John C. Freemont's Expeditions Into Utah: an Historical Analysis of the Explorer's Contributions and Significance To

Home , Bow Mountain, Brigham Young, Donner Party, Edward Kern, Fremont Island, Hastings Cutoff

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1986-12-01

John C. Freemont's Expeditions into Utah: An Historical Analysis of the Explorer's Contributions and Significance ot the Region

Alexander L. Baugh Brigham Young University - Provo

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd

Part of the Mormon Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons

BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Baugh, Alexander L., "John C. Freemont's Expeditions into Utah: An Historical Analysis of the Explorer's Contributions and Significance ot the Region" (1986). Theses and Dissertations. 4511. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4511

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. JOHN C FREMONTS expeditions UTAH historical ANALYSIS EXPLOREREXPLORERS contributions significance REGION

thesis presented department history brigham young university

partial fulfillment requirements degree master arts

aleaiealenanderalexanderandtandi r L baugh december 10198686 thesis alexander L baugh accepted present form department history brigham young university satisfying thesis requirement degree master arts

B allenailen committee chairman

av er committee member

7 jez532 datejjz D michael quinn Ggraduateduatecuate coordinator00oordiadinator acknowledgementsACKNOWLEDGE MENTS

my sincere thanks must extended archivists librarians utah state university university utah brigham young university LDS church library historical department utah state historical society these people graciously helped me locate needed materials appreciation must extended my professors instructed me my masters program namely david J whittaker fred R gowans marvin hill ronald W walker R lanier britsch ronald esplin james B alienallenailen special thanks must go dr allenalienailen especially helpful kind offering historical expertise chairman my committee I1 must mention kennethklenneth w godfreygodfreyjgodfreyjr student LDSLDQ institute adjacent utah state university inspired me become student history aliail I1 express my sincere love my wife susan patient me concerning time commitment needed study research writing I1 express my fatherly love my daughters hellynellyneilyshellysaiSal amy lisa know firstfirsthandhand what like father involved graduate work I1 express my love my parents francis bernice baugh my professors home teachings taken root my heart

litiii111 TABLE CONTENTS fagepage acknowledgementsACKNOWLEDGE MENTS illustrations vi CHAPTER

iiiklk161.6 introduction I1 john C emontsfremontsfremonteFr significance explorer fremont utah 6 bibliographical review literature surrounding emontsfremontsfremonteFr activities utah 9 II11 FREMONTS 1843441843 44 expedition UTAH 17 background objectives 1843441843 44 expedition 17 fremont utah 1843 18 fremont utah 1844 37 summary 52 notes chapter II11 55 iliIII111 FREMONTS 1842 1843441843 44 expeditions MORMONS ILLINOIS 62 cormonsmormons look west 62 cormonsmormons acquire publish emontsfremontsfremonteFr writings 64

summary 4 77 notes chapter liiIII111

iv IV FREMONTS 1845 expedition UTAH 83 background objectives 1845 expedition 83 fremont utah 1845 87

summary 0 107 notes chapter IV 109log

V FREMONTS 1854 expedition UTAH 113 background 1853 54 expedition 113 fremont utah 1854 122 expeditions arrival stay parchan 134 carowanparowan postscript 149 geographic locations features named explorer 150 summary 150

notes chapter V 153 VI SUMMARY conclusions 161 bibliography 167

v illustrations

1 photograph fremont monument atop little mountain 27 2 1845 topographical map great salt lake 30 3 photograph o f cross carved kit carson fremont island 32 4 photograph fremont island 34 5 1845 fremont preuss map showing explorers route northern utah 16431843 36 6 1845 fremont preuss map showing explorers inaccurate conclusion northern southern boundaries great basin 42 7 1845 fremont preuss map showing explorers route through southern central eastern utah 1844 0 51 8 1845 fremont preuss map showing channel fremont incorrectly assumed connected utah lake great salt lake 72 9 1848 fremont preuss map showing correct relationship between utah lake great salt lake 73 10 photograph antelope island 93 11 photograph pilot peaipeakpeat 99 12 1848 fremont preuss map showing explorers route through utah 1845 106 13 1887 fremont map showing explorers route through utah 1854 148 14 photograph bronze figure john C fremont place monument 166

vi CHAPTER I1

I1 introduction

john C emontsfremontefremontsfremqnfsFr significance explorer john charles fremont celebrated noted explorers american west during period twelve years 184218541842 1854 personally led directed five western expeditions emontsfremontsfremonteFr renown explorer does lie fact first scene contrary almost three quarters century prior expeditions trappers mountain men joseph walker jedediah smith william sublette traversed west addition numerous western explorations already undertaken notables spanish fathers dominguez escalante 1776 meriwether lewis william darrdarkclarrclarknarr 180418061804 1e30601806 zebulon montgomery pike 180618071806 1807 astoriansastorianoAst orians led wilson price hunt robert stuart lellleilieli161118121811181216111811 1812 stephen H long leig1819 16201820 benjamin L E bonneville 183218351832 1835 mention few since many pathfinderspath finders went before him allan nevins labeled him americas great pathpathmarker1pathmarkermarkermarrenmarran although title appropriate fremont does entirely nor adequately portray

I1 2 real reason significance explorer john charles emontsfremontsfremonteFr distinction being esteemed explorer american west stems education scientific training background during formative years privileged schooled finest private institutions tutored best educators charleston south carolina age sixteen mastered subjects botany mathematics chemistry allowed enroll prestigious charleston college 1835 young age twenty two turned down appointment professor mathematics navy order assist railroad survey kentucky south carolina under direction lieutenantrichardlieutenant richard M white marked beginning exploration career following year autumn 1836 participated second survey under captain WG williams expedition ascertained boundaries north carolina tennessee georgia gave government idea concerning region case troops needed sent against disgruntled cherokees relocated FremontsfremontefremonfsfremontsFremonfsnes future explorer took turn better assigned chief assistant famous french scholar scientist joseph nicolas nicollet expedition upper mississippi 1838 dakota region missouri 1839 association nicollet while these two 3

expeditions marked beginning close personal professional friendship between two men during years 1838421838 42 nicollet personally trained john charles surveying botanical geological observation topograpicaltopographical work 1841 fremontpremont become proficient type work nicollet too ill personally lead survey des moines river fremont went place then 16421842 government allocated funds US army topographical corps engineerstoEngineer sto proceed survey south pass once again corpscorpus leaders hoped nicollet lead western expedition however health continued worsen until became obvious never recover Fremonfremontfe subsequently selected place events associated 1842 expedition brought him initial fame explorer expected nicollet died september 1843 recovered likely led expeditions brought fremont notoriety years followed john charles recognized former teacher giving him much credit success experienced explorer emontsfremontsfremonteFr historical prominence lies fact first thoroughly trained scientist explorer accurately map far west region standpoint approached explorations gathering quality newfoundnew found data example during 1842 1843441843 44 expeditions made 4 scientific calculations longitude latitude measurements based upon daily astronomical calculations order determine precise location windwi nd movements temperature readings atmosphere well strestreamsscreamsamsy springs major bodies water barametricalbaraparametricalmetrical readings employed cartographers compose meticulous topographical maps drawings major geographic landmarks addition collected countless rock flora animal specimens along trail prior fremontpremont west never explored manner completion second expedition 1844 scientist explorer set exploration standard western explorers subsequently followed him modeled patterned few exceptions west longer explored untrained uneducated john C fremont set important precedent future western exploration while emontsfremontsfremonteFr contributions scientist explorer cannot underestimated greatest influence may entire american populace following completion second expedition john charles returned washington where labored several months along wife jessie acted scribe compile field notes scientific calculations personal observations westwesh smooth flowing day day narrative written isomwhatsomewhatsom0whatisamisomtsam whatwhah romantickamanromanmaman eelabela faylaatyiafcyla characteristic early nineteenth century report 5

combined narratives o f 1842 16434418434416431843 44 expeditions inclusive detailed published authority act congress portions emontsfremontsfremonteFr narrative found way printing offices hundreds nations newspaper editors subsequently published excerpts travels columns widespread publicity FremontsfremontsfremontefremonfsFremo nfsnes expeditions news them reached much average citizenry although difficult determine john C fremont may publicized figure united states mid 1840s writings discoveries adventures farpar west often credited igniting flame westward expansionism while emontsfremontsfremonteFr celebrated scientifically acclaimed expeditions 1842 wind river mountains wyoming 1843441843 44 brought him interior rockies well pacific coast conducted three subsequent explorations west 1845 1848491848 49 18335418535418531833 54 while latter three expeditions significant influencing american public perhaps undertaken political reasons still fremont approached them scientific standpoint first foremost scientist each journeys regardless intent pursued scientific objectives 6

fremantfremontpremantpremont utah explorers connection area now known utah makes both informative fascinating narrative main focus paper fremont indeed impressed utahs unique geologic features diversity realized settlements definite possibilities numerous locations where water plentiful while american populace 1840s viewed california pacific northwest desirable area nation should acquire fremantfremontpremantpremont realized rocky mountain interior should overlooked quest nation stretching sea sea while clear arid area known great basin title given region fremont inferior terms agricultural productivity atlantic pacific regions explorer still concluded within basin element individual national wealth may found although exploration utah region never emontsfremontsfremonteFr main objective perhaps keen personal interest region caused great pathpathmarkermarker spend considerable amount exploration time area four separate occasions during three western expeditions emontsfremontsfremontePrFrpremonts first entry state occurred during late summer 1843 while second expedition final destination being oregon california company small contingency 7 expeditionary force group penetrated far south weber river near present site ogden main abjectiveobjective exploring company examine great salt lake surrounding territory during spring 1844 john charles men entered utah second time while return trip west coast objectives leg expedition define boundaries great basin obtain clearer understanding relationship between great salt lake tributary utah lake expedition entered utah extreme southwest portion state following old spanish trail northward leaving established trail central portion stateshate group proceeded far north southern end utah lake then headed east browns hole utah colorado border traversing region known today uinta basin upon completion second expedition john charles went washington where collaboration wife jessie wrote report 1842 18434416431843 44 expeditions treatise simply known emontsfremontsfremonteFr report initially published senate document therefore copyright issued report reprinted various independent publishers newspaper editors records indicate mormon leaders illinois able obtain copies befortbeportfiefieportbiedortport profoundly influenced reading explorers favorable 8 reports region soon john charles fremont completed manuscript publication begorreportereportybegon off yet another expedition third 1645 final destination california getting once again went through utah nearly retracing eastward trek through eastern portion state year before fremont entered utah traveling west through uinta basin descended utah valley following provo river stay vicinity two largest lakes utah lengthy approximately two weeks heading west along southern edge saline lake explorer marked path westward through utah nevada deserts trail came profound effect future western travelers seeking shortcut glitter gold californiacaicat ifornia 1853 54 fremont led expedition west backing father law senator thomas hart benton missouri hoped expeditionary force able locate central railroad route missouri pacific experiences within utahs confines occasion less desirable determined prove central railroad route logical course nations transcontinental railroad explorer led expedition through southern colorado plateau during dead winter traveling several weeks terrible inclement weather 9 little food party might very well met untimely death arrival southern utah mormon community Pacarowanparowanrowan doing research topic primary areas focus following 1 determine where possible emontsfremontsfremonteFr course travel while confines state 2 historically reconstruct significant events each expedition utah using primary sources included previous research thereby providing greater insight emontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFrFremonfsnosnog utah connection 3 determine what extent cormonsmormonsMor mons influenced emontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFrFremonfsnosnoa expeditions 4 examine historical geographical economical influence expeditions state

