Lewis and Clark Brochure 2 Corrected 10/4/07 5:12 PM Page 1 Back COVER o CO

Exhibit Sites LEWIS AND CLARK AND THE INDIAN COUNTRY In 1803, President Lewis and Clark and the Indian Country is being charged Meriwether Lewis, displayed at 23 libraries and four tribal centers and the with exploring throughout the U.S. For a schedule of exhibition locations and display times, please visit the and finding a route over http://www.ala.org/publicprograms; contact the the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. American Library Association Public Programs Office, Little was known about the North American 50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611; or call interior at the time. The British had mapped 1-800-545-2433, ext. 5045. the coastline north of , and Lewis and Clark and the Indian Country is a national European traders had described some traveling exhibition for libraries organized by the Newberry Library in partnership with the American Indian communities, but authoritative Library Association Public Programs Office. It is knowledge about the “Indian country” based on a major exhibition of the same name was scarce. mounted by the Newberry Library to mark the 200th anniversary of Lewis and Clark’s expedition. The Corps’ interactions with Indian T H E I N D I A N C O U N T R Y I N 1 8 0 0 To learn more about the exhibition, please visit country peoples brought together cultures 2 0 0 Y E A R S O F A M E R I C A N H I S T O R Y http://www.newberry.org/lewisandclark/ with very different world views, motivations In 1800, the Native American communities in the areas near the The traveling exhibition is supported by a grant and expectations. These differences had a Missouri and Columbia Rivers were thriving. They used the from the National Endowment for the Humanities: direct impact on the historic “Voyage of region’s abundant natural resources for food, clothing, tools and great ideas brought to life. Other major funding has come from the Discovery,” and continue to resound shelter; and traded for things they could not produce. Hunting, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The Sara Lee Foundation fishing, farming, and commerce were the foundations for tribal is the lead corporate sponsor. Ruth C. Ruggles and the National Park throughout Indian country and across prosperity. They had the social structures to educate their Service provided additional support. the . children, care for their elderly, and resolve community conflicts; Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in they had “a brilliant plan for living.” this brochure do not necessarily reflect those of the National

Endowment for the Humanities. Long before the Lewis and Clark expedition, Europeans and Portrait of Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) painted from life, 1807 (top) William Clark ( 1770-1838) painted from life, 1807-1808 (bottom) Courtesy of Independence National Historic Park other outsiders had an impact on the Indian country. Horses Curator: Frederick E. Hoxie, Swanlund Professor of History, A Traveling Exhibition to America’s Libraries A Map of Lewis and Clark’s Track Across the Portion originally brought by the Spanish were bred and exchanged University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign of North America from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean Ink and pencil on paper, 1811 throughout the region; steel tools, glass beads, and other European- Private Collection Project Director: Riva Feshbach, Newberry Library made goods were also traded. No single power dominated the Design: Chester Design Associates, , DC and Chicago region—it was governed by over- Tour Coordination: American Library Association Public Programs lapping networks of trade, travel Office, Chicago, IL and diplomacy.

(above) Peter Fidler (front cover) Ac ko mok ki’s Map of the River System of the Rockies, 1801 Landscape photography by Richard Mack, from Hudson’s Bay Company Archives: Archives of Manitoba The Lewis & Clark Trail: American Landscapes, 2004 (HBCA G.1/25) Quiet Light Publishing, Evanston, IL

Edward S. Curtis Karl Bodmer “Portrait of Nine Pipes (Flathead Leader),” in “ Village,” from Maximilian, Prince of Wied’s North American Indian Portfolio Travels to the Interior of North America Cambridge, MA: The University Press, 1907–1930 London: Ackermann & Co., 1843-44 Newberry Library Newberry Library Lewis and Clark Brochure 2 Corrected 10/4/07 5:12 PM Page 2

