, J.E., and P.B. Moyle. 1978. Aspects of the ecology of the prickly sculpin, Cottus asper Richardson, a persistent native species in Clear Lake, Lake County, California. Environmental Biology of Fishes 3:337-343. Brooks, K.N., P.F. Ffolliott, H.M. Gregersen, and J.L. Thames. 1991. Hydrology and the Management of Watersheds. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. 392 pp. Brosofske, K., J. Chen, R.J. Naiman, and J.F. Franklin. 1997. Harvesting effects on microclimatic gradients from small streams to uplands in western Washington. Ecological Applications 7(4):1188-1200. Brown, G.W. 1969. Predicting temperatures of small streams. Water Resources Research 5:68- 75. Brown, G.W. 1971. Water temperature in small streams as influenced by environmental factors and logging. Pages 175–181 in Krygier, J.T., and J. D. Hall (eds.). Proceedings of a symposium: Forest land uses and stream environment. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Brown, G.W. 1983. Forestry and Water Quality; Chapter 3: Water temperature. Oregon State University Book Stores, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon. Brown, G.W., and J.T. Krygier. 1970. Effects of clear cutting on stream temperature. Water Resources Research 6:1133-1139. Brown, G.W., G.W. Swank, and J. Rothacher. 1971. Water temperatures in the Steamboat Drainage. Research Paper PNW-119. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon. Brown, H.A. 1975. Temperature and development of the tailed frog, Ascaphus truei. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 50:397-409. Brown, H.A. 1990. Morphological variation and age-class determination in overwintering tadpoles of the tailed frog, Ascaphus truei. Journal of Zoology (London) 220:171–184.

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Brown, L.G. 1994. The zoogeography and life history of WA native charr. Report #94-04 November 1992. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fisheries Management Division, Olympia, Washington. Brown, L.R., S.A. Matern, and P.B. Moyle. 1995. Comparative ecology of prickly sculpin, Cottus asper, and coastrange sculpin, Cottus aleuticus, in the Eel River, California. Environmental Biology of Fishes 42:329-343. Brunke, M., and T. Gonser. 1997. The ecological significance of exchange processes between rivers and groundwater. Freshwater Biology 37(1):1-33. Bryant, M.D. 1980. Evolution of large, organic debris after timber harvest: Maybeso Creek, 1949 to 1978. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, General Technical Report, PNW-101. Bryant, M.D. 1983. The role and management of woody debris in West Coast salmonid nursery streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 3:322-330. Buchanan, D.M., and S.V. Gregory. 1997. Development of water temperature standards to protect and restore habitat for bull trout and other cold water species in Oregon. Pages 1- 8 in Mackay, W.C., M.K. Brewin and M. Monita (eds.). Friends of the Bull Trout Conference Proceedings. Bull Trout Task Force (Alberta), c/o Trout Unlimited Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Buchanan, J., E. Hanson, D. Hays, and L. Young. 1994. An evaluation of the Washington Forest Practices Board Wildlife Committee preferred alternative for a spotted owl protection rule. Washington Forest Practices Board Spotted Owl Scientific Advisory Group. Olympia, Washington. Buchanan, J.B., L.L. Irwin, and E.L. McCutcheon. 1993. Characteristics of spotted owl nest trees in the Wenatchee National Forest. Journal of Raptor Research 27(1):1-7. Buchanan, J.B., L.L. Irwin, and E.L. McCutchen. 1995. Within-stand nest site selection by spotted owls in the eastern Washington Cascades. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:301-310. Buchanan, J.B., R.G. Anthony, T. Cullinan, L.V. Diller, E.D. Forsman, A.B. Franklin, and R.J. Gutierrez. December 2005. Research and management options to address interspecific relationships between barred owls and spotted owls. Unpublished Report. 36 pages. Buchanan, J.B., T.L. Fleming, and L.L. Irwin. 2004. A comparison of barred and spotted owl nest-site characteristics in the eastern Cascade mountains, Washington. Journal of Raptor Research 38(3):231-237. Buchanan, J.B., and P. Sweeden. 2005. Final briefing report to the Washington State Forest Practices Board regarding spotted owl status and forest practices rules. August 2005. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington.

Biological and Conference Opinion 883

Buehler, D.A. 2000a. Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). In Poole, A., and F. Gill (eds.). The Birds of North America, No. 506. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Buehler, J.A. 2000b. Petition to list kokanee (Onchrynchus nerka) as endangered under the endangered species act. Bull, E.L., and B.E. Carter. 1996. Tailed frogs: distribution, ecology, and association with timber harvest in northeastern Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Portland, Oregon. Research Paper PNW-RP-497. 11 pp. Burgdorf, S., and H. Gearns. 2004. Elliott Bay/Duwamish restoration program: intertidal habitats projects monitoring report: 2001-2003 final report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Olympia, Washington. Burger, A.E. 1995. Marine distribution, abundance and habitat of marbled murrelets in British Columbia. Pages 295-312 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW- GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Burger, A.E. 2001. Using radar to estimate populations and assess habitat associations of marbled murrelets. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:696-715. Burger, A.E. 2002. Conservation assessment of marbled murrelets in British Columbia, a review of biology, populations, habitat associations and conservation. Pacific and Yukon Region, Canadian Wildlife Service. 168 pp. Burger, C.V. 2000. The needs of salmon and steelhead in balancing their conservation and use. Pages 15 through 29 in Knudsen, E.E., C.R. Steward, D.D. MacDonald, J.E. Williams, and D.W. Reiser (eds.). Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon. CRC Press, LLC, Boca Raton, Florida. Burkett, E.E. 1995. Marbled murrelet food habits and prey ecology. Pages 223-246 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW-GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Burroughs, Jr. E.R. and J.G. King. 1989. Reduction of soil erosion on forest roads. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-264. 18 pp. Bury, R.B. 1970. Food similarities in the tailed frog, Ascaphus truei, and the Olympic salamander, Rhyacotriton olympicus. Copeia 1970:170–171. Bury, R.B., and M.J. Adams. 2000. Inventory and monitoring of amphibians in North Cascades and Olympic National Parks, 1995–1998. Final Report, U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center in cooperation with Olympic National Park, Corvallis, Oregon.

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Bury, R.B., and P.S. Corn. 1988. Responses of aquatic streamside amphibians to timber harvest: a review. Pages 165-181 in Raedeke, K.J. (ed.). Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. Institute of Forest Resources Contribution Number 59. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Bury, R.B., P.S. Corn and K.B. Aubry. 1991b. Regional patterns of terrestrial amphibian communities in Oregon and Washington. Pg. 341–350. In Ruggiero, L. F., K. B. Aubry, A. B. Carey and M. H. Huff (Eds.), Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. Bury, R.B., P.S. Corn, K.B. Aubry, F.F. Gilbert and L.L.C. Jones. 1991a. Aquatic Amphibian Communities in Oregon and Washington. Pages 353-362 in Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-fir Forests, PNW-GTR-285, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. Bury, R.B., and M. Martin. 1967. The food of the salamander Rhyacotriton variegatus. Copeia 1967:487. Bustard, D.R., and D.W. Narver. 1975. Aspects of the winter ecology of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32:667-680. Butkus, S. 1997. 1998 Washington State Water Quality Assessment, Section 305(b) Report. Washington State Department of Ecology, Water Quality Program Publication No. 97-13. Revised September 1997. Olympia, Washington. Butkus, S. 2004. Condition of fresh waters in Washington State for the year 2003. Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. Publication No. 04-03-033. Byram, G.M., and G.M. Jemison. 1943. Solar Radiation and Forest Fuel Moisture. Journal of Agricultural Research 67: 149-176. Byrne, J., R. McPeak, and B. McNamara. 2001. Bull trout assessments in the Columbia River Gorge, FY-2000 Annual Report, Report to Bonneville Power Administration Contract No. 00000651, Project No. 199802600 (BPA Report DOE/BP-00000651-1) Caffrey, C. 2003. Determining impacts of West Nile Virus on crows and other birds. American Birds (103rd Count) 57:14-21. Caffrey, C., and C.C. Peterson. 2003. West Nile Virus may not be a conservation issue in northeastern United States. American Birds (103rd Count) 57:14-21. Cairns, D. 1980. Nesting density, habitat structure and human disturbance as factors in black guillemot reproduction. Wilson Bulletin 92(3):352-361. Cam, E., L. Lougheed, R. Bradley, and F. Cooke. 2003. Demographic assessment of a marbled murrelet population from capture-mark-recapture and radio telemetry data. Conservation Biology 17:1118-1126.

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Canty, D., and H. Wiley. 2004. A characterization of Puget Sound agriculture. A report to the Puget Sound Shared Strategy. Evergreen Funding Consultations, Seattle Washington. Carey, A.B. 1991. The biology of arboreal rodents in Douglas-fir forests. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-276. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 46pp. (Huff, M.H., R.S. Holthausen., K.B. Aubrey, tech. cords. Biology and management of old-growth forests). Carey, A.B. 1993. Prey ecology and northern spotted owl diet. Abstract of presentation, Spotted Owl Symposium, annual meeting of the Raptor Research Foundation, Inc., Bellevue, Washington, November 11-15, 1992. Journal of Raptor Research 27(1):53-54. Carey, A.B. 2001. Experimental manipulation of spatial heterogeneity in Douglas-fir forests: effects on squirrels. Forest Ecology and Management 152 (2001):13-30. Carey, A.B. 2004. Relationship of Prey and Forest Management. Appendix 5 in Courtney, S.P., J.A. Blakesley, R.E. Bigley, M.L. Cody, J.P. Dumbacher, R.C. Fleischer, A.B. Franklin, J.F. Franklin, R.J. Gutiérrez, J.M. Marzluff, L. Sztukowski. 2004. Scientific evaluation of the status of the northern spotted owl. Sustainable Ecosystems Institute. Portland, Oregon. September 2004. Carl, L. 1985. Management plan for bull trout in Alberta. Pages 71-80 in MacDonald, D.D. (ed.). Proceedings of the Flathead River basin bull trout biology and population dynamics modeling information exchange. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Fisheries Branch, Cranbrook, British Columbia. Carlson, M. 2005. Lands 20/20: A clear vision for the future. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Carney, K.M., and W.J. Sydeman. 1999. A review of human disturbance effects on nesting colonial waterbirds. Waterbirds 22(1):68-79. Carter, H.R., and R.A. Erickson. 1992. Status and conservation of the marbled murrelet in California, 1892-1987. In Carter, H.R., and M.L. Morrison (eds.). Status and conservation of the marbled murrelet in North America. Proceedings of the Western Foundation for Vertebrate Zoology 5. Carter, H.R., M.L.C. McAllister, and M.E. Isleib. 1995. Mortality of marbled murrelets in gill nets in North America. Pages 271-283 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW-GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Carter, H.R., and S.G. Sealy. 1986. Year-round use of coastal lakes by marbled murrelets. Condor 88:473-477. Carter, H.R., and S.G. Sealy. 1990. Daily foraging behavior of marbled murrelets. Studies in Avian Biology 14:93-102.

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Carter, H.R., and J.L. Stein. 1995. Molts and plumages in the annual cycle of the marbled murrelet. Pages 99-109 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW- GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Casillas, E., B.B. McCain, M. Arkoosh, and J.E. Stein. 1997. Estuarine pollution and juvenile salmon health: potential impact on survival. Pages 169–178 in Emmett, R.L., and M.H. Schiewe (eds.). Estuarine and ocean survival of northeastern Pacific salmon. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum. NMFS-NWFSC-29, Seattle, Washington. Castelle, A.J., and A.W. Johnson. 1995. Riparian vegetative effectiveness. Adolfson Associates, Inc. and Aquatic Resource consultants, Seattle, Washington. 41 pp. Castelle, A.J., and A.W. Johnson. 2000. Riparian vegetation effectiveness. Technical Bulletin No. 799. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. [February 2000]. Castro, J. 2003. Geomorphologic impacts of culvert replacement and removal: avoiding channel incision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office, Portland, Oregon. Castro, J., and F. Reckendorf. 1995. Effects of sediment on the aquatic environment. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Working Paper No. 6. Oregon State University, Department of Geosciences, Eugene , Oregon. August 1995. 43 pp. Cavallo, B.J. 1997. Floodplain habitat heterogeneity and the distribution, abundance and behavior of fishes and amphibians in the Middle Fork Flathead River Basin, Montana. Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula. 128 pp. Cavender, T.M. 1978. Taxonomy and distribution of the bull trout, (Salvelinus confluentus) (Suckley), from the American Northwest. California Fish and Game 64(3):139-174. (CDF) California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. 2005. California Forest Practices Rules: 2001. Title 14, California Code of Regulations, Chapters 4, 4.5, and 10. Sacramento, California. Cederholm, C.J., D.H. Johnson, R.E. Bilby, L.G. Dominguez, A.M. Garrett, W.H. Graeber, E.L. Greda, M.D. Kunze, B.G. Marcot, J.F. Palmisano, R.W. Plotnikoff, W.G. Pearcy, C.A. Simenstad, and P.C. Trotter. 2000. Pacific Salmon and Wildlife-Ecological Contexts, Relationships, and Implications for Management. Special Edition Technical Report, Prepared for D.H. Johnson and T.A. O’Neil (Manag. Dirs.), Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington.

Biological and Conference Opinion 887

Cederholm, C.J., and L.M. Reid. 1987. Impact of forest management on coho salmon (Oncoryhynchus kisutch) populations of the Clearwater River, Washington: a project summary. Pages 373-398 in Salo, E.O., and T.W. Cundy (eds.). Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. University of Washington Institute of Forest Resources, Contribution 57. Cederholm, C.J., L.M. Reid, and E.O. Salo. 1981. Cumulative effects of logging road sediment on salmonid populations in the Clearwater river, Jefferson County, Washington. Pages 38-74 in Proceedings, Conference on Salmon Spawning Gravel: a Renewable Resource in the Pacific Northwest. Water Research Center Report 39. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. CH2MHill. 1999. Evaluation of Oregon DEQ’s Temperature Modeling and TMDL Process. Oregon Forest Industries Council , Salem, Oregon. CH2MHill. 2000. Review of the scientific foundations of the Forests and Fish Plan. Prepared for the Washington Forest Protection Association, Olympia, Washington. Chamberlain, T.W., R.D. Harr, and F.H. Everest. 1991. Timber harvesting, silviculture and watershed processes. Pages 181-205 in Meehan, W.R. (ed.). Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19. Chan, S.S., P.D. Anderson, R.J. Danehy, M.L. Reiter. 2005. Riparian microclimate, overstory canopy, and understory vegetation and soil moisture relationships to a range of timber harvest prescriptions in headwater forests of the central Oregon Coast Range. In Proceedings: Science and Management of Headwater Streams in the Pacific Northwest. The Oregon Headwaters Research Cooperative. Corvallis, Oregon. November 17 and 18, 2005. Chapman, D.W. 1966. Food and space as regulators of salmonid populations in streams. American Naturalist 100:345-357. Chapman, D.W. 1988. Critical review of variable used to define effects of fines in redds of large salmonids. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 117:1-21. Chapman, D.W., and K. P. McLeod. 1987. Development of criteria for fine sediment in the northern Rockies ecoregion. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Final Report. 279 pp. Chapman, P.M. 1989. Salmonid toxicity studies with Roundup. Proceedings of the Carnation Creek Herbicide Workshop. Forest Resource Development Agreement, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Forestry Canada, Forest Resource Development Agreement Report 063. Pp. 257–262. Chen, J., J.F. Franklin, and T.A. Spies. 1993. Contrasting microclimates among clearcut, edge and interior old-growth Douglas-fir forest. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology 63:219- 237.

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Chen, J., J.F. Franklin, and T.A. Spies. 1995. Growing-season microclimatic gradients from clear-cut edges into old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Ecological Applications 5:74-86. Chen, J., S.C. Saunders, T.R. Crow, R.J. Naiman, K.D. Brosofske, G.D. Mroz, B.L. Brookshire, and J.F. Franklin. 1999. Microclimate in forest ecosystem and landscape ecology. BioScience 49(4):288-297. Cheng, J.D. 1989. Streamflow changes after clear-cut logging of a pine beetle-infested watershed in southern British Columbia, Canada. Water Resources Research 25:449- 456. Cheng, J.D., T.A. Black, J. Devries, R.P. Willington, and B.C. Goodell. 1975. The evaluation of initial changes in peak streamflow following logging of a watershed on the west coast of Canada. Pages 475-486 in Proceedings International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Tokyo, Japan. Publication 117 Chigbu, P., and T.H. Sibley. 1994. Relationship between abundance, growth, egg size and fecundity in a landlocked population of longfin smelt, Spirinchus thaleichthys. Journal of Fish Biology 45 1-15. Chisholm, I.M., and W.A. Hubert. 1986. Influence of stream gradient on standing stock on brook trout in the Snowy Range, Wyoming. Northwest Science 60:137-139. Christensen, D.L., B.J. Herwig, D.E. Schindler, and S.R. Carpenter. 1996. Impacts of lakeshore residential development on coarse woody debris in north temperate lakes. Ecological Applications 6(4):1143-1149. City of Seattle. 2001. Final Cedar River watershed habitat conservation plan for the issuance of a permit to allow incidental take of threatened and endangered species. City of Seattle. Seattle, Washington. April 2000. Clarke, L.R., and D.H. Bennett. 2002. Newly emerged Kokanee growth and survival in an oligotrophic lake with Mysis relicta. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131:176-185. Close, D.A., M. Fitzpatrick, H. Li, B. Parker, D. Hatch, and G. James. 1995. Status report of the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridnetata) in the Columbia River Basin. Prepared for the U. S. Department of Energy Bonneville Power Administration Environment, Fish and Wildlife, Project No. 94-026, Contact No. 95BI39067. Portland, Oregon. (CMER) Cooperative Monitoring, Evaluation, and Research Committee. 2004. The hydrologic impacts of roads at varying spatial and temporal scales: a review of published literature as of 04-09-04. Prepared for the Upland Processes Science Advisory Group of the Committee for Cooperative Monitoring, Evaluation, and Research Committee (CMER), Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington.

Biological and Conference Opinion 889

Coats, R. 1987. Cumulative watershed effects: a historical perspective. Pages 107-111 in Callahm, R.Z.; and J.J. DeVries (tech. coords.). California watershed management: Proceedings of the symposium; 18-20 November 1986; Sacramento, California. Wildlands Resources Center Report Number 11. University of California, Berkeley, California. Coffie, P.A. 1998. Status of the Cultus pygmy sculpin, Cottus sp., in Canada. Canadian Field- Naturalist 112:126-129. Coffin, B.A., and R.D. Harr. 1992. Effects of forest cover on volume of water delivery to soil during rain-on-snow. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. Timber/Fish/Wildlife Report No. SH1-92-001. 118 pp. Coho, C., and S.J. Burges. 1993. Dam-break floods in low-order mountain channels of the Pacific Northwest. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Water Resources Series, Technical Report No. 138. 68 pp. Cole, E.C.; W.C. Mccomb, M. Newton, C.L. Chambers, and J.P. Leeming. 1997. Response of amphibians to clearcutting, burning, and glyphosate application in the Oregon coast range. Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3):656-664. Collins, B.D., T.J. Beechie, L.E. Benda, P.M. Kennard, C.N. Veldhuisen, V.S. Anderson, and D.R. Berg. 1994. Watershed assessment and salmonid habitat restoration strategy for Deer Creek, North Cascades of Washington. 10,000 Years Institute, Seattle, Washington. 232 pp. Collins, B.D., D.R. Montgomery, and A.D. Haas. 2002. Historical changes in the distribution and function of large wood Puget lowland river. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59:66-67. Connelly, B.A., and T.W. Cundy. 1992. Cumulative effects of forest management on peak streamflows during rain-on-snow events. Pages 470-484 in Interdisciplinary Approaches in Hydrology and Hydrogeology. American Institute of Hydrology. Conners, M.E., and R.J. Naiman. 1984. Particulate allochthonous inputs: relationship with stream size in an undisturbed watershed. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41:1473-1484. Corkran, C.C., and C. Thoms. 1996. Amphibians of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 175 pp. Corn, P.S., and R.B. Bury. 1989. Logging in western Oregon: responses of headwater habitats and stream amphibians. Forest Ecology and Management 29:39-57 Corn, P.S., and R.B. Bury. 1991. Terrestrial amphibian communities in the Oregon Coast Range. Pages 305-318 in Ruggiero, L.F., K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M.H. Huff (tech. coords.). Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285. 533 pp.

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Cornwall, C.X. 1998. Stream stabilizing traits in six riparian graminoids common to semi-arid alluvial streams. Master’s Thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. (COSEWIC) Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2002. COSEWIC status report on the Salish sucker Catostomus sp. in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii+27 pp. Counihan, T.T., A.I. Miller, M.G. Mesa, and M.J. Parsley. 1998. The effects of dissolved gas supersaturation on white sturgeon larvae. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127:316-322. Courtney, S.P., J.A. Blakesley, R.E. Bigley, M.L. Cody, J.P. Dumbacher, R.C. Fleischer, A.B. Franklin, J.F. Franklin, R.J. Gutiérrez, J.M. Marzluff, L. Sztukowski. 2004. Scientific evaluation of the status of the northern spotted owl. Sustainable Ecosystems Institute. Portland, Oregon. September 2004. Coutant, C.C. 1999. Perspectives on temperature in the Pacific Northwest’s fresh water. Environmental Sciences Division Publication 4849. ORNL/TM–1999/44. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Crane, P.A., L.W. Seeb, and J.E. Seeb. 1994. Genetic relationships among Salvelinus species inferred from allozyme data. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51(Suppl. 1):182–197. Cristea, N. 2005. Study plan to conduct sensitivity analysis of the factors affecting stream temperature to assist in the development of hardwood conversion guidelines for small forest landowners. Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington Cross, D., and L. Everest. 1995. Fish habitat attributes and managed watersheds with special reference to the location of bull charr spawning sites in the Upper Spokane river ecosystem. Fish Habitat Relations, Technical Bulletin No. 17. Cross, J. 2002. Measuring the impact of harvest intensity on riparian forest functionality in terms of shade production and large woody debris recruitment potential: two models. Master’s Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Crother, B.I. (ed.). 2000 (2001). Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North American north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular 29. iii + 82 pp. Crother, B.I., J. Boundy, J.A. Campbell, K. de Quieroz, D. Frost, D.M. Green, R. Highton, J.B. Iverson, R.W. McDiarmid, P.A. Meylan, T.W. Reeder, M.E. Seidel, J.W. Sites, Jr., S.G. Tilley, and D.B. Wake. 2003. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico: Update. Herpetological Review 34(3):196- 203.

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(CSTEE) Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment. 1999. CSTEE opinion on human and wildlife health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals, with emphasis on wildlife and on ecotoxicology test methods. Report of the working group on endocrine disrupters of the Scientific CSTEE of DG XXIV, Consumer Policy and Consumer Health Protection. Cudahy, E., and W.T. Ellison. 2002. A review of the potential for in vivo tissue damage by exposure to underwater sound. Department of the Navy, Groton, Connecticut. 6 pp. Cui, Y., G. Parker, T.E. Lisle, J. Gott, M.E. Hansler-Ball, J.E. Pizzuto, N.E. Allmendinger, and J.M. Reed. 2003. Sediment pulses in mountain rivers: 1. Experiments, Water Resoures Research 39(9):1239. Cullen, S.A. 2002. Using radar to monitor populations and assess habitat associations of marbled murrelets within the Sunshine Coast Forest District. Surrey, British Columbia, Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, 25 pp. Culp, J.M., and R.W. Davies. 1983. An assessment of the effects of streambank clear-cutting on macroinvertebrate communities in a managed watershed. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1208:115. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Fisheries Research Branch, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia. Cummins, K.W. 1975. The ecology of running waters: Theory and Practice. Pages 277-293 in Baker, D.B., W.B. Jackson, and B.L. Prater (eds.). Proceedings of the Sandusky River Basin Symposium. Energy Research and Development Administration, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Cunjak, R.A. 1996. Winter habitat of selected stream fishes and potential impact from land-use activities. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53(Supplement 1):267- 282. Cunningham, P.A., J.E.H. Wilson, D.W. Evans, and J.D. Costlow, Jr. 1987. Effects of sediment on the persistence and toxicity of diflubenzuron (Dimilin) in estuarine waters: a laboratory evaluation using larvae of two estuarine crustaceans. Pages 299-331 in Vernberg, W.B., A. Calabrese, F.P. Thurberg, and F.J. Vernberg (eds.). Pollution physiology of estuarine organisms. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. Dalbey, S.R., T.E. McMahon, and W. Fredenberg. 1996. Effect of electrofishing pulse shape and electrofishing-induced spinal injury on long-term growth and survival of wild rainbow trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16:560-569. (DAPTF) Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force.. Undated. Fieldwork Code of Practice. Contact: John Wilkinson, Biology Department, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom. Dark, S.J., R.J. Gutiérrez, and G.I. Gould. 1998. The barred owl (Strix varia) invasion in California. Auk 115:50-56.

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Daugherty, C.H., and A.L. Sheldon. 1982a. Age-specific movement patterns of the tailed frog Ascaphus truei. Herpetologica 38(4):468–474. Daugherty, C. H., and A.L. Sheldon. 1982b. Age determination, growth and life history of a Montana population of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei). Herpetologica 38(4):461-468. Daughton, C.G., and T.A. Terns. 1999. Pharmaceutical and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change? Environmental Health Perspectives 102 (supplement 6). December 1999. Davis, J., and N. Scholz. 2005. Washington - Sublethal Effects of the Carbamate Insecticide, Carbaryl, on Coastal Cutthroat Trout in Willapa Bay, Washington. DEC Project ID: 200210007.1 FFS #: 1F36. FY06 - Environmental Contaminants Program: Off-Refuge Investigations Sub-Activity. Davis, R., and J. Lint. 2005. Habitat status and trends. Chapter 3 in Northwest Forest Plan—the first 10 years (1994–2003): status and trends of northern spotted owl populations and habitat. Lint, Joseph, tech. coord. 2005. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-648. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 176 pp. Raster map data produced in support of the Northwest Forest Plan northern spotted owl monitoring module. (Online Linkage: http://www.reo.gov/monitoring/10yr-report/northern-spotted-owl/maps-maps.html.) Dean, T., Z. Ferdaña, J. White, and C. Tanner. 2000. Skagit Estuary restoration assessment, Puget Sound, Washington. Prepared for People for Puget Sound. Delaney, D.K., T.G. Grubb, P. Beier, L.L. Pater, and M.H. Reiser. 1999. Effects of helicopter noise on Mexican spotted owls. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:60-76. Dent, L.F., and Walsh, J.B.S. 1997. Effectiveness of riparian management areas and hardwood conversions in maintaining stream temperature. Forest Practices Technical Report 3. Oregon Department of Forestry, Salem, Oregon. Deubel, V., L. Fiette, P. Gounon, M.T. Drouet, H. Khun, M. Huerre, C. Banet, M. Malkinson, and P. Despres. 2001. Variations in biological features of West Nile viruses. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 951:195-206. De Vlaming, V.L., and R.B. Bury. 1970. Thermal selection in tadpoles of the tailed frog, Ascaphus truei. Journal of Herpetology 4:179-189. DeVore, J., B. James, and R.C. Beamesderfer. 1999. Draft Lower Columbia River white sturgeon current stock status and management implications. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Olympia, Washington. Diaz, H.F., and R.S. Bradley. 1995. Documenting natural climatic variations: How different is the twentieth century from that of previous centuries? Pages 17–29 in Natural climate variability on decade-to-century time scales. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

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Diaz, N.M., and T.K. Mellen. 1996. Riparian ecological types Gifford Pinchot and Mt. Hood National Forests Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. R6-NR-TP-10-96. Portland, Oregon. Dieu, J. 1999. Unpublished data. Rayonier Company, Hoquiam, Washington. Diller, L.V., and R.L. Wallace. 1996. Distribution and habitat of Rhyacotriton variegatus in managed, young growth forests in North Coastal California. Journal of Herpetology 30(2):184-191. Diller, L.V., and R.L. Wallace. 1999. Distribution and habitat of Ascaphus truei in streams on managed, young growth forests in north coastal California. Journal of Herpetology 33(1):71-79. Dinicola, R.S. 1990. Characterization and simulation of rainfall-runoff relations for headwater basins in western King and Snohomish Counties, Washington. Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4052. Tacoma, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey. Divoky, G.J., and M. Horton. 1995. Breeding and natal dispersal, nest habitat loss and implications for marbled murrelet populations. Pages 83-87 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW-GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Dolloff, C.A. 1986. Effects of stream cleaning on juvenile coho salmon and Dolly Varden in southeast Alaska. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115:743-755. Domenico, P.A., and F.W. Schwartz. 1990. Physical and chemical hydrogeology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 824 pp. Donald, D.B., and D.J. Alger. 1993. Geographic distribution, species displacement, and niche overlap for lake trout and bull trout in mountain lakes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:238-247. Downen, D. 2003. Unpublished survey data. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Doyle, A.T. 1990. Use of riparian and upland habitats by small mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 71(1):14-23. Dugger, K.M., F. Wagner, R.G. Anthony, and G.S. Olson. 2005. The relationship between habitat characteristics and demographic performance of northern spotted owls in southern Oregon. The Condor 107:863-878. Dumas, P.C. 1955. Eggs of the salamander Plethodon dunni in nature. Copeia P. 65. Dumbauld, B.R., Brooks, K.M., and M.H. Posey. 2001. Response of an estuarine benthic community to application of pesticide Carbaryl and cultivation of Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in Willapa Bay, Washington. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42(10):826- 44.