biblioqraphical2ibliograghicalbibliographical review literature surroundnoSurroundsurroundinqsurroundinginalnainq eremontsErremantsmontsemontsemonte activities utah reviewing secondary source materials fremont writer come conclusion three expeditions conducted utah 1843441843 44 1845 16541854 noted small degree relatively few number historians much written example best fremont biographies hildegarde thorneshawthornerhawthornesHaw born adventure story john charles fremont new yorkyorks D appleton century 1947 alice eyres famous emontsfremontsfremonteFr add america santa ana fine arts press 1481948 allan nevins Erfremontemont Pathpathmarkermarker west new york longmans green 1955 10 recent conclusive being ferol egans fremont explorer restless nation garden city doubleday 1977 include scant portion material explorers activities utah however writer understands problems associated biography limited portions fremont utah material found these narratives considered being acceptable practical biographical writing twenty year project conducted two thoroughly trained histarianshistoriansstarmansstariansoriansorlans culminated production comprehensive work FremontsfremontsfremonfsfremontefremaFremonfs expeditions simply entitled expeditions john charles fremanFremonfremonttp edited donald jackson mary lee spence urbanaurbanas university illinois press 1- 7701970 1973 1984 three volume set jackson spence able first time compile known available personal papers correspondence associated FremontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteframoFremonfsnosnog expeditions should noted majority material included jackson spences compilation already published previously example volume essentially reprint emontsfremontsfremontefremonfsFrFremoemontenfsnes 1842 1843441843 44 expeditions usually known simply FremontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFremonfsnos report document published republished underlinder various titles many times since initial printing 1845 thus bull- of what published necessarily new however editors included fremont narratives previously unpublished letters correspondence 11

espicexplorerexpiclerjer 111 1 inclusion these documents three volume work makes publication great worth another contribution donald jackson mary lee spence use footnotes identify geographic locations routes each five expeditions researchers traced virtually every step journeys explorer order know precise routes followed footnotes used editors give biographical historical commentary where needed research provided jackson spence proved helpful providing additional information concerning emontsfremontsfremonteFr utah connection work broad using sources journals companions newspaper accounts mormon documents writer able secure wealth additional source material william H goetzmann published two major historical works considerable information included fremontpremont under titles army exploration Omerift mericancaa west 180318631803 1863 new haven yale university press 1959 exploration empire explorer scientist 13 winninciwin2inqWin ninci american west new york knopf 1966 since john charles fremont commissioned officer army topographical engineers during first three expeditions 1842 1843441843 44 1845 explorer plays major part Goetzgoetsmannsgoetzmannsmanns reconstruction western exploration however reviewing Goetzgoetzmannsmanns 12 treatise john charles army exploration american west discovered historian examines emontsfremontefremonfsfremontsFrFremonfsnegnog expeditions relationship westward expansion manifest destiny theme brief mention emontsfremontsfremonteFr activitesactivities utah since emontsfremontsfremonteFr expedition utah 1853541853 54 private venture government sponsored goetzmann makes mention exploration latter work exploration end empire broad yet finitivedifinitivedefinitivedi study examines entire scope both private government sponsored western explorations during nineteenth century goetzmann includes considerable amount material FremontsfremontefremonfsfremontsfremaFremonfsnes expeditions once again inclusion pathpathmarkermarker treated somewhat general terms strength work Goetzgoetzmannsmanns model wherein divides eras western exploration three phases periods namely 1 exploration imperialism 180518451805 1845 11 period exploration part international competition occupancy west 2 great reconnaissance manifest destiny 184518601845 1860 period during explorers assisted emigration development western lands 3 exploration great surveys 186019001860 1900 period characteristic expeditions conducted intent accomplishing intensive scientific reconnaissances detailed inventories opinion writer emontsfremontefremonfsfremontsFrFremonfsneenoe 13 five expeditions properly classified Goetzgoetsmannsgoetzmannsmanns first two categories theoretical model slight clarification since emontsfremontsfremontefremont1sFr first three expeditions 16421842 16434418434416431843 44 1845 conducted during closing years first phase 180518451805 1845 beginning second 184518601845 1860 elements both imperialism manifest destiny motivation exploration discovery two expeditions 1848 49 1853541853 54 fit nicely Goetzgoetzmannsmanns manifest destiny category time frame these expeditions railroad surveys conducted during period US ownership essentially entire western region both undertaken hopes suitable route located tie east west together effective communication transportation system several authors published research explorers associations beehive state area earliest article appear fremont utah andrew love neffsgeffs john C fremont utah educational review 21 192843219284323333 458 gim61 49697496 97v97 53851538 51 neffsgeffs main weakness exclusive use fremont raportreport outside source material twenty years nefus article appeared david E miller published article entitled john C fremont great salt lake region stgrianhistoriansagrianiliilltji 11 19481419481426194814282628 like neff miller relies heavily upon emontsfremontsfremontefremonfsFrFremonfsnus report 14 narrative millers significant contribution article personal investigative research led finding exactly what happened FremontsFremontfremontsfremontefremont11 spy glass cover explorer mentioned having accidently left fremont island miller does detail emontsfremontsfremonteFr visit utah 18451645 1853541853 54 1731973 nevada w driggs published article deals exclusively emontsfremontsfremonteFr visit utah during 185354853.853541853541853 54 expedition entitled captian fremont slept grandma mcgregors besbedabedbedp utah Histohistoricalhistoriggrigg quarterly 41 spring 19732178197321788181 article deals simply incident supposedly occurred upon emontsfremontsfremonteFr arrival southern utah settlement carowanparowan continues remembered ethe McGregormcgregor3mcgregory3 family gives very little detail stay community recent article appear emontsfremontsfremontePrFrpremonts utah activities written mary lee spence coeditor study expeditions johajohnjoh3 charles fremont previously cited research written under title emontsfremontsfremonteFr utah utahhistoricalUtah Historical Ouartquarterlyerly 44 summer 197628630219762861976228630219762286 302 spence summarizes briefly explorers activities utah indicates focus much john charles wife jessie spence states writing merely touch expeditions penetrated utah note how jesslejessie waiting wife viewed them afar real weakness article spence occasionally seems 15 stray emontsfremontsfremonteFr utah theme lewis darkclarkmark christian conducting research masters thesis entitled study mormon knowledge american far west prior Extodusexodusexiodusextodus 1830 february 1846 11 MA thesis brigham young university 1972 discusses detail extent mormon leaders illinois read emontsfremontsfremonteFr report fremont way primary focus study christians thesis broad look specific topic greatest contribution analysis factors led cormonsmormansmormonsMor mons decision settle great basin exactly how decision eventually reached emontsfremontsfremonteFr writings many factors upon based decision however conducting present research study writer able locate additional source material sheds further light extent cormonsmormonsMor mons made use emontsfremontefremontsFrpremonfcs report prior departure illinois finally B gene ramseysRamseys dissertation entitled scientific exploration discovery great basin 183118911831 1891 phd dissertation brigham young university 1972 spends six pages fremont calls achievements great basin noteworthy extraordinary writer hopes discredit statement perhaps reason ramsey came conclusion narrative focuses primarily upon emontsfremontsfremonteFr botanical geologic contributions area 16 here again apparent contributions these areas just noteworthy CHAPTER II11

FREMONTS 18431043 44 expedition UTAH

background objectives 18434419434418431943 44 expedition 10 march 1843 lieutenant john charles fremont received official notice colonel JJ abert chief army topographical engineers head second expedition far west FremontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteframoFremonfsnesneg orders colonel abert concerning governments intended directions objectives expeditione defined general terms aberts main instructions fremont map survey headwaters arkansas boundary between mexican american borders colorado then do same territory lying west wind rivers wyoming columbia pacific 1 fulfillment these objectives provide government accurate definition boundary between US mexico emontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFrFremonfsnes 1842 survey area between kansas river wind river mountains combined projected 1843 44 survey area west wind rivers columbia fremont thereby provide detailed description along maps entire route missouri

17 18 pacific must noted however fremont took liberty expand scope mission expedition include least three objectives subsequently accomplished first proved sierra nevadas crossed during middle winter second determined agricultural economic potential central california finally examined named clearly defined boundaries great basin according father law senator benton fremont these additional objectives mind before embarking expedition benton wrote orders fremont received travel between state missouri tide water region columbia added senator small part what CFramantramontremontfremont proposed doing final objective clearly defining boundaries great basin brought fremont expedition utah during late summer 16431843 once again spring 16441844

fremont utah 1843 fremont thiry nine men consisting americans frenchmen two delaware indians left westport landing situated present day kansas city 292 may 1843 party traveled west kansas river until reaching republican here fremont went overland journey along tributariestributaries republican through what today 19 eastern kansas southwest Nebrasknebraskanebraskeav northeast colorado party eventually reached south platte river followed upstream where arrived st arainsvrains fort fourth july fremont content stay long two daydays later left fort continued proceed lipuip south platte southward towards village pueblo arkansas river reaching arkansas direction objectives expedition arriving pueblo fremontpremont satisfied observations calculations returned st arainsvrains fortport arriving july 23 during second stay fort john charles decided take part expedition proceed northwest route through what today roosevelt national forest colorado east side medicine bow mountain range wyoming traveling direction expedition eventually reached north platte sweetwater river south pass well traveled oregon trail august 21 expedition followed big sandy river downstream crossed green blacks forrforkporkpankpanr hams farrforrforkporkporr followed muddy upstream reached banks thebearthebeauBear river 3 order accomplish objective exploring great basin name fremontpremont gave region may 1844 return leg expedition explorer realized great salt lake must explored wrote examination great lake principal feature geographical interest basin 20

main objects general plan our survey 4 fremont considered exploration great salt lake important success entire expedition upon bartyspartys arrival big bend bear river left oregon trail period twenty fourtaurtourour days august 26 september 18 order lake might explored evident fremont very curious great salt lake numerous legends reports circulated upon arrival bear river western wyoming lieutenant knew river eventually lead expedition lake wrote now entering region us possessed strange extraordinary interest upon waters famous lake forms salient point among remarkable geographic features country around vague superstitious accounts trappers thrown delightful obscurity anticipated pleasure dispelling mean time left crowded field excerciseexcercise our imagination

hitherto lake seen trappers wandering through country search new beaver streams caring very little geography islands never visited none found entirely made circuit shores instrumental observation geographical survey description ever made where neighboring region generally supposed visible outlet among trappers including those my own campcampscampo many believed somewhere surface terrible whirlpool through waters found way ocean subterranean communication these things made frequent subject discussion our desultory conversations around fires night my own mind 21

