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(EEG) Profile and Sense of Body Ownership: a Study of Signal Processing, Proprioception and Tactile Illusion

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(EEG) Profile and Sense of Body Ownership: a Study of Signal Processing, Proprioception and Tactile Illusion Electroencephalography (EEG) Profile and Sense of Body Ownership: A Study of Signal Processing, Proprioception and Tactile Illusion Finding a link in neural correlates of human’s perceptual and illusion Sheyda Shahriari A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Engineering and Design Brunel University Submission date: March 2018 Deceleration I hereby declare that this Ph.D. thesis entitled “Electroencephalography (EEG) Profile and Sense of Body Ownership: A Study of Signal Processing, Proprioception and Tactile Illusion” I have submitted to the office of Engineering and Design department, Brunel university London, is entirely my original work prepared under the supervision of Prof. Ibrahim Esat. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis. The results of this dissertation have not been presented or submitted anywhere else for the award of any degree or for other purpose. I shall be solely responsible if any evidence is found against my declaration. …………………. Sheyda Shahriari Brunel University London I Problem Description Loss of limb function affects over 25 million globally, mainly due to cardiovascular and trauma causes. The loss or the genetic absence of an upper limb may seriously compromise the functional independence of a person in his/her daily living. Current prostheses are useful to overcome the restrictions that the lack of a limb implies and to provide the amputee with certain autonomy but due to the complex nature of the upper extremity, the acceptance of current devices is still below 50%. Many of these devices are often extremely expensive in the range from the $3000-$30000 or more and many afflicted persons in developing countries cannot afford to seek this type of treatment. In these areas often there is not adequate medical assistance, and trained personnel with a rehabilitation of upper limb loss is almost none existent with devices that are inherently the same as the devices used over a thousand years ago. This project looks at assessing whether there is a potential to use classical conditioning for patients to transmit messages from and to the brain in the arm, meaning they get their sensory feedback from artificial limbs and feels lifelike. This work will in specific focus on investigating the ability to provide sensory tactile feedback from an artificial limb, replicating real biological sensation for prostheses uses, by means of illusion and whether or not it is possible to make this illusion permanent by repeatedly applying it to users. II Abstract With the ability to feel through artificial limbs, users regain more function and increasingly see the prosthetics as parts of their own bodies. So, main focus of this project was dedicated to recuperating sensation by deception both in sighted and unsighted patients, started with illusionary experiments on healthy volunteers, brain signals were captured with medical EEG headsets during these tests to have a better understanding of how the brain works during body ownership illusions. EEG results suggest that gender difference exists in the perception of body transfer illusion. Visual input can be induced to trick the brain. Using the results, a new device has been designed (sound generator system-SGS) with the principal goal to find ways to include rich sensory feedback in prosthetic devices that would aid their incorporation of the user’s body representation or schema. Studying the brain is fascinating; SGS tested and was found to have an adequate level of dexterity over course of one-month multiple times. After each try, the results were more tolerable than before that proved the idea that brain can learn and understand anything and can be manipulated temporary or lasting due to influences. Different methods used to validate the results, EEG acquisition, mapping subject brain function with EEG and finally interviewing participant after each attempt. Although the results of the illusion shows that when heat applies on rubber hand, subjects behave in similar manner as if their real hand was effected, but main question is still remains. How can the conditioning apply to daily life of amputees so that illusion become permanent? This is a rapidly developing field with advancements in technology and greater interdisciplinary integration of medicine, mechatronics and control engineering with the future looking to have permanent, low power consumption, highly functional devices with a greater intuitive almost natural feel using a variety of body signals including EMG, ultrasound, and Electrocorticography. III Acknowledgment I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout my research. I am thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work. I am sincerely grateful to them for sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to the project. I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my supervisor Professor Ibrahim Esat, you have been a tremendous mentor for me. I would like to thank you for encouraging my research and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist. Your advice on both research as well as on my career have been priceless. I would also like to thank my summer assistant, Maya Rose Gumussoy, and all my colleagues at Brunel University, for all helps and support. I also want to thank you for letting my defense be an enjoyable moment, and for your brilliant comments and suggestions, thanks to you. Special thanks goes to my family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my mother, Fatemeh Rahimi, father, Bahram Shahriari, and my siblings, Shiva and Sahand, for all of the sacrifices that you have made on my behalf and for your endless love and mental support. Your prayer for me was what sustained me thus far. I would also like to thank all of my friends who supported me in experimenting, writing, and incented me to strive towards my goal. IV Table of Contents Deceleration ..............................................................................................................I Problem description .................................................................................................. II Abstract ................................................................................................................... III Acknowledgment .................................................................................................... IV Table of contents ..................................................................................................... V List of figures ....................................................................................................... VIII List of tables ........................................................................................................... XI List of publication...................................................................................................XII Abbreviations ........................................................................................................XIII Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Project purpose: Why prosthesis needs sense of touch .................................................... 3 1.2 Project strategy: How sensory feedback device can level up robotic arms ..................... 4 1.3 Project results: What new device could become .............................................................. 5 1.4 Organization of thesis ...................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2: Literature Survey .................................................................................... 8 2.1 Structures and mobility of human arm .................................................................................... 8 2.2 Anatomy of the brain ............................................................................................................ 10 Forebrain (Prosencephalon) .................................................................................................. 11 Telencephalon ................................................................................................................................... 11 Diencephalon .................................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Sensory system ...................................................................................................................... 13 Touch ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Visual ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Auditory .................................................................................................................................. 16 2.3 Phantom syndrome ................................................................................................................ 17 2.4 Learning mechanism ............................................................................................................. 20 2.5 Brain manipulation ................................................................................................................ 23 2.7 Body ownership illusion ......................................................................................................
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