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Dunbar, D.L., B.P. Booth, E.D. Forsman, A.E. Hetherington, and D.J. Wilson. 1991. Status of the spotted owl, Strix occidentalis, and barred owl, Strix varia, in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Field Naturalist 105:464-468. Duncan, S.H. 1986. Peak stream discharge during thirty years of sustained yield timber management in two fifth order watersheds in Washington State. Northwest Science 60(4):258-264. Dunham, J.B., and B.E. Rieman. 1999. Metapopulation structure of bull trout: influences of physical, biotic, and geometrical landscape characteristics. Ecological Applications 9(2):642-655. Dunham, J.B., B.E. Rieman, and G. Chandler. 2003. Influence of temperature and environmental variables on the distribution of bull trout within streams at the southern margin of its range. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23:894-904. Dunham, J.B., B.E. Rieman, and J.T. Peterson. 2002. Patch-based models to predict species occurrence: lessons from salmonid fishes in streams. Pages 327-334 in Scott, J. M., P. J. Heglund, M. Morrison, M. Raphael, J. Haufler, and B. Wall (eds.). Predicting species occurrences: issues of scale and accuracy. Island Press, Covelo, California. Dunne, T., and R.D. Black. 1970. Partial area contributions to storm runoff in a small New England watershed. Water Resources Research 6(5):1296-1311. Dunne, T., and L.B. Leopold. 1978. Water in environmental planning. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York. 818 pp. DuPont, J., and N. Horner. 2002. Middle Fork East River bull trout assessment. 2002 Annual performance report. Idaho Fish and Game, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. Dupuis, L., and D. Steventon. 1999. Riparian management and the tailed frog in northern coastal forests. Forest Ecology and Management 124:35-43. Dvornich, K.M., K.R. McAllister, and K.B. Aubry. 1997. Amphibians and Reptiles of Washington State: Location Data and Predicted Distributions, Volume 2 in Cassidy, K.M., C.E. Grue, M.R. Smith, and K.M. Dvornich (eds.). Washington State Gap Analysis, Final Report. Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 146 pp. Dwyer, W.P., and R.G. White. 1995. Influence of electroshock on short-term growth of adult rainbow trout and juvenile Arctic grayling and cutthroat trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15:148-151. Dyer, K.R. 1973. Estuaries: A physical introduction. John Wiley & Sons, London, United Kingdom. Dyrness, C.T. 1969. Hydrologic properties of soils on three small watersheds in the western Cascades of Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Res. Note PNW-111. 17 pp.

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Easterbrook, D.J. 1993. Earth surface processes and landforms, second edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 546 pp. Ebersole, J.L., W.J. Liss, and C.A. Frissell. 2001. Relationship between stream temperature, thermal refugia and rainbow trout Oncorhyncus mykiss abundance in arid-land streams in the northwestern United States. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 10:1-10. Edge, W.D. 2001. Wildlife of agriculture, pastures, and mixed environs. In Johnsons, D.H., and T.A. O’Neil (eds.). 2001. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. 1st edition. 736 pp. Edinger, J.E., D.W. Duttweiler and J.C. Geyer. 1968. The response of water temperature to meteorological conditions. Water Resources Research 4(5):1137-1143. Edwards, R.T. 1998. The hyporheic zone. Pages 399-429 in Naiman, R.J., and R.E. Bilby (eds.). River Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York. Ehrhart, R.C., and P.L. Hansen. 1997. Effective cattle management in riparian zones: a field survey and literature review. Montana Bureau of Land Management, Riparian Technical Bulletin No.3. 92 pp. Ehrhart, R.C, and P.L. Hansen. 1998. Successful strategies or grazing cattle in riparian zones. Montana Bureau of Land Management, Riparian Technical Bulletin No.4. 48 pp. Elliot, W.J., D. Page-Dumroese, and P.R. Robichaud. 1999. The effects of forest management on erosion and soil productivity. Soil and Water Conservation Society:195-208. Elliot, W.J., and L.M. Tysdal. 1999. Understanding and reducing erosion from insloping roads. Journal of Forestry 97(8):30-34. Elliott, S.T. 1986. Reduction of a Dolly Varden population and macrobenthos after removal of logging debris. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115:392-400. Elmore, W. 1992. Riparian responses to grazing practices. Pages 442-457 in Naiman, R.J. (ed.). Watershed Management: Balancing Sustainability and Environmental Change, Springer- Verlag. New York. Embrey, S.S., and E.L. Inkpen. 1998. Water-quality assessment of the Puget Sound Basin, Washington, nutrient transport in rivers, 1980-1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigation Report 97-4270. 30 pp. Emmett, W.W., and M.G. Wolman. 2001. Effective discharge and gravel-bed rivers. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26:1369-1380. Entranco I., Hamer Environmental LP. 2005. Marbled Murrelet Hazing Report: SR 104 Hood Canal Bridge East-Half Replacement and West-Half Retrofit Project. 22 pp + Appendices. Erickson, K. 1999. Assimilative capacity study for nutrient loading in the lower White River review draft. Washington Department of Ecology Publication Number 00-03-001. Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington.

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Erman, D.C., E.D. Andrews, and M. Yoder-Williams. 1988. Effects of winter floods on fishes in the Sierra Nevada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45:2195-2200. Evans Mack, D., W.P. Ritchie, S.K. Nelson, E. Kuo-Harrison, P. Harrison, and T.E. Hamer. 2003. Methods for surveying marbled murrelets in forests, a revised protocol for land management and research. Marbled Murrelet Technical Committee, Pacific Seabird Group, 89 pp. Pacific Seabird Group unpublished document available at http://www.pacificseabirdgroup.org. Everest, F.H., R.L. Beschta, J.C. Scrivener, K.V. Koski, J.R. Sedell, and C.J. Cederholm. 1987. Fine sediment and salmonid production: a paradox. Pages 98-142 in Salo, E.O., and T.W. Cundy (eds.). Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. University of Washington Institute of Forest Resources, Contribution 57. Everest, F.H., D.J.Stouder, C. Kakoyannis, L. Houston, G. Stankey, J. Kline, and R. Alig. 2004. A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-595. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 128 pp. Everett, R., P. Hessburg, M. Jensen, and B. Bormann. 1994. Eastside Forest Ecosystem Health Assessment. Volume I: Executive summary. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon. PNW-GTR- 317. Evermann, B.W. 1896. 2. A preliminary report upon salmon investigations in Idaho in 1894. Pages 253– 284 in Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission for 1896. Vol. XV. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Extoxnet. 1996. Pesticide Information Profiles: Glyphosate. Extension Toxicology Network. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. June 1996. (Website: [http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/glyphosa.htm]). Fagergren, D., A. Criss, and D. Christensen. 2004. Hood canal low dissolved oxygen: preliminary assessment and corrective action plan. Puget Sound Action Team and the Hood Canal Coordinating Council. Publication #PSAT04-06, Puget Sound Action Team, Olympia, Washington. Federicks, J.P., M.A. Maiolie, and S. Elam. 1995. Kokanee impacts, assessment and monitoring on Lake Pend Oreille, and on Dworshak Reservoir, Idaho. Chapter 1 and 2. Progress Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon. No. 87BI35167, 94BI12917, Project No. 87-099, 94-035. Feist, G.W., M.A.H. Webb, D.T. Gundersen, E.P. Foster, C.B. Schreck, A.G. Maule, and M.S. Fitzpatrick. In Press. Evidence of detrimental effects of environmental contaminants on growth and reproductive physiology of white sturgeon in impounded areas of the Columbia River. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Biological and Conference Opinion 897

(FEMAT) Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team. 1993. Forest ecosystem management: an ecological, economical, and social assessment. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team. U.S. Government Printing Office 1993-793- 071. U.S. Government Printing Office for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; U.S. Department of the Interior. Fish and Wildlife Service; Bureau of Land Management; National Park Service; U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration and National Marine Fisheries Service; and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ferguson, H.L., K. Robinette, and D. Stenburg. 2001. Wildlife of urban habitats. In Johnsons, D.H. Johnsons and T.A. O’Neil (eds.). Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. 1st edition. 736 pp Fiedler, P.L., and S.R. Jain (eds.). 1992. Conservation biology: The theory and practice of nature conservation, preservation and management. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York. Finger, T.R. 1982. Interactive segregation among three species of sculpins (Cottus). Copeia 3:680-694. Firth, J. and G. Murphy. 1989. Skidtrails and their effect on the growth and management of young Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forest Science 19:22-28. Fish, F.F., and M.G. Havana. 1948. A report upon the Grand Coulee Fish-Maintenance Project 1939-1947. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report No. 55. 63p. Fisher, S.G., and G.E. Likens. 1973. Energy flow in Bear Brook, New Hampshire: an integrative approach to stream ecosystem metabolism. Ecological Monographs 43:421- 439. Fitzgerald, S.D., J.S. Patterson, M. Kiupel, H.A. Simmons, S.D. Grimes, C.F. Sarver, R.M. Fulton, B.A. Fulton, B.A. Steficek, T.M. Cooley, J.P. Massey, and J.G. Sikarskie. 2003. Clinical and pathological features of West Nile Virus infection in native North American owls (family Strigidae). Avian Diseases 47:602-610. Fleming, R.L., and R.M. Crossfield. 1983. Strip cutting in shallow-soil upland black spruce near Nipigon, Ontario. III. Windfall and mortality in the leave strips: preliminary results. Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forest Research Centre, Info. Rep. O-X- 354. Foerster, R.E. 1968. The sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 162. Folliard, L. 1993. Nest site characteristics of northern spotted owls in managed forest of northwest California. Master’s Thesis. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. Folmar, L.C. 1976. Overt avoidance reaction or rainbow trout fry to 9 herbicides. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 15:509–514.

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Foltz, R.B., and M.A. Truebe. 1995. Effect of aggregate quality on sediment production from a forest road. Pages 49-57 in Proceedings of the sixth international conference on low- volume roads. Volume 1. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Ford, R.G., H. Boor, G.K, and J.C. Ward. 2001. Final Report: seabird mortality resulting from the M/V New Carissa oil spill incident, February and March 1999. Ford, R.G., G.K Himes Boor, B.E. Sharp, and J.L. Casey. 2002. Estimates of bird impacts resulting from M/V Kure/Humboldt Bay oil spill of November 5, 1997. Final draft report prepared for California Department of Fish and Game, Office of Spill Prevention and Response. 71 pp. Forsman, E.D. 1981. Molt of the spotted owl. Auk 98:735-742 Forsman, E.D., R.G. Anthony, E.C. Meslow, and C.J. Zabel. 2004. Diets and foraging behavior of northern spotted owls in Oregon. Journal of Raptor Research 38(3):214-230. Forsman, E.D., R.G. Anthony, J.A. Reid, P.J. Loschl, S.G. Sovern, M. Taylor, B.L. Biswell, A. Ellingson, E.C. Meslow, G.S. Miller, K.A. Swindle, J.A. Thrailkill, F.F. Wagner, and D.E. Seaman. 2002. Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls. Wildlife Monographs 149:1-35. Forsman, E.D., S. DeStefano, M.G. Raphael, and R.J. Gutierrez (eds.). 1996. Demography of the northern spotted owl. Studies in Avian Biology No. 17. Cooper Ornithology Society. Forsman, E.D., and A.R. Giese. 1997. Nests of northern spotted owls on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Wilson Bulletin 109(1):28-41. Forsman, E.D., E.C. Meslow, and H.M. Wight. 1984. Distribution and biology of the spotted owl in Oregon. Wildlife Monographs 87:1-64. Forsman, E.D., I.A. Otto, S.G. Sovern, M. Taylor, D.W. Hays, H. Allen, S.L. Roberts, and D.E. Seaman. 2001. Spatial and temporal variation in diets of spotted owls in Washington. Journal of Raptor Research 35(2):141-150. Fothergill, D.M., J.R. Sims, and M.D. Curley. 2001. Recreational scuba diver's aversion to low- frequency underwater sound. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 28(1):9-18. Fowler, W.B., J.D. Helvey, and E.N. Felix. 1987. Hydrologic and climatic changes in three small watersheds after timber harvest. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. Research Paper PNW-RP-379. Fox, M.J. 2003. Spatial organization, position, and source characteristics of large woody debris in natural systems. PhD dissertation. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Fraley, J.J., and B.B. Shepard. 1989. Life history, ecology, and subpopulation status of migratory bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Flathead Lake and River system, Montana. Northwest Science 63:133-143.

Biological and Conference Opinion 899

Frankham, R. 1995. Effective population size/adult population size ratios in wildlife: a review. Genetical Research 66:95-107. Franklin, A.B. 1992. Population regulation in northern spotted owls: theoretical implications for management. Pages 815-827 in McCullough, D.R., and R.H. Barrett (eds.). Wildlife 2001: populations. Elsevier Applied Sciences, London, England. Franklin, A.B., D.R. Anderson, R.J. Gutiérrez, and K.P. Burnham. 2000. Climate, habitat quality, and fitness in northern spotted owl populations in northwestern California. Ecological Monographs 70(4):539-590. Franklin, A.B., K.P. Burnham, G.C. White, R.J. Anthony, E.D. Forsman, C. Sanchez, J.D. Nicols, and J. Hines. 1999. Range-wide status and trends in northern spotted owl populations. Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado and Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon. Unpublished report. Franklin , J.F., and C.T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report PNW - 08. Pacific Northwest. For. and Range Exp. Station, Portland, Oregon. 417 pp. Bibliographic Supplement. 1988. Oregon State University Press. Corvallis, Oregon. 33 pp. Franson, J.C., L. Sileo, N.J. Thomas. 1995. Causes of eagle deaths. In LaRoe, E.T., G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac (eds.). Our living resources: a report to the nation on distribution, abundance and health of U.S. plants, animals and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington D.C. 530 pp. Fraser, J.D., L.D. Frenzel, and J.E. Mathisen. 1985. The impact of human activities on breeding bald eagles in north-central Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:585-592. Frid, A., and L. Dill. 2002. Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Conservation Ecology 6(1):11 Friesen, T.A., and D.L. Ward. 1999. Management of northern pikeminnow and implications for juvenile salmonid survival in the lower Columbia and Snake rivers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19:406-420. Frissell, C.A. 1993. Topology of extinction and endangerment of native fishes in the Pacific Northwest and California. Conservation Biology 7(2):342-354. Frissell, C.A. 1999. An ecosystem approach to habitat conservation for bull trout: groundwater and surface water protection. Flathead Lake Biological Station Open File Report 156-99. Froehlich, H.A., D.E. Aulerich, and R. Curtis. 1981. Designing skid trail systems to reduce soil impacts from tractive logging machines. Oregon State University Forest Research Laboratory Research Paper 44, Corvalis, Oregon.

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Froehlich, H.A., and D.H. McNabb. 1984. Minimizing soil compaction in pacific northwest forests. Pages 159–192 in Stone, E.L. (ed.). Forest soils and treatment impacts. Proceedings of the North America Forest Soil Conference, 6th, Knoxville, Tennessee. 19–23 June 1984. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee. Froehlich, H.A., D.W.R. Miles, and R.W. Robbins. 1985. Soil bulk density recovery on compacted skid trails in central Idaho. Soil Scientists Society of America Journal 49:1015–1017. Froehlich, H.A., D.W.R. Miles, and R.W. Robbins. 1986. Growth of young Pinus ponderosa and Pinus contorta on compacted soil in central Washington. Forest Ecology and Management 15:285–294. Fry, M. 1995. Pollution and fishing threats to marbled murrelets. Pages 257-260 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW-GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Furniss, M.J., H. Gucinski, R.R. Ziemer, and M.H. Brookes. 2000. Forest Roads: a synthesis of scientific information. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Furniss, M.J., T.S. Ledwith, M.A. Love, E.C. McFaden, and S.A. Flanagan. 1998. Response of road-stream crossings to large flood events in Washington, Oregon, and Northern California. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Six Rivers National Forest and San Dimas Technology Development Center. 14 pp. Furniss, M.J., T.D. Roelofs, and C.S. Yee. 1991. Road construction and maintenance. Pages 297-323 in Meehan, W.R. (ed.). Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19. (FWS) See U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Gadomski, D.M., C.A. Barfoot, J.M. Bayer, and T.P. Poe. 2001a. Early life history of the northern pikeminnow in the lower Columbia River Basin. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:250-262. Gadomski, D.M., M.J. Parsley, D.G., and P. Kofoot. 2001b. White sturgeon mitigation and restoration in the Columbia and Snake Rivers upstream from Bonneville Dam. Pages 92- 110 in Ward, D.L. (ed.). Annual progress report submitted to Bonneville Power Administration (project 86-50). Portland, Oregon. Gaines, W.L., R.A. Strand, and S.D. Piper. 1997. Effects of the Hatchery Complex Fires on northern spotted owls in the eastern Washington Cascades. Pages 123-129 in Greenlee, J.M. (ed.). Proceedings of the First Conference on Fire Effects on Rare and Endangered Species and Habitats, November 13-16, 1995. International Association of Wildland Fire. Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. Gamett, B. 1999. The history and status of fishes in the Little Lost River drainage, Idaho. Salmon-Challis National Forest, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Sagewillow, Inc. May 1999 draft.

Biological and Conference Opinion 901

Ganey, J.L., W.M. Block, J.K. Dwyer, B.E. Strohmeyer, and J.S. Jenness. 1998. Dispersal movements and survival rates of juvenile Mexican spotted owls in northern Arizona. Wilson Bulletin 110:206-217. (GAO) Government Accountability Office. 2005. Impacts on wildlife and government responsibilities for regulating development and protecting wildlife. Highlights of GAO- 05-906, a report to congressional requesters. Garmendia, A.E., H.J. Van Kruiningen, R.A. French, J.F. Anderson, T.G. Andreadis, A. Kumar, and A.B. West. 2000. Recovery and identification of West Nile virus from a hawk in winter. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38:3110-3111. Garret, J.W., D.H. Bennett, F.O. Frost, and R.F. Thurow. 1998. Enhanced incubation success for kokanee spawning in groundwater upwelling sites in a small Idaho stream.. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 18:925-930. Gatz, A.J., Jr., J.M. Loar, and G.G. Cada. 1986. Effects of repeated electroshocking on instantaneous growth of trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6:176- 182. Gehringer, K.R. 2004. An individual tree simulation model for estimating expected values of potential available large woody debris. Draft. P.O. Box 85861. Seattle, Washington. Geiger, R. 1965. The climate near the ground. Second edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 611 pp. Geist, D.R., R.S. Brown, A.T. Scholz, and B. Nine. 2004. Movement and survival of radio- tagged bull trout near Albeni Falls Dam. Battelle Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, Washington. Geist, J.M., J.W. Hazard, and K.W. Seidel. 1989. Assessing physical conditions of some Pacific Northwest volcanic ash soils after forest harvest. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53(3):946-950. Gentry, A.H. 1986. Endemism in tropical versus temperature plant communities. Pages 153- 181 in Soule, M.E. (ed.). Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts. Gerking, S.D. 1998. Feeding ecology of fish. Academic Press, San Diego, California. Gharabaghi, B., R.P. Rudra, and P.K. Goel. 2006. Effectiveness of vegetative filter strips in removal of pollutants from overland flow. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada (Under Review). Gilbert, C.H., and B.W. Evermann. 1895. A report upon investigations in the Columbia River Basin, with descriptions of four new species of fish. Pages 169– 207 in Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission for 1894. Vol. XIV. US Commission of Fish and Fisheries, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

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Gilpin, M.E., and M.E. Soule. 1986. Minimum viable populations: processes of species extinction. Chapter 2 in Soule, M.E. (ed.). Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer Associates Sunderland, Massachusetts. Glenn, E.M, M.C. Hansen, and R.G. Anthony. 2004. Spotted owl home-range and habitat use in young forests of western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 68(1):33-50. Goetz, F. 1989. Biology of the bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, literature review. Willamette National Forest, Eugene, Oregon. Goetz, F. 1991. Bull trout life history and habitat study. Final Report to the Deschutes National Forest. Contract No. 43-04GG-9-1371. Deschutes National Forest, Bend, Oregon Goetz, F. 1994. Distribution and juvenile ecology of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Cascade Mountains. Master’s Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Goetz, F.A., E. Jeanes, and E. Beamer. 2004. Bull trout in the nearshore. Preliminary draft. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Goheen, E.M., E.M. Hansen, A. Kanaskie, M.G. Williams, N. Oserbauer, and W. Sutton. 2002. Sudden oak death caused by Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon. Plant Disease 86:441. Goldman, C.R., and A.J. Horne. 1983. Limnology. McGraw-Hill, New York. Golightly, R.T., P.N. Hebert, and D.L. Orthmeyer. 2002. Evaluation of human-caused disturbance on the breeding success of marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in Redwood National and State Parks, Arcata California. Bureau of Land Management, National Park, Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey, California Department of Fish and Game, and California Department of Parks and Recreation. 61 pp. Gomez, D.M., and R.G. Anthony. 1996. Amphibian and reptile abundance in riparian and upslope areas of five forest types in western Oregon. Northwest Science 70(2):109-119. Gomez, D.M., R.G. Anthony, and J.P. Hayes. 2005. Influence of thinning of Douglas-fir forests on population parameters and diet of northern flying squirrels. Journal of Wildlife Management 69(4):1670-1682. Gomi, T., R.D. Moore, and M.W. Hassan. 2005. Suspended sediment dynamics of small forest streams of the Pacific Northwest. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41:877-898. Gonor, J., J. Sedell, and P. Benner. 1988. What we know about large trees in estuaries, in the sea, and on coastal beaches. Pages 83-112 in Maser, C., R. Tarrant, J. Trappe, and J. Franklin (eds.). From the forest to the sea: a story of a fallen tree. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-229. Portland, Oregon

Biological and Conference Opinion 903

Good, D.A., and D.B. Wake. 1992. Geographic variation and speciation in the torrent salamanders of the genus Rhyacotriton olympicus (Caudata: Rhyacotritonidae). University of California Publications in Zoology 126:1-91. Goodwin, A.E., J.E. Peterson, T.R. Meyers, and D.J. Money. 2004. Transmission of exotic fish viruses: The relative risks of wild and cultured bait. Fisheries 29(5):19-23. Graham, J.C., and C.V. Brun. 2002. Determining lamprey species composition, larval distribution and adult abundance in the Deschutes River, Oregon, Subbasin. Project No. 2002-01600. BPA Report DOE/BP-00009553-1. Graham, P.J., B.B. Shepard, and J.J. Fraley. 1981. Use of stream habitat classifications to identify bull trout spawning areas in streams. Pages 186-192 in Armantrout, N.B. (ed.). Acquisition and utilization of aquatic habitat inventory information. 1982. Western Division of the American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. Grant, G.E., and A.L Wolff. 1991. Long-term patterns of sediment transport after timber harvest, western Cascade Mountains, Oregon, USA. Pages 31-40 in Sediment and stream water quality in a changing environment: trends and explanation: Proceedings of the symposium; 1991 August 11-24; Vienna, Austria. IAHS Publication 203. Grant, J.W.A., and D.L. Noakes. 1987. Escape behaviour and use of cover by young-of-the- year brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:1390-1396. Gravelle, J.A., and T.E. Link. 2005. Influence of timber harvest on water temperatures in a northern Idaho watershed. In Proceedings: Science and Management of Headwater Streams in the Pacific Northwest. The Oregon headwaters Research Cooperative. Corvallis, Oregon. November 17 and 18, 2005. Gray, R.H., and D.D. Dauble. 1979. Biology of the sand roller in the central Columbia River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108: 646-649. Greacen, E.L., and R. Sands. 1980. Compaction of forest soils. A review. Australian Journal of Soil Research 18:163–189. Green, W.P, W.A. Hashim, and D. Roberts. 2000. Washington’s Water Quality Management Plan to control nonpoint source pollution. Final Report. Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. Publication Number 99-26 Gregory, S.V., and P.A. Bisson. 1997. Degradation and loss of anadromous salmonid habitat in the Pacific Northwest. Pages 277-314 in Stroud, D.J., P.A. Bisson, and R.J. Naiman (eds.). Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems - Status and Future Options. Gregory, S.V., G.A. Lamberti, D.C. Erman, K.V. Koski, M.L. Murphy, and J.R. Sedell. 1987. Influence of forest practices on aquatic production. Pages 233-255 in Salo, E.O., and T.W. Cundy (eds.). Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. University of Washington Institute of Forest Resources, Contribution 57.

904 Biological and Conference Opinion

Gremel, S. 2000. Spotted owl monitoring in Olympic National Park: 2000 annual report. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, Washington. Gremel, S. 2003. Spotted owl monitoring in Olympic National Park: 2003 annual report. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, Washington. Gresswell, R.E. 1999. Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128:193-221. Grizzel, J.D., and N. Wolff. 1998. Occurrence of windthrow in forest buffer strips and its effect on small streams in northwest Washington. Northwest Science 72(3):214-223. Grizzel, J., M. McGowan, D. Smith, and T. Beechie. 2000. Streamside buffers and large woody debris recruitment: evaluating the effectiveness of watershed analysis prescriptions in the North Cascades Region. Timber Fish and Wildlife Effectiveness Monitoring Report TFW-MAGI-00-003. February 25, 2000. Prepared for the Timber/Fish/Wildlife Monitoring Advisory Group and the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. Groot, C., and L. Margolis. 1991. Pacific Salmon Life Histories. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, British Columbia. Grubb, T.G., W.W. Bowerman, J.P. Giesy, and G.A. Dawson. 1992. Responses of breeding bald eagles, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, to human activities in northcentral Michigan. Canadian Field Naturalist 106:443-453. Grubb, T.G., and R.M. King. 1991. Assessing human disturbance of breeding bald eagles with classification tree models. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:500-511. (GSRO) Governor’s Salmon Recover Office. 1999. Statewide strategy to recovery salmon, extinction is not an option. Olympia, Washington. Guiseppe, K., F.A. Drummond, C Stubbs, and S. Woods. 2006. The Use of Glyphosate Herbicides in Managed forest Ecosystems and Their Effects on Non-Target Organisms with Particular Reference to Ants and Bioindicators. Technical Bulletin 192. Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station. The University of Maine. January 2006. Gunkle, S. 2001. Feeding behavior and diet of native bull trout Salvelinus confluentus and introduced brook trout S. fontinalis on two eastern Oregon streams. Master’s Thesis, Department of Fisheries Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Gutiérrez, R.J. 1994. Changes in the distribution and abundance of spotted owls during the past century. Studies in Avian Biology 15:293-300. Gutiérrez, R.J. 1996. Biology and distribution of the northern spotted owl. Pages 2-5 in Forsman, E.D., et al. (eds.). Demography of the northern spotted owl. Studies in Avian Biology No. 17. Cooper Ornithological Society.

Biological and Conference Opinion 905

Gutiérrez, R.J., A.B. Franklin, and W.S. LaHaye. 1995. Spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) in Poole, A., and F. Gill (eds.). The birds of North America, No. 179. The Academy of Natural Sciences and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 28 pp. Haig, S.M., T.D. Mullins, E.D. Forsman, P. Trail, and L. Wennerberg. 2004. Genetic identification of spotted owls, barred owls, and their hybrids: legal implications of hybrid identity. Conservation Biology 18:1347-1357. Haig, S.M., R.S. Wagner, E.D. Forsman, and T.D. Mullins. 2001. Geographic variation and genetic structure in spotted owls. Conservation Genetics 2(1):25-40. Hagan, J.M. 2000a. Do forested buffer strips protect headwater stream temperatures in Maine? Mosaic Science Notes #2000-1, Manomet Center for Conservation Science, Brunswick, Maine. Hagan, J.M. 2000b. Water temperature profile of a western Maine headwater stream with adjacent clearcuts. Mosaic Science Notes #2000-2, Manomet Center for Conservation Science, Brunswick, Maine. Hall, F.C., C. McComb, and W. Ruediger. 1985. Silvicultural options. Pages 292-306 in Brown, E.R. (ed.). Management of Wildlife and Fish Habitats in Forests of Western Oregon and Washington. Publication No. R6-F WL-192-1985. Pacific Northwest Region, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Portland, Oregon. Hall, S.L. 2000. Land management strategies and marbled murrelet occurrence on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Master’s Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. Hallock, L.A., and K.R. McAllister. 2002. Olympic Torrent Salamander. Washington Herpetology Atlas. http://www.dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/herp/. Hallock, M., and P.E. Mongillo. 1998. Washington State status report for the pygmy whitefish. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Hamer, T.E. 1988. Home range size of the northern barred owl and northern spotted owl in western Washington. Master’s Thesis, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington. Hamer, T.E., E.D. Forsman, A.D. Fuchs, and M.L. Walters. 1994. Hybridization between barred and spotted owls. Auk 111(2):487-492. Hamer, T.E., D.L. Hays, C.M. Senger, and E.D. Forsman. 2001. Diets of northern barred owls and northern spotted owls in an area of sympatry. Journal of Raptor Research 35(3):221- 227. Hamer, T.E., and D.J. Meekins. 1999. Marbled murrelet nest site selection in relation to habitat characteristics in western Washington, 1998 report. Hamer Environmental, Mount Vernon, Washington. 26 pp.

