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Belgian Identity Politics: at a Crossroad Between Nationalism and Regionalism
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2014 Belgian identity politics: At a crossroad between nationalism and regionalism Jose Manuel Izquierdo University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Human Geography Commons Recommended Citation Izquierdo, Jose Manuel, "Belgian identity politics: At a crossroad between nationalism and regionalism. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2014. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2871 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Jose Manuel Izquierdo entitled "Belgian identity politics: At a crossroad between nationalism and regionalism." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Geography. Micheline van Riemsdijk, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Derek H. Alderman, Monica Black Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Belgian identity politics: At a crossroad between nationalism and regionalism A Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Jose Manuel Izquierdo August 2014 Copyright © 2014 by Jose Manuel Izquierdo All rights reserved. -
1 Unmasking the Fake Belgians. Other Representation of Flemish And
Unmasking the Fake Belgians. Other Representation of Flemish and Walloon Elites between 1840 and 1860 Dave Sinardet & Vincent Scheltiens University of Antwerp / Free University of Brussels Paper prepared for 'Belgium: The State of the Federation' Louvain-La-Neuve, 17/10/2013 First draft All comments more than welcome! 1 Abstract In the Belgian political debate, regional and national identities are often presented as opposites, particularly by sub-state nationalist actors. Especially Flemish nationalists consider the Belgian state as artificial and obsolete and clearly support Flemish nation-building as a project directed against a Belgian federalist project. Walloon or francophone nationalism has not been very strong in recent years, but in the past Walloon regionalism has also directed itself against the Belgian state, amongst other things accused of aggravating Walloon economic decline. Despite this deep-seated antagonism between Belgian and Flemish/Walloon nation-building projects its roots are much shorter than most observers believe. Belgium’s artificial character – the grand narrative and underpinning legitimation of both substate nationalisms - has been vehemently contested in the past, not only by the French-speaking elites but especially by the Flemish movement in the period that it started up the construction of its national identity. Basing ourselves methodologically on the assumption that the construction of collective and national identities is as much a result of positive self-representation (identification) as of negative other- representation (alterification), moreover two ideas that are conceptually indissolubly related, we compare in this interdisciplinary contribution the mutual other representations of the Flemish and Walloon movements in mid-nineteenth century Belgium, when the Flemish-Walloon antagonism appeared on the surface. -
Belgium-Luxembourg-7-Preview.Pdf
©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Belgium & Luxembourg Bruges, Ghent & Antwerp & Northwest Belgium Northeast Belgium p83 p142 #_ Brussels p34 Wallonia p183 Luxembourg p243 #_ Mark Elliott, Catherine Le Nevez, Helena Smith, Regis St Louis, Benedict Walker PLAN YOUR TRIP ON THE ROAD Welcome to BRUSSELS . 34 ANTWERP Belgium & Luxembourg . 4 Sights . 38 & NORTHEAST Belgium & Luxembourg Tours . .. 60 BELGIUM . 142 Map . 6 Sleeping . 62 Antwerp (Antwerpen) . 144 Belgium & Luxembourg’s Eating . 65 Top 15 . 8 Around Antwerp . 164 Drinking & Nightlife . 71 Westmalle . 164 Need to Know . 16 Entertainment . 76 Turnhout . 165 First Time Shopping . 78 Lier . 167 Belgium & Luxembourg . .. 18 Information . 80 Mechelen . 168 If You Like . 20 Getting There & Away . 81 Leuven . 174 Getting Around . 81 Month by Month . 22 Hageland . 179 Itineraries . 26 Diest . 179 BRUGES, GHENT Hasselt . 179 Travel with Children . 29 & NORTHWEST Haspengouw . 180 Regions at a Glance . .. 31 BELGIUM . 83 Tienen . 180 Bruges . 85 Zoutleeuw . 180 Damme . 103 ALEKSEI VELIZHANIN / SHUTTERSTOCK © SHUTTERSTOCK / VELIZHANIN ALEKSEI Sint-Truiden . 180 Belgian Coast . 103 Tongeren . 181 Knokke-Heist . 103 De Haan . 105 Bredene . 106 WALLONIA . 183 Zeebrugge & Western Wallonia . 186 Lissewege . 106 Tournai . 186 Ostend (Oostende) . 106 Pipaix . 190 Nieuwpoort . 111 Aubechies . 190 Oostduinkerke . 111 Ath . 190 De Panne . 112 Lessines . 191 GALERIES ST-HUBERT, Beer Country . 113 Enghien . 191 BRUSSELS P38 Veurne . 113 Mons . 191 Diksmuide . 114 Binche . 195 MISTERVLAD / HUTTERSTOCK © HUTTERSTOCK / MISTERVLAD Poperinge . 114 Nivelles . 196 Ypres (Ieper) . 116 Waterloo Ypres Salient . 120 Battlefield . 197 Kortrijk . 123 Louvain-la-Neuve . 199 Oudenaarde . 125 Charleroi . 199 Geraardsbergen . 127 Thuin . 201 Ghent . 128 Aulne . 201 BRABO FOUNTAIN, ANTWERP P145 Contents UNDERSTAND Belgium & Luxembourg Today . -
State of Play Analyses for Antwerp & Limburg- Belgium