become tolerably well filled indefinite pictures insensibly colored romantic descriptdescriptorsdescriptonsons pleasure excitement I1 well disposed believe half expected realize ss fremont men caught first glimpse utah area while following bear river where river makes course just few miles north bear lake although lieutenant made mention seeing expansive lake narrative member expedition theodore talbot described picturesque body water ind vallevevaileyvalley talbotstalboysTal bots words suggest well aware valleys beauty reputation tasty fish wrote descending found ourselves long valley hills either side far southern extremity valley see waters little lake nearly encompassed mountains celebrated beautiful scenery fine mountamountn esicecsic3esic3 trout expedition continued follow course bear northward until reaching landmarks beer steamboat springs near what today soda springs idaho fremont fascinated these two natural springs named acid taste water beer springs reminded travelers beer sound water coming openings ground steamboat springs sounded like steam engine y near location august 26 instead proceeding towards ft hall pathpathmarkermarker left oregon trail order explore 22 inland sea fremont took several men him followed bear river southward camped just west where preston idaho today those men expedition going lieutenant went ft hall stayed until leader returned utah area expedition followed bear way great salt lake thus entered utah way scenic cache valley around august 29 instead fremont left bear near preston proceeded west until coming malad river called roseauroseaux reed river following malad southward expedition crossed 42nd parallel utah september 1 camped three hundred yards above where malad flows bear 0 mouth malad rather large rubber boat unpacked perhaps intended use craft assist ferrying equipment across rivers streams point expedition mention made fremont having used boat seems major reason unusual item brought along purpose exploring great salt lake without boat unless makeshiftmake shift constructed site thorough exploration lake impossible john charles described detail boats characteristics among useful things formed portion our equipage india rubber boat 18 feet long made somewhat form bark canoe 23 northern lakes sides formed two airtightair tight cylinders eighteen inches diameter connected others forming bow stern lesson danger accidents boat these divided four different compartments interior space sufficiently large contain five six persons considerable weight baggage P fremont thought perhaps lake close enough days paddling bring him shores basil lajeunesse proceeded down bear boat while rest party went overland while quietly paddling down bear john C lajeunesse came across several families indians lieutenant called root diggers either southern shoshone snake indians members koshutegoshute tribe lo10 fremont seems fascinated primitiveness these indians described them being almost entirely naked having rather large heads matted hair looking little knowledge anything must felt empathy towards them promised send men back goods trade them 11 several hours paddling two men cached boat effects nearby willows having discovered winding course bear river brought them few miles direct line 130.0 evening fremont lajeunesse walked fifteen miles caught rest party two days later several men sent back retriveredrive boat cached goods these men returned brought them small quantity roots meat root 24 diggers exchanged them indians told men meat bear meat tvs pathmarkerspath markers narrative silent concerning date september 2 however writings september 3 clearly indicate company bear river delta passed what today bear river migratory bird refuge charles preuss cartographer expedition reported never seen many birds together sounds like distant thunder rise them far small good tasting ducks kind snipe plover 113 fremont echoed what preuss recorded how birds sounded like thunder added area animated multitudes water fowl appear very wild rising space mile round sound gun 10 even before leaving oregon trail northern bend bear expeditions provisions low men feasted abundance ducks geese proved timely nourishment september 5 fremont left bear river delta proceeded southward course east lake somewhat parallel wasatch mountain range travels during day brought him small stream pure remarkably clear water appropriately named clear creek 1 6 now willard creek first geographic feature explorer named utah region during same day near present bahbanboxBOH elder weber county line company noticed ten twelve hot springs 25 temperature two springs measured calculated 136 13251325132.5 respectively 17 party continued evening expedition arrived location weber river mile south what now plain city made camp night although perimeter lake several days men still seen lake due fact traveled low lying areas where much view lake obscured plant life just high enough ground see lake emontsfremontsfremonteFr first view lake occurred morning september 6 expedition left camp weber river john charles directed men butte now called little mountain where saw first time object search fremont compared himself balboa recorded impressions seeing vast sheet water before him atterlatterlaftercafter ascending summit immediately our feet cwe3ewe3eweg beheld object our anxious search waters inland sea stretching still solitary grandeur far beyond limit our vision great points exploration looked eagerly lake first emotions excited pleasure I1 am doubtful followers balboa felt enthusiasm heights andes saw first time great western ocean certainly magnificent object noble terminus part our expedition travellerstravellers long shut among mountain ranges sudden view expanse silent waters something sublime 10165163 eamasamasame location atop little mountain monument measuring sixteen feet height erected dedicated 26

3 october 1933193.3 commemoration emontsfremontsfremonteFr explorations o f lake see photograph page 27 september 7 spent outfittingoutwittingfitting company five men consisting fremontfremontnfremonteFremon tn charles preuss kit carson baptiste bernier basil lajunesse these men actual members expedition explored lake francis badeau baptiste derosier jacob dodson free black man reimarelmarhimaremainedined behind main camp conversation around campfire during evening centered many legends circulated indians well white men lake conversation seemed heighten fears anxiety men explore lake following day 20 before departure morning september 8 men equipped rubber boat sextant telescope spy glass thermometer barometer blankets three air tight bags each holding approximately five gallons fresh water fremont expected reach mouth weber river then explore lake during daydayt loitered much way combined fact two cylinders leaked much require man constantly bellows keep them sufficiently full air support boat party made within mile lake 321 september 9 eventful day fremont spent fifteen days traveling great salt lake leaving oregon trail probably never projected 27

photograph o f fremont monument atop little mountain

71rn7.1 711791ME

photographphototphotos jraphjralph 0 f monument erected atop little mountainmount ainalnlin weber county honor john charles fremont utah pioneer trails landmark association unveiled dedicated mormon apostle george albert smith 4 october 13318319831933 fremont island seen background photograph courtesy o f utah state historical society 28

use much time trying reach lake upon arrival mouth weber river lieutenant directed crews course island five miles distant west journey across lake boat island took several hours df particular concern during sojourn seams air compartments kept rubber boat afloat halfway across two divisions between cylinders gave way required constant use bellows keep sufficient quantity air 1323221 however spite boats faulty construction party made safely islands shores arriving island FremontsfremontsfremontefremonfsframaframoFremonfsnes attention centered accumulation dark brown substance ten twenty feet wide seven eight inches thick deposited shore described accumulation being larvae insect worm washed ashore water 231 probably actually describing larve brine fly two species brine fly specie brine shrimp known visible forms life exsist lake 2 government explorer howard stansbury explored lake seven years later 1850 encountered fly larvae words reveal much unpleasant meeting these pests stansbury reportedreportedsreportreporterseds wading shore struggled through deep soft dark colored mass what first appeared ooze slimy mud upon examination proved 29

consist almost solely larvae insects upon bottom producing disturbed offensive nauseous adourodour mass foot thickness extended several yards shore belt soft black mud knee deep lay between water hard rocky beach seemed impregnated villanous smells natures laboratory capable producing nis afternoon lieutenant men ascended bare rocky peak island scientific calulationscalucalculationslations taken peak determined eight hundred feet above surface water sss2s location expeditions cartographer charles preuss drew detailed highly accurate topographical map great salt lake see map page 30 while atop peak fremont expressed almost resistableirirresistibleirresistable desire explore lake further lateness season frail conditions boat decided explore lake further 472274 third government expedition conducted 1845 john charles spent two weeks vicinity great salt lake indicating merely passive interest remarkable dead sea following bartyspartys descent atop island peak fremontpremont realirealizedsedzed left cover spyglass somewhere mountain explorer apparently content leave behind rather attempt another ascent recover wrote 1 I accidently left summit brass cover object end my spyglass probably remain undisturbed indians 30

1845 topographical map great salt lake

SCALE 1I1 10006001000400 topographical map great salt lake made expeditions cartographer charles preuss map published 18451645 emontsfremontsfremonteFr report 1842 1843441843 44 expeditions 31 furnish matter speculation future travellertravelbravel lerier 1100 1850 stansbury made search cover while party island unable find missing piece 0ssyassy during years follow island visitors familiar emontsfremontsfremonteFr story losing cover piece must searched well piece subsequently found mormon rancherrancherpchery present whereabouts again unknown 5030 another item interest surrounding visit island fremont four men cross carved rackrock located near summit years speculation existed concerning just carved cross early reports circulated suggested catholic priests may visited island prior fremont cross carved them still reports suggested perhaps mark made mormon visited island soon cormonsmormons arrived salt lake valley although fremont made mention cross report famous kit carson four men accompanied lieutenant island reported carson carved cross carson said ascended mountain under shelving rock liylly113 cut large cross day 3111 large cross actually seven inches high still clearly visible see photograph page 32 prior departing mainland fremont took another barometrical measurement shore calculated 32

photograph cross carved kit carson fremont island

photograph seven inch cross made kit carson shelving cocirockcock atop fremont island while vicinity great salt lake 16431843 photograph courtesy utah state historical society 33

lake 4200 feet above sea level named island disappointment island 3227 charles preuss stated expected game did find 33 second geological feature john charles named utah region although island known name disappointment island very long arrival cormonsmormons valley renamed island castle island geologic formation resembled something like ancient castle however name did riot many years either howard stansbury visited island 1850 renamed island honor fremont 3 4 island still bears emontsfremontsfremonteFr name see photograph page 34 five men spent night island safe secure indians predators fremontpremont recorded strangeness our situation excitement felt associated interests place made interesting nights I1 remember during our long expedition 315 leaving island next day september 10 proved difficultdiffibiffi aultcultauit coming strong headwindshead winds caused forward motion slowed considerably waves put added stress already weakened boat kitklit carson said fremont urged us pull our lives saying did reach shore before storm commenced surely perish ll3i much day spent paddling back 34 photograph fremont island

photograph fremont island waew visited bv explorer 1843 fremont named island disappointment island however government explorer howard stansbury visited island 1850 renamed honor fremont 35

mainland conditions men gave shout joy boat finally reached shallow water 37asvmtv upon reaching shore fremont sent two men back foot main camp bring back horses haul back boat equipment before proceeding main camp explorer scientist took sample water lake used analyze lakes contents following day before beginning return trip boiled approximately five gallons lake water down open fire evaporated yielded fourteen pints salt fremont then did analysis salt determined 978097.80 parts per hundred chloride common salt concluded lake saturated solutionI1 ut i 11501950 12 september late day party began return trip ft hall where main body men expedition waiting fremont recorded party returned nearly same route travelled coming lake 11 approximately september 14 four days having departed lakes shores expedition crossed northern utah border idaho september 18 arrived ft halhaihallhailhali 1 ao total john charles spent approximately two weeks september 1141 14 within present confines northern portion state utah see map page 36 concluded point time fremont well claim distinction having done 36

1845 fremont preuss map showing explorers route northern utah 1843

fremont teaktenk

C 8vav CZ

N J- AV stitsiltsjitajit

65141

niinilnei eokMOK el

ro7roa

1waw 77NN

tat3 1waw

portion 1845 fremont preuss map 1842 1843441843 44 expeditions dark solid line indicates route 0 expedition while northern utah region 1843 37

previous explorer traveler traversed northern utah region bringing light geographical physical descriptions bear river great salt lake regions historian david E miller summarized well contributions fremontpremontpremone made result visit utah 1843 first white man known visited great salt lake island first compute altitudaltitude geographic location lake points first map lake less accurately first analyze waters first name islands first make official soundings depth survey stimulated further exploration great basin cand finally heahe3 first give accurate reliable information conceringconcedingcon cering whole regioneg i i-I-1 lI

fremantfremont utah 1844 fremont departed ft hall september 22 followed snake river until reaching ft boise situated junction snake boise rivers present border idaho oregon two weeks later proceeding overland journey through blue mountains oregon government men arrived marcus whitmanswhitmannwhitmans mission near walla walla washington reaching columbia emontsfremontsfremonteFr nettnext destination dalles where arrived november 5 prom here lieutenant handful men canoed down columbia ft vancovervanvancouvercover where fremont arrived november 8 here met john mcloughlin head hudson bay company northwest arrival ft vancovervanvancouvercover fremont 38 fulfilled orders colonel JJ abert here simply retraced steps returned east however explorers intentions otherwise dalles fremont traveled due south along eastern slope cascade mountains near klamath lake expedition headed south southeast northwestern nevada making almost complete circle along eastern slope sierras central nevada california fremont finally chose proceed cross formidable mountains slightlykightlyslightly south lake tahoe took expedition middle january first part month march travel through sierras sutterssuttersSutlersleretere fort leaving fort during latter part march fremont journeyed through sacramento san joaquin valleys upon striking mojave river explorer old spanish trail enroute utah once again within eight months first visit john C came once again utah area return leg 1843 44 fourteen month long expedition fremont entered state second time approximately 10 may 1844 while following virgin river upstream extreme southwest portion state near where community st george today lieutenant recorded men immediately began display lively spirit noticeable change countryscountrys surroundings greener terrain southern utah welcome sight 39 having traveled far several weeks through dry bleak barren territory eastern california southern nevada fremont wrote seem entered different climate country longer distressingly desolate 47sa may 12 company advanced northward santa clara river pastoral area low lying mountains 1857 became scene bloody massacre emigrants passing through utah way california commonly known mountain meadows area resting spot travelers old spanish trail before proceeding through southern nevada desert regions although4 th1.1 ough fremont traveling opposite direction meadows served expeditions needs place rest recuperation wrote found here extensive meadow rich bunch grass fresh numerous springs clear water refreshing delightful look upon wash fact las vegas de santa clara long present us terminating point desert where annual caravan california new mexico halted recruited weeks very suitable place recover fatigue exhaustion months suffering hot sterile desert meadow mile wide ten mile long bordered grassy hills mountains 44 leaving meadows fremont descended broad escalante valley viewing vast expanse west fremont realized chain mountains east nameiynamely southern colorado plateau wasatch mountain ranges formed east rim basin during winter 1843441843 44 lieutenant explored crossed 40 sierras accurately concluded these mountains formed western boundary report fremont appropriately designated geographic region great basin name region continues known gloria griffen cline book exploring great basibebibabibasinD clearly defines what fremont part limited understanding defines great basin followfollowsss great basin deserves many ways name john charles fremont applied 1844 adjective great appropriate basin encompasses area approximately 210000 square miles measures 880 miles length north south nearly 572 miles width broadest part spite implication name however great basin single cup shaped depressdepresssionsion surrounded mountains instead series 90 basins separated each 160igo ranges north south trend vary length thirty hundred miles 474 7 examination map charles preuss produced following 1842 1843441843 44 expeditions shows relatively little information interior basin obvious fremont clearly understood relationship wasatch southern colorado plateau ranges sierra nevadas farmingformingearming eastern western boundaries land interior drainage however 1848 preuss combined produce yet another topographical map western united states region two inaccurately placed two mountain ranges running east west both northern southern extremities basin john charles obviously under assumption since area outlet sea since basin 41 clearly eastern western boundary must bordered northern southern range mountainsmountains5mountainsh5 see map page 42 designating area between western rockies eastern sierras great basin fremont dispelled myth persisted decades being river flowed rockies pacific mythical river usually known referred buenaventura began appear maps following dominquesdominquez escalante expedition 1776 during expedition spanish fathers upon emerging