906 Biological and Conference Opinion

Hamer, T.E., and S.K. Nelson. 1995. Characteristics of marbled murrelet nest trees and nesting stands. Pages 49-56 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, Jr., M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California. General technical report PSW-152. Hamer, T.E., S.K. Nelson, and T.I. Mohagen II. 2003. Nesting chronology of the marbled murrelet. Unpublished document. Hamer Environmental, Mount Vernon, Washington. Hamer, T.E., S.G. Seim, and K.R. Dixon. 1989. Northern spotted owl and northern barred owl habitat use and home range size in Washington: preliminary report. Washington Department of Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Hammer, D.A. 1989. Protecting water quality with wetlands in river corridors. Pages 200-210 in Kusler, J.A., and S. Daly (eds.). International symposium: wetlands and river corridor management. Association of State Wetland Managers, Berne, New York. Hansen, A.J., and J.I. Hodges. 1985. High rates of nonbreeding adult bald eagles in southeastern Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:454-458. Hansen, A.J., and D.L. Urban. 1992. Avian response to landscape pattern: the role of species’ life histories. Landscape Ecology 7:163-180. Hanson, E., D. Hays, L. Hicks, L. Young, and J. Buchanan. 1993. Spotted Owl Habitat in Washington: A Report to the Washington Forest Practices Board. Washington Forest Practices Board, Spotted owl Advisory Group. Final Report: December 20, 1993. Olympia, Washington. 116 pp. Hard, J.J. 1995. A quantitative genetic perspective on the conservation of intraspecific diversity. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17:304-326. Harestad, A., J. Hobbs, and I. Blackburn. 2004. Précis of the Northern Spotted Owl in British Columbia. Pages 12-14 in Zimmerman, K., K. Welstead, E. Williams, J. Turner (eds.). Northern Spotted Owl Workshop Proceedings. Forrex Series (online No. 14), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Harmon, M.E., J.F. Franklin, F.J. Swanson, P. Sollins, S.V. Gregory, J.D. Lattin, N.H. Anderson, S.P. Cline, N.G. Aumen, J.R. Sedell, G.W. Lienkaemper, K. Cromack, Jr., and K.W. Cummins. 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperature ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15:133-302. Harr, R.D. 1976. Forest practices and streamflow in western Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical Report. PNW-49. 18 pp. Harr, R.D. 1980. Streamflow after patch logging in small drainages within the Bull Run Municipal Watershed, Oregon. Research Paper PNW-268. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Portland, Oregon. 16 pp.

Biological and Conference Opinion 907

Harr, R.D. 1982. Fog drip in the Bull Run Municipal Watershed, Oregon. Water Resources Bulletin 18(5):785-789. Harr, R.D. 1983. Potential for augmenting water yield through forest practices in western Washington and western Oregon. Water Resources Research 19(3):383-393. Harr, R.D. 1986. Effects of clearcutting on rain-on-snow runoff in western Oregon: a new look at old studies. Water Resources Research 22:1095-1100. Harr, R.D., R.L. Fredricksen, and J. Rothacher. 1979. Changes in streamflow following timber harvest in southwestern Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. Research Paper PNW-249. 22 pp. Harr, R.D., W.C. Harper, J.T. Krygier, and F.S. Hsieh. 1975. Changes in storm hydrographs after road building and clear-cutting in the Oregon Coast Range. Water Resources Research 11(3):436-444. Harr, R.D., and F.M. McCorison. 1979. Initial effects of clearcut logging on size and timing of peak flows in a small watershed in western Oregon. Water Resources Research 15:90- 94. Harrington, C.A.; S.D. Roberts.; and L.C. Brodie. 2005. Tree and understory responses to variable-density thinning in western Washington. Pages 97-106 in Peterson, C. E.; Maguire, and A. Douglas (eds). Balancing ecosystem values: innovative experiments for sustainable forestry. Proceedings of a conference. General Technical Report PNW- GTR-635. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 97-106. Harris, A.S. 1989. Wind in the forests of southeast Alaska and guides for reducing damage. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-244. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 63 pp. Harris, C. 1974. The geographical distribution and habitat of the Olympic mudminnow, (Novumbra hubbsi) Shultz. Master’s Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Harris, D.D. 1973. Hydrologic changes after clearcut logging in a small Oregon coastal watershed. Journal of Research, U.S. Geological Survey 1(4):487-491. Hartman, G., J.C. Scrivener, L.B. Holtby, and L. Powell. 1987. Some effects of different streamside treatments on physical conditions and fish population processes in Carnation Creek, a coastal rain forest stream in British Columbia. In Streamside Management: Forestry and Fishery Interactions. University of Washington, Institute of Forest Resources, Seattle. Hartman, G.F., J.C. Scrivener, and M.J. Miles. 1996. Impacts of logging in Carnation Creek, a high-energy coastal stream in British Columbia, and their implication for restoring fish habitat. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53(1):237-251.

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Harvey, B.C. 1986. Effects of suction gold dredging on fish and invertebrates in two California streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6:401-409. Harvey, B.C., and T.E. Lisle. 1998. Effects of suction dredging on streams: a review and evaluation strategy. Fisheries 23(8):8-17. Hastings, M.C., and A.N. Popper. 2005. Effects of Sound on Fish. Jones and Stokes, Sacramento, California. Prepared for CalTrans, Sacramento, California. Contract No. 43A0139. 82 pp. Hawkins, C.P., Gottschalk, L.J., and S.S. Brown. 1988. Densities and habitat of tailed frog tadpoles in small streams near Mt. St. Helens following the 1980 eruption. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 7(3):246-252. Hawkins, C.P., M.L. Murphy, and N. Anderson. 1982. Effects of canopy, substrate and gradient on the structure of macroinvertebrate communities in the Cascade Range of Oregon. Ecology 63:1840-1856. Hayes, J.P., S.S. Chan, W.H. Emmingham, J.C. Tappeiner, L.D. Kellogg, and J.D. Bailey. 1997. Wildlife response to thinning young forests in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Forestry 95 (8):28-33. Haynes, J.M., R.H. Gray, and J.C. Montgomery. 1978. Seasonal movements of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in the mid-Columbia River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107(2):275-280. Healey, M.C., and A. Prince. 1995. Scales of variation in life history tactics of Pacific salmon and the conservation of phenotype and genotype. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17:176-184. Healey, S., W. Cohen, and M. Lefsky. 2003. Stand-replacing harvests and fires in Washington, 1984-2002. GIS analysis produced in support of the Northwest Forest Plan effectiveness monitoring module. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvalis, Oregon. (Online_Linkage: http://www.reo.gov/monitoring/10yr-report/old-growth/maps-maps.html. Select Oregon/Washington change detection map data.) Healy, M.C. 1982. Juvenile Pacific salmon in estuaries: the life support system. Pages 315-341 in Kennedy, V.S. (ed.). Estuarine Comparisons. Academic Press, New York, New York. Heatherington, C. 1976. Dennis Creek: A look at water quality following logging in the Okanogan Basin. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, British Columbia. BC-X-147. 33 pp. Hebert, P.N., H.R. Carter, R.T. Golightly, and D.L. Orthmeyer. 2003. Radio-telemetry evidence of re-nesting in the same season by the marbled murrelet. Waterbirds 26:261-265.

Biological and Conference Opinion 909

Hebert, P.N., and R.T. Golightly. 2003. Breeding biology and human-caused disturbance to nesting of marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in Northern California: progress report 2002. Unpublished draft report, Humboldt State University, Department of Wildlife, Arcata, California. Heilman, P. 1981. Root penetration of Douglas-fir seedlings into compacted soil. Forest Science 27(4):660-666. Helms, J.A., and C. Hipkin. 1986. Effects of soil compaction on tree volume in a California ponderosa pine plantation. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 1:121–124. Helvey, J.D. 1980. Effects of a north central Washington wildfire on runoff and sediment production. Water Resources Bulletin 16:627-634. Helvey, J.D., and W.B. Fowler. 1979. Grass seeding and soil erosion in a steep, logged area in northeastern Oregon. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment station. PNW- 343. Heninger, R., W. Scott, A. Dobkowski, R. Miller, H. Anderson, and S. Duke. 2004. Soil disturbance and 10-year growth response of coast Douglas-fir on nontilled and tilled skid trails in the Oregon Cascades. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32:233-246. Henjum, M.G., J. R. Karr, D.L. Bottom, J.C. Perry, S.G. Bednarz, S.G. Wright, S.A. Beckwitt, and E. Beckwitt. 1994. Interim Protection for Late-Successional Forests, Fisheries, and Watersheds. National Forests East of the Cascade Crest, Oregon and Washington. Eastside Forests Scientific Society Panel report to the Congress and President of the U.S. American Fisheries Society, American Ornithologists Union Incorporated, The Ecological Society of America, Society for Conservation Biology, The Wildlife Society. The Wildlife Society Technical Review 94-2. Bethesda, Maryland. Henke, A.L., T.Y. Chi, J. Smith, C. Brinegar. 2005. Unpublished Draft. Microsatellite Analysis of Northern and California Spotted Owls in California. Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California. Hershey, K.T., E.C. Meslow, and F.L. Ramsey. 1998. Characteristics of forests at spotted owl nest sites in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Wildlife Management 62(4):1398-1410. Herter, D.R., and L.L. Hicks. 2000. Barred owl and spotted owl populations and habitat in the central Cascade Range of Washington. Journal of Raptor Research 34(4):279-286. Herter, D.R., L.L. Hicks, H.C. Stabins, J.J. Millspaugh, A.J. Stabins, and L.D. Melampy. 2002. Roost site characteristics of northern spotted owls in the nonbreeding season in central Washington. Forest Science 48(2):437-446. Hester, J.W., T.L. Thurow, and C.A. Taylor, Jr. 1997. Hydrologic characteristics of vegetation types as affected by prescribed burning. Journal of Range Management 50:199-204.

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Hetrick, N.J., M.A. Brusven, W.R. Meehan, and T.C. Bjornn. 1998. Changes in solar input, water temperature, periphyton accumulation, and allochthonous input and storage after canopy removal along two small salmon streams in southeast Alaska. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127:859–875. Hewlett, J.D. 1982. Principles of forest hydrology. University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia. 183 pp. Hewlett, J.D., and A.R. Hibbert. 1963. Moisture and energy conditions within a sloping soil mass during drainage. Journal of Geophysical Research 68(4):1081-7. Hewlett, J.D., and A.R. Hibbert 1967. Factors affecting the response of small watersheds to precipitation in humid areas. Pages 275-253 in Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Forest Hydrology. Hewlett, J.D., and W.L. Nutter. 1970. The varying source area of streamflow from upland basins. Pages 65-83 in Proceedings of the symposium on interdisciplinary aspects of watershed management. American Society of Civil Engineers, Bozeman, Montana. Heydens, W.F. 1991. Rodeo herbicide use to control Spartina. Impact of glyphosate on marine and terrestrial organisms. Monsanto Agricultural Company, St. Louis, Missouri. Hicks, B.J., J.D. Hall, P.A. Bisson, and J.R. Sedell. 1991. Response of salmonids to habitat changes. Pages 483-517 in Meehan, W.R. (ed.). Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. Special Publication No. 19. Hidaka, F.T. 1973. Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Puget Sound region, Washington. U.S. Geologic Survey Open-file Report. 55 pp. Hildebrand, L.D., D.S. Sullivan, and T.P. Sullivan. 1982. Experimental studies of rainbow trout populations exposed to field applications of Roundup® herbicide. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11:93–98. Hillman, T.W. 1989. Nocturnal predation by sculpins on juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead. Pages 249-264 in Don Chapman Consultants, Inc. Summer and winter ecology of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead trout in the Wenatchee River, Washington. Final Report to Chelan County Public Utility District, Wenatchee, Washington. Hillman, T.W., J.S. Griffith, and W.S. Platts. 1987. Summer and winter habitat selection by juvenile Chinook salmon in a highly sedimented Idaho stream. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116:185-195. Hinman, C. 2005. Low impact development: technical guidance manual for Puget Sound. Publication No. PSAT 05-03. Puget Sound Action Team, Olympia, Washington, and Washington State University, Pierce County Extension, Tacoma, Washington. Hirzel, A.H., J. Hauser, D. Chessel, and N. Perrin. 2002. Ecological-niche factor analysis: How to compute habitat-suitability maps without absence data? Ecology 83(7):2027-2036.

Biological and Conference Opinion 911

Hobson, K.A. 1990. Stable isotope analysis of marbled murrelets: evidence for fresh water feeding and determination of trophic level. Condor 92:897-903. Hoelscher, B., and T.C. Bjornn. 1989. Habitat, densities, and potential production of trout and char in Pend Oreille Lake tributaries. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Federal Aid to Fish and Wildlife Restoration, Job Completion Report, Project F-71-R-10, Boise, Idaho. Hollender, B.A., and R.F. Carline. 1994. Injury to wild brook trout by backpack electrofishing. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14:643-649. Holtby, L.B. 1987. The effects of logging on the coho salmon of Carnation Creek, British Columbia. Pages 159-174 in Chamberlin, T.W. (ed.). Proceedings of the workshop: Applying 15 years of Carnation Creek results. Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia. Holtby, L.B., and S.J. Baillie. 1989. Effects of the herbicide “Roundup” (glyphosate) on periphyton in Carnation Creek, British Columbia. Proceedings of the Carnation Creek Herbicide Workshop. Forest Resource Development Agreement, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Forestry Canada, Forest Resource Development Agreement Report 063. Pp 224–231. Holthausen, R.S., R. Anthony, K. Aubry, K. Burnett, N. Fredricks, J. Furnish, R. Lesher, E.C. Meslow, M. Raphael, R. Rosentreter, and E.E. Starkey. 1994. Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement on management of habitat for late-successional and old- growth forest related species within the range of the northern spotted owl. Appendix J2, Results of additional species analysis. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management. Portland, Oregon. 476 pp. Hondzo, M., and H.G. Stefan. 1994. Riverbed heat conduction prediction. Water Resources Research 30:1503-1513 Hood, W.G. 2004. Indirect environmental effects of dikes on estuarine tidal channels: thinking outside of the dike for habitat restoration and monitoring. Estuaries 27(2):273-282. House, R.A., and P.L. Boehne. 1986. Effects of instream structures on salmonid habitat and populations in Tobe Creek, Oregon. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6:38-46. House, R.A., and P.L. Boehne. 1987. The effect of stream cleaning on salmonid habitat and populations in a coastal Oregon drainage. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 2:84-87 Howe, C.M., B.P. Berrill, C. Helbing, K. Werry, and N. Veldhoen. 2004. Toxicity of glyphosate-based pesticides to four North American frog species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 23:1928-1938. Howell, P.J., and D.V. Buchanan. 1992. Proceedings of the Gearhart Mountain Bull Trout Workshop. Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, Corvallis, Oregon.

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Howell, P.T., D.R. Molnar, and R.B. Harris. 1999. Juvenile winter flounder distribution by habitat type. Estuaries 22(4):1090-1095. Huff, M., P. Jodice, J. Baldwin, S. Miller, R. Young, K. Ostrom, C.J. Ralph, M. Raphael, C. Strong, C. Thompson, and G. Falxa. 2003. Marbled murrelet effectiveness monitoring. Northwest Forest Plan 2002 annual summary report. 27 pp. Huff, M.H. 1995. Forest age structure and development following wildfires in the western Olympic Mountains, Washington. Ecological Applications 5(2):471-483. Hughes, G.W. and A.E. Peden. 1984. Life history and status of the shorthead sculpin (Cottus confusus: Pisces, Cottidae) in Canada and the sympatric relationship to the slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 62:306-311. Hull, C.L., G.W. Kaiser, C. Lougheed, L. Lougheed, S. Boyd, and F. Cooke. 2001. Intraspecific variation in commuting distance of marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus): ecological and energetic consequences of nesting further inland. Auk 118:1036-1046. Hunter, J.E., K.N. Schmidt, H.B. Stauffer, S.L. Miller, C.J. Ralph, and L. Roberts. 1998. Status of the marbled murrelet in the inner north coast ranges of California. Northwestern Naturalist 79(3):92-103. Hunter, M.A. 1992. Hydropower flow fluctuations and salmonids: A review of the biological effects, mechanical causes, and options for mitigation. Washington Department of Fisheries Technical Report #119. 46 pp. Hunter, M.G. 1998. Watershed-level patterns among stream amphibians in the Blue River watershed, west-central Cascades of Oregon. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. (IAC) Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation. 2002. An assessment of outdoor recreation in Washington State: A State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Planning Document 2002-2007. Olympia, Washington. 116 pp. Ice, G. 2000. How direct solar radiation and shade influences temperature in forest streams and relaxation of changes in stream temperature. Cooperative Monitoring, Evaluation, and Research (CMER) Workshop: Heat transfer processes in forested watersheds and their effects on surface water temperature. Lacey, Washington. February 2000. Idaho Department of Fish and Game. 2001. Fisheries management plan 2001-2006. Boise, Idaho. (IMST) Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team. 2004. Oregon’s water temperature standard and its application: causes, consequences, and controversies associated with stream temperature. A report of the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Technical Report 2004-1, May 7, 2004. Inglis, S. 1995. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Land and Parks (BCMELP). Wildlife in British Columbia at risk (Nooksack Dace). Fisheries Branch. ISBN 0-7726- 7544-9, ENV 202363-0395. Victoria, British Columbia.

Biological and Conference Opinion 913

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2003. Special report on land use, land-use change, and forestry, Chapter 2: implications of different definitions and generic issues. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland. (Available at: http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/land_use/099.htm.) Irwin, L.L., D.F. Rock, and G.P. Miller. 2000. Stand structures used by northern spotted owls in managed forests. Journal of Raptor Research 34(3):175-186. Isaak, D.J., W.A. Hubert, and C.R. Berry, Jr. 2003. Conservation Assessment for Lake Chub, Mountain Sucker, and Finescale Dace in the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Wyoming. United States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. 72pp. Iverson, W.F. 2004. Reproductive success of spotted owls sympatric with barred owls in western Washington. Journal of Raptor Research 38(1):88-91. Jackson, C.R., D.P. Batzer, S.S. Cross, S.M. Haggerty, and C.A. Sturm. 2003. Recovery of amphibian and invertebrate communities in recently logged coastal range headwater streams. Unpublished report to the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI). Jakober, M. 1995. Autumn and winter movement and habitat use of resident bull trout and westslope cutthroat trout in Montana. Master’s Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. James, P.W. 2001. Rimrock Lake Fish Entrainment Study, 2001. Central Washington University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ellensburg, Washington. Final report. 19 pp. Janda, R.J., K.M. Nolan, D.R. Harden, and S.M. Colman. 1975. Watershed conditions in the drainage basin of Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, California as of 1973. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-568. 266 pp. Janz, D.M., A.P. Farrell, J.D. Morgan, and G.A. Vigers. 1991. Acute physiological stress responses of juvenile Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to sublethal concentrations of Garlon 4®, Garlon 3A® and Vision® herbicides. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10:81–90. Jennings, M.R., and M.P. Hayes. 1994. Amphibian and reptile species of special concern in California. California Department of Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova, California. Jodice, P.G.R., and M.W. Collopy. 1999. Diving and foraging patterns of marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus): testing predictions from optimal-breathing models. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1409-1418. Johnson, D.H. 1992. Spotted owls, great horned owls, and forest fragmentation in the central Oregon Cascades. Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

914 Biological and Conference Opinion

Johnson, O.W., M.H. Ruckelshaus, W.S. Grant, F.W. Waknitz, A.M. Garrett, G.J. Bryant, K. Neely, and J.J. Hard. 1999. Status review of coastal cutthroat trout from Washington, Oregon, and California. U.S. Dept. Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum. NMFS-NWFSC-37, 292 pp. Johnson, S., and S. Wondzell. 2005. Keeping it cool: unraveling the influences of stream temperatures. Science Findings. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, Washington. Johnson, S.L. 2004. Factors influencing stream temperatures in small streams: substrate effects and shading experiments. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:913- 923. Johnson, S.L., and J.A. Jones. 2000. Stream temperature responses to forest harvest and debris flows in western Cascades, Oregon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:1-10. Johnston, A. 2002. Northern spotted owl survey and monitor report. U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Crater Lake National Park, Crater Lake, Oregon. Jones, J.A., and G.E. Grant. 1996. Peak flow responses to clear-cutting and roads in small and large basins, western Cascades, Oregon. Water Resources Research 32(4):959-974. Jones, J.A., F.J. Swanson, B.C. Wemple, and K.U. Snyder. 2000. Effects of roads on hydrology, geomorphology, and disturbance patches in stream networks. Conservation Biology 14:76-85. Jones, L.L.C. 1989. Plethodon vandykei (Van Dyke’s salamander): Reproduction. Herpetological Review 20(2):48. Jones, L.L.C. 1999. Survey protocol for the Van Dyke's salamander (Plethodon vandykei). Pages 201-252 in Olson, D.H. (ed.). Survey protocols for amphibians under the survey and manage provision of the Northwest Forest Plan. Version 3.0, October 1999. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Portland, Oregon. Jones, L.L.C., W.P. Leonard, and D.H. Olson (eds.). 2005. Amphibians of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, Washington. Jones, L.L.C., and M.G. Raphael. 2000. Diel patterns of surface activity and microhabitat use by stream-dwelling amphibians in the Olympic Peninsula. Northwestern Naturalist 81:78. [abstract]. Joslin, G., H. Youmans, and cooperators. 1999. Effects of Recreation on Rocky Mountain Wildlife: A review for Montana. Committee on Effects of Recreation on Wildlife, Montana Chapter of The Wildlife Society. 307 pp. Jull, M. 2001. Wind damage and related risk factors for interior Douglas-fir leave trees in central B.C. In Mitchell, S.J., and J.Rodney (eds.). Windthrow Assessment and Management in British Columbia. Proceedings of the Windthrow Researchers Workshop held January 31-February 1, 2001 in Richmond, British Columbia.

Biological and Conference Opinion 915

Junoy, J., and J.M. Vieitez. 1990. Macrozoobenthic community structure in the Ria de Foz, an intertidal estuary (Galicia, Northwest Spain). Marine Biology 107:329-339. Karr, J.R., and E.W. Chu. 2000. Sustaining living rivers. Excerpt from Hydrobiologia 422/423:1-14. Kattlemann, R.C., N.H. Berg, and J. Rector. 1983. The potential for increasing streamflow from the Sierra Nevada watersheds. Water Resources Bulletin 19(3):395-402. Kauffman, J.B. 1990. Ecological relationships of vegetation and fire in Pacific Northwest forests. Chapter 4 in Walstad, J.D., S.R. Radosevich, and D.V. Sandberg (eds.). Natural and prescribed fire in Pacific Northwest forests. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. Kauffman, J.B., M. Mahrt, LA. Mahrt, and W.D. Edge. 2001. Wildlife of Riparian Habitats In Johnsons, D.H., and T.A. O’Neil (eds.). 2001. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. 1st edition. 736 pp. (KCDNR and WSCC) King County Department of Natural Resources and Washington Conservation Commission. 2000. Habitat limiting factors and reconnaissance assessment report, Green/Duwamish and Central Puget Sound watersheds (WRIA 9 and Vashon Island). Lacey, Washington. Keister, G., and R.G. Anthony. 1983. Characteristics of bald eagle communal roosts in the Klamath Basin, Oregon and California. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:1072-1079. Keister, G., R.G. Anthony, and H.R. Holbo. 1985. A model of energy consumption in bald eagles: an evaluation of night communal roosting. Wilson Bulletin 97:148-160. Keister G.P., R.G. Anthony, and E.J. O’Neill. 1987. Use of communal roosts and foraging areas by bald eagles wintering in the Klamath Basin. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:415- 420. Keith, R.M., T.C. Bjornn, W.R. Meehan, N.J. Hetrick, and M.A. Brusven. 1998. Response of juvenile salmonids to riparian and instream cover modifications in small streams flowing through second-growth forests of southeast Alaska. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127:889-907. Keller, E.A., and F.J. Swanson. 1979. Effects of large organic material on channel form and fluvial process. Earth Surface Processes 4:361-380. Kelly, E.G. 2001. Range expansion of the northern barred owl: an evaluation of the impact on spotted owls. Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Kelly, E.G., and E.D. Forsman. 2004. Recent records of hybridization between barred owls (Strix varia) and northern spotted owls (S. occidentalis caurina). Auk 121:806-810. Kelly, E.G., E.D. Forsman, and R.G. Anthony. 2003. Are barred owls replacing spotted owls? The Condor 105:45-53.

916 Biological and Conference Opinion

Kelsch, S.W., and B. Shields. 1996. Care and handling of sampled organisms. Pages 121-155 (Chapter 5) in Murphy, B., and D. Willis (eds.). Fisheries Techniques, 2nd Edition. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. Kelsey, H., M.A. Madej, J. Pitlick, et al. 1981. Sediment budget and an analysis of geomorphic process in the Redwood Creek Basin: A progress report. Technical Report 3. Redwood National Park, Arcata, California. Kelsey, K.A. 1995. Responses of headwater amphibians to forest practices in western Washington. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Kemper, W.D., B.A. Stewart, and L.K. Porter. 1971. Effects of compaction on soil nutrient status. In: Barnes, K.K., W.M. Carleton, H.M. Taylor, R.I. Throckmorton, and G.E. Van Den Berg (comps.). Compaction of agricultural soils. St. Joseph, Michigan. American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1971: 178-189. Kennish, M.J. 1992. Ecology of estuaries: anthropogenic effects. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 494 pp. Keppeler, E., and D. Brown. 1998. Subsurface Drainage Processes and Management Impacts. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-168-Web. In Baxter, B., E. Keppeler, and G. Giusti (eds.). Proceedings of the Conference on Coastal Watersheds: The Caspar Creek Story. May 6, 1998. Ukiah, California Keppeler, E.T. 1998. The summer flow and water yield response to timber harvest. Pages 35-43 in Ziemer, R.R. (tech. coord.). Proceedings of the conference on coastal watersheds: the Caspar Creek story. May 6, 1998, Ukiah, California. General Technical Report PSW GTR-168. Albany, California: Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Keppeler, E.T, and R.R. Ziemer. 1990. Logging effects of streamflow: Water yield and summer low flows at Caspar Creek in northwestern California. Water Resources Research 26(7):1669-1679. Ketcheson, G.L., and W.F. Megahan. 1996. Sediment production and downslope sediment transport from forest roads in granitic watersheds. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah. Research Paper INT-RP-486. 12 pp. King, G.M., K.R. Bevis, M.A. Rowe, E.E. Hanson. 1997. Spotted owls use of habitat impacted by 1994 fires on the Yakama Indian Reservation: three years King, J.G. 1979. Fill slope erosion from forest roads. In Thirty-fourth Annual Meeting, October 3-5, 1979. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Pacific Northwest Region, Boise, Idaho. 12 pp. King, J.G., and L.C. Tennyson. 1984. Alteration of streamflow characteristics following road construction in north central Idaho. Water Resources Research 20:1159-1163.

