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Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 1 / 32 Historical Censorship
INTERNET CENSORSHIP AND RESISTANCE Joseph Bonneau [email protected] (thanks to Steven Murdoch) Computer Laboratory Gates Scholars' Symposium 2010 Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 1 / 32 Historical Censorship He who controls the past controls the future, and he who controls the present controls the past —George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty Four, 1949 Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 2 / 32 Historical Censorship He who controls the past controls the future, and he who controls the present controls the past —George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty Four, 1949 Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 2 / 32 Information as a Human Right Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expres- sion; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without inter- ference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. —Article 19, UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 3 / 32 Information as a Human Right The final freedom, one that was probably inherent in what both President and Mrs. Roosevelt thought about and wrote about all those years ago, ... is the freedom to connect—the idea that governments should not prevent people from con- necting to the internet, to websites, or to each other... a new information curtain is descending across much of the world. —Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State (2010) Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 3 / 32 The Internet Dream The Net treats censorship as damage and routes around it. -
Everyone's Guide to Bypassing Internet Censorship
EVERYONE’S GUIDE TO BY-PASSING INTERNET CENSORSHIP FOR CITIZENS WORLDWIDE A CIVISEC PROJECT The Citizen Lab The University of Toronto September, 2007 cover illustration by Jane Gowan Glossary page 4 Introduction page 5 Choosing Circumvention page 8 User self-assessment Provider self-assessment Technology page 17 Web-based Circumvention Systems Tunneling Software Anonymous Communications Systems Tricks of the trade page 28 Things to remember page 29 Further reading page 29 Circumvention Technologies Circumvention technologies are any tools, software, or methods used to bypass Inter- net filtering. These can range from complex computer programs to relatively simple manual steps, such as accessing a banned website stored on a search engine’s cache, instead of trying to access it directly. Circumvention Providers Circumvention providers install software on a computer in a non-filtered location and make connections to this computer available to those who access the Internet from a censored location. Circumvention providers can range from large commercial organi- zations offering circumvention services for a fee to individuals providing circumven- tion services for free. Circumvention Users Circumvention users are individuals who use circumvention technologies to bypass Internet content filtering. 4 Internet censorship, or content filtering, has become a major global problem. Whereas once it was assumed that states could not control Internet communications, according to research by the OpenNet Initiative (http://opennet.net) more than 25 countries now engage in Internet censorship practices. Those with the most pervasive filtering policies have been found to routinely block access to human rights organi- zations, news, blogs, and web services that challenge the status quo or are deemed threatening or undesirable. -
Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship
Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship Vasilis Ververis Marios Isaakidis Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany University College London, London, UK [email protected] [email protected] Valentin Weber Benjamin Fabian Centre for Technology and Global Affairs University of Telecommunications Leipzig (HfTL) University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT KEYWORDS This paper studies the availability of apps and app stores across app stores, censorship, country availability, mobile applications, countries. Our research finds that users in specific countries do China, Russia not have access to popular app stores due to local laws, financial reasons, or because countries are on a sanctions list that prohibit ACM Reference Format: Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. foreign businesses to operate within its jurisdiction. Furthermore, 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In 27th Conference this paper presents a novel methodology for querying the public on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization Adjunct (UMAP’19 Ad- search engines and APIs of major app stores (Google Play Store, junct), June 9–12, 2019, Larnaca, Cyprus. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 6 pages. Apple App Store, Tencent MyApp Store) that is cross-verified by https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 network measurements. This allows us to investigate which apps are available in which country. We primarily focused on the avail- ability of VPN apps in Russia and China. Our results show that 1 INTRODUCTION despite both countries having restrictive VPN laws, there are still The widespread adoption of smartphones over the past decade saw many VPN apps available in Russia and only a handful in China. -