William Chaplis Related Readings C R O S S I N G T H E I N D I A N C O U N T R Y, 1 8 0 4 – 1 8 0 6 “Secretary of Interior, A. J. Krug, Signing Order T H E I N D I A N C O U N T R Y T O D AY to Finalize the Construction of Garrison Dam. Fort Berthold Tribal Leaders Weeping in the Background.” Calloway, Colin G. One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West The Corps of Discovery set off from Associated Press, May 20, 1948 Today Indian people living in the lands Courtesy of AP Photo/William Chaplis before Lewis and Clark. (University of Nebraska Press, 2003). Wood River, Illinois, on , 1804. visited by Lewis and Clark belong to two Hoxie, Frederick E. and Jay T. Nelson. As it traveled west to the Pacific in 1804 nations. They are Americans who work, pay Lewis and Clark and the Indian Country: The Native American and 1805 and returned to St. Louis in 1806, taxes and send their children to serve in the Perspective. (University of Illinois Press, 2008). the expedition crossed the traditional military. But they are also proud members of homelands of more than 50 Native A NEW NATION COMES TO THE INDIAN COUNTRY tribal nations who are determined to carry Moulton, Gary, Ed. American Encounters: Lewis & Clark, American tribes. Eager to learn as much on the traditions and values of their cultures. the People, & the Land. (Center for Great Plains Studies, as possible about the region’s geography and resources, and Little changed in the Indian country in the first years after University of Nebraska, 1991). Members of these communities are finding innovative ways to often needing directions and fresh supplies, the explorers Lewis and Clark’s journey. But the expedition opened Ronda, James. Lewis and Clark Among the Indians. revitalize and care for the Indian country. For example, tribes depended upon assistance from Native Americans. In fact, the America’s eyes to “The West” and convinced political leaders (University of Nebraska Press, 1984). along the are collaborating to restore and expedition would have failed without Native generosity, and entrepreneurs that national expansion was desirable. protect the waterways that play such an important role in the hospitality and information. For the most part, the people the Settlements increased throughout the region during the next On the Web lifecycle of the Pacific salmon. In other cases, tribal governments Corps met were generous and helpful. But the Americans did few decades, as traders, miners, ranchers, and farmers rushed are working with state and federal agencies to implement http://www.newberry.org/lewisandclark/ not always understand what they owed in return. westward into what they believed to be uninhabited land. The Newberry Library web site for the original exhibition. With the coming of the railroads, the transformation of the environmental protection plans for traditional homeland areas Indians had their own reasons for establishing relationships Indian country was completed. that are currently outside of reservation borders. http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/ with their visitors. Some Native groups felt threatened or The companion web site to the Ken Burns PBS series, excluded by neighboring tribes and saw the explorers as useful There was no place for Native Americans in the plans for There are also important innovations taking place in tribal The Journey of the Corps of Discovery. national expansion. As the new settlers demanded more and allies and trading partners. Tribes who had already established education. The percentage of Native Americans working as http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/ alliances with outsiders were often less welcoming. Although more territory, the treaties protecting tribal homelands were teachers in tribal schools has increased dramatically. As a result, The journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition web site the Corps and Indian people frequently had very different goals repeatedly broken. Mining, homesteading, ranching and the fur Indian-run schools are able to provide a home for preserving at the University of Nebraska Lincoln. for their meetings, encounters between them were successful trade all undermined the thriving, centuries old institutions of and teaching tribal culture and history. Schools such as when both parties appeared to achieve their objectives. the Indian country. Diseases such as smallpox decimated tribes, Nizipuhwahsin “Real Speak” School on the Blackfeet Indian Differing perspectives and assumptions, however, often led to and violent encounters between Indians and settlers were Reservation in northwest Montana offer children a complete misunderstandings. common. “Americanization” campaigns, especially at federally curriculum in the Blackfeet language. At the Fort Berthold regulated schools where only English could be spoken, sought Reservation in North Dakota, a community college founded by Upon their return to St. Louis, the members of the Corps of to suppress all aspects of traditional culture. By 1900, Native the Three Affiliated Tribes—Mandan, and — Discovery were viewed as experts on the Indian country. Their Americans found it almost impossible to maintain their is training community leaders and teachers. journals and maps greatly increased the public’s knowledge of traditional ways of life. the American west. However, their reports and impressions The cultures of the Indian country have survived in spite of the about the region and its inhabitants left out Indian voices and obstacles they have faced since their encounter with the Voyage perspectives and presented a distorted view of Native culture. of Discovery two centuries ago. “We are still here,” Indian people frequently find themselves repeating. (above) John Reich Jefferson Peace and Friendship Medal (silver) Philadelphia: John Reich, 1801 Newberry Library

(above) “Child Fishing along the Umatilla River (Oregon),” ca. 2002 Courtesy of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation

Unidentified Photographer (right) “Arikara Children: Susie Nagle and Mary Walker” “Student at Nizipuhwahsin ‘Real Speak’ School Fort Berthold Reservation, ca. 1890 Browning, MT,” ca.2002 Newberry Library Courtesy of the Piegan Institute