Biological and Conference Opinion 917

Klein, R.D. 1979. Urbanization and stream quality impairment. Water Resources Bulletin 15:948-963. Kleinfelder, D., S. Swanson, G. Norris, and W. Clary. 1992. Unconfined compressive strength of some streambank soils with herbaceous roots. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56:1920-1925. Klowsiewski, S.P., and K.K. Laing. 1994. Marine bird populations of Prince William Sound, Alaska, before and after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, Alaska. Knight, R.L, V. Marr, and S.K. Knight. 1983. Communal roosting of bald eagles in Washington. In Anthony, R.G., F.B. Isaacs and R.W. Frenzel (eds.). Proceedings of a workshop on habitat management for nesting and roosting bald eagles in the western United states. Corvallis, Oregon. Knight, S.M. 1990. Forest harvesting impacts on coarse woody debris and channel form in central Oregon streams. Master’s Thesis, Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 137 pp. Knutsen, C.J., and D.L. Ward. 1999. Biological characteristics of northern pikeminnow in the lower Columbia and Snake rivers before and after sustained exploitation. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128:1008-1019. Knutson, K.L., and V.L. Naef. 1997. Management Recommendations for Washington=s Priority Habitats: Riparian. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Komar, N., N.A. Panella, J.E. Burns, S.W. Dusza, T.M. Mascarenhas, and T.O. Talbot. 2001. Serologic evidence for West Nile virus infection in birds in the New York City vicinity during an outbreak in 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases 7(4):621-5. Kondolf, G.R., Kattelmann, M. Embury, and D. Erman. 1996. Status of riparian habitat. Sierra Nevada ecosystem project: Final report to Congress, Volume II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. University of California, Davis. Kostow, K. 2002. Oregon lampreys: natural history status and analysis of management issues. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Kraemer, C. 1994. Some observations on the life history and behavior of the native char, Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) of the North Puget Sound Region. Draft. Washington Department of Wildlife. Kraemer, C. 1999. Bull trout in the Stillaguamish River system. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. July 1999. Kraemer, C. 2001. Draft core area description for Lower Skagit core area. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.

918 Biological and Conference Opinion

Krejsa, R.J. 1967b. The systematics of the prickly sculpin, Cottus asper Richardson, a polytypic species, part II. Studies on their life history, with special reference to migration. Pacific Science 21:414-422. Kreutzweiser, D.P., P.D. Kingsbury, and J.C. Feng. 1989. Drift response of stream invertebrates to aerial applications of glyphosate. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42(3):331-338. Kuletz, K.J. 1996. Marbled murrelet abundance and breeding activity at Naked Island, Prince William Sound, and Kachemak Bay, Alaska, before and after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. American Fisheries Society Symposium 18:770-784. Kuletz, K.J., and J.F. Piatt. 1999. Juvenile marbled murrelet nurseries and the productivity index. Wilson Bulletin 111(2):257-261. Kuntz II, R.C., and R.G. Christophersen. 1996. A survey of the northern spotted owl in North Cascades National Park Service Complex. National Park Service Technical Report NPS/CCSONOCA/NRTR-96/05. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, North Cascades National Park, Sedro Woolley, Washington. Kuttel, M. 2001. Salmonid habitat limiting factors, Water Resource Inventory Area 32 Walla Walla Watershed. Washington State Conservation Commission. LaHaye, W.S., and R.J. Gutierrez. 1999. Nest sites and nesting habitat of the northern spotted owl in northwestern California. The Condor 101:324-330. LaHaye, W.S., R.J. Guiterrez, and J.R. Dunk. 2001. Natal dispersion of the spotted owl in southern California: dispersal profile of an insular population. The Condor 103:691-700. Laidig, K.J., and D.S. Dobkin. 1995. Spatial overlap and habitat association of Barred Owls and Great Horned Owls in southern New Jersey. Journal of Raptor Research 29:151–157. Lamberti, G.A., S.V. Gregory, L.R., Ashkenas, R.C. Wildman, and K.M.S. Moore. 1991. Stream ecosystem recovery following a catastrophic debris flow. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48:196-208. Lancaster, K.F. 1985. Managing eastern hemlock - a preliminary guide. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern area, NA-FR-30. Lance, M.M. 2004. Federal Aid Report, 2004 marbled murrelet at-sea population monitoring. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia. 7 pp. Lane, R.C. 2004. Estimated domestic, irrigation, and industrial water use in Washington, 2000. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5015. Lannoo, M. (ed.). 2005. Amphibian declines: The conservation status of United States Species. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

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Larson, K.W., and G.W. Brown, Jr. 1975. Systematic status of a midwater population of freshwater sculpin (Cottus) from Lake Washington, Seattle, Washington. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32:21 Larson, L.L., and Larson, S.L. 1996. Riparian shade and stream temperature: A perspective. Rangelands 18:149–152. Larson, Z.S., and M.R. Belchik. 1998. A preliminary status review of eulachon and Pacific lamprey in the Klamath River Basin. Yurok Tribal Fisheries Program, Klamath, California. Lawson, P.W. 1993. Cycles in ocean productivity, trends in habitat quality, and the restoration of salmon runs in Oregon. Fisheries 18:6–10. Laymon, S.A. 1991. Diurnal foraging by spotted owls. Wilson Bulletin 103(1):138-140. Leary, R.F., and F.W. Allendorf. 1997. Genetic confirmation of sympatric bull trout and Dolly Varden in western Washington. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:715- 720. Leary, R.F., F.W. Allendorf, and S.H. Forbes. 1993. Conservation genetics of bull trout in the Columbia and Klamath River drainages. Conservation Biology 7:856-865. Leathe, S.A., and P. Graham. 1982. Flathead Lake fish food habits study. Environmental Protection Agency, through Steering Committee for the Flathead River Basin Environmental Impact Study. Contract R008224-01-4 to Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Ledwith, T. 1996. The effects of buffer strip width on air temperature and relative humidity in a stream riparian zone. Watershed Management Council Networker (Summer):6-7. Lee, D.C., J.R. Sedell, B.E. Reiman, R.F. Thurow, and J.E. Williams. 1997. Broadscale Assessment of aquatic species and habitats. In Quigley, T.M., and S.J. Arbelbide (eds.). An Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PNW- GTR, Portland, Oregon. Lehmkuhl, J.F., and L.F. Ruggiero. 1991. Forest fragmentation in the Pacific Northwest and its potential effects on wildlife. Pages 35-47 in Ruggiero, L.F., K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M.H. Huff (tech. eds.). Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. PNW-GTR-285. 533 pp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. Leonard, W.P., H.A. Brown, L.L.C. Jones, K.R. McAllister and R.M. Storm. 1993. Amphibians of Washington and Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, Washington. 168 pp. Leopold, L.B. 1994. A view of the river. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 298 pp.

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Leopold, L.B., M.G. Wolman, and J.P. Miller. 1964. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. San Francisco, W.H. Freeman. Leskiw, T., and R.J. Gutiérrez. 1998. Possible predation of a spotted owl by a barred owl. Western Birds 29:225–226. Leung, J.W. 1994. A fluorometric method to determine rainfastness, volatilization and photostability of glyphosate from glass slides, after application of vision with two adjuvants. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part b Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes 29(2):341-363. Levings, C.D., and T.G. Northcote. 2004. Effects of forestry on estuarine ecosystems supporting fishes. Pages 320-335 in Northcote, T.G., and G.F. Hartman (eds.). Fishes and forestry-worldwide watershed interactions and management. Blackwell Science, Oxford, Chapter 15. Levno, A., and Rothacher, J. 1967. Increases in maximum stream temperatures after logging in old-growth Douglas-fir watersheds. Research Note PNW-65. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon. Lewis, J.C., S.R. Mori, E.T. Keppeler, and R.R. Ziemer. 2001. Impacts of logging on storm peak flows, flow volumes and suspended sediment loads in Caspar Creek, California. Pages 85-125 in Wigmosta, M.S. and S.J. Burges (eds.). Land use and Watersheds: Human influences on hydrology and geomorphology in urban and forest areas. Water Science and Application Vol 2, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. Lewis, T.E., D.W. Lamphear, D.R. McCanne, A.S. Webb, J.P. Krieter, and W.D. Conroy. 2000. Regional assessment of stream temperatures across Northern California and their relationship to various landscape-level and site-specific attributes. Forest Science Project. Humboldt State University Foundation, Arcata, California. 420 pp. Lieffers, V.J., and U. Silins. 2005. Slenderness Coefficient is linked to crown shyness and stem hydraulics in lodgepole pine. In Productivity of western forests: A forest products focus. U.S. Department ofAgriculture Forest Service. General Technical Report PNW-GTR- 642. August 2005 Light, J., and E. Cupp. 1999. Unpublished data. Plum Creek Timber Company, Seattle, Washington. As cited in CH2MHill. 2000. Review of the Scientific Foundations of the Forest and Fish Plan. Bellevue, Washington. April 20, 2000. Lint, J. (tech. coord.). 2005. Northwest Forest Plan – the first 10 years (1994-2003): status and trends of northern spotted owl populations and habitat. PNW-GTR-648, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. Liquori, M., and C.R. Jackson. 2003. Exploring appropriate roles of wood in headwater streams. Headwater Stream Ecology Research Forum, January 16, 2003. Oregon Headwaters Research Cooperative and The Watersheds Research Cooperative. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

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Lisle, T. 1999. Channel Processes and Watershed Function. In Taylor, R.N. Proceedings. Using stream geomorphic characteristics as a long-term monitoring tool to assess watershed function: a workshop co-sponsored by Fish, Farm, Forests, and Farms Communities Forum; Simpson Timber Company; National Marine Fisheries Service; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Forest Science Project; and the Americorp Watershed Stewards Program. Humboldt State University, Founder’s Hall, Room 118. March 18 & 19, 1999. Lisle, T.E. 1986a. Stabilization of a gravel channel by large streamside obstructions and bedrock bends, Jacoby Creek, Northwestern California. Geological Society of American Bulletin. 87:999-1011. Lisle, T.E. 1986b. Effects of woody debris on anadromous salmonid habitat, Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6:538-550. Livezey, K.B. 2005. Iverson (2004) on spotted owls and barred owls: comments on methods and conclusions. Journal of Raptor Research 39(1):102-103. Loehle, C., L. Irwin, D. Rock, and S. Rock. 2005. Are survival rates for northern spotted owls biased? Canadian Journal of Zoology 83:1386-1390. Lohr, S., S. Duke, T. Cummings, and W. Fredenberg. 2001. Listing of Bull Trout as Threatened Species in the United States and Initial Steps in Recovery Planning. Pages 199-205 in Berwin, M.K., A.J. Paul, and M. Monita. Bull Trout II Conference Proceedings. Long, B.A. 1987. Recruitment and abundance of large woody debris in an Oregon Coastal stream system. Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Long, L.L., and C.J. Ralph. 1998. Regulation and observations of human disturbances near nesting marbled murrelets. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Redwood Sciences Laboratory, Arcata, California. June 1998. 35 pp. Lorenson, T., C.W. Andrus, and J. Runyon. 1994. The Oregon Forest Practices Act water protection rules, scientific and policy considerations. Oregon Department Forestry, Salem, Oregon. Lovett, G.M., W.A. Reiners, and R.K. Olson. 1982. Cloud droplet deposition in subalpine balsam fir forests: hydrologic and chemical inputs. Science 218:1303-1304. Luginbuhl, J.M., J.M. Marzluff, J.E. Bradley, M.G. Raphael, and D.E. Varland. 2001. Corvid survey techniques and the relationship between corvid relative abundance and nest predation. Journal of Field Ornithology 72(4):556-572. Lull, H.W. 1959. Soil compaction in forest and range lands. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication 768. Lunetta, R.S., B.L. Cosentino, D.R. Montgomerry, E.M. Beamer, and T.J. Beechie. 1997. GIS- based evaluation of salmon habitat for prioritizing restoration opportunities in the Pacific Northwest. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 63(10):1219-1230.

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Lyons, J., S.W. Trimble, and L.K. Paine. 2000. Grass versus trees: Managing riparian areas to benefit streams of central North America. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36:919–930. MacCracken, J.G. 2004. Rhyacotriton cascadae (Cascades torrent salamander): Nest. Herpetological Review 33: in press. MacDonald, A., and K.W. Ritland. 1989. Sediment dynamics in Type 4 and 5 waters, a review and synthesis. Timber Fish and Wildlife. TFW-012-89-002. MacDonald, D.D., C.R. Steward, and E.E. Knudsen. 2000. One Northwest community— people, salmon, rivers, and the sea: toward sustainable salmon fisheries. Pages 687-701 in Knudsen, E.E., C.R. Steward, D.D. MacDonald, J.E. Williams, and D.W. Reiser. (eds.). Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon. CRC Press, LLC, Boca Raton, Florida. MacDonald, J.S., I.K. Birtwell, and G.M. Kruzynski. 1987. Food and habitat utilization by juvenile salmonids in the Campbell River estuary. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:1233-1246. Macdonald, J.S., E.A. MasIsaac, and H.E. Hueunter. 2003. The effect of variable-retention riparian buffer zones on water temperatures in small headwater streams in sub-boreal forest ecosystems of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33:1371- 1382. MacDonald, L.H., and J.A. Hoffman. 1995. Causes of peak flows in northwestern Montana and northeastern Idaho. Water Resources Bulletin 31(1):1-17. MacDonald, L.H., A.W. Smart, and R.C. Wissmar. 1991. Monitoring guidelines to evaluate the effects of forestry activities on stream in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. Region 10, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 90/9-91-001. MacDonald, L.H., E.E. Wohl, and S.W. Madsen. 1997. Validation of water yield thresholds on the National Forest, final report. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Unpublished report. Mackay, W.C. 2000. Status of the pygmy whitefish (Prosopium coulteri) in Alberta. Alberta Environment, Fisheries and Wildlife Management Division, and Alberta Conservation Association, Wildlife Status Report no. 27. Edmonton, Alberta Madej, M.A. 1982. Sediment transport and channel changes in an aggrading stream in the Puget Lowland, Washington. Pages 97-108 in Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 141. 165 pp. Madej, M.A. 1984. Recent changes in channel-stored sediment Redwood Creek, California. Redwood National Park Research and Development Technical Report 11. National Park Service, Arcata, California. 54 pp. Magnuson, J.J., L.B. Crowder, and P.A. Medvick. 1979. Temperature as an ecological resource. American Zoologist 19:331-343.

Biological and Conference Opinion 923

Mahon, T.E., G.W. Kaiser, and A.E. Burger. 1992. The role of marbled murrelets in mixed species feeding flocks in British Columbia. Wilson Bulletin 104:738-743. Mainstem/Systemwide Habitat Summary (Draft). 2002. Prepared for Northwest Power Planning Council (NWPPC). October 2002. Manley, I.A. 1999. Behavior and habitat selection of marbled murrelets nesting on the Sunshine Coast. Department of Biological Sciences. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. 162 pp. Manley, I.A. 2000. Radar surveys of marbled murrelets on the northwest coast of , British Columbia. Unpublished report, Ministry of the Environment, Lands, and Parks, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada. Manley, I.A., A. Harfenist, and G. Kaiser. 2001. Marbled murrelet telemetry study on Queen Charlotte Islands/. Smithers, British Columbia, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 24 pp. Manley, I.A., and S.K. Nelson. 1999. Habitat characteristics associated with nest success and predation at marbled murrelet tree nests (Abstract). Pacific Seabirds 26:40. Mann, R.M., and J.R. Bidwell. 1999. The toxicity of glyphosate and several glyphosate formulations to four species of southwestern Australian frogs. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36(2):193-199. , D.A. 1981. Landslide occurrence in the Blue River drainage, Oregon. Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Marks, E.L., T.G. Sebastian, R.C. Ladley, and B.E. Smith. 2002. 2001–2002 annual salmon, steelhead and char report: Puyallup River Watershed. Puyallup Tribal Fisheries, Puyallup, Washington. Marra, P.P., S. Griffing, C. Caffrey, A.M. Kilpatrick, R. McLean, C. Brand, E. Saito, A.P. Dupuis, L. Kramer, and R. Novak. 2004. West Nile virus and wildlife. BioScience 54(5):393-402. Martin, D.J., and L.E. Benda. 2001. Patterns of instream wood recruitment and transport at the watershed scale. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:940-958. Martin, D.J., M.E. Robinson, and R.A. Grotefendt. 1998. The effectiveness of riparian buffer zones for protection of salmonid habitat in Alaska coastal streams. Prepared for Sealaska Corporation, Juneau, Alaska, and Alaska Forest Association, Ketchikan, Alaska. Prepared by Martin Environmental, Seattle, Washington. Martin, S.B., and W.S. Platts. 1981. Influence of forest and rangeland management on anadromous fish habitat in western North America. Effects of Mining. General Technical Report PNW-119. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 15 pp.

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Marzluff, J.M., R.B. Boone, and G.W. Cox. 1994. Historical changes in populations and perceptions of native pest bird species in the west. Studies in Avian Biology 15:202-220. Marzluff, J.M., M.G. Raphael, and R. Sallabanks. 2000. Understanding the effects of forest management on avian species. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:1132-1143. Maser, C., and J. R. Sedell. 1994. From the forest to the sea, the ecology of wood in streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, Florida. Mason, J.C. 1976. Response of underyearling coho salmon to supplemental feeding in a natural stream. Journal of Wildlife Management 40:775-788. Mason, J.C., and S. Machodori. 1976. Populations of sympatric sculpins, Cottus aleuticus and Cottus asper, in four adjacent salmon-producing coastal streams on Vancouver Island, B.C. Fishery Bulletin 74:131-141. Mathews, N.J.C., and A.E. Burger. 1998. Diving depth of a marbled murrelet. Northwestern Naturalist 79:70-71. Maxell, B.A., and D.G. Hokit. 1999. Amphibians and reptiles. Pages 2.1– 2.30 in Joslin, G., and H. Youmans (committee chairs). Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: a compendium of the current state of understanding in Montana. Committee on Effects of Recreation on Wildlife, Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society. May, C.L., and R.E. Gresswell. 2003. Large wood recruitment and redistribution in headwater streams in the southern Oregon Coast range, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33:1352-1362. May, C.W., R.R. Horner, J.R. Karr, B.W. Mar, and E.B. Welch. 1997. Effects of urbanization on small streams in the Puget Sound lowland ecoregion. Watershed Protection Techniques 2(4):483-494. (MBTSG) The Montana Bull Trout Scientific Group. 1998. The relationship between land management activities and habitat requirements of bull trout. Prepared for the Montana Bull Trout Restoration Team, Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, Helena, Montana. 85 pp. McAllister, K.R. 1995. Distribution of amphibians and reptiles in Washington State. Northwest Fauna 3:81–112. McCashion, J.D., and R.M. Rice. 1983. Erosion on logging roads in northwestern California: how much is avoidable? Journal of Forestry 81(1):23-26. McComb, W. C., K. McGarigal, and R. G. Anthony. 1993. Small mammal and amphibian abundance in streamside and upslope habitats of mature Douglas-fir stands, western Oregon. Northwestern Science 67:7-15. McConnaughey, R.A., and K.R. Smith. 2000. Associations between flatfish abundance and surficial sediments in the eastern Bering Sea. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:2410-2419.

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McCullough, D., S. Spalding, D. Sturdevant, and M. Hicks. 2001. Summary of technical literature examining the physiological effects of temperature on salmonids. Issue paper 5. Prepared as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10 water quality criteria guidance development project. Seattle, Washington. McDade, M.H., F.J. Swanson, W.A. McKee, J.F. Franklin, and J. Van Sickle. 1990. Source distances for coarse woody debris entering small streams in western Oregon and Washington. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20:326-330. McDonald, M. 1895. The salmon fisheries of the Columbia River Basin. Pages 153-168 in U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission for 1894. Vol. XIV. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. McFarlane, L. Tranquilla, R. Bradley, N. Parker, D. Lank, and F. Cooke. 2003. Replacement laying in marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus). Marine Ornithology 31:75- 81. McGarigal, K. R.G. Anthony and F.B. Isaacs. 1991. Interactions of humans and bald eagles on the Columbia River estuary. Wildlife Monographs 115. McGreer, D.J. 1981. Erosion from skid trails in ash-capped soils in northern Idaho. National Council for the Pulp and Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Proceedings of the West Coast Regional meeting, September 1-3, Portland, Oregon. 10 pp. McGreer, D.J. 1997. Surface erosion report Le Clerc watershed analysis. Plum Creek Timber Company, Columbia Falls, Montana. McGreer, D.J., and C. Andrus. 1992. Woody debris in streams and riparian zone management research. In Forest soils and riparian management: the contributions of Dr. H.A. Froehlich to forestry. College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon McGreer, D.J., B.D. Sugden, and D.T. Schult. 1998. Surface erosion and mass wasting assessment and management strategies for Plum Creek’s Native Fish Habitat Conservation Plan. Technical Report #3 for Plum Creek’s Native Fish Habitat Conservation Plan, Plum Creek Timber Company, Columbia Falls, Montana. 50 pp. McGinness-Kubena, K. 1998. Rounding up the facts about Rodeo: an evaluation of non-target effects on estuarine invertebrates and juvenile salmonids. Master’s Thesis. University of Washington. 77 pp. McHenry, M.L., J. Lichatowich, and R. Kowalski-Hagaman. 1996. Status of Pacific salmon and their habitats on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Report to Department of Fisheries, Lower Elwha S’Klallam Tribe, Port Angeles, Washington. McHenry, M.L., E. Schott, R.H. Conrad, and G.B. Grette. 1998. Changes in the quantity and characteristics of large woody debris in streams of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:1395–1407.

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McIntosh, B.A., J.R. Sedell, J.E. Smith, R.C. Wissmar, S.E. Clarke, G.H. Reeves, and L.A. Brown. 1994. Management History of Eastside Ecosystems: Changes in Fish Habitat Over 50 Years, 1935 to 1992. U.S. Forest Service. PNW-GTR McKinley, M. 1997. Large woody debris source distances for western Washington Cascade streams. Unpublished senior research project, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle. 36 pp. McLarney, W.O. 1967. Intra-stream movement, feeding habits, and population of the coastrange sculpin, Cottus aleuticus, in relation to eggs of the pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, in Alaska. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Michigan, East Lansing, Michigan. McLean, R.G., S.R. Ubico, S.E. Docherty, W.R. Hansen, L. Sileo, and T.S. McNamara. 2001. West Nile Virus and transmission and ecology in birds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 951:54-57. McLeay, D.J., I.K. Birtwell, G.F. Hartman, and G.L. Ennis. 1987. Responses of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) to acute and prolonged exposure to Yukon placer mining sediment. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:658-673. McMahon, T., A. Zale, and J. Selong. 1999. Growth and survival temperature criteria for bull trout. Annual Report 1999 (year two). For National Council for Air and Stream Improvement. Montana State University, Bozeman. McMahon, T., A. Zale, J. Selong, and R. Barrows. 1998. Growth and survival temperature criteria for bull trout. Annual Report. 1998, preliminary draft, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. McMahon, T., A. Zale, J. Selong, and R. Barrows. 2001. Growth and survival temperature criteria for bull trout. Annual report 2000 (year three). National Council for Air and Stream Improvement. 34 pp. McMichael, G.A., T.N. Pearsons, and S.A. Leider. 2000. Minimizing ecological impacts of hatchery-reared juvenile steelhead trout on wild salmonids in a Yakima Basin watershed. Pages 365 through 380 in Knudsen, E.E., C.R. Steward, D.D. MacDonald, J.E. Williams, and D.W. Reiser (eds.). Sustainable fisheries management: pacific salmon. CRC Press, LLC, Boca Raton, Florida. McNeil, W.J. 1964. Redd superimposition and egg capacity of pink salmon spawning beds. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 21:1385–1396. McPhail, J.D. 1967. Distribution of freshwater fishes in western Washington. Northwest Science 41:1-11. McPhail, J.D., and J.S. Baxter. 1996. A review of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) life-history and habitat use in relation to compensation and improvement opportunities. Fisheries Management Report No. 104. Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 35pp.

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McPhail, J.D. and C.C. Lindsey. 1970. Freshwater fishes of northwestern Canada and Alaska. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 173, Ottawa. McPhail, J.D., and C. Murray. 1979. The early life history of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) in the upper Arrow Lakes. Report to the British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority and Kootenai Department of Fish and Wildlife. University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology and Institute of Animal Resources, Vancouver, British Columbia. McPhail, J.D., and E.B. Taylor. 1999. Morphological and genetic variation in northwestern longnose suckers, Catostomus catostomus: The Salish sucker problem. Copeia No. 4. McShane, C., T. Hamer, H. Carter, G. Swartsman, V. Friesen, D. Ainley, R. Tressler, K. Nelson, A. Burger, L. Spear, T. Mohagen, R. Martin, L. Henkel, K. Prindle, C. Strong, and J. Keany. 2004. Evaluation reports for the 5-year status review of the marbled murrelet in Washington, Oregon, and California. Unpublished report. EDAW, Inc. Seattle, Washington. Prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1. Portland, Oregon. Mebane, C.A., T.R. Maret, and R.M. Hughes. 2003. An index of biological integrity (IBI) for Pacific Northwest rivers. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132:239-261. Mecklenburg, C.W., T.A. Mecklenburg and L.K. Thorsteinson. 2002. Fishes of Alaska. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society. 1037 pp. Meehan, W.R. (ed.). 1991. Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and their Habitats. American Fisheries Society Monograph 19. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. 751 pp. Meehan, W.R. 1996. Influence of Riparian Canopy on Macroinvertebrate Composition and Food Habits of Juvenile Salmonids in several Oregon Streams. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. PNW-RP-496. Portland, Oregon. September 1996. 14pp. Meehan, W.R., F.J. Swanson, and J.R. Sedell. 1977. Influences of riparian vegetation on aquatic ecosystems with particular reference to salmonid fishes and their food supply. Pages 137-145 in Johnson, R.R, and D.A. Jones (eds.). Importance, Preservation and Management of Riparian Habitat: A Symposium. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. General Technical Report RM-43. Megahan, W.F. 1972a. Logging, erosion, sedimentation: Are they dirty words? Journal of Forestry 70(5):403-407. Megahan, W.F. 1972b. Subsurface flow interception by a logging road in mountains of central Idaho. Pages 350-356 in Proceedings, National Symposium on Watershed in Transition. American Resources Association, Fort Collins, Colorado. Megahan, W.F. 1974. Erosion over time on severely disturbed granitic soils. A model. Research Paper INT-156. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, Ogden, Utah.

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Megahan, W., and G. Ketcheson. 1996. Predicting downslope travel of granitic sediments from forest roads in Idaho. Water Resources Bulletin 32(2):371-382. Megahan, W.F., J.G. King, and K.A. Seyedbagheri. 1995. Hydrologic and Erosional Responses of a Granitic Watershed to Helicopter Logging and Broadcast Burning. Forest Science 41(4):777-795 Mellina, E., R.D. Moore, S.G. Hinch, J.S. Macdonald and G. Pearson. 2002. Stream temperature responses to clearcut logging in British Columbia, the moderating influences of groundwater and headwater lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59:1886-1990. Melvin, E.F., J.K. Parrish, and L.L. Conquest. 1999. Novel tools to reduce seabird by-catch in coastal gill-net fisheries. Conservation Biology 13(6):1386-1397. Mendel, G., C. Fulton, and R. Weldert. 2003a. An investigation into the migratory behavior of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Touchet River Basin. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Fish Program – Fish Management Division, 529 W. Main, Dayton, Washington, 99328. Mendel, G., J. Trump, and M. Gembala. 2003b. Assessment of salmonids and their habitat conditions in the Walla Walla River Basin within Washington – 2002-2003 Annual Report. Project No. 1998-02000, 129 electronic pages (BPA Report DOE/BP-00006502- 1). Mesa, M.G., T.P. Poe, D.M. Gadomski, and J.H. Petersen. 1994. Are all prey created equal? A review and synthesis of differential predation on prey in substandard condition. Journal of Fish Biology 45 (Suppl. A):81-96. Mesa, M.G., and C.B. Schreck. 1989. Electrofishing mark-recapture and depletion methodologies evoke behavioral and physiological changes in cutthroat trout. Transaction of the American Fisheries Society 118:644-658. Meyer, C.B., and S.L. Miller. 2002. Use of fragmented landscapes by marbled murrelets for nesting in southern Oregon. Conservation Biology 16(3) 755-766. Meyer, C.B., S.L. Miller, and C.J. Ralph. 2002. Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. west coast. Landscape Ecology 17:95-115. Meyer, J.S., L.L. Irwin, and M.S. Boyce. 1998. Influence of habitat abundance and fragmentation on northern spotted owls in western Oregon. Wildlife Monographs 139:1- 51. Micheli, E.R., and J.W. Kirchner. 2002. Effects of wet meadow riparian vegetation on streambank erosion. 2. Measurements of vegetated bank strength and consequences for failure mechanics. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27:687–698.

