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Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 1 / 32 Historical Censorship INTERNET CENSORSHIP AND RESISTANCE Joseph Bonneau [email protected] (thanks to Steven Murdoch) Computer Laboratory Gates Scholars' Symposium 2010 Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 1 / 32 Historical Censorship He who controls the past controls the future, and he who controls the present controls the past —George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty Four, 1949 Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 2 / 32 Historical Censorship He who controls the past controls the future, and he who controls the present controls the past —George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty Four, 1949 Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 2 / 32 Information as a Human Right Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expres- sion; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without inter- ference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. —Article 19, UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 3 / 32 Information as a Human Right The final freedom, one that was probably inherent in what both President and Mrs. Roosevelt thought about and wrote about all those years ago, ... is the freedom to connect—the idea that governments should not prevent people from con- necting to the internet, to websites, or to each other... a new information curtain is descending across much of the world. —Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State (2010) Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 3 / 32 The Internet Dream The Net treats censorship as damage and routes around it. — John Gilmore, 1993 Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 4 / 32 The Internet Reality Diagram: robtex.com Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 5 / 32 Pervasive Censorship Reporters Without Borders Internet censorship ratings Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 6 / 32 Pervasive Censorship Herdict.com Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 6 / 32 Frequently Blocked Content International News Political Opposition Militant Groups Human Rights Religion Pornography Sex Education Homosexuality Drugs & Alcohol “Illegal” Content Hate groups Child pornography Copyrighted material BBC Witness identities Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 7 / 32 Frequently Blocked Content International News Political Opposition Militant Groups Human Rights Religion Pornography Sex Education Homosexuality Drugs & Alcohol “Illegal” Content Hate groups Child pornography Copyrighted material Falun Gong Witness identities Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 7 / 32 Frequently Blocked Content International News Political Opposition Militant Groups Human Rights Religion Pornography Sex Education Homosexuality Drugs & Alcohol “Illegal” Content Hate groups Child pornography Copyrighted material Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK) Witness identities Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 7 / 32 Frequently Blocked Content International News Political Opposition Militant Groups Human Rights Religion Pornography Sex Education Homosexuality Drugs & Alcohol “Illegal” Content Hate groups Child pornography Copyrighted material Human Rights in China Witness identities Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 7 / 32 Frequently Blocked Content International News Political Opposition Militant Groups Human Rights Religion Pornography Sex Education Homosexuality Drugs & Alcohol “Illegal” Content Hate groups Child pornography Copyrighted material Christianity.com Witness identities Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 7 / 32 Frequently Blocked Content International News Political Opposition Militant Groups Human Rights Religion Pornography Sex Education Homosexuality Drugs & Alcohol “Illegal” Content Hate groups Child pornography Copyrighted material Playboy Witness identities Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 7 / 32 Frequently Blocked Content International News Political Opposition Militant Groups Human Rights Religion Pornography Sex Education Homosexuality Drugs & Alcohol “Illegal” Content Hate groups Child pornography Copyrighted material Wikipedia Witness identities Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 7 / 32 Frequently Blocked Content International News Political Opposition Militant Groups Human Rights Religion Pornography Sex Education Homosexuality Drugs & Alcohol “Illegal” Content Hate groups Child pornography Copyrighted material Internatonal Lesbian & Gay Association Witness identities Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 7 / 32 Frequently Blocked Content International News Political Opposition Militant Groups Human Rights Religion Pornography Sex Education Homosexuality Drugs & Alcohol “Illegal” Content Hate groups Child pornography Copyrighted material TheSite.org Witness identities Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 7 / 32 Frequently Blocked Content International News Political Opposition Militant Groups Human Rights Religion Pornography Sex Education Homosexuality Drugs & Alcohol “Illegal” Content Hate groups Child pornography Copyrighted material Zundelsite.org Witness identities Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 7 / 32 Coming to a Country Near You? Leaked 2009 Blacklist: Poker Youtube videos Gay porn Wikipedia pages “Fringe” religions Euthanasia A tour operator A dental practice Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 8 / 32 Coming to a Country Near You? Leaked 2009 Blacklist: Poker Youtube videos Gay porn Wikipedia pages “Fringe” religions Euthanasia A tour operator A dental practice Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 8 / 32 Normal Web Browsing NORMAL WEB BROWSING (no proxy) WEB BROWSER ISP INTERNET User DNS Server DNS Server 1 2 3 4 Web Server 5 Router 6 1. User requests www.example.org/page.html 2. DNS lookup for www.example.org 3. Lookup response: www.example.org is 192.0.2.166 4. www.example.org is 192.0.2.166 5. Get web page: www.example.org/page.html at 192.0.2.166 6. Here is www.example.org/page.html Diagram: Jane Gowan Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 9 / 32 normal_no proxy.indd 1 3/19/07 8:56:55 PM DNS Blocking DNS TAMPERING WEB BROWSER ISP INTERNET User DNS Server DNS Server 1 2 Web Server Router 1. User requests www.example.org/page.html 2. DNS response: www.example.org does not exist Diagram: Jane Gowan Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 10 / 32 DNS_tampering.indd 1 3/19/07 8:56:18 PM IP Blocking IP BLOCKING WEB BROWSER ISP INTERNET User DNS Server DNS Server 1 2 3 4 5 Web Server 7 Router 6 1. User requests www.example.org/page.html 2. DNS lookup for www.example.org 3. Lookup response: www.example.org is 192.0.2.166 4. www.example.org is 192.0.2.166 5. Get web page: www.example.org/page.html at 192.0.2.166 6. Router drops all packets to 192.0.2.166 7. Browser concludes that www.example.org is inaccessible Diagram: Jane Gowan Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 11 / 32 IP blocking.indd 1 3/19/07 8:56:32 PM 404 Errors Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 12 / 32 Deep Packet Inspection Diagram: Jane Gowan Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 13 / 32 Connection Resets Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 14 / 32 Tradeoffs DNS blocking Cheap, very easy Over-blocks complete websites Trivial to bypass IP blocking Cheap, easy Over-blocks virtual hosting Deep Packet Inspection Expensive Tricky to get right Far more powerful Photograph: David Gaya Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 15 / 32 The Censorship-Industrial Complex Seven “Corporations of Interest,” EFF Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 16 / 32 Blocking Through Regulation ISPs Web service providers Search engines Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 17 / 32 Blocking Through Regulation “Tiananmen Square” on Google.com and Google.cn Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 17 / 32 Blocking Through Regulation You have got to decide do you want to obey the laws of the countries you are in or not? If not, you may not end up doing business there... Joseph Bonneau (University of Cambridge) Internet Censorship and Resistance May 15, 2009 17 / 32 Blocking Through Regulation You have got to decide do you want to obey the laws of the countries you are in or not? If not, you may not end up doing business there... Bill Gates Joseph Bonneau
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