State of play analyses for Antwerp & Limburg- Belgium Contents Socio-economic characterization of the region ................................................................ 2 General ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Hydrology .................................................................................................................................. 7 Regulatory and institutional framework ......................................................................... 11 Legal framework ...................................................................................................................... 11 Standards ................................................................................................................................ 12 Identification of key actors .............................................................................................. 13 Existing situation of wastewater treatment and agriculture .......................................... 17 Characterization of wastewater treatment sector ................................................................. 17 Characterization of the agricultural sector: ............................................................................ 20 Existing related initiatives ................................................................................................ 26 Discussion and conclusion remarks ................................................................................ -
Reconstructions of the Past in Belgium and Flanders
Louis Vos 7. Reconstructions of the Past in Belgium and Flanders In the eyes of some observers, the forces of nationalism are causing such far- reaching social and political change in Belgium that they threaten the cohesion of the nation-state, and may perhaps lead to secession. Since Belgian independ- ence in 1831 there have been such radical shifts in national identity – in fact here we could speak rather of overlapping and/or competing identities – that the political authorities have responded by changing the political structures of the Belgian state along federalist lines. The federal government, the Dutch-speaking Flemish community in the north of Belgium and the French-speaking commu- nity – both in the southern Walloon region and in the metropolitan area of Brus- sels – all have their own governments and institutions.1 The various actors in this federal framework each have their own conceptions of how to take the state-building process further, underpinned by specific views on Belgian national identity and on the identities of the different regions and communities. In this chapter, the shifts in the national self-image that have taken place in Belgium during its history and the present configurations of national identities and sub-state nationalism will be described. Central to this chapter is the question whether historians have contributed to the legitimization of this evolving consciousness, and if so, how. It will be demonstrated that the way in which the practice of historiography reflects the process of nation- and state- building has undergone profound changes since the beginnings of a national his- toriography. -
The Lion, the Rooster, and the Union: National Identity in the Belgian Clandestine Press, 1914-1918
THE LION, THE ROOSTER, AND THE UNION: NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE BELGIAN CLANDESTINE PRESS, 1914-1918 by MATTHEW R. DUNN Submitted to the Department of History of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for departmental honors Approved by: _________________________ Dr. Andrew Denning _________________________ Dr. Nathan Wood _________________________ Dr. Erik Scott _________________________ Date Abstract Significant research has been conducted on the trials and tribulations of Belgium during the First World War. While amateur historians can often summarize the “Rape of Belgium” and cite nationalism as a cause of the war, few people are aware of the substantial contributions of the Belgian people to the war effort and their significance, especially in the historical context of Belgian nationalism. Relatively few works have been written about the underground press in Belgium during the war, and even fewer of those works are scholarly. The Belgian underground press attempted to unite the country's two major national identities, Flemings and Walloons, using the German occupation as the catalyst to do so. Belgian nationalists were able to momentarily unite the Belgian people to resist their German occupiers by publishing pro-Belgian newspapers and articles. They relied on three pillars of identity—Catholic heritage, loyalty to the Belgian Crown, and anti-German sentiment. While this expansion of Belgian identity dissipated to an extent after WWI, the efforts of the clandestine press still serve as an important framework for the development of national identity today. By examining how the clandestine press convinced members of two separate nations, Flanders and Wallonia, to re-imagine their community to the nation of Belgium, historians can analyze the successful expansion of a nation in a war-time context. -
Looking Beyond Belgium? a Walloon Regionalist Viewpoint *