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Mieman, S., R. Anthony, E. Glenn, T. Bayless, A. Ellingson, M.C. Hansen, and C. Smith. 2003. Effects of commercial thinning on home-range and habitat-use patterns of a male northern spotted owl: a case study. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 31(4):1254-1262. Millar, R.G. 2000. Influence of bank vegetation on alluvial channel patterns. Water Resources Research 36:1109–1118. Miller, D.J., and L.E. Benda. 2000. Effects of punctuated sediment supply on valley-floor landforms and sediment transport. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112(12):1814-1824. Miller, G.S. 1989. Dispersal of juvenile spotted owls in western Oregon. Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Miller, G.S., S.K. Nelson, and W.C. Wright. 1985. Two-year-old female spotted owl breeds successfully. Western Birds 16:69-73. Miller, G.S., R.J. Small, and E.C. Meslow. 1997. Habitat selection by spotted owls during natal dispersal in western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 61(1):140-150. Miller, K.F. 1985. Windthrow Hazard Classification. Forestry Commission. Leaflet 85. HMSO, London. Miller, R.E., W. Scott, and J. Hazard. 1996. Soil compaction and conifer growth after tractor yarding three coastal Washington locations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 26:225-236. Miller, S.L., C.B. Meyer, and C.J. Ralph. 2002. Land and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet abundance offshore. Colonial Waterbirds 25:100-108. Miller et al. 1995. Full citation pending. Miller, S.L., and C.J. Ralph. 1995. Relationship of marbled murrelets with habitat characteristics at inland sites in California. Pages 205-218 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW-GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Millikan, A.E. 1968. The life history of Cottus asper (Richardson) and Cottus gulosus (Girardi) in Conner Creek, Washington. Master’s Thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Minor, K.P. 1997. Estimating large woody debris recruitment from adjacent riparian areas. Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 34 pp. Minore, D. 1986. A method for estimating the preharvest potential for seedling height growth on cutover forest land in southwestern Oregon. Research Note PNW-442. Portland, Oregon U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 12 pp.

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Minore, D., C.E. Smith, and R.F. Woollard. 1969. Effects of high soil density onseedling root growth of seven northwestern tree species. Research Note PNW-112. Portland, Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 6 pp. Minshall, G.W. 1984. Aquatic insect-substratum relationships. In Resh, V.H., and D.M. Rosenberg (eds.). The ecology of aquatic insects. New York: Praeger Special Studies-- Praeger Scientific Publications. Minshall, G.W., K.W. Cummins, R.C. Petersen, C.E. Cushing, D.A. Burns, J.R. Sedell, and R.L. Vannote. 1985. Developments in stream ecosystem theory. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42:1045-1055. Minshall, G.W., R.C. Peterson, K.W. Cummins, T.L. Bott, J.R. Sedell, C.E. Cushing, and R.L. Vannote. 1983. Interbiome comparison of ecosystem dynamics. Ecological Monographs 51:1-25. Minshall, G.W., R.C. Peterson, T.L. Bott, C.E. Cushing, K.W. Cummins, R.L. Vannote, and J.R. Sedell. 1992. Stream ecosystem dynamics of the Salmon River, Idaho: an 8th-order system. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 11(2):111-137. Mitchell, S.J. 2000. Stem growth responses in Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce following thinning: implications for assessing windfirmness. Forest Ecology and Management 135:105:114. Mitsch, W.J., and J.G. Gosselink. 1993. Wetlands. Second Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, New York. Mitsch, W.J., and J.G. Gosselink. 2000. Wetlands. Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 920 pp Mobbs, M.W., and B.C. Jones. 1995. Quinault Indian Nation - Riparian management zone project report. Quinault Department of Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection. Taholah, Washington. 50 pp. Mobrand, L.E., J. Barr, L. Blankenship, D.E. Campton, T.T.P. Evelyn, T.A. Flagg, C.V.W. Mahnken, L.W. Seeb, P.R. Seidel, and W.W. Smoker. 2005. Hatchery reform in Washington State: principles and emerging issues. Fisheries 30(6):11-23. Moen, C.A., A.B. Franklin, and R.J. Gutiérrez. 1991. Age determination of subadult northern spotted owls in northwest California. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19:489-493. Mohseni, O., and H.G. Stefan. 1999. Stream temperature/air temperature relationship: A physical interpretation. Journal of Hydrology 218:128–141. Mohseni, O., H.G. Stefan, and T.R. Erickson. 1998. A nonlinear regression model for weekly stream temperatures. Water Resources Research 34:2685–2692. Mongillo, P. 1993. The distribution and status of bull trout/Dolly Varden in Washington State. June 1992. Fisheries Management Report 93–22. Washington Department of Wildlife, Olympia.

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Mongillo, P.E., and M. Hallock. 1997. Distribution and habitat of native nongame stream fishes of the Olympic Peninsula. Technical Report #FRD 97-05, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Mongillo, P.E., and M. Hallock. 1998. Washington State status report for the margined sculpin. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. 15 pp. Mongillo, P.E., and M. Hallock. 1999. Washington State status report for the Olympic mudminnow. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Montgomery, D.R. 1994. Road surface drainage, channel initiation, and slope instability. Water Resources Research 30(6):1925-1932. Montgomery, D.R. T. Abbe, J. Buffington, N. Peterson, K. Schmidt, and J. Stock. 1996. Distribution of bedrock and alluvial channels in forested mountain drainage basins. Nature 381:587-589. Montgomery, D.R., and J.M. Buffington. 1993. Channel classification, prediction of channel response, and assessment of channel condition. Washington State Timber Fish and Wildlife Agreement, Olympia, Washington. Report TFW-SH10-93-002. Montgomery, D.R., & J.M. Buffington. 1997. Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109(5):596-611. Montgomery, D.R., J.M. Buffington, R.D. Smith, K.M. Schmidt, and G. Pess. 1995. Pool spacing in forest channels. Water Resources Research 31:1097-1105. Moore, R.D., and S.M. Wondzell. 2005. Physical hydrology and the effects of forest harvesting in the Pacific Northwest: a review. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, August 2005:763-781 Moring, J.R. 1979. The Alsea Watershed Study: Effects of logging three headwater streams of the Alsea River, Oregon - Part II - Change in Environmental Conditions. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis, Oregon. Fishery Research Report 9. Morishima, G.A., and K.A. Henry 2000. The history and status of Pacific Northwest Chinook and coho salmon ocean fisheries and prospects for sustainability. Pages 219-235 in Knudsen, E.E., C.R. Steward, D.D. MacDonald, J.E. Williams, and D.W. Reiser. (eds.). Sustainable fisheries management: pacific salmon. CRC Press, LLC, Boca Raton, Florida. Morgan, J.D., D.M. Janz, G.A. Vigers, and A.P. Farrell. 1989. Determination of threshold concentrations of forest-use herbicides causing rapid sublethal toxic effects towards salmonid fish. Forest Resource Development Agreement, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Forestry Canada, Forest Resource Development Agreement Project No. 2.46. Morgan, J.D., D.M. Janz, G.A. Vigers, and A.P. Farrell, and D.M. Janz. 1991. Acute avoidance reactions and behavioral responses of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Garlon 4®, Garlon 3A® and Vision® herbicides. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10:73–79.

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Morgan, M.J., and J.W. Kiceniuk. 1992. Response of Rainbow trout to a two month exposure to Vision®, a glyphosate herbicide. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 48:772–780. Morley, S.A., and J.R. Karr. 2002. Assessing and restoring the health of urban streams in the Puget Sound basin. Conservation Biology 16(6):1498-1509. Morrison, P.H. 1975. Ecological and geomorphological consequences of mass movements in the Alder Creek watershed and implications of forest land management. Bachelor Thesis, University of Oregon, Eugene. Morrow, J.E. 1980. The freshwater fishes of Alaska. Alaska Northwest Publishing Co. Anchorage, Alaska. Moser, M.L., and D.A. Close. 2003. Assessing Pacific lamprey status in the Columbia Basin. Northwest Science 77(2):116-25. Mosley, J.C., P.S. Cook, A.J. Griffis, and J. O’Laughlin. 1997. Guidelines for managing cattle grazing in riparian areas to protect water quality: review of research best management practices policy. Report No. 15. Idaho Forest, Wildlife, and Range Policy Analysis Group, University of Idaho. 67 pp. Mote, P.W., E.A. Parson, A.F. Hamlet, W.S. Keeton, D. Lettenmaier, N. Mantua, E.L. Miles, D.L. Peterson, R. Slaughter, and A.K. Snover. 2003. Preparing for climatic change: The water, salmon, and forests of the Pacific Northwest. Climatic Change 61: 45–88. Mote, P.W., A.K. Snover, L. Whitely Binder, A.F. Hamlet, and N.J. Mantua. 2005. Uncertain future: climate change and its effects on Puget Sound: Foundation Document. Climate Impacts Group, Center for Science in the Earth System, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans, University of Washington. 37 pp. Moyle, P.B. 2002. Inland fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkley, California. Murphy, M.L. 1995. Forestry impacts on freshwater habitat of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska–requirements for protection and restoration. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 7. NOAA Coastal Ocean Office, Silver Spring, Maryland. 156 pp. Murphy, M.L, and J.D. Hall. 1981. Varied effects of clear-cut logging on predators and their habitat in small streams of the Cascade mountains, Oregon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:137-145. Murphy, M.L., J. Heifetz, S.W. Johnson, K.V. Koski and J.F. Thedinga. 1986. Effects of clear- cut logging with and without buffer strips on juvenile salmonids in Alaskan streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43:1521-1533.

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Murphy, M.L., and K.V. Koski. 1989. Input and depletion of woody debris in Alaska streams and implications for management. North American Journal of Fisheries Managment 9:427-436. Murphy, M.L., and W.R. Meehan. 1991. Stream Ecosystems. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:17-46. Murray Pacific Corporation. 1993. Habitat Conservation plan for the northern spotted owl on timberlands owned by the Murray Pacific Corporation, Lewis County, Washington. Tacoma, Washington. September 1993. Murray Pacific Corporation. 1995. Amendment to the Habitat Conservation Plan and incidental take permit PRT-777837 for the northern spotted owl on timberlands owned by the Murray Pacific Corporation, Lewis County, Washington. Tacoma, Washington. May 1995. Myrick, C.A. 2002. Bull trout temperature thresholds: peer review summary. Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lacey, Washington. Naiman, R.J., T.J. Beechie, L.E. Benda, P.A. Bisson, K.H. MacDonald, M.D. O=Connor, P.L. Olsen, and E.A. Steel. 1992. Fundamental elements of ecologically healthy watersheds in the Pacific Northwest coastal ecoregion. Pages 127-188 in Naiman, R.J. (ed.). Watershed Management: Balancing sustainability and environmental change. Springer, New York. Naiman, R.J., and J.R. Sedell. 1979. Relationships between metabolic parameters and stream order in Oregon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37(5):834-847. Naslund, N.L. 1993. Why do marbled murrelet attend old-growth forest nesting areas year- round? Auk 110:594-602. (NCASI) National Council for Air and Stream Improvement. 1999. Silviculture and Water Quality: A Quarter Century of Clean Water Act Progress. Special Report No. 99-06. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. (NCRT) Nisqually Chinook Recovery Team. 2001. Nisqually Chinook Recovery Plan, Appendix 3. What happened to native Nisqually Chinook? Rationale for considering single genetic stock in the Nisqually Basin. Nisqually River Council, Olympia, Washington. Nehlsen, W., J.E. Williams, and J.A. Lichatowich. 1991. Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries 16(2):4-21. Nelson, M.L. 1999. Evaluation of potential for “resident” bull trout to reestablish the migratory life-form. Master’s Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. Nelson, S.K. 1997. The birds of North America, No. 276 - Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus). In Poole, A. and F. Gill (eds.). The birds of North America: life histories for the 21st century.

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Nelson, S.K. 2005. Surveys for marbled murrelets in potential habitat in the Oregon coast range: Draft final report prepared for The Trustees Council of the New Carissa Oil Spill and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Oregon State University, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Corvallis, Oregon. 26 pp. Nelson, S.K., and T.E. Hamer. 1995a. Nesting biology and behavior of the marbled murrelet. Pages 57-68 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW-GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Nelson, S.K., and T.E. Hamer. 1995b. Nest success and the effects of predation on marbled murrelets. Pages 89-97 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW- GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Nelson, S.K., T.E. Hamer, A.K. Wilson, and D.J. Meekins. 2003. Marbled murrelet nest tree and nest site selection in the Pacific Northwest. Pacific Seabirds 30(1):51-52. Nelson, S.K., and R.W. Peck. 1995. Behavior of marbled murrelets at nine nest sites in Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist 76:43-53. Nerass, L.P., and P. Spruell. 2001. Fragmentation of riverine systems: the genetic effects of dams on bull trout in the Clarke Fork River system. Molecular Ecology 10:1153-1164 Newcombe, C.P., and J.O.T. Jensen. 1996. Channel suspended sediment and fisheries: a synthesis for quantitative assessment of risk and impact. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16:693-727. Newcombe, C.P., and D.D. MacDonald. 1991. Effects of suspended sediments on aquatic ecosystems. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 11:72-82. Newton, M. 1993. Silvicultural alternatives in riparian zones: A management proposal, with technical background, for riparian forest management in the Douglas-fir region. Oregon Forest Industries Council, Salem, Oregon. 78 pp. Newton, M., R. Willis, J. Walsh, E. Cole, and S. Chan. 1996. Enhancing riparian habitat for fish, wildlife, and timber in managed forests. Weed Technology 10:429-438. Newton M., and M.A Zwieniecki. 1996. Seasonal patterns of water depletion from soil/rock profile by selected ecosystems in Mediterranean climate. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26:1346-1352. Nicholson, A.J. 1954. An outline of the dynamics of animal populations. Australian Journal of Zoology 2:9-65. Nielson, J.L. 1998. Scientific sampling effects: electrofishing California’s endangered fish populations. Fisheries 23(12):6-12

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Nielson, M., K. Lohman, and J. Sullivan. 2001. Phylogeography of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei): implications for the biogeography of the Pacific Northwest. Evolution 55:147- 160. Nijhuis, M.J., and R.H. Kaplan. 1998. Movement patterns and life history characteristics in a population of the Cascade torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton cascadae) in the Columbia River Gorge, Oregon. Journal of Herpetology 32:301–304. (NMFS) National Marine Fisheries Service. 2000. Guidelines for Electrofishing Waters Containing Salmonids Listed under the Endangered Species Act. National Marine Fisheries Service. June 2000. (NMFS) National Marine Fisheries Service. 2003. Programmatic Biological Opinion and Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act Essential Fish Habitat Consultation for the Bonneville Power Administration Habitat Improvement Program (HIP) in the Columbia River Basin. OHB2003-0143-PEC Tracking #: F/NWR/2003/00750. Portland, Oregon. August 1, 2003 Noggle, C.C. 1978. Behavior, physiology, and lethal effects of suspended sediment on juvenile salmonids. Master Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Nolan, K.M., and D.C. Marron. 1985. Contrast in stream-channel response to major storms in two mountainous areas of California. Geology 13:135-138. Nordstrom, N. 1997. Cascade torrent salamander and Columbia torrent salamander. Pages 1-1 to 1-13 in Larsen, E.M. (ed.). Management recommendations for Washington’s priority species. Volume Three: amphibians and reptiles. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Nordstrom, N., and R. Milner. 1997. Dunn’s salamander and Van Dyke’s salamander. Pages 2- 1 to 2-14 in Larsen, E. M. (ed.). Management recommendations for Washington’s priority species, Volume III: amphibians and reptiles. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Norse, E.A. 1990. Ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 327 pp. North, M.P., G. Steger, R. Denton, G. Eberlein, T. Munton, and K. Johnson. 2000. Association of weather and nest-site structure with reproductive success in California spotted owls. Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3):797-807. Northcote, T.G. 1954. Observations on the comparative ecology of two species of fish, Cottus asper and Cottus rhotheus, in British Columbia. Copiea 54:25-28. Northcote, T.G., and G.F. Hartman. 1959. A case of "schooling" behavior in the prickly sculpin, Cottus asper Richardson. Copeia 1959:156-158. (NPPC) Northwest Power Planning Council. 2001. Draft Pend Oreille Subbasin Summary. Edited by S.H. Stovall. (as cited in USFWS 2002).

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(NPPC) Northwest Power Planning Council. 2004. Asotin Subbasin Plan. Submitted by the Asotin County Conservation District. May 28, 2004. (NRC) National Research Council. 1996. Upstream: Salmon and society in the Pacific Northwest. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (NRC) National Research Council. 2002. Riparian areas: Functions and strategies for management. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Nussbaum, R.A. 1969. A nest site of the Olympic salamander, Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige). Herpetologica 25:277–278. Nussbaum, R.A., E.D. Brodie, Jr., and R.M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. University Press of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 331 pp. Nussbaum, R.A., and C.K. Tait. 1977. Aspects of the life history and ecology of the Olympic salamander, Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige). The American Midland Naturalist 98:176- 199. O’Brien, A.L. 1988. Evaluating the cumulative effects of alteration on New England wetlands. Environmental Management 12(5):627-636. O’Connor, M., and R.D. Harr. 1994. Bedload transport and large organic debris in steep mountain streams in forested watersheds on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Timber/Fish/Wildlife, Final Report No. TFW-SH7-94-001. 125 pp. (ODEQ) Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. 1995. 1992-1994 water quality standards review. Final issue paper, standards and assessment section. Portland, Oregon. (ODEQ) Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. 1999. Heat source methodology review: reach analysis of stream and river temperature dynamics. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Portland, Oregon. 83 pp. (ODF) Oregon Department of Forestry. 1999. Riparian function: large wood. Oregon Department of Forestry draft background paper. Oregon Department of Forestry, Salem, Oregon. 22 pp. (ODF) Oregon Department of Forestry. 2000. Forest Practices Administrative Rules and Forest Practices Act. Salem, Oregon. O’Donnell, B.P., N.L. Naslund, and C.J. Ralph. 1995. Patterns of seasonal variation of activity of marbled murrelets in forest stands. Pages 117-128 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW-GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology, 3rd Edition. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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Odum, E.P. 1981. The effects of stress on the trajectory of ecological succession. In Barrett, G., and R. Rosenberg (eds.). Stress effects on natural ecosystems. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York, New York. 305 pp. Okanogan/Similkameen Subbasin Summary. 2002. Prepared for Northwest Power Planning Council. May 17, 2002. Oliver, C.D., L.L. Irwin, and W.H. Knapp. 1994. Eastside forest management practices: historical overview of their applications, and their effects on sustainability of ecosystems. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-324. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 73 pp. Oliver, C.D., and B.C. Larson. 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics. Update Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 521 pp. Olson, G.S., R.G. Anthony, E.D. Forsman, S.H. Ackers, P.J. Loschl, J.A. Reid, K.M Dugger, E.M. Glenn, and W.J. Ripple. 2005. Modeling of site occupancy dynamics for northern spotted owls, with emphasis on the effects of barred owls. Journal of Wildlife Management 69(3):918-932. Olson, G.S., E.M. Glenn, R.G. Anthony, E.D. Forsman, J.A. Reid, P.J. Loschl, and W.J. Ripple. 2004. Modeling demographic performance of northern spotted owls relative to forest habitat in Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 68(4):1039-1053. Olson, P.L., and R.C. Wissmar. 2000. Thermal definition of subsurface flow sources within a Cascadian riparian landscape. Pages 155-160 in Wigington, P.J., Jr., and R.L. Beschta (eds.). Proceedings, AWRA 2000 Summer Specialty Conference, Riparian Ecology and Management in Multi-Land Use Watersheds. Onuf, C.P., and M.L. Quammen. 1983. Fishes in a California coastal lagoon: effects of major storms on distribution and abundance. Marine Ecology Progress Series 12:1-14. Opperman, J.J., K.A. Lohse, C. Brooks, N.M. Kelly, and A.M. Merenlender. 2005. Influence of land use on fine sediment in salmonid spawning gravels within the Russian River Basin, California. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:2740-2751. Oregon Department of Transportation. 1998. Biological assessment on the fish passage program. Appendix C. Submitted to the National Marine Fisheries Service. Osborne, L.L., and D.A. Kovacic. 1993. Riparian vegetated buffer strips in water quality restoration and stream management. Freshwater Biology 29:243-258. O’Toole, M.D., D. Pentila, and K. Stick. 2000. A review of stock discreteness in Puget Sound herring. A briefing statement, draft. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Management Program, Marine Resources Division, Forage Fish/Shellfish Unit, La Conner, Washington.

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Overton, C.K., J.D. McIntyre, R. Armstrong, S.L. Whitwill, and K.A. Duncan. 1995. User’s guide to fish habitat: descriptions that represent natural conditions in the Salmon River Basin, Idaho. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah. General Technical Report. INT-GTR-322. Packer, P.E. 1967. Criteria for designing and locating logging roads to control sediment. Forest Science 13(1):2-18. Page-Dumroese, D.S., A.E. Harvey, M.F. Jurgensen, and M.P. Amaranthus. 1998. Impacts of soil compaction and tree stump removal on soil properties and outplanted seedlings in northern Idaho, USA. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78:2934. Palmisano, J.F., R.H. Ellis, V.C. Kaczynski. 2003. The impact of environmental and management factors on Washington’s wild anadromous salmon and trout. Prepared for Washington Forest Protection Association and the State of Washington Department of natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. Parmesan, C., and G. Yohe. 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421:37-42. Parsley, M.J., and L.G. Beckman. 1994. White sturgeon spawning and rearing habitat in the lower Columbia River. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14:812-827. Parsley, M.J., L.G. Beckman, and G.T. McCabe, Jr. 1993. Spawning and rearing habitat use by white sturgeon in the Columbia River downstream from McNary dam. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122:217-227. Patric, J.H. 1994. Water, woods, and people: A primer; Some effects of human actions on water resources of the eastern forest. Artistic Printers, Greenville, Tennessee. Patten, B.G. 1971. Predation by sculpins on fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, fry of hatchery origin. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report, Fisheries No. 621. Patten, B.G., R.B. Thompson, and W.D. Gronlund. 1970. Distribution and abundance of fish in the Yakima River, Washington, April 1957 to May 1958. United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report (Fisheries) No. 603. Patton, D.R. 1973. A literature review of timber harvesting effects on stream temperature. Research Note RM-249. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. (PCSGA) Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association. 2002. Environmental Codes of Practice for the Pacific Coast Shellfish Industry. Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association, Olympia, Washington Pearce A.J., and A. Watson. 1983. Medium-term effects of two landsliding episodes on channel storage of sediment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 8:29-39.

Biological and Conference Opinion 939

Pearson, M. 1998. A review of the distribution, status, and biology of the endangered Salish sucker (Catostomus sp.) and Nooksack dace (Rhinichthys sp.). Province of British Columbia Ministry of Fisheries, Technical Circular No. 101. Pearson, R.R., and K.B. Livezey. 2003. Distribution, numbers, and site characteristics of spotted owls and barred owls in the Cascade Mountains of Washington. Journal of Raptor Research 37(4):265-276. Peden, A. 2002. COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada): Assessment and update status report on the speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) in Canada. Ottawa, Canada. Peery, M.Z., S.R. Beissinger, B.H. Becker, and S.H. Newman. 2002. Marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) demography in central Califorina: 2001 progress report. Prepared for the California Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, California State Parks. Peffer, R.D. 2001. Small mammal habitat selection in east slope Cascade mountain riparian and upland habitats. M. S. Thesis, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington. Pentilla, D.E. 1997. Investigations of intertidal spawning habitat of surf smelt and Pacific sand lance in Puget Sound, Washington. Pages 395-407 in Forage fishes in marine ecosystems. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the role of forage fishes in marine ecosystems. November 13-16, 1996, Anchorage Alaska. University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report No. 97-01. Pentilla, D.E. 2001. Effects of shading upland vegetation on egg survival for summer-spawning surf smelt on upper intertidal beaches in Puget Sound. Proceedings of the Puget Sound Research Conference, February 12-14, 2001. Bellevue, Washington. Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team, Olympia, Washington. Perrin, C.J., L.L. Rempel, and M.L. Rosenau. 2003. White sturgeon spawning habitat in an unregulated river: Fraser River, Canada. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132:154-165. Perry, D.A. 1995. Status of forest habitat of the marbled murrelet. Pages 381-384 in Ralph, C.J. G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW-GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Perry, T.O. 1964. Soil compaction and oblolly pine growth. Tree Planters' Notes 67: 9. Pess, G. 2003. Unpublished Stillaguamish Bull trout data, 1996 to 2003. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries/National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Peterson, N.P. 1982. Immigration of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) into riverine ponds. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39: 1308-1310.

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Petranka, J.W. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C. 587pp. Petranka, J.W., M.E. Eldridge, and K.E. Haley. 1993. Effects of timber harvesting on southern Appalachian salamanders. Conservation Biology 7(2):363-370. Pfister, R., and K. Sherwood. 1991. Management guidelines for riparian forests. Flathead basin forest practices water quality and fisheries cooperative program. 23 pp. Phillips, J.D. 1989. Nonpoint source pollution control effectiveness of riparian forests along a coastal plain river. Journal of Hydrology 110:221-237. Phillips, R.C. 1984. The ecology of eelgrass meadows in the Pacific Northwest: a community profile. FWS/OBS-84/24. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Phillips, R.W., and E.W. Claire. 1966. Intragravel movement of the reticulate sculpin, Cottus perplexus, and its potential as a predator on salmonid embryos. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 95:210-212. Piatt, F.F., B.D. Roberts, W.W. Lidster, J.L. Wells, and S.A. Hatch. 1990. Effects of human disturbance on breeding least and crested auklets at St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Auk 107:342-350. Piccolo, J.J., and M.S. Wipfli. 2002. Does red alder (Alnus rubra) in upland riparian forests elevate macroinvertebrate and detritus export from headwater streams to downstream habitats in southeastern Alaska? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59:503-513. Pierce, D.J., J.B. Buchanan, B.L. Cosentino, and S. Snyder. 2005. An assessment of spotted owl habitat on non-federal lands in Washington between 1996 and 2004. Wildlife Department of Wildlife Research Report. Pierce, D.J., and T.R. Simons. 1986. The influence of human disturbance on tufted puffin breeding success. Auk 103:214-216. Pirtle, J., J. Stone., and S. Barndt. 2003. Evaluate habitat use and population dynamics of lampreys in Cedar Creek. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Columbia River Fisheries Program Office Habitat and Population Evaluation Team. Annual Report for 2002 Sampling Season. BPA Contract #200001400. Platts, W.S. 1982. Livestock and riparian fishery interactions: what are the facts? Transaction of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 47:507-515. Platts, W.S. 1991. Livestock Grazing. In Meehan, W.R. (ed.). Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Their Habitats. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 19, Bethesda, Maryland.

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Plum Creek Timber Company, L.P. 1996. Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan on Forestlands owned by Plum Creek Timber Company, L.P., in the I-90 Corridor of the Central Cascades Mountain Range, Washington. Plum Creek Timber Company, L.P., Seattle, Washington. 391 pp. Plum Creek Timber Company, L.P. 1999. Final Description and Analysis of Modifications to Plum Creek Timber Company’s Cascade Habitat Conservation Plan. Plum Creek Timber Company, Seattle, Washington. May 1999. 106 pp. Poff, R.J. 1997. Effects of Silvicultural Practices and Wildfire on Productivity of Forest Soils. In Erman, D.C. (ed.) and the Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project (SNEP) Team. Status of the Sierra Nevada: The Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project. U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-43 Pollock, M.M., and P.M. Kennard. 1998. A low-risk strategy for preserving riparian buffers needed to protect and restore salmonid habitat in forested watersheds in Washington State. 10,000 Year Institute, P.O. Box 10703, Bainbridge Island, Washington. 98110 Poole, G.C., and C.H. Berman. 2000 submitted. Pathways of human influences on water temperature dynamics in stream channels. Environmental Management. Poole, C.G., J. Dunham, M. Hicks, D, Keenan, J. Lockwood, E. Materna, D. McCullough, C. Mebane, J. Risley, S. Sauter, S. Spalding, and D. Sturdevant. 2001. Technical synthesis: Scientific issues relating to temperature criteria for salmon, trout, and char native to pacific Northwest. A summary report submitted to the Policy Workgroup of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10 Water Temperature Criteria Guidance Project. EPA 910-R-01-007. Popper, A.N. 2003. Effects of Anthropogenic Sounds of Fishes. Fisheries 28(10):24-31. Port Blakely Tree Farms, L.P. 1996. Habitat Conservation Plan for the Robert B. Eddy Tree Farm. Port Blakely Tree Farms, L.P. Seattle, Washington. April 1996, as modified by addendum of July 1996. Powell, D.S., J.L. Faulkner, D.R. Darr, Z. Shu, and D.W. MacLeery. 1994. Forest resources of the United States, 1992. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. General Technical Report RM- 234(Revised). Power, W.E. 1974. Effects and observations of soil compaction in the Salem District. Technical Note 256. Denver, Colorado: U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 12 pp. Powers, R.F., Alban, D.H., Miller, R.E., Tiarks, A.E., Wells, C.G., Avers, P.E., Cline, R.G., Fitzgerald, R.O., and Loftus, N.S., Jr. 1990. Sustaining site productivity in North American forests: problems and prospects. Pages 49-79 in Gessel, S.P., D.S. Lacate, G.F. Weetman, and R.F. Powers (eds.). Sustained Productivity of Forest Soils: Proceedings of the 7th North American Forest Soils Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, August 1988. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia.