cha wasatch rangeW believed warswece chechaeha western slope continental divide waters assumed flawedflowed pacific prooprom observations utah valley bernardo mierami eraara y pacheco cartographer expedition drew large river flowing towards west body water known larelakslake timpanogosTimpanogos lake mierami era depicted being great salt lake utah lake lake although miera entitled mythical river rio timpanogosTimpano gos included another river maps called rio san buenaventura actually green river since trans rocky mountain west part continent thoroughly explored numerous american european cartographers 1776 until publication FremontsfremontsfremontefremopremonfsPremonfsnobnos 1845 map continued depict river maps showed river flowing rockies pacific depicted flowing lake 42 1846 fremont preuss map showing explorers inaccurate conclusion northern southern boundaries great basin

portion fremont preuss map 1848 presented congress explorers geographical memoir upon upper california arrows point east west mountain ranges fremont presumed formed northern southern boundaries great basin 43 great salt lake coast while still others river flowing pacific means subterranean passage cartographers maps varied concerning name waterway names timpanogosTimpanogos san beunaventuraBeun aventura both used almost equally however time fremont arrived scene during 1840s1840ps name commonly used buenaventura 9 although mountain men guides explorers mapmakersmap makers did believe fabled river prior fremontfremonfls 1843441843 44 expedition pathpathmarkermarker must given credit dispelling myth river flowing rockies pacific first foremost john charles first person travel almost entire circumference great basin declaring communication sea second although cartographers prior fremont did include maps mythical river knowledge area between sierras rockies based upon secondhandsecond hand information whereas fremont personally explored region himself finally following publication emontsfremontsfremonteFr 1845 map subsequent maps published longer included western waterway emontsfremontsfremonteFr findings conclusions short buenaventura timpanogosTimpano gos river virtually disappeared maps reading report appears fremont may believed buenaventura actually 44 existed lieutenants father law thomas H benton said fremont believed river existed senator even went far record while ft vancoverVanvancouvercover john mclaughlin made map explorer showing approximate location river john charles intended reach before dead winter make encampment upon 00 fremont made mention mythical river least seven occasions report first four entries leave impression every intention 7 finding river indeed searching 01 three entries reveal explorer eventually abandoned idea existence river 15asb seven entries appear narrative while fremontpremont vicinity sierra Nevadnevadasalsaln indicating where doubt thought river find passage indeed existed since narrative silent river while expedition northern utah region vicinity great salt lake 1843 apparently believed river originated location wasatch front 03 even though fremont produced conclusive evidence buenaventura did exist following circumference great basin without skeptics doubter included james K polk elected president year explorer returned second expedition early spring 1845 john charles interesting meeting polk concerning 45 recent explorations emontsfremontsfremonteFr memories meeting follows change administration march I1 accompanied benton visit Presidenpresidenttv polk speaking him interesting facts geography west I1 mentioned I1 shortly before library congress drawn map stand giving united states territories found great salt lake represented connected pacific ocean three great rivers discharging columbia river northwestern end another southwestern end head gulf california third middle western side lake running westward breaking through sierra nevada discharging bay san francisco bearing mind account given me vancouver buenaventura river known fact great colorado existence large streams flowing lake easy see how reports trappers scattered region seen widely separated parts might connected together compilation maps give lake these outlets president seemed moment sceptical exactness my information disposed conservative evidently respected ancient chaos western geography existed old maps like secretary found me young said something impulsiveness young men satisfied own mind those three rivers running laid down 1111510 fremont doubt confident conclusions mythical river seems too concerned relatively few non believers even president united states time way bearing truth very fact buenaventura literally vanished maps following 16434418434416431843 44 expedition illustrates men explored west fremont agreed findings concerning river correct accurate 46

upon emerging escalante valley emontsfremontsfremonteFr next objective reach utah lake proceeding northward parallel course mountains east lieutenants journey through southern central utah generally followed much same course interstate 15 follows today near present day newcastle southern utah famed mountaineer joseph reddefordRed deford walker joined expedition hired act guide along kit carson fremont placed date walkers arrival being may 12 155 whereas preuss states being may 14 17 regardless date walker welcome addition company walker spent 1020s1820s 30s west where participated fur trade acted guide explorers bonneville emigrants done exploring own knowledge familiarity remote west great aid lieutenant fremont during remainder expedition ironically may 20 expedition encountered walkers namesake chief walker anglicized bakarawakara band ute indians near present day fillmore fremont perhaps fortunate travelers along spanish trail chief walker known plunder passing parties however emontsfremontsfremonteFr expedition able pass without serious incident fact left quite friendly terms lieutenant recorded meeting chief 47

may 20 met band utah indians headed well known chief obtained american english name walker quoted well known mounted armed rifles use rifles well chief fusee carried slungsiung addition rifle journeying slowly towards spanish trail levy usual tribute upon great california caravan robbers higher order those desert conducted depredations form under color trade toll passing through country instead attacking killing affect purchase taking horses like giving something nominal return chief quite civil me personally acquainted namesake our guide made my name known him knew my expedition 1842 takenstokenstakong gicgizcsickcsic3sic friendship proof met proposed interchange presents great store choose gave me mexican blanket I1 gave him very fine I1 obtained vancouver c3ca charles preuss account fremont walker meeting adds bit flavor incidentincidents you chief I1 am too said utah indian fremont exchanged gifts woolen blankets bad should evaluate exactly price you present me yours I1 present you mine finefine1313 arrival expedition sevier river may 23 government party reached major river crossing before proceeding utah valley dominguez escalante named sevier river lake expedition 1776 fremont well aware names given these two water sources spanish fathers refers them report well 1845 map however upon return 1843441843 44 expedition john charles learned september 1843p1843 joseph nicolas nicollet man trained tutored 48 him field scientific exploration passed away 1848 fremont obviously desired nicalletsnicolNical letslees name attached geographic landmark nestwest presented geographic memoir upon upper california US senate year renamed sevier river lake honor friend teacher nicolletnicol letlehieh 150 unfortunately fremont names nicollet river nicollet lake either short lived likely never caught since both river dry lake bed continue known name sevier sevier fatality occurred expedition members men francois badeau killed instantly gun accidently discharged buried banks river sas1 morning may 25 two days having crossed sevier expedition arrived utah valley where camped two days spanish fork river before departing valley may 27 fremont encountered numerous utah indians near lake tribe able obtain fresh fish called salmon trout 11922 lieutenant especially impressed fertile utah valley numerous streams flowed lake wrote lake bordered plain where soil generally good greater part fertile watered delta prettily timbered streams excellent locality stock farms generally covered good bunch grass abundantly produce ordinary grains 3 49 almost sixty years prior emontsfremontsfremonteFr arrival fathers dominguezdomingues escalante visited utah valley reading calantesescalantesEs journal reveals too particularly impressed agricultural potential utah valley calantesescalantesEs description area surrounding utah lake strikingly parallel emontsfremontsfremonteFr although fathers description detailed lieutenanlieutenantstst both explorers mention narrative abundance water mountain streams fertile valleys ability produce sufficient crops land being suitable pasture herds livestock escalante described utah valley these words litcitlih isr surrounded sierras heights four medium sized rivers water emerge flowing through until enter lake middle southwest northeast valley floor flat exception marshes along lakes edges very good farmland quality kinds crops plenty firewood timber adjacent sierra surrounds many sheltered spots waters pasturagespasturages raising cattle sheep horses 4 spending two days utah valley fremont seen desired utah region least year wasted time proceeding through eastern utah emontsfremontsfremonteFr account travels through eastern part state somewhat uneventful narrative merely describes route expedition traversed jesarsses61 government force exited utah valley through spanish fork canyon may 27 exactly week 50 later arrived fort uinta called fort dintywinty fort robidoux named antoine robfobPobrobidouxidoux uinta river charles preuss mentions during week took reach fort kit carson bought ute indian bayboy twelve fourteen years age forty dollars carsons intent purchasing bayboy good since hoped few years training capable stealing horses preuss mentioned trying cross swollen mountain streams extremely difficult due high runoff water rapid lake fortforiforrforkfock river men animals lose footing receive cold baptism pack animal swept away swift current preuss notes water rapid day night hear rumbling rocks carries down 3 expedition arrived fort uinta june 3 stayed day half leaving fort june 5 company traveled twentyfivetwenty five miles northeast

direction camped ashley creelcreekcreerC two days later afternoon june 7 fremont crossed green river arrived browns hole near present day utah colorado border see map page 51 total during 1843441843 44 expedition fremont spent forty two days within confines utah fourteen days september 1141 14 exploring northern portion state 1843 twenty eight days may 10 june 7 traversing southern centracentrallv eastern portions 1844 51

1845 fremont preuss map showing explorers route through southern central eastern utah 1844