Re-bel. March 2010 Looking beyond Belgium? A Walloon regionalist viewpoint * 1 2 Jean PIROTTE and Luc COURTOIS Considering the end of Belgium may seem an exercise in political fiction. While it seems clear that the Belgian State has been in a phase of permanent reorganization for about fifty years now, with phases of acute crisis, it is not obvious that this process must necessarily lead to the dismantling of the State. The Walloon viewpoint developed here seeks to be anchored in pragmatism. It is not situated in a radical “After-Belgium” (Who knows if and when that will happen?), but within the context of what is foreseeable in the medium term: a Wallonia constrained to emerge in a period of economic difficulties, in a Belgium which is undoubtedly breaking up, but which is not likely to disappear quickly 3. Any observer of Belgian political life knows that the driving forces of many of these successive rearrangements are located in Flanders. However, Flanders, the current economic driving force in the Belgian State, if it demanded and still demands institutional reforms, hesitates between two strategies: either obtaining an increasingly broad autonomy with, on the horizon, the constitution of a Sovereign state; or preserving its leadership in a Belgium that can further serve its development. And it is probable that this hesitation will go on as long as the Brussels question has not been solved in a manner that is satisfactory in the eyes of the Flemings, for whom the independence of Flanders is not worth the cost of abandoning Brussels. The Walloon regionalist viewpoint developed here on the Belgian question seeks to be as open and irenic as possible, avoiding all virulent polemics, and embodying a maximum of understanding for the Flemish positions. -
Dutch. a Linguistic History of Holland and Belgium
Dutch. A linguistic history of Holland and Belgium Bruce Donaldson bron Bruce Donaldson, Dutch. A linguistic history of Holland and Belgium. Uitgeverij Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden 1983 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/dona001dutc02_01/colofon.php © 2013 dbnl / Bruce Donaldson II To my mother Bruce Donaldson, Dutch. A linguistic history of Holland and Belgium VII Preface There has long been a need for a book in English about the Dutch language that presents important, interesting information in a form accessible even to those who know no Dutch and have no immediate intention of learning it. The need for such a book became all the more obvious to me, when, once employed in a position that entailed the dissemination of Dutch language and culture in an Anglo-Saxon society, I was continually amazed by the ignorance that prevails with regard to the Dutch language, even among colleagues involved in the teaching of other European languages. How often does one hear that Dutch is a dialect of German, or that Flemish and Dutch are closely related (but presumably separate) languages? To my knowledge there has never been a book in English that sets out to clarify such matters and to present other relevant issues to the general and studying public.1. Holland's contributions to European and world history, to art, to shipbuilding, hydraulic engineering, bulb growing and cheese manufacture for example, are all aspects of Dutch culture which have attracted the interest of other nations, and consequently there are numerous books in English and other languages on these subjects. But the language of the people that achieved so much in all those fields has been almost completely neglected by other nations, and to a degree even by the Dutch themselves who have long been admired for their polyglot talents but whose lack of interest in their own language seems never to have disturbed them. -
The Left and Flemish Nationalism: Living Apart Together in Belgium Bruno De Wever Bad Timing
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ghent University Academic Bibliography The Left and Flemish Nationalism: Living Apart Together in Belgium Bruno de Wever Only time will tell to what extent the electoral victory of the nationalist New Flemish Alliance [N-VA] in 2010 and the institutional crisis that followed were a turning point in the political emancipation of Flanders. But it is clear that times have changed and the end of the Belgian state is no longer considered a piece of political science fiction. Nevertheless, the Left in Flanders continues to behave as it always has for over a century during which it has defined the demand for greater Flemish independence as a right-wing project that deserves no sympathy from social democrats. Why is that? Bad Timing Nation formation as such is not a right-wing project. In the 18th and 19th centuries, when most of the European nations emerged, nationalism was often an emancipating force directed against the Ancien Régime in favour of equal rights for all citizens. In the 20th century, nationalism was one of the driving forces behind decolonisation, directed against the exploitation of non-Western societies. Nation formation and nationalism must be seen in their historical context. The Czech historian, Miroslav Hroch’s model of nationalism offers a framework that throws light on why the Left has not played an active role in Flemish Nationalism. Hroch developed his theory of small nation-formation in the 1960s. Wider academic acclaim followed after an English translation appeared in the 1980s1 and the validity of his model is now universally accepted. -