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Pratt, K.L. 1984. Habitat use and species interactions of juvenile cutthroat trout (Salmo Clarki lewisi) and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the upper Flathead River basin. Master’s Thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow. Pratt, K.L. 1985. Habitat use and species interactions of juvenile cutthroat, Salmo clarki, and bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, in the upper Flathead River basin. Master’s Thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow. Pratt, K.L. 1992. A review of bull trout life history. Pages 5-9 in Howell, P.J., and D.V. Buchanan (eds.). Proceedings of the Gearhart Mountain bull trout workshop. Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, Corvallis, Oregon. Pratt, K.L., and J.E. Huston. 1993. Status of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in Lake Pend Oreille and the lower Clark Fork River: Draft. Prepared for Washington Water Power Company, Spokane, Washington. Pritchard, D.W. 1952. Estuarine hydrography. Advances in Geophysics 1:243-280. (PSAT) See Puget Sound Action Team (PSWQAT) See Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team Ptolemy, J., and R. Vennesland. 2003. Update COSEWIC status report on the white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus in Canada, in COSEWIC assessments and update status report on the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Ottawa, Canada. Pages 1-51. Puget Sound Action Team. Fall 2001. Sound Waves. 16(4). Puget Sound Action Team, Office of the Governor Olympia, Washington. Puget Sound Action Team. January 2002. Puget Sound Notes. Number 46. Puget Sound Action Team, Office of the Governor. Olympia, Washington Puget Sound Action Team. 2005. State of the Sound 2004. Puget Sound Action Team, Office of the Governor. Olympia, Washington Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team. 2000. 2000 Puget Sound update. Seventh report of the Puget Sound ambient monitoring program. Olympia, Washington. Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team. 2002. 2002 Puget Sound update. Eighth report of the Puget Sound ambient monitoring program. Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team, Olympia, Washington. Quigley, T.M., and S.J. Arbelbide (tech. eds.). 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the Interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: Volume III. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-405. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. 4 vol. Quigley, T.M., J.L. Hayes, and L. Starr. 2001. Improving forest health and productivity in eastern Oregon and Washington. Special issue, Northwest Science 75:234-251.

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Quinn, T. 1999. Habitat characteristics of an intertidal aggregation of Pacific sandlance (Ammodytes hexapterus) at a north Puget Sound beach. Northwest Science 73:44-49. Quinn, T., and Schneider, D.D. 1991. Respiratory adaptation of the teleost fish, Ammodytes hexapterus, in relation to its burrowing behavior. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 97(A):57-61 Quinault Indian Nation and U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 1999. Quinault River watershed analysis. Olympia, Washington. R2 Resource Consultants. 2000. Historic and current status of kokanee in the Lake Washington Basin. Prepared for King County, Water and Land Resources Division, Seattle Washington. R2 Resource Consultants and Puget Sound Energy. 2005. Native Char Investigations. Results of 2004 activities and proposed 2005 activities. Baker River Hydroelectric Project (FERC No 2150), Washington. April 2005 Draft. Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, Jr., M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt. 1995. Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet in North America: an overview. Pages 3-22 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW-GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Ralph, S.C., G.C. Poole, L.L. Conquest, and R.J. Naiman. 1994. Stream channel condition and instream habitat in logged and unlogged basins of western Washington. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:37-51. Ramsey, F.L., and D.W. Schafer. 1997. The statistical sleuth: A course in methods of data analysis. Duxbury Press. Belmont, California. Rao, P.S.C., and A.G. Hornsby. 2001. Behavior of pesticides in soils and water. Soil Science Fact Sheet SL 40, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Raphael, M.G., D. Evans Mack, and B. Cooper. 2002a. Landscape-scale relationships between abundance of marbled murrelets and distribution of nesting habitat. Condor 104(2) 331- 342. Raphael, M.G., D. Evans Mack, J.M. Marzluff, and J. Luginbuhl. 2002b. Effects of forest fragmentation on populations of the marbled murrelet. Studies in Avian Biology 25:221- 235.

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Raphael, M.G., G.M. Gelleher, M.H. Huff, S.L. Miller, S.K. Nelson, and R. Young. 2005. Spatially-explicit estimates of potential nesting habitat for the marbled murrelet. Chapter 5 in Huff, M (tech. coord.). Marbled Murrelet Effectiveness Monitoring Team, Northwest Forest Plan – The first 10 years (1994-2003): Status and trend of populations and nesting habitat for the marbled murrelet. Draft General. Technical Report. PNW- GTR-XXX. Portland, Oregon, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Raster map data produced in support of the Northwest Forest Plan marbled murrelet monitoring module. Online_Linkage: http://www.reo.gov/monitoring/10yr-report/marbled-murrelet/maps-maps.html. Raphael, M.G., J.A. Young, and B.M. Galleher. 1995. A landscape-level analysis of marbled murrelet habitat in western Washington. Pages 177-190 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW-GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Rashin, E., C. Clishe, A. Loch, and J. Bell. 1999. Effectiveness of forest road and timber harvest best management practices with respect to sediment-related water quality impacts. Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. Publication No. 99-317. 118 pp. Rashin, E., and C. Graber. 1992. Effectiveness of Washington=s forest practice riparian management zone regulations for protection of stream temperature. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. Timber/Fish/Wildlife Report No. TFW-WQ6-92-001. 59 pp. Ratliff, D.E., and P.J. Howell. 1992. The status of bull trout populations in Oregon. Pages 10 - 17 in Howell, P.J. and D.V. Buchanan (eds.). Proceedings of the Gearhart Mountain Bull Trout Workshop. Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, Corvallis, Oregon. Ray, G. C. 1958. Vital limits and rates of desiccation in salamanders. Ecology. 39:75-83. Redding, J.M., C.B. Screak, and F.H. Everest. 1987. Physiological effects on coho salmon and steelhead of exposure to suspended solids. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116:737-744. Reese, C.D., and B.C Harvey. 2002. Temperature-dependent interactions between juvenile steelhead and Sacramento pikeminnow in laboratory streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 131:599-606 Reeves, G.H. 2006. Chapter 9: The aquatic conservation strategy of the Northwest Forest Plan: An assessment after 10 years. Northwest Forest Plan Part II. Reeves, G.H., L.E. Benda, K.M. Burnett, P.A. Bisson and J.R. Sedell. 1995. A disturbance- based ecosystem approach to maintaining and restoring freshwater habitats of evolutionarily significant units of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17: 334-349.

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Reeves, G.H., K.M. Burnett, and E.V. McGarry. 2003. Sources of large wood in the main stem of a fourth order stream in coastal Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33:1363-1370. Reeves, G.H., F.H. Everest and J.D. Hall. 1987. Interactions between the redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) and the steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) in western Oregon: the influence of water temperature. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:1603-1613. Reeves, G.H., J. Hall, and S. Gregory. 1997a. The Impact of Land-Management Activities on Coastal Cutthroat Trout and their Freshwater Habitats. Pages 138-144 in Bisson, P.A., and R.E. Gresswell (eds.). Sea-run Cutthroat Trout: Biology, Management, and Future Conservation. Corvallis, Oregon: American Fisheries Society. Reeves, G.H, D.B. Hohler, B. E. Hansen, F.H. Everest, J.R. Sedell, T.L. Hickman, and D. Shively. 1997b. Fish habitat restoration in the Pacific Northwest: Fish Creek of Oregon. Pages 335-339 in Watershed Restoration: Principles and Practices. Reid, L.M. 1993. Research and cumulative watershed effects. General Technical Report PSW- GTR-141. Albany, California. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 118 pp. Reid, L.M., and T. Dunne. 1984. Sediment production from forest road surfaces. Water Resources Research 20(11):1753-1761. Reinelt, L.E., and R.R. Horner. 1990. Characterization of the hydrology and water quality of palustrine wetlands affected by urban stormwater. King County Resource Planning, Seattle. Relyea, R.A. 2005. The impact of insecticides and herbicides on the biodiversity and productivity of aquatic communities. Ecological Applications 15(2):618–627. Renaud, C.B. 1997. Conservation status of Northern Hemisphere lampreys (Petromyzontidae). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 13(3):143-148. Rentmeester, S.A. 2004. An assessment of large wood debris and riparian forest resources at Ellsworth Creek watershed and a comparison of riparian management options. Master’s Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Renwald, D. 1993. Letter to the Marbled Murrelet Recovery Team on Bureau of Indian Affairs’ murrelet strategy. December 1993. Rhoades, C., and D. Binkley. 1992. Spatial extent of impact of red alder on soil chemistry of adjacent conifer stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22:1434-1437. Rhodes, J.J., D.A. McCullough, and F.A. Espinosa Jr. 1994. A coarse screening process for evaluation of the effects of land management activities on salmon spawning and rearing habitat in ESA consultations. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Portland, Oregon.

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Rice, C.A. 2006. Effects of shoreline modification on a northern Puget Sound beach: microclimate and embryo mortality in surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus). Estuaries and Coasts 29(1):63-71. Rich, C.F., Jr. 1996. Influence of abiotic and biotic factors on occurrence of resident bull trout in fragmented habitats, western Montana. Master’s Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. Richardson, C.J. 1994. Ecological functions and human values in wetlands: A framework for assessing forestry impacts. Wetlands 14(1):1-9. Richardson, J.S. 1991. Seasonal food limitation of detritivores in a montane stream: an experimental test. Ecology 72:873-887. Richardson, J.S. 1992. Coarse particulate detritus dynamics in small, montane streams of southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49(2):337-346. Rickard, N.A. 1980. Life history and population characteristics of the prickly sculpin (Cottus asper Richardson) in Lake Washington. Master’s Thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Ricker, W.E. 1960. A population of dwarf coastrange sculpins (Cottus aleuticus). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17:929-932. Rieman, B., and J. Clayton. 1997. Wildfire and native fish: issues of forest health and conservation of sensitive species. Fisheries 22(11):6-15. Rieman, B.E., and F.W. Allendorf. 2001. Effective population size and genetic conservation criteria for bull trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21:756-764. Rieman, B.E., and R.C. Beamesderfer. 1990. White sturgeon in the lower Columbia River: Is the stock overexploited? North American Journal of Fisheries Management 10:388-396. Rieman, B.E., and G.L. Chandler. 1999. Empirical evaluation temperature effects on bull trout distribution in the Northwest. Final Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Boise, Idaho. Rieman, B.E., D.C. Lee, and R.F. Thurow. 1997. Distribution, status and likely future trends of bull trout within the Columbia River and Klamath River basins. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17:1111-1125. Rieman, B.E., and J.D. McIntyre. 1993. Demographic and habitat requirements for conservation of bull trout. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-302, Ogden, Utah. 38 pp. Rieman, B.E., and J.D. McIntyre. 1995. Occurrence of bull trout in naturally fragmented habitat patches of varied size. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124 (3):285-296. Rieman, B.E., and J.D. McIntyre. 1996. Spatial and temporal variability in bull trout redd counts. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16:132-141.

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Rieman, B.E., J.T. Peterson, and D.E. Myers. 2006. Have brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) displaced bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) along longitudinal gradients in central Idaho streams? Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences 63:63-78. Ringler, N.H., and J.D. Hall. 1975. Effects of logging on water temperature and dissolved oxygen in spawning beds. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 104:111-121. Ringstad, N. 1982. Carnation Creek watershed project freshwater sculpins: genus Cottus, a review. Pages 219-239 in G.F. Hartmen, G.F. (ed.). Proceedings of the Carnation Creek workshop: a ten year review. Malaspina College, Naniamo, British Columbia. Ringstad, N.R. 1974. Food competition between freshwater sculpins (genus Cottus) and juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) an experimental and ecological study in a British Columbia stream. Canadian Fisheries and Marine Service Technical Report 457. Rinne, J.N. 1999. Fish and grazing relationships. Fisheries 24(8):12-21. Ripley, T., G. Scrimgeour, and M.S. Boyce. 2005. Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) occurrence and abundance influenced by cumulative industrial developments in a Canadian boreal forest watershed. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:2431-2442. Ripple, W.J. 1994. Historic spatial patterns of old forests in western Oregon. Journal of Forestry (Nov.):45-49. Risenhoover, K., T. McBride, and B. Murden. 2004. Assessing the effectiveness of riparian buffers for maintaining microclimate for amphibians. Proceedings of Forest Practices Adaptive Management Science Conference. February 24th, 2004. Cooperative Evaluation, Monitoring, and Research Committee. Timber Fish and Wildlife. Olympia, Washington. Rizzo, D.M., M. Garbeloto, J.M. Davidson, G.W. Slaughter, and S.T. Koike. 2002. Phytophthora ramorum as the cause of extensive mortality of Quercus spp., and Lithocarpus densiflorus in California. Plant Disease 86:205-214. Roberts, M., B. Zalewsky, T. Swanson, L. Sullivan, K. Sinclair, and M. LeMoine. 2004. Deschutes River, Capitol Lake, and Budd Inlet temperature, fecal, coliform bacteria, dissolved oxygen, pH, and fine sediment total maximum daily load study quality assurance project plan. Washington Department of Ecology Publication No. 04-03-103. Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.H. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 12, Bethesda, Maryland. Pages 19, 73. Robins, C.R., C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Fifth edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 20:1-183.

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Robison, E.G., and R.L. Beschta. 1990. Identifying trees in riparian areas that can provide coarse woody debris to streams. Forest Science 36: 790-801. Robison, E.G., and J. Runyon. 2003. Survey of morphological, sediment, and stream temperature characteristics on small headwater streams at the fish–non-fish use interface in Western Oregon. In Proceedings: Headwater Stream Ecology Research Forum. Sponsored by The Oregon Headwaters Research Cooperative and the Watersheds Research Cooperative. Jan. 16, 2003. Corvallis, Oregon. Roger, P.B. 1971. The ecology of two species of cottids in Illiamna Lake, Alaska, and their relationship to sockeye salmon. Master’s Thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Rogers, L. 2004. Small forest landowners’ data base: the assessment of non-industrial private forestlands by water resource inventory area. Rural Technology Initiative, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Rollerson, T., and K. McGourlick. 2001. Riparian windthrow – northern Vancouver Island. Pages 139-155 in Mitchell, S.J., and J. Rodney (compilers). Windthrow assessment and management in British Columbia. Proceedings of the windthrow researchers workshop held January 31-February 1, 2001 in Richmond, British Columbia. University of British Columbia, Department of Forest Resources. Vancouver, British Columbia. Roni, P. 2001. Responses of fishes and salamanders to instream restoration efforts in western Oregon and Washington. Project Completion Report. Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Environmental Conservation Division. Seattle, Washington. 142pp Roni, P., and T.P. Quinn. 2001. Density and size of juvenile salmonids in response to placement of large woody debris in western Oregon and Washington streams. Canadian Journal Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 58: 282-292 Rosenberg, D.K., K.A. Swindle, and R.G. Anthony. 2003. Influence of prey abundance on northern spotted owl reproductive success in western Oregon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:1715-1725. Rosenberg, D.M., and N.B. Snow. 1975. A design for environmental impact studies with special reference to sedimentation in aquatic systems of the Mackenzie and Porcupine river drainages. Pages 65-78 in Proceedings of the circumpolar conference on northern ecology. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. Rosenberg, K.V., and M.G. Raphael. 1986. Effects of forest fragmentation on vertebrates in Douglas-fir forests. Pages 263-272 in Verner, J., M.L. Morrison, C.J. Ralph (tech. eds.). Wildlife 2000: Modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin. Rosenfeld, J., M. Porter, M. Pearson, B. Wicks, P. Van Dishoeck, T. Patton, E, Parkinson, G. Haas, and D. McPhail. 2001. The influence of temperature and habitat on the distribution of chiselmouth, Acrocheilus alutaceus, in British Columbia. Environmental Biology of Fishes 62: 401-413.

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Rosgen, D.L. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology. Printed Media Companies, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Ross, B.P., J. Lien, and R.W. Furness. 2001. Use of underwater playback to reduce the impact of eiders on mussel farms. Journal of Marine Science 58:517-524. Roth, E., R. Olsen, P. Snow, and R. Sumner. 1993. Oregon freshwater wetlands assessment methodology. Oregon Division of State Lands, Salem, Oregon. Rothacher, J. 1965. Streamflow from small watersheds on the western slope of the Cascade Range of Oregon. Water Resources Research 1(1):125-134. Rothacher, J. 1970. Increases in water yield following clear-cut logging in the Pacific Northwest. Water Resources Research 6(2):653-658. Rothacher, J. 1973. Does harvest in west slope Douglas-fir increase peak flow in small forest streams? U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. Research Paper PNW-163. Russell, K.R., A.A. Gonyaw, J.D. Strom, K.E. Diemer and K.C. Murk. 2002. Three new nests of the Columbia torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton kezeri, in Oregon with observations of nesting behavior. Northwestern Naturalist 83:19–22. Russell, K.R., T.J. Mabee and M.B. Cole. 2004. Distribution and habitat of Columbia torrent salamanders at multiple scales in managed forests of northwestern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management. Ruth, R.H., and A.S. Harris. 1979. Management of western hemlock-Sitka spruce forests for timber production. General Technical Report PNW-88. Portland, Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 197 pp. Saffel, P.D., and D.L. Scarnecchia. 1995. Habitat use by juvenile bull trout in belt-series geology watersheds of Northern Idaho. Northwest Science 69:4. Salo E.O., and T.W. Cundy (eds.). 1987. Streamside Management: forestry and fish interactions. Institute of Forest Resources, Contribution # 57. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project. 2003. Final Programmatic Environmental impact Statement / Environmental Impact Report: San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project: Spartina Control Program. Prepared for the California State Coastal Conservancy and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. September 2003. Saunders, D.A., R.J. Hobbs, and C.R. Margules. 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: A review. Conservation Biology 5:18-32. Savino, J.F., and R.A. Stein. 1989. Behavioural interactions between fish predators and their prey: effects of plant density. Animal Behaviour 37: 311–321.

950 Biological and Conference Opinion

Schaffner, L.C., R.J. Diaz, C.R. Olsen, and I.L. Larsen. 1987. Faunal characteristics and sediment accumulation processes in the James River Estuary, Virginia. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 25:211-226. Scherer, R. 2001. Effects of changes in forest cover on streamflow: a literature review. In Toews, D.A.A., and S. Chatwin (eds.). Watershed assessment in the Southern Interior of British Columbia: Workshop Proceedings, March 9-10, 2000, Penticton, British Columbia. D.A.A. Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria. Working Paper #57. Scherer, R., and R. Pike. 2003. Effects of Forest Management Activities on Streamflow in the Okanogan Basin, British Columbia: Outcomes of a Literature Review and a Workshop. Forest Research and Extension Partnership. Kamloops, British Columbia FORREX Series 9. 45 pp. Schmidt, K. 2003. Northern spotted owl monitoring and inventory, Redwood National and State Parks, 2002 annual report. Redwood National and State Parks, Orick, California. Schmitt, C.J., and C.M. Bunck. 1995. Persistent environmental contaminants in fish and wildlife. Pages 413-417 in LaRoe, E.T., G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran and M.J. Mac (eds.). Our living resources: a report to the nation on distribution, abundance and health of U.S. plants, animals and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington D.C. 530 pp. Schuster, R.L., and R.J. Krizek (eds.). 1988. Landslides analysis and control. Transportation Research Board and National Academy of Sciences Special Report No. 176. 234 pp. Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 184. Sedell, J.R., and F.H. Everest. 1991. Historic changes in pool habitat for Columbia River Basin salmon under study for TES listing. Draft U.S. Department of Agriculture Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Corvallis, Oregon. Sedell, J.R., F.N. Leone and W.S. Duval. 1991. Water transportation and storage of logs. Pages 325-368 in Meehan, W.R. (ed.). Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19. Sedell, J.R., G.H. Reeves, F.R. Hauer, J.A. Stanford, and C.P. Hawkins. 1990. Role of refugia in recovery from disturbance: modern fragmented and disconnected river systems. Environmental Management 14(5):711-724. Selong, J.H., T.E. McMahon, A.V. Zale, F.T. Barrows. 2001. Effect of temperature on growth and survival of bull trout, with application of an improved method for determining thermal tolerances in fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:1026- 1037. Senyk, J.P., and D. Craigdallie. 1997. Ground-based wet weather yarding operations in Coastal British Columbia: Effects of soil properties and seedling growth. Information Report BC-X-372, Pacific Forestry Center, Victoria, British Columbia.

Biological and Conference Opinion 951

Service, R.F. 2004. As the west goes dry. Science 303:1124–1127. Servizi, J.A., and D.W. Martens. 1991. Effect of temperature, season, and fish size on acute lethality of suspended sediments to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48:493-497. Servos, M.R. 1999. Review of the aquatic toxicity, estrogenic responses and bioaccumulation of alkylphenol and alklyphenol polyethoxylates. Water Quality Resources Journal of Canada 34(1):123-177. Sexauer, H.M., and P.W. James. 1993. A survey of the habitat use by juvenile and pre- spawning adult bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, in four streams in the Wenatchee National Forest. Ellensburg, Washington, Central Washington University. Sexauer, H.M., and P.W. James. 1997. Microhabitat use by juvenile trout in four streams located in the eastern Cascades, Washington. Pages 361-170 in MacKay, W.C., M.K. Brewin, and M. Monita (eds.). Friends of the Bull Trout Conference Proceedings. Bull Trout Task Force (Alberta), c/o Trout Unlimited Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Shannon, J. 2004. Summary tables of Gorge Lake and Stettatle Creek bull trout observations, and two photos. Taylor Associates, Inc. Shepard, B., S.A. Leathe, T.M. Weaver, and M.D. Enk. 1984. Monitoring levels of fine sediment within tributaries to Flathead Lake, and impacts of fine sediment on bull trout recruitment. Proceedings of the Wild Trout III Symposium. Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Shepard, J.P. 1994. Effects of forest management on surface quality in wetland forests. Wetlands 14(1):18-26. Sherwood, K. 1993. Buffer strip dynamics in western Oregon Cascades. Master’s Thesis. Forest engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Shreffler, D.K., and R.M. Thom. 1993. Restoration of urban estuaries: new approaches for site location and design. Prepared for Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. Battelle Northwest Laboratories, Sequim, Washington. Sidle, R.C., A.J. Pearce, and C.L. O’Loughlin. 1985. Hillslope stability and land use. Water Resources Monograph Series 11, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. Sigler, J.W., and T.C. Bjornn. 1980. Effects of chronic turbidity on feeding, growth, and social behavior of steelhead trout and coho salmon. Completion Report. Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow. 157 pp. Sigler, J.W., T.C. Bjorn, and F.H. Everest. 1984. Effects of chronic turbidity on density and growth of steelheads and coho salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113:142-150. Sigler, W.F., and J.W. Segler. 1987. Fishes of the Great Basin. University of Nevada Press, Reno, Nevada.

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Simenstad, C.A. 1983. The ecology of estuarine channels of the Pacific Northwest coast: A community profile. FWS/OBS-83/05. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Olympia, Washington. Simenstad, C.A., K.L. Fresh, and E.O. Salo. 1982. The role of Puget Sound and Washington coastal estuaries in the life history of Pacific salmon: an unappreciated function. Pages 343-363 in Kennedy, V.S. (ed.). Estuarine comparisons. Academic, New York, New York. Simenstad, C., A. Miller, C. Nyblade, K. Thornburg, and L. Bledoe. 1979. Food web relationships of northern Puget Sound and the . Prepared for the Marine Ecosystems Analysis (MESA) Puget Sound Project by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Interagency Energy/Environment Program, Seattle, Washington. Simenstad, C.A., C.D. Tanner, R.M. Thom, and L.L. Conquest. 1991. Estuarine habitat assessment protocol. Puget Sound Estuary Program. EPA 910/9-91-037. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Office of Puget Sound, Seattle, Washington. Simenstad, C., A. Wick, S. Van de Wetering, and D.L. Bottom. 2003. Dynamics and ecological functions of wood in estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems. American Fisheries Society Symposium 37:265-277. Simon A., and A.J. Collison. 2002. Quantifying the mechanical and hydrologic effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27:527-546. Simon, A., A. Curini, S.E. Darby, and E.J. Langendoen. 2000. Bank and near-bank processes in an incised channel. Geomorphology 35:193-217. Simpson, J.C., and R.L. Wallace. 1982. Fishes of Idaho. University of Idaho Press, Moscow, Idaho. Simpson Timber Company (Northwest Operations). 2000a. Simpson Timber Company Multiple Species Incidental Take Permit and Habitat Conservation Plan Environmental Impact Statement. Simpson Timber Company. 2000b. Habitat conservation plan: Shelton, Washington timberlands. Simpson Timber Company. Singer, S.W., D.L. Suddjian, and S.A. Singer. 1995. Fledging behavior, flight patterns, and forest characteristics at marbled murrelet tree nests in California. Northwestern Naturalist 76:54-62. (both as Singer et al. 1995, AND as cited in McShane 2004). Singleton, P, S. Graham, W. Gaines, and J. Lehmkuhl. 2005. The ecology of barred owls in fire-prone forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture Pacific Northwest December 2005 Progress Report; Wenatchee, Washington. Sisco, C.L. 1990. Seasonal home range and habitat ecology of spotted owls in northwestern California. Master’s Thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California.

Biological and Conference Opinion 953

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Spangle, S. 1992. Narratives for the final designation of critical habitat for the northern spotted owl in California. Unpublished report. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. Speckman, S.G. 1996. Marbled murrelet distribution and abundance in relation to the marine environment. Master’s Thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska. August 1996. Speckman, S.G., J.F. Piatt, and A.M. Springer. 2003. Deciphering the social structure of marbled murrelets from behavioral observations at sea. Waterbirds 26(3):266-274. Spence, B.C., G.A. Lomnicky, R.M. Hughs, and R.P. Novitzki. 1996. An ecosystem approach to salmonid conservation. TR-4501-96-6057. ManTech Environmental Research Services Corp., Corvallis, Oregon. (Available from the National Marine Fisheries Service, Portland, Oregon). Spies, T.A., and J.F. Franklin. 1991. The structure of natural young, mature and old-growth Douglas-fir forests in Oregon and Washington. Pages 910121 in Ruggiero, L.F., K.B. Aubrey, A.B. Carey, and M.M. Huff (tech coords.). Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285. Portland, Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Spruell, P., A.R. Hemmingsen, N. Kanda, and F.W. Allendorf. 1998. Conservation genetics of bull trout: geographic distribution of variation of microsatellite loci. Unpublished draft manuscript. Spruell, P., and A.N. Maxwell. 2002. Genetic analysis of bull trout and Dolly Varden in Washington. Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. WTSGL 02–101. Wild Salmon and Trout Genetics Lab, University of Montana, Missoula. Spruell, P., B.E. Rieman, K.L. Knudsen, F.M. Utter, and F.W. Allendorf. 1999. Genetic population structure within streams: microsatellite analysis of bull trout populations. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 8:114-121. (SPSSEG) South Puget Sound Salmon Enhancement Group. 2002. SalmonGram 8(1):1-8. (SRF) Salmon Recovery Funding Board. 2005. Investing in salmon recovery: a report by the Washington State Salmon Recovery Funding Board, 2002-2004. Salmon Recovery Funding Board and Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation. Olympia, Washington Stalmaster, M.V. 1987. The Bald Eagle. Universe Books. New York. 227 pp. Stalmaster, M.V., and J.L. Kaiser. 1998. Effects of recreational activity on wintering bald eagles. Wildlife Monograph 137. 46 pp. Stalmaster, M.V., and J.R. Newman. 1978. Behavioral responses of wintering bald eagles to human activity. Journal of Wildlife Management 42:506-513.

Biological and Conference Opinion 955

Stalmaster, M.V., and J.R. Newman. 1979. Perch-site preferences of wintering bald eagles in northwest Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:221-224. Stanford, J.A., and J.V. Ward. 1992. Management of aquatic resources in large catchments: recognizing interactions between ecosystem connectivity and environmental disturbance. Pages 91-124 in Naiman, R.J. (ed.). Watershed Management: Balancing Sustainability and Environmental Change. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York. Stanford, J.A., and J.V. Ward. 1993. An ecosystem perspective of alluvial rivers: connectivity and the hyporheic corridor. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 12:48- 60. Stathers, R.J., T.P. Rollerson, and S.J. Mitchell. 1994. Windthrow handbook for British Columbia forests. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia. Working Paper 9401. Stebbins, R.C. 1985. Amphibians and reptiles of Western North America. 2nd edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. Stebbins, R.C., and C.H. Lowe, Jr. 1951. Subspecific differentiation in the Olympic salamander, Rhyacotriton olympicus. University of California Publications in Zoology 50:465–484. Steele, C.A., E.D. Brodie, Jr., and J.G. MacCracken. 2003. Relationships between abundance of Cascade torrent salamander and forest age. Journal of Wildlife Management 67:447-453. Steidl, R.J., and R.G. Anthony. 1996. Responses of bald eagles to human activity during the summer in interior Alaska. Ecological Applications 6:482-491. Stein, A.B., K.D. Friedland, and M. Sutherland. 2004. Atlantic sturgeon marine distribution and habitat use along the northeastern coast of the United States. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133:527-537. Steinblums, I.J. 1978. Streamside buffer strips: survival, effectiveness, and design. Master’s Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 181pp. Steinblums, I.J., H.A. Froehlich, and J.K. Lyons. 1984. Designing stable buffer strips for stream protection. Journal of Forestry 82(1):49-52. Steinbrenner, E.C. and S.R. Gessel. 1956. Effect of tractor logging on soils and regeneration in the Douglas-fir region of southwestern Washington. Pages 77-80 in Proceedings, Society of American Foresters; Portland, Oregon. Washington, D.C. Society of American Foresters. Stembridge, J.E., Jr. 1979. Beach Protection Properties of Accumulated Driftwood. Pages 1052-1068 in Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on Coastal Structures 79. ASCE/Alexandria, Virginia. March 14-16, 1979.