Psiphon User Guide
PSIPHON USER GUIDE Psiphon is a free and open source web proxy that helps internet users bypass content-filtering systems used by governments in countries like China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam. It was developed by the Citizen Lab's CiviSec Project at the University of Toronto and was first released in December 2006. In this how to guide, learn how to provide a proxy service to someone behind a firewall with psiphon . If you are behind a firewall and want to learn how to connect to psiphon and access blocked content, check out this how to guide . Psiphon, unlike other circumvention services, is not intended to be a public, open proxy service. It’s based on a “web of trust” system so psiphon nodes are harder to block. What this means is that a person in an unrestricted location (one that is not behind a firewall) provides a psiphon proxy service to a person they are familiar with who is going online in a place where online access is limited. This is known as a psiphonode . A psiphonite is a psiphon user living in a censored country. The psiphonite connects to a psiphonode (set up by someone they know and trust) to access information freely. NOTE: Psiphon only works on Windows and Linux. There is no Mac version yet. Step 1. First, you should be in a location where you have open access to the internet. You should know someone in another location where access is limited. You will be providing a psiphonode for this person. Tip! If you do not know any psiphon users, but still want to provide a psiphonode, you can find users on psiphon’s Facebook page or Twitter page. -
Threat Modeling and Circumvention of Internet Censorship by David Fifield
Threat modeling and circumvention of Internet censorship By David Fifield A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor J.D. Tygar, Chair Professor Deirdre Mulligan Professor Vern Paxson Fall 2017 1 Abstract Threat modeling and circumvention of Internet censorship by David Fifield Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science University of California, Berkeley Professor J.D. Tygar, Chair Research on Internet censorship is hampered by poor models of censor behavior. Censor models guide the development of circumvention systems, so it is important to get them right. A censor model should be understood not just as a set of capabilities|such as the ability to monitor network traffic—but as a set of priorities constrained by resource limitations. My research addresses the twin themes of modeling and circumvention. With a grounding in empirical research, I build up an abstract model of the circumvention problem and examine how to adapt it to concrete censorship challenges. I describe the results of experiments on censors that probe their strengths and weaknesses; specifically, on the subject of active probing to discover proxy servers, and on delays in their reaction to changes in circumvention. I present two circumvention designs: domain fronting, which derives its resistance to blocking from the censor's reluctance to block other useful services; and Snowflake, based on quickly changing peer-to-peer proxy servers. I hope to change the perception that the circumvention problem is a cat-and-mouse game that affords only incremental and temporary advancements. -
The Future of Anonymity and Censorship Resistant Publishing
The Future of Anonymity and Censorship Resistant Publishing Steven J. Murdoch http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/sjm217 Computer Laboratory www.torproject.org FIDIS/IFIP Internet Security & Privacy Summer School, 1–7 September 2008, Masaryk University, Czech Republic Many countries censor the Internet • Out of the 40 countries studied by the OpenNet Initiative in 2006, 26 censored the Internet in some way • The types of material censored varied depending on country, for example: • Human Rights (blocked in China) • Religion (blocked in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Bahrain) • Pornography (blocked in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Bahrain, Singapore, Burma, . ) • Other issues censored include: military and militant websites; sex education, alcohol/drugs, music; gay and lesbian websites; news, online communities Many countries censor the Internet • Out of the 40 countries studied by the OpenNet Initiative in 2006, 26 censored the Internet in some way • The types of material censored varied depending on country, for example: • Human Rights (blocked in China) • Religion (blocked in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Bahrain) • Pornography (blocked in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Bahrain, Singapore, Burma, . ) • Other issues censored include: military and militant websites; sex education, alcohol/drugs, music; gay and lesbian websites; news, online communities Many countries censor the Internet • Out of the 40 countries studied by the OpenNet Initiative in 2006, 26 censored the Internet in some way • The types of material censored varied depending on country, for example: -
Cloudtransport: Using Cloud Storage for Censorship-Resistant Networking
