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Euroscepticism in Political Parties of Greece

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Euroscepticism in Political Parties of Greece VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND DIPLOMACY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Eimantas Kočanas EUROSCEPTICISM IN POLITICAL PARTIES OF GREECE Master’s Thesis Contemporary European politics study program, state code 621L20005 Political sciences study direction Supervisor: Prof. Doc. Mindaugas Jurkynas Defended: PMDF Dean - Prof. Doc. Šarūnas Liekis Kaunas 2016 European Union is like a painting displayed in a museum. Some admire it, others critique it, and few despise it. In all regards, the fact that the painting is being criticized only shows that there is no true way to please everybody – be it in art or politics. - Author of this paper. 1 Summary Eimantas Kocanas ‘Euroscepticism in political parties of Greece’, Master’s Thesis. Paper supervisor Prof. Doc. Mindaugas Jurkynas, Kaunas Vytautas Magnus University, Department of Diplomacy and Political Sciences. Faculty of Political Sciences. Euroscepticism (anti-EUism) had become a subject of analysis in contemporary European studies due to its effect on governments, parties and nations. With Greece being one of the nations in the center of attention on effects of Euroscepticism, it’s imperative to constantly analyze and research the eurosceptic elements residing within the political elements of this nation. Analyzing eurosceptic elements within Greek political parties, the goal is to: detect, analyze and evaluate the expressions of Euroscepticism in political parties of Greece. To achieve this: 1). Conceptualization of Euroscepticism is described; 2). Methods of its detection and measurement are described; 3). Methods of Euroscepticism analysis are applied to political parties of Greece in order to conclude what type and expressions of eurosceptic behavior are present. To achieve the goal presented in this paper, political literature, on the subject of Euroscepticism: 1). Perception of European integration; 2) Measurement of Euroscepticism; 3). Source of eurosceptic behavior; 4). Application of Euroscepticism;- is presented in order to compile a method of analysis to be applied to current active Greek political parties in a duration of 2014-2015 period. The presented literature details analysis of party perception of European integration, party attitude towards EU and its institutions, levels of Euroscepticism within a political party, party application of Euroscepticism. At the end of this paper, based on conducted analysis, it was concluded that: 1). European integration is viewed differently between Greek political parties. Soft Eurosceptic parties agree with the principal of European integration, but later differ on how they view current and future integration. Hard Eurosceptic parties tend to disapprove of European integration ideals or to view them through a prism of party ideology; 2) Based on how a party views European integration in past, present and future sense, it determines what level of Euroscepticism it expresses and what level of eurosceptic attitude is present within a party when dealing with European issues; 3). Dependent from which source of Euroscepticism (strategic or ideological) party expresses anti-EU behavior, it affects party application of Euroscepticism towards EU; 4). Even parties that are considered to be pro-EU reside small levels of eurosceptic behavior within themselves, which is caused by party ideology coming into conflict with elements of European integration such as power balance of member states or levels of democracy in the union; 5). Soft Euroscepticism dominates Greek political parties. Hard Euroscepticism is present only in strongly ideological (radical) political parties. Greek party polity combines within itself various types and variations of Euroscepticism, each different from each other and yet at the same time having similar roots. This shows that Euroscepticism is not a single entity, having only one form or expression, each unique in how it is applied and assimilated. 