K 0 ni

TA 14 1 N D IA N

portion 1845 fremont preuss map 1842 1843 44 expeditions dark solid line indicates route expedition while southern central eastern utah regions 1844 52

leaving utah region pathpathmarkermarker content return east familiar territory browns hole explored north middle south park regions central colorado before arriving pueblo june 28 bents fortfontport june 30 leaving bents fortport five days later fremont followed arkansas eastward until reaching northern bend prom here expedition journeyed overland smoky hill river followingfolfoiFal lowing smoky downstream subsequently brought company kansas river well known sante fe trail august 6 fourteen months expedition officially began fremont weary men landed st louis

summary emontsfremontsfremonteFr entries utah 1843 16441844 while conducting second expedition far historically significant four visits made region summary several factors contributed importance 1 thorough exploration great salt lake main objectives 16434418434416431843 44 expedition 2 exploration great salt lake sufficient importance period 14 days spent order accomplish exploration 3 fremont gave accurate description utahs geography named several geographic features namely clear creek willard creek nicollet river 53

sevier river nicolletnicol letiet lake sevier lakeolarelakelakesjakeo disappointment island fremont island although none these features continues bear names given explorer latter renamed honor 4 fremont gave accurate description various indian tribes utah area 5 fremont first explorer take scientific readings region 6 fremont made first known visit islands great salt lake 7 expedition left physical evidence area spy glass cover cross inscribed fremont island 8 fremont first explorer scientifically analyze great salt lakes contents 9 fremont understood relationship wasatch southern colorado plateau ranges sierra nevadas appropriately named region great basin same time inaccurately assumed east west ranges existed northern southern extremities basin clearly defining eastern western borders great basin explorer dispelled existence mythical buenaventura river 10 emontsfremontsfremonteFr description evaluation region vicinity utah lake similar 54 previous expedition parties fathers dominquesdominquez escalante shortshorty 1844 fremont knew utah region previous government explorer having traversed northern southwestern central northeastern regions state upon completion expedition lieutenant continued washington DC where wife jessie diligently labored several months prepare manuscript copy report published 1845 hailed many being greatest document western exploration ever produced particular group interested western regions explored fremontpremont cormonsmormons illinois almost very time fremont completing second expedition mormon people seeking place refuge free religious persecution church leaders subsequently able obtain emontsfremontsfremonteFr report time america perhaps group people profoundly influenced emontsfremontsfremontePrFrpremonts observations writings west latter day saints 55

notes chapter jlII11 1 letter JJ abertabortobertobort chief army corps topographical engineers john C fremont 10 march 1843 located records office chief engineers washington DC letter published john charles fremont expeditions john charles fremont ed donald jackson mary lee spence urbanaUr banaibanat university illinois press 1970 1160611160 61 2 thomas hart benton thirty years view history wartWortwarrworkingking american government thirty years 1820 1850 chiefly taken frog congress debates private papers general jackson speeches ex senator benton historical notes illustrations notices eminent deceased contemporaries senator thirty years new york D appleton company boston F parker 1854561854 56 2580 3 memorial marker erected near evanston wyoming commemorating site where expedition made encampment bear river 4 john charles fremont raportreport exploring expedition rocky mountains year 1842 gregonoregon north california years 1843441843184 44 brevet captain JC fremont topographical engineers under orders col jg abert chief topographical bureau printed JJorder senate united states washington gales seaton 18451645 p 13913 report initially published senate document 28th congress 2nd session senate executive document 174 serial 461 copyright issued report numerous publishers reprinted document under various titles

5 ibid v appp 132 33 6 theodore talbot journals theodore talbot 1843 1849521849 52 fremont expedition 1843 first military company oregon territory 1841852184184918521849 1852 ed charles H carey portlandPort landilands metropolitan press 1311931 p 44 7 fremontpremont report appp 13536135 36 8 ibid p 147 9 ibid 10 see james hervey simpsinssimpsonsSimp sons shortest route california illustrated history exploration great basin utah topographical geological 56 character account indian tribes brevet briomriamrlabrig beneralgeneral JHJM simpsonbimpson philadelphia1 L JBT t 1 lippincottI1 JJ JJJ J company 1869 appp 444844 48 11 fremont report p 148 12 ibid 13 ibid p 149 14 charles preuss exploring Frfremontemot private diaries charles preuss cartographer john C fremont firstfirsts second fourth expeditions far west trans ed erwin G elisabeth K gudde norman university oklahoma press 19581956 appp 878887 88 15 fremont report p 149 16 ibid p 150 17 ibid since late 1860s these springs usually known utah hot springs 1880 ranson H slater purchased site territorial receiver utah 400 built bathing resort lbb91889 slater sold resort property ogden &8 hot springs railway health resort company hot springs sold 1892 again 1901 continued visited enjoyed patrons years springs since fallen disuse see milton R hunters beneath ben mondslamondslomondslqmqndsLo mands peak ft history weber county 18241200182419001824 150012001900lyoo salt lake citescitycitys publishers press 1966 appp 23637236 37 18 fremont report p 151 19 see throng gathers unveiling fremontpremont marker salt lake tribune 4 october 1933 mormon apostle future president chruch george albert smith master ceremonies time president utah pioneer trails landmarks association 20 fremont report p 152 21 ibid appp 15253152 53

22 ibid ppm 1545554a 23 ibid 24 dale L morgan great salt c lake alberquerquealburquerque university new mexico press 1973 p 376 57

25 howard stansbury exploration survey valley great salt lake utah including reconnoissance new route through rocky mountains howard stansstansburyury captain corps topographical engineeedgineeengineersrs US army printed order house representatives united states washington robert amrstrong 1853 p 164 26 fremont report p 155 27 ibid kit carsons account exploration lake similar emontsfremontsfremonteFr carson recalled riieliell rejoined fremont upper end salt lailatlakee traveled around east side lake twenty miles till get fair view front us large island fremont determined examine arranged india rubber boat myself four others accompanied him landed safely island fifteen miles mainland took fresh water coocookingringykingo remained part day night found nothing great importance springs island perfectly barren see christopher carsonacarsoncarsong kit carsoncarsons autobautobiographyautom i oqraphv ed milo M quaife chicago lakeside press 1935 p 76 carson inaccurate two points emontsfremontsfremonteFr estimation island approximately five miles mainland correct fifteen carson indicates carson mentions island springs exploring party made extensive examination island discovered least two fresh water springs island recent editor carsons memoirs harvey lewis carters dear old kit historical christopher carson new edition carson memoirs norman university oklahoma press 1968 carter uses unique style editing reason author prefers quaife editeditionitonlion carters 28 fremont report p 156 29 stansbury exploration survey p 160 30 many years speculation surrounding idea cover never found continued until david E miller noted authority early government explorers west able identify actually found cap approximately located well during 1860sibgos man name jacob miller resident farmington utah brothers using island sheep ranch miller found cover near summit scratched emontsfremontsfremonteFr name cap kept home several years souvenir however 19301930p millers 58 belongings destroyed flood cap never recovered see david E millers john C fremontpremont great salt lake region historian 11 autumn 194821194821221948 212221 22 31 carson kit carsonsCar sodssoos agtobiggraphypftutobiparaphvy p 76 32 fremont report p 156 33 PreuspreussjpreusspreusseSj exploring fremont p eb88 34 stansbury exploration survey appp 159 60 dale morgan states fremontpremont island 515 miles long 2 miles wide area 2945 acres seepage brackish water near waterline north coast two artesian wells provide additional supply sheep pastured island see morganmorgans great salt larelakearbyareyakes p 25 35 fremontpremont report p 156 36 carson kit carsons utobiographvautobiographyautobiogrgphy p 77 37 fremont bepartreport appp 15657156 57

38 ibid p p 157

39 ibid p p 156158 40 theodore talbot members expedition waited ft hall while smaller expeditionary force explored lake recorded emontsfremontsfremonteFr arrival fort being september 18 see journals theodore talbot p 50 41 richard D poll thomas G alexander eugene campbell david E miller utahs history provo brigham young university press 1978 p 78 42 fremont report p 270 43 see juanita brooks mountain meadows historic stopping place spanish trail utah historical quarterly 35 spring 1967s137lc67 13743.13743137 43 44 fremont becortbeportreport p 270 45 ibid 46 ibid p 270 47 gloria griffen cline exploring great basin normaninormannormans university oklahoma press 1631963 appp 3 4 59

48 18461848 john C fremont presented description characterization great basin united states senate fieoqraphicalgeogeaphiggl memoir upon upper california iliidi lustrationillustrationII nadmadnapmap oregon california john charlescherlescheries fremantfremont washington wendell van benthuysen 16481848 appp 7147 14 geographical memoir initially published senate document 30th congress ist session senate miscellaneous document 148 serial 511 1848 map presented time concerning hypothetical east west mountain ranges fremont supposed formed northern southern extremities basin clifford L stott book search sanctuary brighambrigbambrxqham young white mountain expedition salt lake citescitycitys university utah press 19841994 comments p 10 thats emontsfremontsfremonteFr misconception least west mountain structure great basins interior visited enticed pioneers gold seekers explorers region decade death valley company 1849 backers central railroad route pacific white mountain expedition 185b1858 mislead emontsfremontsfremonteFr great basin theory 49 best material information buenaventura river C gregory crampton gloria G griffelsgriffensGrifgrifffensfengens san buenaventura mythical river west pacific historical review 25 may 19568163195681637171 reader referred first two volumes carl irving cheatswheats mapping Transtransmississippitransfflissirsippimississippi west 154018611540 1861 6 vols san franciscofranciscoa institute historical cartography 1957631957 63 volume covers time frame spanish intradaentrada louisianna purchase 154018041540 1804 volume two spans period lewis darkclarkmark fremont 180418451804 1845 these two volumes wheat includes maps men john hamilton robinson 1819 chevalier lapie 1821 henry tanner 16221822 AH brue ib34p1834 aaron arrowsmith 1834 hall J kelly 1839 these cartographers numerous others depicted mythical river maps west 50 benton thirty years view 2580 51 fremantFremonfremontfremonfcfc report appp 196p196 205 214 219

52 ibid p appp 221 226226p 25556255 56 53 evidence presentpresentededmedp author firmly convinced fremont actually believed existence buenaventura prior 1843441843 44 expedition however recent editors emontsfremontsfremonteFr expeditions donald jackson mary lee spence opinion explorer deliberately introduced element nameiynamely buenaventura riverriverariver3 3 add continuity suspense 60 report see jackson spence expeditions johnjoho charlescharieschar lesieslea fremont 1574nx574n 1891 reporter using information supplied emontsfremontsfremonteFr wife jessie published article entitled resume emontsfremontsfremonteFr expeditions century magazinemaclMaci azine march 1891 p 761 report states expedition through valley lying between rockies east sierra nevada west opened country unknown except indians trappers disproved 16 idea hitherto accepted fact great waterway led directly westward through sierra pacific coast statement indicates regardless whether fremont believed mythical river prior second expedition contributions expedition indeed dispelled myth writer believes produced considerable evidence show fremont did merely introduce element buenaventura narrative add continuity suspense jackson spence suggest 54 john charles fremont memoirs my life john charles FrefremantfremontDont including narrative five journeys western exploration during years 1842 181843418433 4 18456718456711845 6 al7l7 184691848918461848 9 185341853 4 togetherToQe ther sketch life senator thomas hart benton connection westward expansion jessie benton fremont ft retrospect fifty years covering eventful periods modern american history chicago new yorkyorks bedford clarke company 1867 p 41819418 19 fremont intended memoirs two volume overview life however volume ever published covers story emontsfremontsfremonteFr life through year 1847 wife jessie attempted chronicle remaining forty three years husbands life manuscript entitled great events during life major general john C fremont manuscript never published 55 researching emontsfremontsfremonteFr 1844 trek through southern central utah I1 purposely excluded recounting day day encampmentsencamp ments expedition following camp mountain meadows until arrival utah lake I1 excluded information main narrative I1 felt entirely pertinent jackson spence editing expeditions john charles fremont list locations emontsfremontsfremonteFr encampmentsencamp ments between mountain meadows utah lake follows may 13 14 pinto creek near newscastleNews castle may 15 iron springs north antelope mountains may 16 enoch may 17 southwestern end little salt lake may 18 buckhorn springs may 19 north blaverbsavsrb-eaver river may 20 pine creek cove fort may 21 chalk creek present fillmore may 22 round scipio valley may 23 sevier river may 24 salt creek nephi see ihnjhn expeditions 61 o f john charleschaeleschanleschanies fremont 1694ls69495n95n 56 Frefremontmonto repartreport p 271 57 preuss ekplorinqexploringenploring fremont appp 13132131 32 58 fremont report p 272 59 preuss exploringEUp loring fremont p 133 upon upper 60 fremanFremonfremonttpi geographical memoir CalifcaliforniaoEnia p 9 61 fremont report p 272 62 ibid p 273 63 ibid p 274 64 silvestre velez de Escalanescalantetentep ibe dominquez escalante journal trans angelico chaveschavez ed ted J warner provoproves brigham young university press 1976 appp 586058 60 65 once again I1 excluded emontsfremontsfremonteFr day todayday encampmentsencamp ments leaving utah valley until arrival fort uinta jackson spence place evening encampmentsencamp ments during part expedition followfollowsfollowssss may 27 spanish fork river spanish fork canyon may 28028 price river may 29 strawberry may 30 red creek may 31 duchesne river june 1 lake fork river june 2 between lake fork uinta rivers june 3 arrival fort uinta uinta river see ihm expeditions john charlescharies fremont 1705nls705n 66 see emontsfremontsfremonteFr report appp 27779277 79 information fortport robidoux see albert B reagans fort Robidorobidouxtw kit carson northeastern utah new mexico historical review 10 april 193512119351213232 fremont fortunate fort during winter 1844451844 45 since band ute indians attacked fort killing men taking women captive fremont preparaingpreparaing report washington DC news attack fort uinta reached him since made footnote incident narrative see p 279 67 preuss exploring Eremontremontbremonteremont p 134 68 ibidpibid appp 134 35 69 fremont report p 279 CHAPTER liiIII111