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Stevens, C.C., K.L. Russell, M.E. Knafeic, P.F. Smith, E.W. Hopkins, and J.B. Clark. 1999. Noise-induced neurological disturbances in divers exposed to intense water-borne sound: two case reports. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 26(4):261. Stewart, R.E. 1978. Site preparation. Pages 100-129 in Cleary, B.D., R.D. Greaves, and R.K. Hermann (comps., eds.). Regenerating Oregon's forests: a guide for the regeneration forester. Corvallis. Oregon: Oregon State University Extension Service. Stinson, D.W., J.W. Watson, and K.R. McAllister. 2001. Washington state status report for the bald eagle. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Stone, L. 1878. III. The salmon fisheries of the Columbia River Basin. Pages 801-823 in Part IV. Report of the Commissioner for 1875-1876. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Storck, P., D.P. Lettenmaier, B.A. Connelly, and T.W. Cundy. 1995. Implications of forest practices on downstream flooding: Phase II Final Report, Washington Forest Protection Association, TFW-SH20-96-001. Story, A., R.D. Moore, and J.S. MacDonald. 2003. Stream temperatures in two shaded reaches below cutblocks and logging roads: downstream cooling linked to subsurface hydrology. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 1383–1396. Strachan, G., M. McAllister, and C.J. Ralph. 1995. Marbled murrelet at-sea foraging behavior. Pages 247-254 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW-GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Strong, C.S., B.K. Keitt, W.R. McIver, C.J. Palmer, and I. Gaffney. 1995. Distribution and population estimates of marbled murrelets at sea in Oregon during the summers of 1992 and 1993. Pages 339-352 in Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (eds.). Ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet. General Technical Report. PSW- GTW-152. Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 420 pp. Sugden, B.D., Hillman, T.W., Caldwell, J.E., and R.J. Ryel. 1998. Stream temperature considerations in the development of Plum Creek’s Native Fish Habitat Conservation Plan. Plum Creek, Columbia Falls, Montana. Sullivan, K. 1999. Timber Fish Wildlife (TFW) small streams study. [Unpublished data] Weyerhaeuser Company, Federal Way, Washington Sullivan, K., T.E. Lisle, C.A. Dolloff, G.E. Grant, and L.M. Reid. 1987. Stream channels: the link between forests and fishes. Pages 39-97 in Salo, E.O., and T.W. Cundy (eds.). Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. University of Washington Institute of Forest Resources, Contribution 57. Sullivan, K., D.J. Martin, R.D. Cardwell, J.E. Toll, and S. Duke. 2000. An analysis of the effects of temperature on salmonids of the Pacific Northwest with implications for selecting temperature criteria. Draft. Sustainable Ecosystem Institute, Portland, Oregon.

Biological and Conference Opinion 957

Summers, R.P. 1983. Trends in riparian vegetation regrowth following timber harvesting in western Oregon watersheds. Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 151 pp. Suttle, K.B., M.E. Power, J.M. Levine, and C. McNeely. 2004. How fine sediment in riverbeds impairs growth and survival of juvenile salmonids. Ecological Applications 14(4):969- 974. Swanberg, T. 1997. Movements of and habitat use by fluvial bull trout in the Blackfoot River, Montana. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 126:735-746. Swanson, F., L. Benda, S. Duncan, G. Grant, W.F. Megahan and R. Ziemer. 1987a. Mass erosion and other sediment sources. Pages 9-38 in Salo, E.O., and T.W. Cundy (eds.). Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. University of Washington Institute of Forest Resources, Contribution No. 57. Swanson, F.J., L.E. Benda, S.H. Duncan, G.E. Grant, W.F. Megahan, L.M. Reid, and R.R. Ziemer. 1987b. Mass failure and other processes of sediment production in northwest forest landscapes. Cited in Streamside Management: Forestry and Fisheries Inaction, E.O. Wilson and T.W. Cundy (eds.). College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Contribution No 57. Swanson, F.J., and C.T. Dyrness. 1975. Impact of clearcutting and road construction on soil erosion by landslides in the western Cascade Range, Oregon. Geology 3:393-396. Swanson, F.J., R.L. Fredrickson, and F.M. McCorison. 1982a. Material transfer in a western Oregon forested watershed. Pages 233-266 in Edmonds, R.L. (ed.). Analysis of coniferous forest ecosystems in the western United States. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Swanson, F.J., S.V. Gregory, J.R. Sedell, and A.G. Campbell. 1982b. Land-water interactions the riparian zone. Pages 267-291 in Edmonds, R.L. (ed.). Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States. U.S. Department of Interior Biological Program Synthesis Series 14. Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Swanson, F.J., and G.W. Lienkaemper. 1978. Physical consequences of large organic debris in Pacific Northwest streams. General Technical Report PNW-69. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon. Swanson, F. J., M.M. Swanson, and C. Woods. 1981. Analysis of debris avalanche erosion in steep forested lands: An example from Mapleton, Oregon, U.S. Proceedings, Symposium on Erosion and Sediment Transport in the Pacific Rim Steeplands. International Association of Hydrological Sciences 132:67-75. Swanston, D.N. 1991. Natural processes. Pages 139-180 in Meehan, W.R. (ed.). Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. American Fisheries Society. Special Publication 19. Bethesda, Maryland.

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Swift, L.W., and J.B. Messer. 1971. Forest cuttings raise temperatures in small streams in the southern Appalachians. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 26:111–116. Sylvia, G., J.L. Anderson, and E. Hanson. 2000. The new order in global salmon markets and aquaculture development: implications for watershed-based management in the Pacific Northwest. Pages 393 through 405 in Knudsen, E.E., C.R. Steward, D.D. MacDonald, J.E. Williams, and D.W. Reiser (eds.). Sustainable fisheries management: pacific salmon. CRC Press, LLC, Boca Raton, Florida. Tabor, R.A., and J. Chan. 1996a. Predation on sockeye salmon fry by piscivorous fishes in the lower Cedar River and southern Lake Washington. Miscellaneous report, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fishery Resource Office, Olympia, Washington. Tabor, R.A., and J. Chan. 1996b. Predation on sockeye salmon fry by cottids and other predatory fishes in the lower Cedar River, 1996. Miscellaneous report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fishery Resource Office, Olympia, Washington. Tabor, R.A., and J. Chan. 1997. Predation on sockeye salmon fry by piscivorous fishes in southern Lake Washington, 1996. Miscellaneous report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fishery Resource Office, Olympia, Washington. Tabor, R.A., J. Chan, and S. Hager. 1998. Predation on sockeye salmon fry by cottids and other predatory fishes in the Cedar River and southern Lake Washington, 997. Miscellaneous report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office, Lacey, Washington. Tackle, D. 1962. Infiltration in a western larch--Douglas-fir stand following cutting and slash treatment. Research Note 89. Ogden, Utah: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 7 pp. Tacoma Public Utilities. 2001. Final environmental impact statement and final habitat conservation plan for a multiple species incidental take permit issued to the Tacoma Water Department, for their Green River water supply and operations and watershed protection activities, King County, Washington. Tacoma, Washington. July 2001. Tanner, C. 2000. Intertidal habitat projects monitoring program: Elliott Bay/Duwamish restoration program. Prepared for the Elliott Bay/Duwamish Restoration Program Panel. Panel Publication 23. Tappel, P.D., and T.C. Bjornn. 1983. A new method of realizing size of spawning gravel to salmonid embryo survival. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 3:123-125. Taube, T.T. 1992. Injury, survival, and growth of rainbow trout captured by electrofishing. Master’s Thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Taylor, G.D. 1963. Distribution and habitat response of coastrange sculpin, Cottus aleucticus, and prickly sculpin, C. asper, in the Little Campell River, British Columbia. Master’s Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia.

Biological and Conference Opinion 959

Teensma, P.D.A., J.T. Rienstra, and M.A. Yeiter. 1991. Preliminary reconstruction and analysis of change in forest stand age classes of the Oregon Coast Range from 1850 to 1940. Bureau of Land Management, Technical Note OR-9. 9 pp. Tehan, M. 1991. Narratives for the final designation of critical habitat for the northern spotted owl in Washington. Unpublished report. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. (TFW) Timber Fish and Wildlife. 1993a. Timber/Fish/Wildlife Cooperative Monitoring, Evaluation, and Research Committee. Water Quality Steering Committee. Memorandum dated June 15, 1993. Revision of the water temperature screen: adoption of an eastern Washington temperature screen. (TFW) Timber, Fish, and Wildlife. 1993b. Stream temperature module. 1993 TFW ambient monitoring manual. Timber, Fish, and Wildlife ambient monitoring program, Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, Olympia, Washington. (TFW) Timber, Fish, and Wildlife Field implementation committee. 1994. Washington 1993 riparian management zone survey. Washington Department of Natural Resources. Timber/Fish/Wildlife Agreement. TFW-000-94-001. Olympia, Washington. 58 pp. Thomas, G. 1992. Status of bull trout in Montana. Report prepared for Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, Montana. Thomas, J.W., E.D. Forsman, J.B. Lint, E.C. Meslow, B.R. Noon, and J. Verner. 1990. A conservation strategy for the northern spotted owl. Report of the Interagency Scientific Committee to address the conservation of the northern spotted owl. Unpublished interagency document. 458 pages. Thomas, J.W., and M.G. Raphael (eds.). 1993. Forest Ecosystem Management: An Ecological, Economic, and Social Assessment. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT). July 1993. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service and the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Thomas, J.W., M.G. Raphael, R.G. Anthony, E.D. Forsman, A.G. Gunderson, R.S. Holthausen, B.G. Marcot, G.H. Reeves, J.R. Sedell, and D.M. Solis. 1993. Viability assessments and management considerations for species associated with late-successional and old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Portland, Oregon. 530 pp. Thomas, M. 2000. Washington State Litter Study Volume I – Final Report. Washington Department of Ecology, Solid Waste and Financial Assistance Program. 15 pp. Thomas, R.B., and W.F. Megahan. 1998. Peak flow responses to clear-cutting and roads in small and large basins, western Cascades, Oregon: A second opinion. Water Resources Research 34(12):3393-3403.

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Thompson, D., and B. Wojtaszek. 2003. Chemical and biomonitoring to assess potential acute effects of Vision herbicide on native amphibian larvae in forest wetlands. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23:843-849. Thompson, K.G., E.P. Bergersen, and R.G. Nehring. 1997. Injuries to brown trout and rainbow trout induced by capture with pulsed direct current. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17:141-153 Thompson, K.G., E.P. Bergersen, R.G. Nehring, and D.C. Bowden. 1997. Long-term effects of electrofishing on growth and body condition of brown trout and rainbow trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17:154-159 Thorensen, A.C. 1989. Diving times and behavior of pigeon guillemots and marbled murrelets off Rosario Head, Washington. Western Birds 20:33-37. Thorne, C.R. 1990. Effects of vegetation on riverbank erosion and stability. Pages 125-143, in Thornes, J.B. (ed.). Vegetation and Erosion. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom. 518 pp. Thorne, C.R. 1997. Channel types and morphological classification. Pages 175-222 in Thorne, C.R., R.D. Hey and M.D. Newson (eds.). Applied fluvial geomorphology for river engineering and management. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. Thorne, R.E., and J.J. Ames. 1987. A note on the variability of marine survival of sockeye salmon and effects of flooding on spawning success. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:1791-1795. Thorne, C.R,. and N.K. Tovey. 1981. Stability of composite river banks. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms:469-484. Titus, K.G. 1996. Food habits and habitat of juvenile chiselmouth (Acrocheilus alutaceus) in the Yakima River, Washington. Master’s Thesis, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. Toba, D.R., and K.K. Chew. 2001. Western Regional Aquaculture Industry Situation and Outlook Report. Volume 6 (through 2001). Western Region Aquaculture Center, Seattle, Washington. Toledo, Z.O., and Kauffman, J.B. 2001. Root biomass in relation to channel morphology of headwater streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37: 1653– 1663. Torgersen, C.E., and D.A. Close. 2004. Influence of habitat heterogeneity on the distribution of larval Pacific lamprey (Lametra tridentate) at two spatial scales. Freshwater Biology 49:614-630. Toth, E.S. 1998. Surface erosion report in Upper Newaukums watershed analysis. Weyerhaeuser Company, Federal Way, Washington.

Biological and Conference Opinion 961

Trettin, C.C., M.F. Jurgensesn, D.F. Grigal, M.R. Gale, and J.K. Jeglum (eds.). 1997. Northern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management. Lewis Publishers. New York. Trimble, S.W., and F.H. Weirich. 1987. Reforestation reduces streamflow in the southeastern United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 42:274-276. Triska, F.J., and K. Cromack, Jr. 1980. The role of wood debris in forests and streams. Pages 171-190 in Waring, R.H. (ed.). Forests: fresh perspectives from ecosystem analysis. Proceedings of the 40th annual biology colloquium. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. Troendle, C.A. 1983. The potential for water yield augmentation from forest management in the Rocky Mountain region. Water Resources Bulletin 19:359-374. Troendle, C.A., and C.F. Leaf. 1980. Hydrology. Chapter III in An approach to water resources evaluation of non-point silvicultural sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia. EPA-600/8-80-012. 861 pp. Troendle, C.A., and C.F. Leaf. 1981. Effects of timber harvest on the snow zone on volume and timing of water yield. Pages 231-244 in Baumgartner, D.M. (ed.). Interior west watershed management symposium, Spokane, Washington. Troendle, C.A., and W.P. Olsen. 1993. Potential effects of timber harvest and water management on streamflow dynamics and sediment transport. Pages 34-41 in Covington, W., and L.F. Delano (tech. eds.). Sustainable ecological systems: implementing an ecological approach to land management (July 12-15, 1993, Flagstaff, Arizona). General Technical Report RM-247. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. 363 pp. Trumbo, J. 2005. An assessment of the hazard of a mixture of the herbicide Rodeo and the nonionic surfactant R-11 to aquatic invergebrates and larval amphibians. California Fish and Game 91(1):38-46. Tschaplinski, P.J. 1987. The use of estuaries as rearing habitats by juvenile coho salmon. Pages 59-65 in Applying 15 years of Carnation Creek results: Proceedings of a workshop. Nanaimo, British Columbia: Carnation Creek Steering Committee. Tschaplinski, P.J., and G.L. Hartman. 1983. Winter distribution of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) before and after logging in Carnation Creek in British Columbia, and some implications for overwinter survival. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:452-461. Turnpenny, A., and J. Nedwell. 1994. The effects on marine fish, diving mammals and birds of underwater sound generated by seismic surveys. 40 pp. Turnpenny, A., K.P. Thatcher, R. Wood, and J. Nedwell. 1994. The effects on fish and other marine animals of high-level underwater sound. Subacoustech Limited (www.subacoustech.com) for Fawley Aquatic Research Laboratories Limited, Marine and Freshwater Biology Unit, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom. 35 pp.

962 Biological and Conference Opinion

Tweten, R. 1992. Narratives for the final designation of critical habitat for the northern spotted owl in Oregon. Unpublished report. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 1993. Commencement Bay Cumulative Impact Study: Volume 1. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District. U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Census 2000 Summary File 1. Website: (http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US53&- _box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-format=ST-2) (USDA) See U.S. Department of Agriculture. (USDC) U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division. 1993. Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary, Final Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan. Washington D.C. Volumes I & II. (USDC) U.S. Department of Commerce and (USDI) U.S. Department of Interior. 2006. Full citation pending. (USDD) U.S. Department of Defense Department of Navy. 2002. Record of Decision for Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System Low Frequency Active (SURTASS LFA) Sonar. In: Decision NoRo, editor. Federal Register. p 48145-48154. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1995. South Fork Skokomish watershed analysis. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Forest Service, Olympic National Forest, Hood Canal Ranger District, Hoodsport, Washington. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2002. Science Findings Issue 49. December 2002. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2003. Glyphosate -Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment. Final Report Prepared for: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection. SERA TR 02-43-09-04a. March 1, 2003. (Website: http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/invasiveplant-eis/Risk-Assessments/Herbicides-Analyzed- InvPlant-EIS.htm). U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 2001. Forest roads: a synthesis of scientific information. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-509. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 2002. Restoring complexity: Second-growth forests and habitat diversity. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Science Update. Issue 1, May, 2002. Portland, Oregon.

Biological and Conference Opinion 963

U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, and U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI) Bureau of Land Management. 1994a. Record of decision for amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management planning documents within the range of the northern spotted owl; standards and guidelines for management of habitat for late- successional and old-growth forest related species within the range of the northern spotted owl. Portland, Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, and U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI) Bureau of Land Management. 1994b. Final supplemental environmental impact statement on management of habitat for late-successional and old-growth forest related species within the range of the northern spotted owl. Portland, Oregon. 2 Volumes and Appendices. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management. 1996. Decision record and finding of no significant impact for continuation of interim strategies for managing anadromous fish producing watersheds in eastern Oregon and Washington, Idaho, and portions of California. U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S Department of the Interior. 1991. The Columbia River System: The Inside Story. Report for the Columbia River System Operation Review. Prepared by U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division; and U.S Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Pacific Northwest Region. DOE/BP- 1689. 82 pp. U.S. Department of the Interior. 1978. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; determination of certain bald eagle populations as endangered or threatened. Final rule. Fish and Wildlife Service. Federal Register 43(31):6230-6233. February 13, 1978. U.S. Department of the Interior. 1986. Recovery plan for the Pacific Bald Eagle. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 160 pp. U. S. Department of the Interior. 1994. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Proposed rule to reclassify the bald eagle from endangered to threatened in most of the lower 48 states. Fish and Wildlife Service. Federal Register 59(132):35584-35594. July 12, 1994. U.S. Department of the Interior. 1998. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; proposal to list the Klamath River population segment of bull trout as an endangered species and Columbia River population segment of bull trout as a threatened species. Fish and Wildlife Service. June 13, 1997. Federal Register 62(114):32268-32284. U.S. Department of the Interior. 1999. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Proposed rule to remove the bald eagle in the lower 48 states from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife. Fish and Wildlife Service. July 6, 1999. Federal Register 64(128):36454-36464.

964 Biological and Conference Opinion

U.S. Department of the Interior. 2004. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; proposed designation of critical habitat for populations of bull trout; proposed rule. Fish and Wildlife Service. June 25, 2004. Federal Register 69:35768. U.S. Department of the Interior. 2005. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Designation of critical habitat for the bull trout; Final rule. Fish and Wildlife Service. September 26, 2005. Federal Register 50(17):56212-56311. U.S. Department of the Interior. 2006. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Proposed rule and reopening of public comment period with new information to remove the bald eagle in the lower 48 states from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife. Fish and Wildlife Service. February 16, 2006. Federal Register 71(32):8238-8251. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Department of Commerce National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 1998. Procedures for Conducting Consultation and Conference Activities under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Department of Commerce National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2005. Draft environmental impact statement for the proposed issuance of multiple species incidental take permits or 4(d) rules for the Washington State Forest Practices Habitat Conservation Plan. Page 3-20. (USDI) See U.S. Department of the Interior (USDOE) See U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. EPA) See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993a. R.E.D. Facts; Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (7508W); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-738-F-93-011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP). 1993b. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Glyphosate. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 738-R-93-014, dated September 1993. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2001. Review of the December 2001 Draft sufficiency analysis: stream temperature (Oregon Departments of Forestry and Environmental Quality). Attachment 1, letter to Dick Pederson, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, and Ted Lorenzen, Oregon Department of Forestry. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. The northern spotted owl status review. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. The northern spotted owl; a status review supplement. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon.

Biological and Conference Opinion 965

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990a. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; determination of threatened status for the northern spotted owl. Federal Register 55(123):26114-26194. June 26, 1990. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990b. The 1990 status review: northern spotted owl: Strix occidentalis caurina. Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 95 pages. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990c. Procedures leading to Endangered Species Act compliance for the northern spotted owl. Unpublished agency guidance document. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1. Portland, Oregon. 35 pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992a. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; determination of critical habitat for the northern spotted owl. Federal Register 57(10):1796-1838. January 15, 1992. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992b. Draft final recovery plan for the northern spotted owl. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2 Volumes. Portland, Oregon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992c. Protocol for surveying proposed management activities that may impact northern spotted owls. Revised March 17, 1992. Endorsed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 17 pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992d. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Determination of threatened status for the Washington, Oregon, and California population of the marbled murrelet; final rule. Federal Register 57(191):45328-45337. October 1, 1992. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995a. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; proposed rule for the conservation of the northern spotted owl on non-federal lands; proposed rule. Federal Register 60(33):9484-9495. February 17, 1995. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995b. Biological/conference opinion regarding a proposed amendment to and approval of an implementation agreement for an incidental take permit (PRT-777837) held by the Murray Pacific Corporation for Mineral Tree Farm, Lewis County, Washington (FWS Reference: 1-3-95-FW-0919; x-reference: 1-3-95-HCP-SP- 004). June 23, 1995. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996a. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; final designation of critical habitat for the marbled murrelet; Final Rule. Federal Register 61(102):26256-26320. May 24, 1996. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996b. Intra-Service biological opinion on the proposed issuance of an incidental take permit (PRT-808398) for northern spotted owls, marbled murrelets, grizzly bear, gray wolf to Plum Creek Timber Company (FWS Reference: 1-3- 96-FW-0190) and the approval of an unlisted species agreement for all vertebrate species. June 24, 1996. 125 pp.

966 Biological and Conference Opinion

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996c. Intra-Service biological/conference opinion regarding issuance of a section 10(a)(1)(B) incidental take permit (PRT-813744), and approval of unlisted species agreements proposed by Port Blakely Tree Farms, L.P. for the Robert B. Eddy Tree Farm, Pacific and Grays Harbor Counties, Washington (FWS Reference: 1-3- 96-FW-593; x-ref: 1-3-95-HCP-SP-008). July 16, 1996. 25 pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1997a. Recovery plan for the threatened marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in Washington, Oregon, and California. Portland, Oregon. 203 pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1997b. Intra-FWS concurrence memorandum and biological opinion on the proposed issuance of an incidental take permit (PRT- 812521) for northern spotted owls, marbled murrelets, gray wolves, grizzly bears, bald eagles, peregrine falcons, Aleutian Canada geese, Columbian white-tailed deer, and Oregon silverspot butterflies, and the approval of the implementation agreement for the Washington State Department of Natural Resources Habitat Conservation Plan (FWS Reference: 1-3-96- FW-594; X-Reference: 1-3-9-HCP-013). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998a. A framework to assist in making Endangered Species Act determinations of effect for individual or grouped actions at the bull trout subpopulation watershed scale. Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, Washington. 45pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998b. Bull trout interim conservation guidance. Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, Washington. December 9, 1998, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998c. Biological opinion for the effects to bull trout from continued implementation of land and resource management plans and resource management plans as amended by the interim strategy for managing fish-producing watersheds in eastern Oregon and Washington, Idaho, western Montana, and portions of Nevada (INFISH), and the interim strategy for managing anadromous fish-producing watersheds in eastern Oregon and Washington, Idaho, and portions of California (PACFISH). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Regions 1 and 6). Portland, Oregon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999a. National wetlands inventory (NWI). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Habitat and Resources Conservation, Branch of Habitat Assessment, Arlington, Virginia. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999b. Biological opinion, reinitiation of intra-Service consultation on the modification of Plum Creek’s Cascades Habitat Conservation plan to accommodate the Interstate-90 Land Exchange. X-Reference: Incidental Take Permit (PRT-808398) (FWS Reference: 1-3-00-FR-0245; X-Reference: 1-3-96-FW-190; 1-3- 98-FR-0357). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1999c. Status Review for the Westslope Cutthroat Trout in the United States. United States Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Regions 1 and 6, Portland, Oregon and Denver, Colorado

Biological and Conference Opinion 967

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2000a. Biological and conference opinions for the issuance of an incidental take permit to Simpson Timber Company, Northwest Operations, for Simpson Washington Timberlands Habitat Conservation Plan, in Mason, Grays Harbor and Thurston Counties, Washington (FWS Ref.: 1-3-00-FWF-2098). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2000b. Biological and conference opinion for the proposed issuance of a section 10(a)(1)(B) incidental take permit (PRT-TE020907-0) to the City of Seattle (Seattle Public Utility) for the Cedar River Watershed Habitat Conservation Plan. April 19, 2000. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2000c. Bull trout occurrence and habitat selection. Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, Washington. October 23, 2000. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001a. A range wide baseline summary and evaluation of data collected through section 7 consultation for the northern spotted owl and its critical habitat: 1994-2001. Portland, Oregon. Unpublished document. 41 pages. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001b. Biological and conference opinions for the issuance of an incidental take permit to the City of Tacoma’s Public Utilities Department, Tacoma Water, under the Tacoma Water Green River Watershed Habitat Conservation Plan (FWS Reference: 1-3-01-FWS-0101). PRT-TE-0447757-0. June 29, 2001. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002a. Chapter 20, Lower Columbia Recovery Unit, Washington. 89 pp. In U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) Draft Recovery Plan. Portland, Oregon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002b. Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) draft recovery plan. Chapter One. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 137 pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002c. Draft Recovery Plan for the Columbia River Distinct Population Segment of Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2003. Biological Opinion and letter of concurrence for effects to bald eagles, marbled murrelets, northern spotted owls, bull trout, and designated critical habitat for marbled murrelets and northern spotted owls from Olympic National Forest program of activities for August 5, 2003, to December 31, 2008. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lacey, Washington. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004a. Draft Recovery Plan for the Jarbidge Distinct Population Segment of Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Portland, Oregon. 132 pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004b. Draft Recovery Plan for the Coastal-Puget Sound Distinct Population Segment of Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Volume I: Puget Sound Management Unit, 389+xvii pp. Volume II (of II): Olympic Peninsula Management Unit. Portland, Oregon. 277+xvi pp.

968 Biological and Conference Opinion

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004c. Biological Opinion for U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Fish Passage Restoration Activities in Eastern Oregon and Washington 2004-2008. FWS Reference Numbers: 1-3-03-PF-1243 and 1-7-03-F-0379. Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office, Portland, Oregon, and Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, Washington. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004d. Northern Spotted Owl: Five Year Review Summary and Evaluation. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 73 pages. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004e. Estimated trends in suitable habitat for the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) on Federal lands from 1994-2003. For use by: Sustainable Ecosystems Institute for the northern spotted owl 5-year review. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004f. Marbled murrelet 5-year review process: overview. Portland, Oregon. 28 pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005a. Bull trout core area templates – complete core area by core area analysis. Fredenberg, W. and J. Chan (eds.). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 660 pages. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005b. Biomonitoring of environmental status and trends program, contaminant assessment process, final contaminant assessment process report for the Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge. Obtained from http://ecos.fws.gov/cap/ on August 9, 2005. 3 pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 1998. Endangered species consultation handbook: procedures for conducting consultation and conference activities under section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. March 1998. USGPO(2004):690-278. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2000. Biological and Conference Opinions Regarding Issuance of a Section 10(a)(1)(B) Incidental Take Permit to Plum Creek Timber Company for the Proposed Native Fish Habitat Conservation Plan in the States of Washington, Idaho, and Montana. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Montana Field Office, Helena, Montana. October 24, 2000. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2005. Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed issuance of multi-species incidental take permit or 4(d) rules for the Washington State Forest Practices Habitat Conservation Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2006. Final environmental impact statement for the proposed issuance of multiple species incidental take permits or 4(d) rules for the Washington State forest practices habitat conservation plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon; National Marine Fisheries Services, Seattle, Washington.