Negative and Positive Roles of Media in the Belgian Conflict: a Model for De-Escalation
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE ROLES OF MEDIA IN THE BELGIAN CONFLICT: A MODEL FOR DE-ESCALATION MARTIN EUWEMA* ALAIN VERBEKE** I. INTRODUCTION The Kingdom of Belgium is a country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters,1 as well as those of other major international organizations, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).2 Belgium covers an area of 11,787 square miles (30,528 square kilometers) and has a population of about 10.6 million people.3 Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch- speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons. In addition, Belgium is home to a small group of German speakers.4 Belgium’s two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking5 region of Flanders in the north, with 58% of the population, and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia, inhabited by 32% of the population.6 The Brussels–Capital Region, home to approximately 10% of the population, is officially bilingual.7 The area is * Professor of Organizational Psychology, University of Leuven. ** Professor of Law, Universities of Leuven & Tilburg; Visiting Professor of Law, Harvard Law School; Attorney. The authors are the co-directors of LCM, Leuven Center for Conflict Management. 1. KOEN LENAERTS & PIET VAN NUFFEL, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 416 (Robert Bray ed., 2d ed. 2005). 2. NATO HANDBOOK 219 (2001). 3. Country Profile: Belgium, BBC News, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/999709.stm. 4. Id. In one small area of Belgium, the East Canton region obtained from Germany after World War I, German is the principal language of about 70,000 Belgians. -
Genetic Diversity in Flemish Y-DNA
Genetic Diversity in Flemish Y-DNA Guido J. Deboeck The ancestors of the Flemish originally came from Flan- Centuries ago the deltas formed by three great rivers, the ders, a region located in what is today the northern part Weser, the Meuse, and the Scheldt, were inhabited by of Belgium. Flanders has an area of 5,221 square miles the Goths,1 who were an ancient Teutonic people. These (13,522 square km), roughly the size of Connecticut. rivers deposited their muddy debris for ages on what The current population of Flanders is slightly over 6 became known as “the Low Countries.” The fertility of million, resulting in a population density of 886 per these plains became fatal to the native possessors be- square mile (342 per square km). cause many foreign tyrants sought to conquer these Low Countries. This aroused and inspired resistance among The history of Flanders and of the Flemish people in the inhabitants; they acquired the genius of liberty and particular provides an interesting background for the of upholding independence. These natives, whose name study of Flemish DNA that will lead to better under- became synonymous with , were cultivators of standing of the mosaic of European DNA. By inter- soil; the tribe was called Frisii, Frisories or Frisians. weaving history, genealogy, and genetic genealogy, part of this mosaic of Flemish DNA can be revealed. Some four hundred years after the fall of the Roman Empire, Charles the Bald, the first king of France, estab- This paper starts with a brief historical overview of lished the County of Flanders as a feudal fief. -
Bike Holidays in Flanders
Bike holidays in Flanders An ecological Flanders, a city Partners for How to develop Cycling along the discovery at trip trough your bike a bike holiday node network your own pace nature holiday Content Content Content Route 1 Route 2 Beer route Flemish Masters route Read more Angle-Right Flanders: Cycling in Read more Angle-Right I Craftsmanship IIFlanders along at the heart of the node Route 3 Europe network: Attractive, safe The Best of A compendium Read more Angle-Right and comfortable Flanders route of regional cycling routes Read more Angle-Right Read more Angle-Right Read more Angle-Right Cycling holidays IIIin Flanders: a strong project B2B platform: IVPractical, useful Read more Angle-Right and inspiring Accessible Partner tourism overview Read more Angle-Right V VI Read more Angle-Right Read more Angle-Right 2 3 I. Flanders: Craftsmanship at the heart of Europe Flanders: I Craftsmanship Flanders is a tale of impressive at the heart of Flemish people, ground-breaking craftsmanship, historic heritage, Europe astonishing landscapes and an unparalleled gastronomic, drinking and dining culture. Angle-Right Art, heritage and the Flemish Masters Angle-Right Flavourful Flanders Angle-Right In Flanders Fields Angle-Right A wide array of landscapes and monuments 5 I. Flanders: Craftsmanship at the heart of Europe I. Flanders: Craftsmanship at the heart of Europe Art, heritage and the “In Flanders, we enjoy Flemish Masters life and we love good Flanders is able to draw on a centuries-old cultural food. You'll continue heritage that is as rich as it is varied. Its host of world-famous museums, galleries and art centres to experience that any put this heritage on display, and special events time you’re in Flanders are organised in its honour all year round.