FREMONTS 1842 1843 44 expeditions MORMONS ILLINOIS

cormonsmormons look west 26 april 1834 mormon prophet joseph smith told group saints gathered kirhkiahkirtland ohio little handfulhand full1 csickcsic31sic3 priesthood you see here tonight church fill north south america fill world fill rocky mountains tens thousands latter day saints gathered rocky mountains people go rocky mountains build temples high raise posterity son man come them while rocky mountains 1 although joseph smith made private mention saints eventual removal church location west early 18321832ji earlist known public statement prophet between 1832 1644 numerous latter day saints left record both public private statements uttered joseph smith eventual settlement saints rocky mountains 22 persecution perhaps religious group relocated times space less two decades cormonsMormormonsmons within nine months organization church fayette new york april 1830 headquarters church moved kirtland 62 63 ohio during 1831 another church center established jackson county missouri although headquarters church remained ohio 1831 until 1837 joseph smith used kirtland base church operations during winter 18373816371837 38 opposition forced prophet leave kirtland whereupon located far west missouri however headquarters church missouri short lived during 1838391838 393 leading church officials placed missouri jails while thousands latter day saints fled across mississippi river state illinois where new church center grew almost overnight building city nauvoo continual persecution church illinois 1840s1e401s caused prophet church leaders begin investigate relocating main body church once again following martyrdom prophet joseph smith carthage illinois 1844 persecution continued intensify successors realized way escape persecution relocate region else wanted remote uninhabited area somewhere west 1844 church leaders began intensive study regions west same time doubt kept mind statstatmentsstaymentsments joseph smith made previously removing church rocky mountains during period emontsfremontsfremonteFr writings played significant role decision mormon leaders settle great basin region specifically 64 establish main settlement vicinity great salt larelakelattelaitelakoe

cormonsmormons acquire publish fremontfremontisfremontiaFremontis writings nauvoo 1840s latter day saints established two newspapers times seasons nauvoo neighbor prior may 1843 paper known wasp whereas times seasons bi monthly publication devoted principally expounding mormon doctrines church centered activities nauvoo neighbor weekly publication usually included general news day examination newspapers operated cormonsmormons during ib40s1840s often reveals attitude thought pattern people interesting note extent fremantfremontfremonfsfremafrumaFremonfsnes western travels included several issues neighbor FremontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFremonfs writings 1842 expedition wind rivers read cormonsmormons early 1843 extracts first expedition came hands publishers nauvoo neighbor published october 1843 1 exactly how cormonsmormons obtained extracts emontsfremontefremonfsfremontsFrFremo nfsnus first expedition able publish portions october 1843 entirely known complete copy 1842 expedition received church leaders sometime early part 1844 april 1844 apostle orson hyde washington DC engaged petitioning government matters 65 concerning cormonsmormons possibilities securing place church west hyde wrote church leaders illinois concerning how received copy emontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFrFremo nfsnesnos 1842 ededitionpeditionexpeditionpedi tiantion judge estCStephenstephenestephen aa douglas given me map oregon reporta3 exploration country lying between kansas great platte rivers lieut JC fremont corps topographical engineers receiving I1 expressed wish smith see judge douglas public document I1 frank him I1 accepted offer book forthcoming you people eager here stolen library author bentonsbensonsBen tons soninson law judge douglas borrowed benton I1 tell city where I1 got book valuable document contemplating journey oregon narrative map emontsfremontsfremonteFr 1842 expedition wind rivers apparently arrived nauvoo before death prophet mosiah hancock said heard joseph smith speak nauvoo legion just prior death pointing FremontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFremonfsnos map said now I1 show you travels people here you make place winter here you travel west until you come great salt lake valley 15 even though fremont did come utah first expedition 1842 significant normans interested emontsfremontsfremonteFr western travels early 1843 upon completion second expedition arrival st louis 6 august 16441844 fremont returned washington DC report government leaders prepare publication account travels 66 rocky mountains pacific I11 march 18451645 FremontsfremontsfremontefremonfsFremonfs narrative ready publication ten thousand copies 1842 16434418434416431843 44 expeditions ordered published congress interpolated portions FremontsfremontsfremontefremonfsfremaFremonfsnos second expedition printed nauvoo neighbor even before completion published volume being printed bound washington DC early 229 january 1845 article appeared neighbor contained brief sketch emontsfremontefremonfsfremontsFrFremonfs 1843 44 expedition including reaching great salt lake utah larelakelattelaitelaita spelled euta less two months later 19 march 1845 another article 1843 44 expedition appeared neighbor notably space devoted description utah region during month september 1845 three issues neighbor september 10 17 24 included information both 1842 1843441843 44 expeditions however time publishing ten thousand bound copies emontsfremontsfremontefremonfsFrFremo nfsnosnog report completed released public sale significant since three september 1845 issues nauvoo neighbor included actual excerpts report merely interpolated articles suggests september 18451845p copy report hands cormonsMormormonsmons 7 september 17 issue neighbor contained extracts fremontemontsfremontsfremonteFr report under dates 21 23 25 august 16431843 period time 67

explorer following course bear river utah area september 24 issue lauvaolauvoonauvoo neighbor issue information fremantfremont included four ona half columns filled extracts report under dates 293029 30 august 6 8 9 september 1843 these dates fremont vicinity utah great salt lake closing paragraphs september 17 issue neighbor reveal extent cormonsmormons interested great basin region september 1845 great salt lake wonders nature perhaps wthoutwithout rival world being saturated solution salt hundred miles diameter first time revealed our view surveyed sharesshores navigated waters bear river valley rich bottoms fine grass walled mountains hot springs mineral springs soda fountains volcanic rock volcanic crater saline efferenscences four thousand five hundred feet above sea first time described geographical discoveries descriptions striking great basin vast interior plane isiceisic3csic3 lies between sierra nevada rocky mountains east west between blue mountains wahsatchWah satch isiceisic3csic3 south embracing area five six hundred miles diameter elevation sierra nevada being lofty rocky mountains accounts formation great basin lieutenant fremont calls first announce existence world basin may hold kingdom france rim circle mountains whose summits penetrate regions eternal snow certainly new grand object revealed 0sa reason why nauvoo neighbor september 1845 included much material fremont utah area clear considering fact august 68

year mormon leaders decided great salt lake area would probable location main settlement saints furtherfurtherotherm september 9 church officials decided send company 1500 men go great salt lake valley 10 known details concerning exactly how mormon leaders obtained 18451645 published edition emontsfremontsfremonteFr report short article appeared Iedeseretsergt news 1869 reported gentlemen here cin salt lake city3vcityciby 3 stated through loaning joseph smith copy emontsfremontsfremonteFr work caused salt lake valley thought point possessing advantages needed faculties settlement wanted 11 report obviously erroneous since fremont did enter salt lake valley until second expedition completed until 1844 report published until 1845 year prophets death regardless how whom mormon leaders able obtain copy emontsfremontsfremonteFr report nearly important actfact indeed procured prior exodus discussed previously september 18451645 nauvoo neighbor included actual excerpts report whereas previous time newspaper included interpolated articles emontsfremontsfremonteFr adventures 1843441843 44 leads conclusion september editors neighbor reprinting emontsfremontsfremonteFr narrative directly 69

published Rpreportport during closing days 1845 mention emontsfremontsfremonteFr narrative recorded church leaders while engaged business nauvoo temple 20 december 18451845. members quorum twelve listened franklin D richards read portions emontsfremontsfremonteFr journal 1 heber C kimball wrote few details concerning reading prebprespros young having slept temple night early post dictating relation business day arranging workmen order listened reading capt emontsfremontsfremontePrFrpremontsemonte journal franklin D richards east room amasa lyman came during reading heber C kimball quarter 10 reading finished 10 0 clockoclock ts week half later 29 december 1845 parley P pratt read once again emontsfremontsfremonteFr narrative brigham young heber C kimball 141 reareadingdingydingo president young stayed nearly hour continue read narrative himself 1015 interesting note brigham young misled emontsfremontsfremonteFr record reading report mormon leader opinion great salt lake utah lake fact lake fremont vicinity utah lake two days during latter part month may 1844 explored southern portion utah valley before exiting through spanish fork canyon since did explore region between two lakes explorer scientist made following conclusion 70

relationship two bodies waberswaters cutah3cutahj lake note country under dominion utahs resort fishfishl greatest breadth 15 miles stretching far north narrowing goes connecting great salt lake report I1 believe correctcorrects fresh water while salt saturated solution salt here problem requires solved utah southern limb great salt lake thus seen remarkable sheet water both northern southern extremity 1& emontsfremontsfremonteFr conclusions two lakes definitely inaccurate easy see how brigham young misled explorerse reporting years cormonsmormons settled great salt lake valley man name eli perkins interviewed brigham young during course interview perkins recorded brigham young received impression reading emontsfremontsfremonteFr report sometime 1845 1846 northern portion great salt lake salt water southern part fresh determined prove himself accurate description two lakes fremont submitted portion perrinsperkinsper kins young interview perkins sent fremont transcription interview president young new york times along explanation concerning own opinion alleged inaccuracies portion perkins young interview followfollowsfollowssss how came you think utah I1 asked well read account general emontsfremontsfremonteFr traveltreveltravels showshohshaw hahhawhow found large salt lake interior our continent middle fertile plain me 71

read account rowing island middle lake india rubber boat how south end lake fresh north salt south end salt lake fresh I1 asked NOI fremont made mistake going south salt lake struck utah larelake another lake thought continuation same lake ltv17117 times artiartlarticlearticieclevcley fremont insisted did err reporting reading description contained report clear explorer did understand true relationship two lakes least 1844 two pieces evidence support conclusion first map 1842 1843441843 44 expeditions fremont cartographer charles preuss joined utah lake great salt lake rather large channel essentially making them lake see map page 72 second expedition through utah following year 1845 fremontpremont spent two weeks vicinity both utah lake great salt lake occasion investigated northern shore utah lake clearly saw what today jordan river flowing forty miles northward salt lake time clearly understood relationship between two bodies water evident emontsfremontsfremonteFr 1848 map since made necessary correction showed two lakes being connected jordan river see map page 73 1846 mormon converts living british isles read emontsfremontsfremonteFr adventures american west specifically great basin region 72