Biological and Conference Opinion 969

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2001. Cover letter and attachment. Review of the December 2001 Draft Sufficiency Analysis: Stream temperature (Oregon Departments of Forestry and Environmental Quality. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office, National Marine Fisheries Portland Office, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Oregon Operations Office. February 2001. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Census Bureau. 2003. 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. 46 pp. + appendices (USFWS) See U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USGS) U.S. Geological Survey. 2000. Ground-water quality in regional, agricultural, and urban settings in the Puget Sound basin, Washington and British Columbia, 1996-1998. National Water-Quality Assessment Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Vannote, R.L., G.W. Minshall, K.W. Cummins, J.R. Sedell, and C.E. Cushing. 1980. The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37:130-137. Van Sickle, J., and S.V. Gregory. 1990. Modeling inputs of large woody debris to streams from falling trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20:1593-1601. Vesely, D.G., and W.C. McComb. 2002. Salamander abundance and amphibian species richness in riparian buffer strips in the Oregon Coast Range. Forest Science 48(2):291- 297. Vogue, P.A., E.A. Kerle, and J.J. Jenkins. 1994. Oregon State University Extension Pesticide Properties Database, 7/24/94. (Online publication available at: http://ace.orst.edu/info/ npic/ppdmove.htm). Volpe, J.P., E.B. Taylor, D.W.Rimmer, and B.W. Glickman 2005. Evidence of Natural Reproduction of Aquaculture-escaped Atlantic salmon in a coastal British Columbia river. Conservation Biology 14(3):899-903. Wagner, F.F., E.C. Meslow, G.M. Bennett, C.J. Larson, S.M. Small, and S. DeStefano. 1996. Demography of northern spotted owls in the southern Cascades and Siskiyou, Mountains, Oregon. Pages 67-76 in Forsman, E.D., S. DeStefano, M.G. Raphael, and R.J. Gutierrez (eds.). 1996. Demography of the northern spotted owl. Studies in Avian Biology No. 17. Cooper Ornithology Society. Ward, J.V. 1997. An expansive perspective of riverine landscapes: pattern and process across scales. Gaia:6(1):52-60. Ward, J.V., and J.A. Stanford. 1989. Riverine ecosystems: the influence of man on catchment dynamics and fish ecology. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 106:56-64.

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Ward, J.W. Jr. 1990. Spotted owl reproduction, diet and prey abundance in northwest California. Master’s Thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California. Ward, J.W. Jr., R.J. Gutiérrez, and B.R. Noon. 1998. Habitat selection by northern spotted owls: the consequences of prey selection and distribution. The Condor 100:79-92. Waring, R.H., and W.H. Schlesinger. 1985. Forest ecosystems concepts and management. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida. Washington Department of Ecology. 1998. How ecology regulates wetlands. Department of Ecology Shorelands and Environmental Assistance Program, Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Ecology. 1999. 1999 air quality trends in Washington. Publication #00-02-011. Washington State Department of Ecology, Air Quality Program. Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Ecology. 2000. Washington’s Environmental Health 2000. Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. (http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0001003/index.html) Washington Department of Ecology. 2004a. Washington State's water quality assessment [303(d)] list for 2002/2004. Draft. Department of Ecology, Water Quality Program, Olympia, Washington. Available at: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/303d/2002/2002-index.html. Washington Department of Ecology. 2004b. Oil spill prevention works, but needs to be broader. Oil Spill Scene 8(2):1-4. Washington Department of Ecology Publication 04- 08-004. Washington Department of Ecology. 2005a. Sediment Cleanup Status Report. Washington State Department of Ecology Toxics Cleanup Program, Olympia Washington. Publication No. 05-09-092. Washington Department of Ecology. 2005b. Study of tug escorts in Puget Sound. Oil Spill Scene 9(1):1-12. Washington Department of Ecology Publication 05-08-002. Washington Department of Ecology. 2006. Puget Sound Shorelines. Website: [http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pugetsound/index.html] Washington Department of Ecology, and Washington State Department of Health (WSDH). 2004. Washington State Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Chemical Action Plan: Interim Plan. Washington State Department of Ecology (Publication No. 04-03-056) and Washington State Department of Health (Publication No. 333-068), Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1997a. Draft Washington State salmonid stock inventory: bull trout/dolly varden. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Management. Olympia, Washington. 437 pp.

Biological and Conference Opinion 971

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1997b. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife hatcheries program. Operations program - Lewis river complex for January 1, 1997 to December 31,1997. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1997c. Final environmental impact statement for the Wild Salmon Policy. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1998. Washington State Salmonid Stock Inventory, Bull Trout/Dolly Varden. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1999a. Gold and Fish. Rules and regulations for mineral prospecting and placer mining in Washington State. January 1999. Publication GF-1-99. Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1999b. Fish passage design at road culverts: A design manual for fish passage at road crossings. (Website: www.wa.gov/wdfw/hab/engineer/cm/culvertm.htm ) Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2000. Fact Sheet: The dual role of Washington’s hatcheries: conservation of wild stocks, sustainable fisheries. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. (http://wdfw.wa.gov/factshts/hatcheries.htm) Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2005a. Forage Fish. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. (Website: http://wdfw.wa.gov/fish/forage/forage.htm) Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2005b. Priority habitats and species database. Geographic information system digital data. Olympia, Washington. Note: these data are subject to WDFW sensitive data policies. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, FishPro Inc., and Beak Consultants. 1997. Grandy Creek trout hatchery biological assessment. March 1997. Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Natural Resources. Annual Fire Statistics. Resource Protection Division, Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. As cited in Washington Forest Protection Association. 2001 and 2004. Forest Facts & Figures. Editor: Cindy Mitchell. December 2001 and 2004. Olympia Washington. 17 and 8 pp. Washington Department of Natural Resources. Undated. DRAFT Lake Keechelus Lake/Mosquito Creek Watershed Analysis. Forest Practices Division, Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Natural Resources. 1991. Memorandum on Implementation of the Rain-on-snow Rule WAC 222-16-046(7))( Washington Department of Natural Resources 2006: Appendix M). September 26, 1991 Washington Department of Natural Resources. 1997a. Northeast Region West Branch of the Little Spokane River Watershed Analysis, June 1997

972 Biological and Conference Opinion

Washington Department of Natural Resources. 1997b. Thompson Creek Watershed Analysis. Forest Practices Division, Olympia, Washington Washington Department of Natural Resources. 1997c. Final habitat conservation plan. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. September 1997. Washington Department of Natural Resources. 1997d. Hansen watershed analysis. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Forest Practices Division Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Natural Resources. 1998a. Our Changing Nature. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Natural Resources. 1998b. Lake Whatcom Watershed Analysis. Forest Practices Division, Olympia, Washington Washington Department of Natural Resources. 2000a. Changing Our Water Ways: Trends in Washington’s Water Systems. Washington State Department of Natural Resources. Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Natural Resources. 2000b. Watershed Analysis. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. (Web site: http://www.wa.gov/dnr/htdocs/fp/div/watershed.html. [last updated 8/13/99]). Washington Department of Natural Resources. 2001. Commercial Geoduck Fishery Management Plan. May 23, 2001. Aquatic Division, Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Natural Resources. 2004. Draft Forest Practices Habitat Conservation Plan. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. Washington Department of Natural Resources. 2005. Final Forest Practices Habitat Conservation Plan. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. Washington Forest Protection Association. 2001. Forest Facts & Figures. Mitchell, C. (ed.). Washington Forest Protection Association Pamphlet. December 2001. Olympia, Washington. 18 pp. Washington Forest Protection Association. 2004. Forest Facts & Figures. Mitchell, C. (ed.). Washington Forest Protection Association Pamphlet. December 2001. Olympia, Washington. 17 pp. Washington Forest Protection Association. 2005a. New Washington State road maintenance and abandonment plan program address aquatic habitat and fish passage issues: a research summary. Washington Forest Protection Association. Olympia, Washington. Washington Forest Protection Association. 2005b. Forest facts and figures. Washington Forest Protection Association. Olympia, Washington. Washington Forest Practices Board. 1995. Standard methodology in watershed analysis version 3.0. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington.

Biological and Conference Opinion 973

Washington Forest Practices Board. 1996. Final environmental impact statement on forest practices rule proposals for northern spotted owl, marbled murrelet, western gray squirrel. Washington Forest Practices Board, Olympia, Washington. Washington Forest Practices Board. 1997. Board Manual. Standard methodology for conducting watershed analysis. Version 4.0. Washington Forest Practices Board. 2002. Washington forest practices, rules, board manual, Forest Practices Act, small forest landowner statute. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. Washington Forest Practices Board. 2005. Emergency Rule CR 103. Amendment to WAC 2- 16-010 “northern spotted owl site center”; WAC 222-16-041(4)(b). November 30, 2005. Washington Forest Practices Board, Olympia, Washington. Washington Hardwoods Commission. 2000. Riparian Buffer Analysis. Washington Hardwoods Commission. Olympia, Washington. Washington Sea Grant. 2002. Small-Scale Oyster Farming for Pleasure and Profit in Washington. Washington Sea Grant Program, Seattle, Washington. WSG-AS 0203. 15 pp. Washington State Conservation Commission 1999a. Salmon habitat limiting factors report for the Puyallup River basin (Water Resource Inventory Area 10). Olympia, Washington. Washington State Conservation Commission 1999b. Salmon habitat limiting factors final report, Water Resource Inventory Area 5, Stillaguamish watershed. Olympia, Washington. Washington State Conservation Commission. 1999c. Habitat Limiting Factors, Final Report: Water Resource Inventory Area 18. Washington State Conservation Commission. 2000a. Salmon and steelhead habitat limiting factors. Water resources inventory area 18: Dungeness/Elwha watershed. Washington State Conservation Commission. 2000b. Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Limiting Factors: Water Resource Inventory Area 26. Washington State Conservation Commission. 2000c. Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Limiting Factors: Water Resource Inventory Area 27. Washington State Conservation Commission. 2000d. Salmonid Habitat Limiting Factors Analysis – Water Resource Inventory Area 48 Washington State Conservation Commission. 2001a. Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Limiting Factors: Water Resource Inventory Area 28. Washington State Conservation Commission. 2001b. Salmonid Habitat Limiting Factors Analysis – Yakima River Watershed.

974 Biological and Conference Opinion

Washington State Conservation Commission. 2001c. Salmon and steelhead habitat limiting factors in the Washington coastal streams of WRIA 21. 137 pp. Washington State Conservation Commission. 2002a. Salmon and steelhead habitat limiting factors in WRIA 1, the Nooksack Basin. Lacey, Washington. Washington State Conservation Commission. 2002b. Salmonid habitat limiting factors analysis, Snohomish River watershed (Water Resource Inventory Area 7). Olympia, Washington. Washington State Conservation Commission. 2003a. Salmon and Steelhead Limiting Factors Analysis in WRIA 3 and 4, the Skagit and Samish Basins. Washington State Conservation Commission. 2003b. Salmon and Steelhead Limiting Factors Water Resource Inventory Area 16. Dosewallops-Skokomish Basin. Washington State Conservation Commission and Columbia Pacific RC&D. 2001. Habitat Limiting Factors; Chehalis Basin and Nearby Drainages; Water Resource Inventory Areas 22 and 23. Washington State Department of Agriculture. 2004. Memorandum from Erik W. Johansen, Pesticide Registration Specialist, to Kyle Murphy, Statewide Spartina Program Coordinator, regarding “Summary of aquatic acute toxicity data for five spray adjuvants”. February 4, 2004. Washington State Department of Health. 2002. Washington: The State and its People - The Health of Washington State. Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington. Washington State Employment and Security Department. April 2005. Labor Market and Economic Analysis. (http://www.workforceexplorer.com/admin/uploadedPublications/5004_indlongp.xls) Washington State Office of Financial Management. 2001. Washington State County Population Projections. Wasser, S.K., K. Bevis, G. King, and E. Hanson. 1997. Noninvasive physiological measures of disturbance in the northern spotted owl. Conservation Biology 11:1019-1022. Waters, T.F. 1995. Sediment in streams: sources, biological effects, and control. American Fisheries Society Monograph 7. Watson, G., and T.W. Hillman. 1997. Factors affecting the distribution and abundance of bull trout: and investigation at hierarchical scales. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17:237-252. Watson, J.W. 2004. Responses of nesting bald eagles to experimental pedestrian activity. Journal of Raptor Research 38:295-303. Watson, J.W., M.G. Garrett, and R.G. Anthony. 1991. Foraging ecology of bald eagles in the Columbia River estuary. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:492-499.

Biological and Conference Opinion 975

Watson, J.W., and D.J. Pierce. 1998a. Ecology of bald eagles in western Washington with an emphasis on the effects of human activity. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Watson, J.W., and D.J. Pierce. 1998b. Migration, diets and home ranges of bald eagles breeding along Hood Canal and at Indian Island, Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 41 pp. Watson, J.W., and D.J. Pierce. 2001. Skagit River bald eagles: movements, origins and breeding population status. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Olympia, Washington. 80 pp. Watson, J.W., D. Stinson, K.R. McAllister, and T.E. Owens. 2002. Population status of bald eagles breeding in Washington at the end of the 20th Century. Journal of Raptor Research 36 (3):161-169. (WCWR) Whatcom County Water Resources. 2003. Fact sheet about Kokanee salmon in Whatcom County. (Website: http://whatcomsalmon.wsu.edu). (WDFW) See Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. (WDLI) Washington Department of Labor and Industries. 1992. Guidelines for selecting reserve trees. Cooperative effort with U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Washington Forest Protection Association, Washington Department of Wildlife, Washington Department of Natural Resources, and Washington Contract Loggers Association. (WDNR) See Washington Department of Natural Resources. (WDOE) See Washington Department of Ecology. Weathers, W.W., P.J. Hodum and J.A. Blakesley. 2001. Thermal ecology and ecological energetics of the California spotted owl. The Condor 103(4):678. Weaver ,T.M., and J.J. Fraley. 1991. Fisheries habitat and fish populations: Flathead Basin forest practices, and fisheries cooperative program. Flathead Basin Commission, Kalispell, Montana. Weaver, T.M., and R.G. White. 1985. Coal Creek Fisheries monitoring study No. III. Quarterly progress report. U.S. forest Service, Montana State Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit, Bozeman, Montana. Wedge, G.J., and R.O. Anderson. 1979. Influence of artificial structures on largemouth bass and bluegills in small ponds. Pages 59-69 in Johnson, D.L., and R.A. Stein (eds.). Response of fish to habitat structure in standing water. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 6. North Central Division of the American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

976 Biological and Conference Opinion

Weidemeier, D.J., and S.P. Horton. 2000. Trends in spotted owl and barred owl detections in the Olympic Experimental State Forest from 1991 to 1999. Northwestern Naturalist 81(2):93. Welch, E.B., Jacoby, J.M., and May, C.W. 1998. Steam quality. Pages 69–94 in Naiman, R.J., and R.E. Bilby (eds.). River ecology and management: Lessons from the Pacific coastal ecoregion. Springer-Verlag, New York. Welsh, H.H., Jr. 1990. Relictual amphibians and old-growth forests. Conservation Biology 4:309-319. Welsh, H.H., Jr. and A.J. Lind. 2002. Multiscale habitat relationships of stream amphibians in the Klamath-Siskiyou region of California and Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 66(3):581-602. Welsh., H.H., Jr., A.J. Lind, L.M. Ollivier and D.L. Waters. 1993. A hierarchical analysis of the habitat associations of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei) in the mixed coniferous/hardwood forests of northwestern California. Prepared for California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Sacramento, California. Welsh, H.H., Jr., and L.M. Ollivier. 1998. Stream amphibians as indicators of ecosystem stress: a case study from California’s redwoods. Ecological Applications 8(4):1118-1132. Welty, J., and K. Sullivan. 2000. Unpublished report. Weyerhaeuser Company, Federal Way, Washington. Werner, J.K., B.A. Maxell, P. Hendricks and D.L. Flath. 2004. Amphibians and reptiles of Montana. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana. Wert, S., and B.R. Thomas. 1981. Effects of skid roads on diameter, height, and volume growth in Douglas-fir. Soil Scientists Society of America Journal 45:629–632. West, S.D., and M.A. O’Connell. 1998. Management Implications. Pages 31-34 in Effectiveness of riparian management zones in providing habitat for wildlife. Timber Fish and Wildlife Workshop, October 14-15, 1998. TFW-WL3-98-001. West, T.R. 2000. Northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) population reduction program Rocky Reach Dam and Rock Island Dam. Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County. Wenatchee, Washington. Wetzel, R.G. 1975. Limnology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.. (WFPA) See Washington Forest Protection Association. (WFPB) See Washington Forest Practices Board. White, J.L., and B.C. Harvey. 1999. Habitat separation of prickly sculpin, Cottus asper, and coastrange sculpin, Cottus aleuticus, in the mainstem Smith River, northwestern California. Copeia 1999:371-375.

Biological and Conference Opinion 977

Whitesel, T.A., and 7 coauthors. 2004. Bull trout recovery planning: A review of the science associated with population structure and size. Science Team Report #2004-01, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 41 pp plus lit cited and appendices. Whitford, W.G., and V.H. Hutchinson. 1966. Cutaneous and pulmonary gas exchange in ambystomatid salamanders. Copeia 1966(3):573-577. Wilkins, R.N., and N.P. Peterson. 2000. Factors related to amphibian occurrence and abundance in headwater streams draining second-growth Douglas-fir forests in southwestern Washington. Forest Ecology and Management 139:79-91. Williams, G.D., and R.M. Thom. 2001. White Paper: Marine and Estuarine Shoreline Modification Issues. Prepared by Battelle Marine Sciences Laboratory (Sequim, Washington) for Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington Department of Ecology, and Washington Department of Transportation. Williams, R.W., R.M. Laramie, and J.J. Ames. 1975. A catalog of Washington streams and salmon utilization. Volume 1: Puget Sound Region. Washington State Department of Fisheries. Olympia, Washington. Wilson, A.G., Jr., J.H. Larsen, Jr., and K.R. McAllister. 1995. Distribution of Van Dyke’s salamander (Plethodon vandykei Van Denburgh). American Midland Naturalist 134:388- 393. Wilson, S.M., and A.B. Carey. 2000. Legacy retention versus thinning: Influences on small mammals. Northwest Science 74(2):131-145. Winter, T.C. 1988. A conceptual framework for assessing cumulative impacts on the hydrology of nontidal wetlands. Environmental Management 12(5):605-620. Wipfli, M.S. 1997. Terrestrial invertebrates as salmonid prey and nitrogen sources in streams: contrasting old-growth and young-growth riparian forests in southeastern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54 Wissmer, R.C., Smith, J.E., McIntosh, B.A., Li, H.W., Reeves, G.H., and J.R. Sedell. 1994. Ecological health of river basins in forested regions of eastern Washington and Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-326. Portland, Oregon: U. S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 65 pp. Wojtaszek, B., B. Staznik, D. Chartrand, G. Stephenson, and D. Thompson. 2003. Effects of Vision herbicide on mortality, avoidance response, and growth of amphibian larvae in two forest wetlands. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23:832-842. Wondzell, S. 2004. In an interview in Science Findings No. 67: following a river wherever it goes: beneath the surface of mountain streams. Pacific Northwest Research Laboratories. htpp://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi67.pdf Wondzell, S.M., and F.J. Swanson. 1999. Floods, channel change, and the hyporheic zone. Water Resources Research 35(2):555-567.

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Wright, E. 1971. Mycorrhizae on Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine seedlings. Research Bulletin 13. Corvallis. Oregon: Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory. 36 pp. Wright, K.A., K.H. Sendek, R.M. Rice, and R.B. Thomas. 1990. Logging effects on streamflow: storm runoff at Casper Creek in northwestern California. Water Resources Research 26(7):1657-1668. (WSCC) See Washington State Conservation Commission. (WSDH) See Washington State Department of Health. Wu, T.H,. and D.N. Swanston. 1980. Risk of landslides in shallow soils and its relation to clearcutting in Southeastern Alaska. Forest Science 26:495-510. Wydowski, R.S., and R.R. Whitney. 2003. Inland fishes of Washington. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Yelverton, J.T., and D.R. Richmond. 1981. Underwater explosion damage risk criteria for fish, birds, and mammals. 19 pp. In: Proceedings of the 102nd meeting of the Acoustic Society of America, December 4, 1981, Miami Beach, Florida. Yelverton, J.T., D.R. Richmond, R.E. Fletcher, and R.K. Jones. 1973. Safe distance from underwater explosions for mammals and birds. Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 64 pp. Young, S. 2001. Char sample summary March 27, 2001. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Youngberg, C.T. 1959. The influence of soils and topography on the occurrence of lodgepole pine in central Oregon. Northwest Science 33:111-120. Zabel, C.J., J.R. Dunk, H.B. Stauffer, L.M. Roberts, B.S. Mulder, and A. Wright. 2003. Northern spotted owl habitat models for research and management application in California (USA). Ecological Applications 13(4):1027-1040. Zabel, C. J., K.M. McKelvey, and J.P. Ward, Jr. 1995. Influence of primary prey on home- range size and habitat-use patterns of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:433-439. Zabel C.J., S.E. Salmons, and M. Brown. 1996. Demography of northern spotted owls in southwestern Oregon. Pages 77-82 in Forsman, E.D. et al. (eds.). Demography of the northern spotted owl. Studies in Avian Biology No. 17. Cooper Ornithology Society. Zeigenfuss, L.F. 1995. Effects of electrofishing and electrofishing induced injuries on the return and growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Master’s Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Zelo, I., and H. Shipman. 2000. Alternative bank protection methods for Puget Sound shorelines. Shorelands and Environmental Assistance Program, Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. 130 pp.

Biological and Conference Opinion 979

Zharikov, Y., D. Lank, F. Huettmann, R. Bradley, P. Russell, Y. N. Parker, P. Yen, L. McFarlane-Tranquilla, and F. Cooke. 2006. Habitat selection and breeding success in a forest-nesting Alcid, the marbled murrelet, in two landscapes with different degrees of forest fragmentation. Landscape Ecology 21(1):107-120. Ziemer, R. 1998. Caspar Creek hydrologic and climatic data: 1963-1997. CD-ROM, 545 MB. 1998 May. Arcata, California: Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, and Fort Bragg, California: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Ziemer, R.R. 1981. Roots and stability of forested slopes. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 132:343-357. Ziemer, R.R. and T.E. Lisle. 1998. Chapter 3: Hydrology. Pages 43-68 in Naiman, R.J., and R.E. Bilby (eds.). River ecology and management: lessons learned from the Pacific coastal region. Springer-Verlag. Ziemer, R.R., and D.N. Swanston. 1977. Root strength changes after logging in southeast Alaska. Research Note PNW-306. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. In Litt Bernard, B., Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2003. The control of regrade associated with culvert replacement, letter to Dan Guy, National Marine Fisheries Service, Lacey, Washington. May 6, 2003. Brenkman, S., Olympic National Park. 2003. Additions to recovery plan 13. January 2003. Brenkman, S., and S. Corbett, Olympic National Park. 2003. Seasonal movements of threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Hoh River basin and coastal Washington. Abstract. Northwest Scientific Association meeting 2003, Forks, Washington. Butts, S. 2006. Fish and Wildlife Biologist, Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Personal Observation. Gilpin, M., University of California, San Diego. 1997. Bull trout connectivity on the Clark Fork River. Letter to Shelley Spalding, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, Montana. Goetz, F., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2003a. Unpublished snorkeling data in the Hoh River, Washington. Goetz, F., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2003b. Unpublished ultrasonic telemetry data from the Snohomish River basin and Puget Sound. (IDFG) Idaho Department of Fish and Game. 2004. Bull Trout Index Redd Counts. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. Kraemer, C. 2003. Lower Skagit bull trout. Age and growth information developed from scales collected from anadromous and fluvial char. Management brief for Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.

980 Biological and Conference Opinion

Ylitalo, G.M., J. Buzitis, M.M. Krahn, N. Scholz, and T.K. Collier, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2003. Is PAH exposure of adult coho salmon related to abnormal pre-spawn mortality? Abstract of presentation given at 2003 Georgia Basin/Puget Sound Research Conference, March 31-April 3, 2003, Vancouver, British Columbia. Personal Communications Anderson, J. 2004. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Personal Communication with Dan Lantz, Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office, Lacey, Washington. Telephone conversation about the status and stocking practices of hatchery reared westslope cutthroat trout in Washington State. Butts, S. 2006. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office, Lacey, Washington. January 23, 2005 emal regarding large woody debris placement. Carlson, R. 2005a. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Personal communication with Karen Myers, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. (Email dated November 9, 2005) Carlson, R. 2005b. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Personal communication with Karen Myers, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. (Email dated November 14, 2005.) Carlson, R. 2005c. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Personal communication with Karen Myers, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. (Email dated November 22, 2005.) Chan, J. 2004. Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office, Lacey, Washington. Personal Communication with Dan Lantz, Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office, Lacey, Washington. Conversation about the distribution and life histories of Dolly Varden populations in Washington State. Davis, J. 2005. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Personal communication with Karen Myers, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. (Email dated November 18, 2005.) DeMond, B. 2003. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Personal Communication as cited in Washington Department of Natural Resources, Forest Practices Final Environmental Impact Statement (2006). Gamett, B. 2002. U.S. Forest Service. Telephone conversation 06/20/02 with Shelley Spalding, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (Subject: relationship between water temperature and bull trout distribution and abundance in the Little Lost River, Idaho.)

Biological and Conference Opinion 981

Hallock, M. 2004. Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Personal Communication with Dan Lantz, Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office, Lacey, Washington. Conversation on the distribution of river lamprey in Eastern Washington. Hayes, M. 2003. Research Scientist, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Personal communication with Washington Department of Natural Resources Federal Assurances Office, Olympia, Washington. Hayes, M. 2005. Research Scientist, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Personal communication with Bill Vogel, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. (Email dated October 10, 2005.) Hayes, M. 2006. Research Scientist, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Personal communication with Sally Butts, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. E-mail on Van Dyke’s and Dunn’s salamander relationships to downed wood. January 26, 2006. Johnson, S.L. 2006. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon. Person Communication with Bill Vogel, U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office, Lacey, Washington. Email dated February 14, 2006. Johnston, D. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Resource Protection Division). In E-mail from Darin Cramer. Kraemer, C. November 1999. District Fish Biologist. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Personal Communication as cited in Washington Department of Natural Resources, Forest Practices Habitat Conservation Plan (2006). Krupka, J. 2005. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Personal communication with Karen Myers, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. (Email dated November 18, 2005.) Lynch, D. 2006. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Personal communication with Vince Harke, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. MacDonald, K. 2004. U.S. Forest Service, Wenatchee National Forest. Personal Communication with Dan Lantz, Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office, Lacey, Washington. Telephone conversation about the status of redband rainbow trout in Washington State. McBride, P. 2005. Washington Department of Natural Resources. Information presented at the Pacific Seabird Group Marbled Murrelet Technical Committee meeting, January 2005.

982 Biological and Conference Opinion

Nelson, S.K. 2005. Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Personal communication with Deanna Lynch, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Ogg, L. 2004a. U.S. Forest Service. Email 06/07/04 to Shelley Spalding, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office. (Subject: Bull trout sightings in the Dungeness.) Ogg, L. 2004b. U.S. Forest Service. Telephone conversation 12/08/04 with Shelley Spalding, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office. (Subject: Redd surveys in Dungeness River.) Olds, C. 2003. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Personal Communication as cited in Washington Department of Natural Resources, Forest Practices Final Environmental Impact Statement (2006). Olds, C., and L. Vigue. 2003. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Personal Communication as cited in Washington Department of Natural Resources, Forest Practices Final Environmental Impact Statement (2006). Peck, B. 2005a. U.S. Fish and Wildlife service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Personal communication with Karen Myers, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. (Attachment to email dated November 23, 2005.) Peck, B. 2005b. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, , Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Personal communication with Karen Myers, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. (Email dated November 23, 2005.) Peck, B. 2005c. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Personal communication with Karen Myers, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. (Email dated November 14, 2005.) Raphael, M. 2005. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, Washington. Electronic mail communication with Deanna Lynch, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Risenhoover, K. 2006. Port Blakely Tree Farms. Personal Communication on unpublished data, January 4, 2006. Risenhoover, K. 2006. Port Blakely Tree Farms. Personal communication with Bill Vogel and Sally Butts, Fish and Wildlife Biologists, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey E-mail on microclimate in western Washington, January 23, 2006.

Biological and Conference Opinion 983

Risenhoover, K. 2006. Port Blakely Tree Farms. Personal Communications. E-mails on March 15, 2006 and March 17, 2006. Rodgers, C. 2006. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. Personal Communication with M. Stevie and M. Hunter, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. (Email dated January 23, 2006.) Sanborn, S. 2005. Fairhaven College, Western Washington University. Personal communication with Deanna Lynch, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Spalding, S. 2004. Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office, Lacey, Washington. Personal Communication with Dan Lantz, Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Office, Lacey, Washington. Conversation about the life histories of Dolly Varden populations in Washington State. Sprague, G. 2003. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Personal Communication as cited in Washington Department of Natural Resources, Forest Practices Final Environmental Impact Statement (2006). Thompson, C. 2003. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Biologist, Mill Creek, Washington. Personal communication with Emily Teachout, Wetland Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Wedemeyer, L. 2005. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. Personal communication with Karen Myers, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey. (Email dated November 23, 2005.) Werdon, S. 1998. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Reno, Nevada. Conversation with Sam Lohr, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Boise, Idaho, concerning bull trout observed by survey teams during the Salvelinus confluentus Curiosity Society meeting August 4-6, 1998.

984 Biological and Conference Opinion