Bearing His Full Name and Practicing Medicine in Chicago
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MEMORIAL Xxi rectitude and dignity. Among the children who survive him is a son bearing his full name and practicing medicine in Chicago. GENERAL WILLIAM C. GORGAS. William C. Gorgas was born in Alabama on October 3rd, 1854. He was the son af General Josiah Gorgas, the Chief of Ordnance of the Southern Confederacy and after the Civil War the President of the University of the South. Gorgas was graduated from the Uni- versity of the South with the degree of A.B. in 1875 and from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1879. He entered the Medical Department of the Army on June 16th, 1880, as first lieutenant, became captain in 1885 and major in 1898. In early life Gorgas had had yellow fever. In those days yellow fever was rightly dreaded. As Gorgas was the only immune among the officers of the Medical Department with the exception of Surgeon-General Stern- berg he was naturally the first one to be thought of for duty that involved exposure to that disease. Having accompanied the expedi- tion against Santiago, he was soon appointed Chief Sanitary Officer of Havana, which office he held from 1898 to 1902. Walter Reed, at that time a major in the Medical Department, was first sent by General Sternberg to Cuba to study yellow fever in 1900 and in June of that year was appointed president of the board of which Carroll, Agramonte and Lazar were the other mem- bers. Gorgas from his position naturally cooperated with the board (Reed acknowledges valuable suggestions from him), but his other duties forbade active participation in the researches which resulted in the memorable discovery of the mode of infection in yellow fever and of the proper means of exterminating that disease. Applying, in February 1901, the practical methods for destroying the stegomyia which the board had worked out, Gorgas succeeded in eradicating yellow fever from Havana in three months and in keeping the city thereafter free from any extension of the disease, although Reed quotes Gorgas as reporting that the infection was introduced into it at least a dozen times from other places in Cuba. Until that time yellow fever had been constantly present in Havana for 150 years. This exploit in practical sanitation, demonstrating as it did for the first time on a large scale the enormous value of Reed's discovery, xxii MEMORIAL was only inferior to the discovery itself as a contribution towards the conquest of yellow fever. The American Medical Association in the resolution adopted at its meeting of June 11, 1902, expressed the opinion that the discovery of the method of transmission of yellow fever is of such magnitude and far-reaching beneficience as to rank second only with Jenner's discovery of vaccination and tendered its thanks to W. C. Gorgas and to Leonard Wood (General Wood having been in command at Havana at the time) as well as to the members of the Yellow Fever Board. The untimely and lamented death of Walter Reed in 1902 left Gorgas indisputably the first authority on the prophylaxis of yellow fever in the world. He was therefore selected without hesitation to undertake the eradication of the disease from the Isthmus of Panama, becoming chief sanitary officer of the Canal Zone in 1904 and a member of the Canal Commission in 1907. The magnitude of this work and the wonderful success with which it was accomplished have become so well known that it is unnecessary to dwell upon them here. Such services to the world of which the financial value alone is beyond computation, in Great Britain would undoubtedly have been rewarded by a peerage. The only immediate reward which Gorgas received, however, was his promotion in 1903 by special act of Congress from the rank of major to that of colonel and assistant surgeon-general in recognition of his work in Cuba. In 1915 Gorgas, together with the other generals who were members of the Isthmian Canal Commission, received the thanks of Congress for distinguished services in constructing the Panama Canal. Gorgas remained in charge of the sanitation of the isthmus until the winter of 1913 when he went to Rhodesia, South Africa, at the invitation of the Chamber of Mines of Johannesburg to advise as to the prevention of pneumonia and malaria among the native mine- workers. He was appointed Surgeon-General of the Army with the rank of Brigadier-General on January 16, 1914, and was given the rank of Major-General in 1915. His new duties did not diminish his interest in the problems of world sanitation. While still in the Canal Zone he had visited Guayaquil and mapped out a plan for ridding that city of yellow fever. In 1916 he was made chief of the Special Yellow Fever Commission of the Rockefeller Foundation and spent MEMORIAL xxii several months in South America making preliminary surveys of localities in which yellow fever prevailed. General Gorgas was retired for age on October 3d, 1918, his 64th birthday. In November 1918, he became director of the yellow fever work of the Inter- national Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation and was now free to carry out the recommendations previously made by the Yellow Fever Commission. He immediately set out upon a prelim- inary journey to Central America. On April 3rd, 1920, he sailed for England en route to West Africa where he proposed to investigate the yellow fever situation. But he fell ill soon after arriving in Europe and died in London on July 4th, 1920. General Gorgas was a man of an unusually kindly and affable disposition and of deep religious convictions. One of his closest associates in the canal work describes him as "beautifully unselfish and thoughtful of others, always courteous and with a most equable temper." He was devoted to his friends and trusted them implicitly. He was entirely free of the grasping ambition which desires to appro- priate all of the credit which might be attainable in the conduct of large affairs. On the contrary, having made his selection of per- sonnel-and he was usually a good judge of men-he left his sub- ordinates free to develop their functions. With such qualities of mind and heart he naturally gained the enthusiastic cooperation of his fellow-workers. The officer already quoted expresses the opinion that General Gorgas' success in the Canal Zone was due to two factors, his choice of men and the devotion of his subordinates. But he had other qualities which contributed largely to the completeness of his achievements-great tenacity of purpose and endless patience. His initial work in the Canal Zone was pursued under many discouragements. He had conceived great plans which called for the expenditure of large sums of money for labor and sup- plies before any practical results could be expected. Here was an experiment in sanitation on a colossal scale under, in some respects, new conditions and the success of the experiment was by no means certain, in fact, seemed more than doubtful to some of his associates of the Canal Commission. But Gorgas was sure that he was right and hung on doggedly until he finally gained all that he asked in a situation in which a weaker or less optimistic and persevering man would have given up in despair or felt obliged to content himself with XXiV MEMORIAL the half-way measures which would have been equivalent to failure. His readiness to delegate responsibility contributed not a little to the success with which the surgeon-general's office was conducted during the war and especially as relates to the professional divisions, for the most part under the charge of distinguished physicians from civil life. The introduction of specialism on so large a scale into the Medical Department of the Army was quite unprecedented and was naturally not contemplated by existing regulations. Many complica- tions arose; some mistakes were inevitable, but on the whole the experiment was a great success, largely because of the attitude of General Gorgas who, after providing for guidance from more experi- enced medical officers while the newly-appointed men were becoming initiated into army ways, left the chiefs of division alone to work out their problems. But when questions of conflicting authority arose, as it was inevitable under the circumstances that they must, between officers purely administrative in their functions and the professional divisions, the Surgeon-General, wherever possible, protected the latter. A surgeon-general who insisted upon close personal super- vision and regulation of professional activities at such a juncture would have undertaken a task impossible of execution by any single man, least of all an officer so overwhelmed with work as a surgeon- general is in time of war, but in attempting it might very well have rendered the whole scheme abortive. It was perhaps fortunate that General Gorgas was not a labor- atory man nor a research worker devoted to intensive cultivation of narrow fields, but by taste a medical practitioner and by training a sanitarian who had handled broad problems and had a wide view of medicine. His study of great epidemiological problems and the close connection witn tne leaders of civil medicine gained in his experience in the Canal Zone had kept alive his interest in the medical, as distinguished from the military, aspects of his respon- sibilities and averted the danger which menaces a medical officer of high rank, necessarily devoted to administrative work, of becoming purely a military executive rather than remaining the chief physician in a corps of officers whose duties are medical quite as much as they are military.