2 Santrauka Eimantas Kočanas ‘Euroskepticizmas Graikijos politinėse partijose’, Magistro darbas. Darbo vadovas Prof. Dr. Mindaugas Jurkynas, Kaunas Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas, Politikos mokslų ir diplomatijos fakultetas. Politologijos katedra. Euroskepticizmas ( arba anti-EUizmas) tapo svarbus politinės analizės objektas šiuolaikinės Europos politikos moksluose dėl šio reiškinio poveikio vyriausybėms, partijoms ir visuomenei. Graikijai esant vienai iš iškiliausių valstybių, kuriose reiškiasi stiprus Euroskepticizmas, yra svarbu pastoviai nagrinėti bei tyrinėti šį Euroskepticizmas reiškinį ir jo poveikį valstybei bei jos partijoms. Analizuojant euroskeptinius elementus Graikijos politinėje sistemoje tikslas gali būti apibrėžiamas kaip: atpažinti, išanalizuoti ir įvertinti Euroskepticizmo išraiškas Graikijos aktyviose politinėse partijose. Tam pasiekti: 1). Euroskepticizmo konceptualizacija yra apibrėžiama; 2). Euroskepticizmo atpažinimo ir matavimo metodai apibrėžiami; 3). Analizės metodai yra pritaikomi aktyvioms Graikijos politinėms partijoms siekiant nustatyti kokio tipo euroskeptinės išraiškos yra aktyvios. Siekiant pasiekti darbo tikslą, politologinė literatūra Euroskepticizmo temomis : 1) Europinės integracijos suvokimas; 2). Euroskepticizmo matavimas; 3). Euroskeptinio elgesio šaltiniai; 4). Euroskepticizmo pritaikymas; - yra pristatoma siekiant susintezuoti analizės metodą, kuris būtu pritaikytas esamoms Graikijos politinėms partijoms 2014-2015 metų periode. Pristatyta literatūra nusako partijos ES integracijos suvokimo, partijos elgesio link ES institucijų, Euroskepticizmo išraiškos lygmenį, partijų Euroskepticizmo pritaikymo - analizės metodus. Šio darbo pabaigoje, remiantis vykdyta analize, buvo nustatyta kad: 1). Europinė integracija yra suvokiama skirtingai tarpusavyje Graikijos politinių partijų. Švelnaus Euroskepticizmo partijos pripažįsta integracijos principinę idėja, tačiau tarpusavyje išsiskiria kaip žiūrima į esama bei ateities Europinę integraciją; Stipraus Euroskepticizmo partijos nesutinka su visais Europinės integracijos aspektais arba juos suvokia iškreiptai per partijos ideologinę prizmę; 2). Remiantis kaip partija supranta principinę, esamą, ateities¸ Europinę integraciją, tai nulemia partijos išreiškiamo Euroskepticizmo lygmenį, jos elgesį link Europinių institucijų, bei jos požiūri į Europinės politikos vykdymą; 3). Priklausomai iš kurio šaltinio (ideologinio ar strateginio) partija išreiškia Euroskepticizmą, tai nulėmę jos tolesnį šio reiškinio pritaikymą bendraujant su Europos Sąjunga; 4). Net partijos, kurios yra suvokiamos kaip pro-Europinės partijos, gali išskirti žemą lygį Euroskepticizmo, kurio priežastis suvokiama kaip partijos ideologijos susipriešinimas su Europinės integracijos elementais, idealais, esama galios pusiausvyra arba demokratijos ES stygių; 5). Švelnus Euroskepticizmas yra dominuojantis Euroskepticizmas Graikijos politinėse partijose. Stiprus Euroskepticizmas yra matomas tik partijoje, kurios pasižymi stipria ideologinę baze. Euroskepticizmas nėra monotoninis reiškinys. Skirtingos partijos skirtinai jį suvokia, pritaiko ir panaudoja. 3 Table of contents Summary ................................................................................................................................................ Summary in English ......................................................................................................................... 2 Summary in Lithuanian .................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Conceptualization of Euroscepticism ............................................................................................ 8 1.1. Euroscepticism as a cause of deepening integration ...................................................................... 8 1.1.1. Polity contestation ....................................................................................................................... 9 2. Expressed Euroscepticism ............................................................................................................ 10 2.1. Measuring Euroscepticism ........................................................................................................... 10 3. Perception of Integration .............................................................................................................. 13 3.1. Reevaluating measurement of Euroscepticism......................................................................... 13 4. Sources of Euroscepticism ............................................................................................................ 16 4.1. Ideology’s role (how EU effects party ideological agenda) .................................................... 16 4.2. Pool of soverenity as a cause of Euroscepticism ...................................................................... 16 4.3. Causes of Euroscepticism in political parties ........................................................................... 17 5. Application of Euroscepticism ..................................................................................................... 18 5.1. Reactivity of Euroscepticism in nation state ............................................................................ 18 5.2. The reactivity of Euroscepticism.............................................................................................. 19 5.3.
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