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Effects of Salmon Lice on Sea Trout

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Effects of Salmon Lice on Sea Trout 1044 Effects of salmon lice on sea trout - a literature review Eva B. Thorstad, Christopher D. Todd, Pål Arne Bjørn, Patrick G. Gargan, Knut Wiik Vollset, Elina Halttunen, Steinar Kålås, Ingebrigt Uglem, Marius Berg & Bengt Finstad NINA Publications NINA Report (NINA Rapport) This is a electronic series beginning in 2005, which replaces the earlier series of NINA commis- sioned reports and NINA project reports. This will be NINA’s usual form of reporting completed re- search, monitoring or review work to clients. In addition, the series will include much of the insti- tute’s other reporting, for example from seminars and conferences, results of internal research and review work and literature studies, etc. NINA reports may also be issued in a second language where appropriate. NINA Special Report (NINA Temahefte) As the name suggests, special reports deal with special subjects. Special reports are produced as required and the series ranges widely: from systematic identification keys to information on im- portant problem areas in society. NINA special reports are usually given a popular scientific form with more weight on illustrations than a NINA report. NINA Factsheet (NINA Fakta) Factsheets have as their goal to make NINA’s research results quickly and easily accessible to the general public. The are sent to the press, civil society organisations, nature management at all lev- els, politicians, and other special interests. Fact sheets give a short presentation of some of our most important research themes. Other publishing In addition to reporting in NINA’s own series, the institute’s employees publish a large proportion of their scientific results in international journals, popular science books and magazines. Effects of salmon lice on sea trout - a literature review Eva B. Thorstad1, Christopher D. Todd2, Pål Arne Bjørn3, Patrick G. Gargan4, Knut Wiik Vollset5, Elina Halttunen3, Steinar Kålås6, Ingebrigt Uglem1, Marius Berg1 & Bengt Finstad1 1 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research 2 University of St Andrews, Scotland 3 Institute of Marine Research, Norway 4 Inland Fisheries Ireland 5 Uni Research Environment, Norway 6 Rådgivende Biologer AS, Norway Norwegian Institute for Nature Research NINA Report 1044 Thorstad, E.B., Todd, C.D., Bjørn, P.A., Gargan, P.G., Vollset, K.W., Halttunen, E., Kålås, S., Uglem, I., Berg, M. & Finstad, B. 2014. Effects of salmon lice on sea trout - a literature review. NINA Report 1044, 1-162. Trondheim, August 2014 ISSN: 1504-3312 ISBN: 978-82-426-2660-8 COPYRIGHT © Norwegian Institute for Nature Research The publication may be freely cited where the source is acknowledged AVAILABILITY Open PUBLICATION TYPE Digital document (pdf) QUALITY CONTROLLED BY Ola Ugedal, NINA SIGNATURE OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Ingeborg Palm Helland, Research director (sign.) CLIENT The Norwegian Seafood Research Fund - FHF FHF project number 900950 CLIENT’S CONTACT PERSON Kjell Maroni COVER PICTURE Sea trout from River Espedalselva in south-western Norway. Photo Tore Wiers, Uni Research Environment, LFI KEY WORDS Salmon lice – Lepeophtheirus salmonis – parasite – infestation Sea trout – Salmo trutta – anadromous salmonid Literature review – knowledge status Aquaculture – salmon farming – fish farming Life history – marine migration Physiology – growth – mortality Population effect CONTACT DETAILS NINA head office NINA Oslo NINA Tromsø NINA Lillehammer Postboks 5685 Sluppen Gaustadalléen 21 Framsenteret Fakkelgården NO-7485 Trondheim NO-0349 Oslo NO-9296 Tromsø NO-2624 Lillehammer Norway Norway Norway Norway Phone: +47 73 80 14 00 Phone: +47 73 80 14 00 Phone: +47 77 75 04 00 Phone: +47 73 80 14 00 www.nina.no 2 NINA Report 1044 Contents SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... 6 EXTENDED SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 8 SAMMENDRAG ......................................................................................................................... 15 UTVIDET SAMMENDRAG ........................................................................................................ 17 Foreword ................................................................................................................................... 24 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 25 2 Life history strategies of sea trout at sea ......................................................................... 31 2.1 Life history strategies and duration of marine migration ............................................... 31 2.2 Timing of seaward migration ......................................................................................... 35 2.2.1 Smolt age ............................................................................................................ 35 2.2.2 Smolt size ........................................................................................................... 35 2.2.3 Timing of seaward migration for first-time migrants ........................................... 36 2.2.4 Timing of seaward migration for veteran migrants ............................................. 38 2.3 Timing of return from sea to freshwater ........................................................................ 40 2.4 Distance of marine migration ......................................................................................... 41 2.5 Habitat use in coastal areas .......................................................................................... 42 2.5.1 Habitat use .......................................................................................................... 42 2.5.2 Saltwater tolerance ............................................................................................. 43 2.5.3 Swimming depths................................................................................................ 44 2.5.4 Progression rates, swim speeds and diurnal activity ......................................... 44 2.6 Feeding and growth ....................................................................................................... 46 2.6.1 Diet ...................................................................................................................... 46 2.6.2 Growth ................................................................................................................. 47 2.7 Survival .......................................................................................................................... 48 2.8 Straying and homing ...................................................................................................... 49 2.9 Concluding statements .................................................................................................. 50 2.10 Knowledge gaps ............................................................................................................ 52 3 Anthropogenic impacts other than salmon lice on sea trout populations ................... 53 3.1 Impact factors in freshwater .......................................................................................... 54 3.2 Impact factors in marine habitats .................................................................................. 55 3.3 Impact factors that may occur both in freshwater and marine habitats ........................ 56 3.4 Interactions among impact factors ................................................................................ 57 3.5 Concluding statements .................................................................................................. 58 3.6 Knowledge gaps ............................................................................................................ 58 4 Historical outline of salmon lice studies in sea trout ...................................................... 60 5 Evaluation of sampling and monitoring methods ........................................................... 62 5.1 Sampling for sea trout ................................................................................................... 62 5.2 Enumeration and quantification of salmon lice on sea trout ......................................... 65 5.3 Quantifying the potential salmon lice levels on sea trout .............................................. 67 5.4 Monitoring programmes on salmon lice levels in sea trout ........................................... 69 5.5 Challenges in data analysis of salmon lice on sea trout ............................................... 71 5.6 Concluding statements .................................................................................................. 71 5.7 Knowledge gaps ............................................................................................................ 72 3 NINA Report 1044 6 Effects of salmon lice on individual sea trout in laboratory studies ............................. 73 6.1 Mechanical damage of fish skin and tissue ................................................................... 73 6.2 Osmoregulatory problems and physiological stress responses .................................... 73 6.3 Growth, behaviour and disease resistance ................................................................... 75 6.4 Effects related to timing of seawater transfer and fish origin ........................................ 76 6.5 Mortality ........................................................................................................................
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