CloudTransport: Using Cloud Storage for Censorship-Resistant Networking Chad Brubaker1,2, Amir Houmansadr2, and Vitaly Shmatikov2 1 Google 2 The University of Texas at Austin Abstract. Censorship circumvention systems such as Tor are highly vulnerable to network-level filtering. Because the traffic generated by these systems is disjoint from normal network traffic, it is easy to recog- nize and block, and once the censors identify network servers (e.g., Tor bridges) assisting in circumvention, they can locate all of their users. CloudTransport is a new censorship-resistant communication system that hides users’ network traffic by tunneling it through a cloud storage ser- vice such as Amazon S3. The goal of CloudTransport is to increase the censors’ economic and social costs by forcing them to use more expen- sive forms of network filtering, such as large-scale traffic analysis, or else risk disrupting normal cloud-based services and thus causing collateral damage even to the users who are not engaging in circumvention. Cloud- Transport’s novel passive-rendezvous protocol ensures that there are no direct connections between a CloudTransport client and a CloudTrans- port bridge. Therefore, even if the censors identify a CloudTransport connection or the IP address of a CloudTransport bridge, this does not help them block the bridge or identify other connections. CloudTransport can be used as a standalone service, a gateway to an anonymity network like Tor, or a pluggable transport for Tor. It does not require any modifications to the existing cloud storage, is compatible with multiple cloud providers, and hides the user’s Internet destinations even if the provider is compromised. -
A Privacy Threat for Internet Users in Internet-Censoring Countries
A Privacy Threat for Internet Users in Internet-censoring Countries Feno Heriniaina R. College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Keywords: Censorship, Human Computer Interaction, Privacy, Virtual Private Networks. Abstract: Online surveillance has been increasingly used by different governments to control the spread of information on the Internet. The magnitude of this activity differs widely and is based primarily on the areas that are deemed, by the state, to be critical. Aside from the use of keywords and the complete domain name filtering technologies, Internet censorship can sometimes even use the total blocking of IP addresses to censor content. Despite the advances, in terms of technology used for Internet censorship, there are also different types of circumvention tools that are available to the general public. In this paper, we report the results of our investigation on how migrants who previously had access to the open Internet behave toward Internet censorship when subjected to it. Four hundred and thirty-two (432) international students took part in the study that lasted two years. We identified the most common circumvention tools that are utilized by the foreign students in China. We investigated the usability of these tools and monitored the way in which they are used. We identified a behaviour-based privacy threat that puts the users of circumvention tools at risk while they live in an Internet-censoring country. We also recommend the use of a user-oriented filtering method, which should be considered as part of the censoring system, as it enhances the performance of the screening process and recognizes the real needs of its users. -
Blocking-Resistant Communication Through Domain Fronting
Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2015; 2015 (2):46–64 David Fifield*, Chang Lan, Rod Hynes, Percy Wegmann, and Vern Paxson Blocking-resistant communication through domain fronting Abstract: We describe “domain fronting,” a versatile 1 Introduction censorship circumvention technique that hides the re- mote endpoint of a communication. Domain fronting Censorship is a daily reality for many Internet users. works at the application layer, using HTTPS, to com- Workplaces, schools, and governments use technical and municate with a forbidden host while appearing to com- social means to prevent access to information by the net- municate with some other host, permitted by the cen- work users under their control. In response, those users sor. The key idea is the use of different domain names at employ technical and social means to gain access to the different layers of communication. One domain appears forbidden information. We have seen an ongoing conflict on the “outside” of an HTTPS request—in the DNS re- between censor and censored, with advances on both quest and TLS Server Name Indication—while another sides, more subtle evasion countered by more powerful domain appears on the “inside”—in the HTTP Host detection. header, invisible to the censor under HTTPS encryp- Circumventors, at a natural disadvantage because tion. A censor, unable to distinguish fronted and non- the censor controls the network, have a point working fronted traffic to a domain, must choose between allow- in their favor: the censor’s distaste for “collateral dam- ing circumvention traffic and blocking the domain en- age,” incidental overblocking committed in the course of tirely, which results in expensive collateral damage. -
The Impact of Media Censorship: Evidence from a Field Experiment in China