1845 fremont preuss map showing channel fremontpremont incorrectly assumed connected utah lake great salt lake

portion 1845 fremont preuss map 1842 1843441843 44 expeditions upon completing survey utah valley 1844 fremont incorrectly assumed great salt lake utah laelake body water connected channel see arrow 73 1848 fremontpremont preuss map showing correct relationship between utah lake great salt lake

portion fremont preuss map 1848 presented congress explorers geographical memoir upon upper california following emontsfremontsfremonteFr expedition utah 18451845i clearly understood two lakes body water connected channel made necessary changes map showing two connected river channel arrow points correction fremontpremont preuss made 1848 map 74

congress ordered raportreport printed copyright attached document meant publishers free reproduce report without restrictions numerous publishing companies subsequently reprinted document under various titles 1846 wiley putnam publishers london completed printing emontsfremontsfremontefremonfsFrFremo nfsnusnug narrative completion wiley putnam edition report orson hyde editor mormon owned mi 1lennialglennialmillennial star published liverpool began including excerpts FremontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFremo nfsnesnos 1843443843443.8434438431843184344384344 44 expedition paper I11 march 1846 first passages emontsfremontefremonfsfremontsfremaFrFremo nfsnes report appeared star issue hyde indicated wiley putnam edition report being used source fremont narrative accounts explorers second expedition appeared star until 15 october 1846 1320 elder hydes purpose publishing emontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFrFremonfsnesnos expeditions great britain understood considering fact since early 1840s mormon leaders encouraged converts new faith unite themselves main body saints decision settle vicinity great salt lake 18451645 hyde doubt hoped upon reading emontsfremontefremonfsfremontsFrFremoemontenfsnesnee favorable description newly proposed mormon place settlement british cormonsmormons inclined gather zion short hyde published emontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFrFremonfsnes narrative stimulate emigration saints british isles 75

although cormonsmormons obtained copy map narrative FremontsfremontsfremontefremopremonfsPremonfsnes 1842 expedition 1844 according orson hydes 26 april 1844 letter council published report sometime probably september 1845 apparently did obtain FremontsfremontsfremontefremonfsFremonfsnosnog 1845 map until 1847 brigham young learn 27 march 1847 just few days prior leaving winter quarters trek west map received general atchison currently serving US senator missouri 1191 upon completion second expedition fremont preuss combined produce rather large lithograph map both 1842 1843441843 44 expeditions like report map completed 1845 published independent report explains how saints obtained copy report 1845 map little doubt map given atchison saints emontsfremontsfremonteFr 1845 map since eight days receiving map brigham young recorded T thamasthomasethomascthomas bullock made sketch capt emontsfremontsfremontefremonfsFrFremonfsnos topographical map theathe31the3 road oregon use pioneers 11110iloiro seems clear report hands mormon leaders late 1845 read time another brigham young leading church officials intent reading necessarily assist them knowing route travel arrive great salt lakeI1 although report maps 76 gave them assistance area greater importance concern church leaders knowing agricultural geographic characteristics region these leaders used report primarily assess whether region meet needs vast number people envisioned someday settling heart intermountain west assessments following fremont must played important part decision churchschurche leadership settle near great salt lake taking leave point waters bear river geographical basin encloses system rivers creeks belong great salt lake richly deserves future detailed ample exploration I1 say general terms bottoms river bear creeks I1 saw form natural resting recruiting station travellerstravellers now time come bottoms extensive water excellent timber sufficient sailsoilsoli good well adapted grains grasses elevated regireglregion 2l0al21 1 othersanotheranothers I1 say general comparative terms branch agriculture implies cultivation grains staple crops inferior atlantic states though many parts superior wheat while rearing flocks herds claim high price grazing capabilities great even indigenous grass element individual national wealth may found nthceb 16481848 presented geographical memoir upon upper california united states senate fremont doubt pleased report lawmakers mormon people settled location great basin 77

observed 184318471847 1844 being habitable man although consents fact general character great basin desert adds great exceptions being many parts very fit residence civilized people these parts cormonsmormons lately established themselves largest best sas3a35

summary summary FremontsfremontsfremantefremontefremonfsfremonteFremoemontenfsnos writings definite profound impact cormonsMormormonsmons copy map narrative 1842 expedition wind rivers wyoming sent washington nauvoo orson hyde april 1844 prophet joseph smith made reference 1842 map narrative prior death two occasions winter early spring 1845 two issues mormon newspaper nauvoo neighbor contained interpolated articles focusing exclusively explorers activities utah region later year during month september 18451645 three issues neighbor included actual extracts report suggesting time copy report hands mormon leaders lewis darrdarkclarrclarkmarr christians conclusion mormon leaders made final decision settle main colony saints vicinity great salt lake late august early september 18451845p 41 suggests why september issues neighbor included extracts 78 report focused almost exclusively utah area during closing months 1845 numerous sources cited indicate mormon leaders frequently read referred fremontsemontsfremonteFr writings assist them knowing characteristics region well agricultural economic potential evidence presented show upon reading emontsfremontsfremonteFr raportreport brigham young misinformed misled explorers inaccurate conclusion concerning relationship between utah great salt lakes finally should noted lieutenants writings did necessarily persuade mormon leadership settle great basin rather writings helped confirm decision during year mormon exodus framram illinois apostle orson hyde presiding authority church great britain published liverpool selected portions emontsfremontsfremonteFr deporteeportpedpep ort mormon publication known millennial star using british wiley putnam edition ehe report period seven half months hyde included star exclusively those portions explorers narrative dealt utah publishing portions 184318434444 expedition hyde intended inform british saints new place mormon settlement greater importance stimulate english converts emigrate united states subsequently join main body church salt lake valley 79

clear however although cormonsmormansmormonsMor mons able secure copy fremont report 1845 copy map 16434418434416431843 44 expedition secured church leaders until just prior departure winter quarters 1847 80

hateshotesnatesnotes chapter ililiiIII111

1 wilford woodruff conference report april 8 1898 p 57 2 best discussion concerning prophecies made joseph smith latter day saints eventual removal location rocky mountains lewis clark christians study mormon knowledge american farpar west prior exodus masters thesis brigham young university 1972 appp 657565 75 study mormon westward migration between february 1846 july 1847 emphasis evaluation factors led cormonsMormormonsmons choice salt lake valley site initial colony phd dissertation brigham young university 1976 appp 223022 30 christian includes written statements twenty individuals time another left record joseph smiths prophecies statements saints gathering rocky mountains 3 see nauvoo neirnelcneighborgh 25 october 1843 account emontsfremontsfremonteFr 1842 expedition first published independent document later reprinted 1845 along account 16434418434416431843 44 expedition part FremontfremonfsFremofremontpsnfsnesPs report 4 orson hyde council nauvoo 26 april 16441844 located LDS church archives salt lake city utah letter published history church jesus christ latter day saints revised 7 vols edited BH roberts salt lake city deseret news 193219511932 1951 6375 5 mosiahmoslahmosi ah lyman hancock life story mosiahmoslahah lyman hancock p 19 located harold B lee library brigham young university provo utah 6 fremantfremontpremont memoirs mylitemylifemy life 1415 7 september 1845 seems copies emontsfremontefremontsPrFrpremonts report hands newspaper editors nearby springfield illinois editors sanoamosangamosangemo journal weekly publication published numerous reports emontsfremontsfremontePrFrpremonts 1843441843 44 expedition see following issues september 18 25 october 1 9 1616p 1845 6 nauvoo neighborneinet qhbor 17 september 1845 9 council addison pratt 28 august 1845 located LDS church archives salt lake city utah 81

10 history church 7439 lewis clark christian presents substantial evidence conclude sometime around late august early september mormon leaders made decision settle vicinity great salt lake see christians study mormon knowledge american far west prior exodus p illiliiiilii111 study mormon westward migration between february 1846 july 1847 emphasis evaluation factors led cormonsMormormonsmons choice salt lake city site initial colony p 34 11 salt lake valley SuggestsuggestedsuggesteditedIt deseret news 29 october 1861869 12 history church 75487254875548 13 heber C kimball journal 20 december 1845 located LDS church archives salt lake city utah 14 history church 7556 15 heber C kimball journal 29 december 1845 16 fremont report appp 273 74 17 new york times 5 june 1877 perkins young interview included fremont memoirs my life 1415 16 reporting remarks mormon apostle george smith saints brigham city utah EL sloan wrote letter dated 12 may 1865 editor deseret news letter appeared entirety deseret news 17 may 1865 george smiths remarks saints occasion sloan reported elder smith alluded explorations john C fremont men furnished him expense 40000 government made wonderful discovery great salt lake utah lake sheet water propounding startling proposition how north end same lake salt south end fresh 18 following issues milleonialmillennialmiiMilmi leonial star included passages emontsfremontsfremonteFr report 76566765 66 81858185981 85985 9710297 102 113 17017 14548145 48s48 16165igi161 6565p 1776217782177 6282 815818215821 5 171917 19v19 33353335533 35535 4524952494 52 656765 67s67 81 84 19 manuscript history brigham young 27 march 1847 located LDS church archives salt lake city utah general senator atchison fact david R atchison long time friend mormon people following expulsion cormonsmormons jackson county atchison four attorneys chosen help saints reclaim lands general state 82 militia during years 1838391838 39 vigorously sought help secure saints rights spite opposition superiors 1847 serving US senator missouri appears still sympathetic feelings saints gesture making sure mormon leaders copy emontsfremontsfremonteFr 1845 map assist them trek west 20 ibid 4 april 1847 what extent emontsfremontsfremonteFr report 1845 map referred used trek west known entry journal history 2 june 1847 implies explorers calculations referred occasion entry states astronomical instruments orson pratt determined latitude fort laramie 42 degrees 12 minutes 13 seconds longitude 104 degrees 11 minutes 53 seconds differing capt JC fremont three seconds 18 rods 21 fremont report p 160 22 ibid p 277 23 fremont geographical memoirMeffloir upon udderupper californiacaicalcat ifornia p 7 24 see note 10 CHAPTER IV

FREMONTS 18451843 expedition UTAH

background objectives 1845 expedition returning second expedition west august 1844 john charles wife jessie labored washington prepare narratives first second expeditions charles preuss cartographer two expeditions prepared maps government issuance upon return president john tyler saw fremont received rank captain same time working prepare report pathpathmarkermarker making arrangements army superiors conduct yet another expedition west third four years informed explorers intentions lead third expedition letter sent january 1845 john torrey botanist residing new york city appraising him upcoming exploration plans fremont explained torrey year I1 shall visit same localities order examine closely I1 am able interesting geology country 1 february 12 captain received official orders conduct expedition examination these orders

83 84 reveals emontsfremontsfremontefremonfsFrFremo nfsnosnog instructions quite specific colonel abert wrote strike arkansas soon practicable survey river practicable survey red river without our boundary line noting particularly navigable properties each determine near practicable points boundary line US looth degree longitude west greenwich strikes arkansas red river important head waters arkansas should accurately determined long fourniesjourniesjournies determine isolated geographical paintspoints scarcely worth time expense occasionoccasions efforts captain fremont therefore particularly directed geography localities within reasonable distance bentsbenes fortport streams run east rocky mountains time operations party come during present year 30 taking strict interpretation these instructions fremont proceed further west streams run east rocky mountains return during present year however preparing memoirs fremont wrote ordered complete examination great salt lake interesting region extend survey west southwest examination great ranges cascade mountains sierra nevada 3 exactly fremont received these additional instructions known while little doubt received additional orders proceed further west clear did come military superiors evidence suggests additional orders came father law senator thomas hart benton unwritten approval being granted none president united states 85

three weeks captain fremont received orders conduct third expedition west james K polk inaugurated president polk entered office threat US conflict between great britain territorial rights northwest mexico west southwest since signing nootka sound treaty 1791 US great britain held joint occupancy northwest mid 1840s manifest destiny theme worked way minds politicians americans them justified US governments exclusive ownership oregon region tension mexico mounting especially annexation proceedings began 28 february 18451645 mexico refused acknowledge putationdisdisputationdig status texas secondary both US mexican governments interests california political expansionists drooling north mexican provinceprovince like oregon americans considered territory rightfully belonging union west number issue day immediately upon taking office president pallpailpollpoirpolk made acquisition california first priority administration fremont doubt knew folkspolks expansionistexpansionisticic objectives west probably once again result father laws close association president due position chairman senate military committee fremont wrote 86 president polk entered office fixed determination acquire california acquire honorable just manner president held impossible mexico situated things then retain possession california therefore right negotiate mexico acquisition use hoped accomplish peaceful negotiation mexico resenting our acceptance offer texas join us should begin war us then taking possession province fremont doubt included presidents plans acquisition california explorer stated these plans talked fully during time preparation third expedition arranging expedition eventualities war taken consideration & continuing reported distinct course definite instruction laid down given discretion act 1177 putting together historical puzzle appears fremont undertook third expedition plans complete geographical survey headwaters arkansas assigned him colonel abert then permission given him political leaders him proceed examine great salt lake sierra nevada cascade ranges upon arrival pacific seaboard prepared eventualities war simply stated first scientific expedition then military 87

