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INVESTIGATING CHANGES IN TACTILE AND PROPRIOCEPTIVE PERCEPTION AND MOTOR BEHAVIOUR AS A RESULT OF A MULTIMODAL ILLUSION INDUCED BY MONOCULAR BLINDNESS WITH AN OCCLUDING CONTACT LENS PAULA MARIA DINOTO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY, YORK UNIVERSITY, TORONTO, ONTARIO MARCH 2012 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-90028-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-90028-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT We present evidence for a visuotactile illusory paresthesia induced by monocular blindness by inserting a visually occluding contact lens into subjects' dominant eye. We induced sensory paresthesias in the region of the eye ipsilateral to the opaque contact lens in surrounding facial regions in all of 17 subjects during 66 experimental sessions. The proprioceptive aspect of this illusion was demonstrated by comparing perceived eyelid position with and without the occluding lens, and changes in extent of paresthesias was measured with the introduction of tactile, proprioceptive, motor, and visual feedback. Tactile sensitivity and tactile acuity were measured by stimulation of affected paresthetic regions and control regions using two devices: a Von Frey and Two-Point Aesthesiometer, which respectively yielded results that suggest a potential impact of this illusion on sensory perception. A novel motor coordination task was performed to evaluate the observable influence of this illusion on motor behaviour, and we offer potential neural mechanisms that underlie this multimodal perceptual illusion. iv DEDICATION "0 de li altri poeti onore e lume, vagliami 'I lungo studio e 'I grande amore che m'hafatto cercar lo tuo volume. Tuse'lo mio maestro e 7 mio autore, Tu se' solo colui da cu' io tolsi Lo bello stilo che m'hafatto onore." (Alighieri, Inferno, Canto I, LXXXII-LXXXVII). To the loving memory of my grandfather, Salvatore Di Noto, whose lasting spirit of benevolence has guided me on my path to goodness, truth, honesty, and knowledge. This work, and all others before and after it, I dedicate in his honour. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this work could not be achieved without the support, love, and encouragement of my family; thank you to my mother and father for the rides to and from school, breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and for the constant source of affection and pride that has sustained me in all of my studies and endeavours; to my sisters Eva and Nana, my role models and inspirations that have taught me to follow my heart, persevere through even the most difficult times, and to seek refuge in God and family; to my brother Mikael, whose passion and strength of character inspire me to choose the right path in life, even if it may be the more difficult or less-travelled one; to my cousin Gianfranco for providing an outlet for my stress, encouraging me when morale was down, and for introducing me to the rest of my life; to Matthew, for giving me the courage to conquer insurmountable challenges and for making every dream easily achievable. To these angels in my life, I sincerely thank you for your love and support - this work could not have been achieved without you. I would also like to thank Dr. Joe DeSouza for accepting me as a student in his lab and providing me the opportunity to pursue my Master of Arts degree in a fostering environment. Thank you for your guidance, advice, and support in all matters academic, professional, and personal. The lessons learned from you during these years will form the basis of how I evolve as a researcher, educator, and independent thinker. I would also like to thank my fellow lab members for their invaluable feedback, support, encouragement, and friendship; Sheng, Laura, Diana, Alexandria, Rachel, Daniela, Matin, Scott, - best of luck in your future pursuits, I hope to see you all happy, healthy, and successful many years from now! Thank you to Dr. Gillian Einstein for your mentorship, and for teaching me the value in saying what I mean, and meaning what I say. Special thanks to Dr. Rob Cribbie for your patience and consultation on the statistics used in this work, and to Dr. Gerald Keith. Thank you to Dr. Denise Henriques for serving as my second committee member and for your valuable insights. Thank you very much to Alexandria West, Raymond Biastoch, and Christopher Luszczek for assisting in data analyses, and last but not least to Wolfpack Industries Ltd. for holding it down. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT IV DEDICATION V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VI TABLE OF CONTENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES X LIST OF TABLES XII LIST OF APPENDICES XIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XIV SECTION l: INTRODUCTION l 1.1: Anatomical Summary of Facial and Ocular Sensory and Motor Pathways 2 1.1.1 - Structure, innervation, and neural pathway s of the face 2 1.1.2. - Structure, innervation, and neural pathways of the face: motor control and proprioception 12 1.1.3. ~ Structure, innervation, and neural pathways of the eyes: sensory processing 14 1.1.4 ~ Structure, innervation, and neural pathways of the eye: motor control 19 1.1.5 ~ Structure, innervation, and neural pathways of the eye: visual processing 21 Vll 1.2 - Multisensory Integration: Neural Substrates 25 1.2.1 - Mechanisms for convergence of multiple sensory inputs 26 1.2.2 - Visuotactile processing areas 29 1.3 - Multisensory Incongruity: Phantom Illusions & Paresthesia 31 1.4 - Our Hypotheses 34 SECTION 2: METHODS 35 2.1 - Participants 35 2.2 - Apparatus 36 2.3 - Procedure 39 2.3.1. - Effect of Paresthesia on Sensory Perception of Eye Area 39 2.3.2. - Effect of Paresthesia on Sensory Perception of Facial Areas 40 2.3.3. ~ Effect of Paresthesia on Estimated Eyelid Position 40 2.3.4. Effect of Paresthesia on Motor Coordination 41 2.3.5. Changes in Perceived Paresthesias with Feedback Cues 42 2.3.6. - Extent of Paresthesia as Illustrated by Subjects 43 2.3.7. ~ Effect of Paresthesia on Tactile Perception 46 2.3.7.1.; Tactile Sensitivity 46 2.3.7.2.: Tactile Acuity 50 2.3.8. - Total experimental duration 53 SECTION 3: RESULTS 53 3.1 - Introduction 53 3.2 - Subjective descriptions following insertion of occluding lens 54 viii 3-3 - Extent of Paresthesia as Illustrated by Subjects 55 3.4 - Effect of Paresthesia on Sensory Perception of Eye Area 60 3.5 - Effect of Paresthesia on Sensory Perception of Facial Areas 62 3.6 - Effect of Paresthesia on Estimated Eyelid Position 66 3.7 - Effect of Paresthesia on Motor Coordination 69 3.8 - Changes in Perceived Paresthesias with Feedback Cues 72 3.9 - Effect of Paresthesia on Tactile Perception 75 3.9.1: Tactile Sensitivity 75 3.9.1.1: Tactile Sensitivity: New Controls 78 3.9.2: Tactile Acuity 83 SECTION 4: DISCUSSION 86 SECTION 5: FUTURE DIRECTIONS 106 REFERENCES 117 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Trigeminal nerve divisions 7 Figure 1.2. Trigeminal nerve pathway 11 Figure 1.3. Facial nerve pathway and facial muscles 15 Figure 1.4. Innervation and structure of the human cornea, iris, and lens 17 Figure 1.5. The extraocular muscles and nerves of innervation 21 Figure 2.1. Procedural setup 38 Figure 2.2. Participant preparation 38 Figure 2.3. Facial schematic 45 Figure 2.4. ArcMap Shapefile superimposed on subject's illustration 46 Figure 3.1. a. Subject illustration of extent of facial paresthesia: overall average (11=17) 57 Figure 3.1. b. Subject illustration of extent of facial paresthesia: temporal averages (n=i7) 57 Figure 3.2. Temporal analysis of facial drawings of perceived paresthesias: area of facial illustration affected by paresthesias 58 Figure 3.3. Subject illustration of extent of facial paresthesias (n=i7) 59 Figure 3.4. Effect of paresthesia on sensory perception of eye area 61 Figure 3.5. Effect of paresthesia on facial and cranial sensory perception 65 Figure 3.6. Eyelid position estimates: ipsilateral versus contralateral eye (n=i7) 67 x Figure 3.7.
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