The Impact of Media Censorship: Evidence from a Field Experiment in China Yuyu Chen David Y. Yang* January 4, 2018 — JOB MARKET PAPER — — CLICK HERE FOR LATEST VERSION — Abstract Media censorship is a hallmark of authoritarian regimes. We conduct a field experiment in China to measure the effects of providing citizens with access to an uncensored Internet. We track subjects’ me- dia consumption, beliefs regarding the media, economic beliefs, political attitudes, and behaviors over 18 months. We find four main results: (i) free access alone does not induce subjects to acquire politically sen- sitive information; (ii) temporary encouragement leads to a persistent increase in acquisition, indicating that demand is not permanently low; (iii) acquisition brings broad, substantial, and persistent changes to knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and intended behaviors; and (iv) social transmission of information is statis- tically significant but small in magnitude. We calibrate a simple model to show that the combination of low demand for uncensored information and the moderate social transmission means China’s censorship apparatus may remain robust to a large number of citizens receiving access to an uncensored Internet. Keywords: censorship, information, media, belief JEL classification: D80, D83, L86, P26 *Chen: Guanghua School of Management, Peking University. Email: [email protected]. Yang: Department of Economics, Stanford University. Email: [email protected]. Yang is deeply grateful to Ran Abramitzky, Matthew Gentzkow, and Muriel Niederle -
Download and Install a New Trusted Root Certificate in Order to Connect to ~250 Foreign Web Sites
The Information Safety & Capacity (ISC) Project FINAL REPORT 2011-2020 Submitted to: USAID/DCHA Submitted by: Counterpart International DISCLAIMER: This publication was produced by Counterpart International for review by the United States Agency for International Development under Cooperative Agreement AID-OAA-LA-11-00008 and Leader Cooperative Agreement Number: FD-A-00-09-00141-00. The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. 2 The ISC Project Final Report Table of Contents 04 Executive Summary 20 Locally Created Resources and Tools 04 Introduction 20 Technology Development 05 Achievements & Milestones 22 Investment in Technology 06 Investing in Trust 22 Technology Support Grants: 2013 06 Initial Threats and Fixes 24 Technology Support Grants: 2016 06 State Actors and Suppression 24 Technology Support Grants: 2018 07 Looking Ahead 24 Technology Support Grants: 2019 08 Part One: ISC Project Vision and Strategy 25 Technology Support Grants: 2020 08 The Importance of Cybersecurity in Civil Society 26 Cyber Policy Support 09 Global Threats and Trends: Old and New 26 Internet Freedom Landscape 09 Cybersecurity Threats in the Beginning 27 Design Principles for Internet Freedom Support 10 Evolution of Threats Through Technological 28 Internet Governance and Internet Freedom: 2017- Innovation 2019 Awardees 11 The ISC Project’s Network of Digital Security 30 Internet Freedom Policy Advocacy: 2020 Specialists Awardees -
Internet Censorship in Thailand: User Practices and Potential Threats
Internet Censorship in Thailand: User Practices and Potential Threats Genevieve Gebhart∗†1, Anonymous Author 2, Tadayoshi Kohno† ∗Electronic Frontier Foundation †University of Washington [email protected] [email protected] 1 Abstract—The “cat-and-mouse” game of Internet censorship security community has proposed novel circumvention and circumvention cannot be won by capable technology methods in response [10, 25, 38]. alone. Instead, that technology must be available, The goal of circumventing censorship and attaining freer comprehensible, and trustworthy to users. However, the field access to information, however, relies on those largely focuses only on censors and the technical means to circumvent them. Thailand, with its superlatives in Internet circumvention methods being available, comprehensible, use and government information controls, offers a rich case and trustworthy to users. Only by meeting users’ needs can study for exploring users’ assessments of and interactions with circumvention tools realize their full technical capabilities. censorship. We survey 229 and interview 13 Internet users in With this goal in mind, the field lacks sufficient inquiry Thailand, and report on their current practices, experienced into the range of user perceptions of and interactions with and perceived threats, and unresolved problems regarding censorship. How do users assess censored content? What is censorship and digital security. Our findings indicate that the range of their reactions when they encounter existing circumvention tools were adequate for respondents to censorship? How does censorship affect the way they not access blocked information; that respondents relied to some only access but also produce information? extent on risky tool selection and inaccurate assessment of blocked content; and that attempts to take action with In addition to guiding more thorough anti-circumvention sensitive content on social media led to the most concrete strategies, these questions about users and censorship can threats with the least available technical defenses.