fremont utah 1845 expedition party included several members emontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFrFremonfsnes two previous journeys noted being thomas broken hand fitzpatrick theodore talbottaibotalbotjiTalbotiitji jacob dodson emontsfremontsfremonteFr good friend companion basil lajLailajeunesseeunesse cartographer charles preuss consigned remain washington replaced man every bit artistically gifted edward ned kern during latter part month june party headed west westport landing expedition party traveled through central part kansas 200 miles before reaching arkansas river august 2 followed arkansas upstream arrived bents fort eastern colorado here fremont waited until kit carson somewhere cimarron river join company captain did report how many men him expedition upon initial departure upon departure bents fort august 16 reported expedition consisted well appointed compact party sixty 019 fremont continued course headwaters arkansas located high central rockies colorado surmounting continental divide explorer crossed headwaters colorado led him upper white while white theodore talbot recorded fremont men encountered joseph walker second time two years joined emontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteframoFrFremonfsnusnug 88 expedition walker met fremont southern utah year before where hired guide leg journey east occasionoccasions offered assistance open new route going west continuing downstream white expedition subsequently came utah region captain left very little record travels through highlands colorado eastern utah dusjusjustifiedtifiedtidied lack recording writing character mountain country fully given previous journeys does need longer dwelt upon here 10 however kit carson gave semi detailed account journey through eastern utah carson wrote expedition went down ethelehhel white river almost junction ether green river crossed latter stream went dintywinty enownow DuchesnDuchesneduchesneaduchesnehduchesne3eH3 then latter almost mountains crossed provost provodprovo3CPcprovorovo fork traveled down provost little utah lake followed almost great salt larelallailakece 11111 according captains timetable tha party arrived headwaters provo october 2 given distance approximately 125 miles explorer travel utah border headwaters provo river emontsfremontsfremonteFr entry utah region occurred approximately week earlier around september 26 fremont wrote reached utah lake october 10 outlet utah lake 12th 89 shores great salt lake 13th la2 emontsfremontsfremontePrFrpremonts course travel utah 1845 significant during first entry northern utah 1843 party proceeded far south mouth weber river shores great salt lake year later while traveling north through southern central portion state return leg 1843 44 expedition explorer penetrated far north southern end utah lake upon arrival southern shores utah lake fremont calculated utah lake stretches far north narrowing goes connecting great salt lake report I1 believe correct fresh water while salt here problem requires solved 131 emontsfremontsfremonteFr route through utah third expedition brought him area seen during previous two years region between two lakes simply following course forty mile jordan river utah lake great salt lake explorer able correctly distinguish true relationship between two bodies water course through utah 1845 route may corrected geographic mistake previous year 1848 fremantfremontpremont presented congress geographical memoir upon upper california report included information obtained 1845 90 expedition accompanying geographical memoir yet another map drawn charles preuss under emontsfremontsfremonteFr direction map explorer preuss make necessary changes showing two lakes being connected river channel thus fremont corrected solved previous error captain recorded narrative remained vicinity great salt lake two weeks month october 13th 27th 1 during time made scientific measurements calculations around southern shores lake arrival lake during fall season coincided annual receding lakes waters recession water often leaves interesting salt crystalline formations emontsfremontsfremonteFr interests these salt coagulations around lake reflected writings rocky sharesshores whitened spray leaves salt everything touches covering like ice forms water waves throw among rocks seems dry season waters recede shores lake especially south side whitened incrustations fine white salt shallow arms lake under slight covering briny water present beds salt extending miles plants bushes blown winds upon these fields entirely crustedincrusteduncrusted crystallized salt stem small twig less size goose quill southeastern shore showed formation inch thick crystallized salt 1011 strong evidence suggest captain collected small crystallized twig referred him above cited quotation able retain 91 through rest entire 1845 expedition 16481848 presented congress geographical memoir upon upper californiacallcailCali eardiaforDia fremont recorded location southeastern side lake took specimen formation inch thick pure crystallicrystallizedsedzed salt stem small twig explorers wording geographical memoir almost identical narrative personal memoirs suggesting salt formation identical specimen mentioned being collected while 1845 expedition unusual unique specimen subsequently put display library congress washington DC 1 five days expeditions arrival great inland sea captain fremont journeyed largest island lake two years previous used large india rubber boat transport company five men second largest island lake named disappointment island subsequently renamed howard stansbury fremont island honor captain explorer informed local indians boat necessary excursion since water level lake low stage island reached horseback accordingly october 18 fremont carson several additional men left main encampment southern end lake rode horseback through shallow water relatively short distance island low water level 92

explorer reported island seemed him like penisulapeninsulapenisula rather island company guided animals along relatively high sandbarsandbag extended shore island wading island water never rose above saddlesaddiegaddie birthsgirths however horses feet sunk fetfetlockslocks soft floor lake covered sheet salt resembling softening ice once island fremont reported abundance grass water several bands antelope these Cantelopeeantelope3cantelope33 killed wrote eexplorer memory grateful supply food furnished I1 gave name island7islandoisland17islandlelandlelend 177 see photograph page 93 officallyofficiallyOffi cally known today emontsfremontsfremonteFr title antelope island during latter half nineteenth century became known church island named beginning ISSOs stock owned mormon church transported island graze leg163 antelope island largest island great salt lake extending 15 12 miles length 5 12 miles breadth covering area 23175 acres lemiem extent fremont company explored island must minimal since carson recorded stay island two days 2120 same amount time spent exploring fremont island two years previous however fremont made mention fact ascended highest point island order take meridian altitude measurement 2141 93 photograph antelope island

photograph antelope island name given fremont explorerep lorer visited island several members expedition while utah region 1845 94 degree scientific exploration conducted while island upon returning mainland october 18 john charles interesting somewhat humorous encounter old utah indian indian apparently aware explorers activities island determined make profit theexploitsexploits expedition captain recounted experience follows seeing what game brought promptly informed us antelope killing antelope island belonged him live upon must pay him meat brought away very serious us gravely reproached me wrong done him pleased readiness I1 bale unpacked gave him present red cloth knife tobacco declared himself abundantly satisfied trespass game preserve each article laid down nods gutturalsgutturals expressed satisfaction felt success imaginary claim see far indians face lets expression seen thinking 1 I went white chief killed my antelope made him pay nothing new under sun 23 old indians insistence compensated influenced expeditions artist edward kern sketch portrait companascompanyscomp anys record underunderscoringscoring drawing inscription claimant sa5 during latter part month october fremont party continued westward course around southern end great salt lake explorers narrative camp positions drawn 1848 map appears october 23 rounded 95 oquirrh mountains western boundary salt lake valley camped spring thoeletooele valley here expedition met piutapluta indian family member captain able persuade guide company short time through unknown stretch barren land west 3liizillil two days later expedition passed through present day stansbury mountains skull valley saw stretched before them broad barren great salt lake desert point wilderness lay before him caused fremantfremontpremont concern recorded days here occupied deciding upon direction taken onward journey mes20015 indians informed him ever known cross salt desert even hired guides joseph walker kit carson knew nothing remote region 2 surveying desired course travel captain took notice what appeared somewhat fertile peak shaped mountain fifty sixty miles west opposite side desert hope water found somewhere near base mountain recognizing difficulty attempting cross sixty miles desert without guarantee locating water pasture animalanimalssp fremont sent advance party made kit carson auguste archambeau lucien maxwell unnamed man charge pack mule loaded water provisions make attempt reach peak fremont instructed four noonunonumonomon holhoithoit r 96 arrival peak make signal smoke fire water found advance party set during night whereupon captain rest men followed next day fremont found desert entirely destitute vegetation except sage brushes absolutely bare smooth water standing upon 277 obvious describing salt flats exist desert become world famous location land speed racing continuing party traveled entire day night indian guide distraught being taken far established territory near lake became alarmed knees gave way under him babbledwabbled like drunken man captain realizedrealireallreail sedzed further use expedition numeratedrerenumeratedrepumerated him services allowed him return family humorously fremont wrote happy release bounded off like hare through sagebrushsage brush fearful I1 might still keep him 23 expedition made camp middle desert just before daybreak camp being made archambeau rode news advance party arrived

pealpeakpearI1 found water grass wood plentiful company wasted time breaking camp moving done quickly wrote fremantfremontpremantpremont afternoon 97

reached foot mountain where cheerful little stream broke lost itself valley animals quickly turned loose being risk straying grass water friendly mountain I1 gave name pilot peak upon arrival base landmark fremont company achieved first known successful direct central crossing great salt lake desert however two known parties previously surmounted arid salt desert region different routes early spring 1827 order partcipateparticipate rendezvous being held bear lake valley mountain man jedediah smith passed extreme southern end desert upon return california 5030 just four years prior emontsfremontsfremonteFr arrival pilot peak john bartleson led small band california bound emigrants bartlesonsBartl esons company left oregon trail big bend bear river near soda springs idaho took untraveled alternative route hopes finding route located direct line california party came utah area way cache valley traveling overland journeyed west through bakbahbohboxBOK elder county above northern sharesshores inland seaseapseay then skirted western borders great salt lake desert traveling south somewhat parallel deserts western ranges raft river range arriving yet unamedunaged pilot peak 13 september 1841 12 although smith bartleson gained victory salt desert prior fremontFremonttmantymonty government explorer 98 must credited conquerningconquer ning head pilot peak sometimes referred pilots peak situated just utah nevada border

1- continued known1 nown name given explorer 1845 captains arrival mountain marked new beginning westward excursions peak represented terminating point great salt lake desert became geographic landmark guided future western travelers bound california see photograph page 99 early 1840s emigrant companies began taking detours established oregon trail usually soon leaving ft hall snake river idaho approximately fifty miles west ft hall raft river enters snake companies following raft through northern utah emerged vicinity marys agdensogdens river renamed humboldt fremont during 1845 expedition humboldt followed through north central nevada before literally disappearing humboldt sink then short overland journey california emigrants pick truckee river followed center high sierras crossing divide sierras american river reached followed suttersSut lersters fort route along these four main rivers raft humboldt truckee american quickly became known california trail however several alternative routes shortcuts 99 photograph pilot pakpeak

photograph pilots peapeakpear situated near present utah nevada border named fremont during 1845 expedition peaipeakpea became geographic landmark western travelers what known hastings cut offofe0 photograph courtesy utah historical society 100 california trail emerged route became well known traveled shortcut emerged result FremontsfremontsfremontefremonfsframoFremo nfsnos success crossing great salt lake desert 1845 route became known salt lake desert cutoff prominent name hastings cutoff 1845 lansford w hastings published emigrants guide oregon california 5 hoped lure americans west coast 1846 hastings northern california making preparations return east california trail assist emigrant companies coming west fremont arrived sutterssuttersSutlersters fort december 1845 month later january 1846 two men met each conversed emontsfremontsfremonteFr successful crossing salt desert during spring 1846p1846 hastings comrade james M hudspeth guide james clyman several others consisting 16 men 3 women 3 children returned east via california trail 16 may 1845 nearh big bend humboldt winnemucca nevada hastings decided divide company permanently push ahead six men indian woman child made ud advance partypa-rI1 y location three quarters way humboldt near presantpresent day elko nevada hastings group decided leave california trail leading ft hall strike direct route blazed fremont previous year guide james clyman recorded groups decision 101

mayemay 21521323323.3235233 14 miles encamped being point whare fremont intersectsintersecte wagon trail california trailtrall fall way california hastings our pilot very anxious try route my beleaf eisacis3eis3 very little nearer good road fort hall mayemay 223 long consultation many arguments against two different routes leading northward fort hall way salt lake finally tooke emontsfremontsfremonteFr trail way salt lake late thee dusday arrival pilot peak may 28 hastings company retraced emontsfremontsfremonteFr trail year before through

I1 4 greatsgreat saltsaitL lake desert skull valley thoeletooele valley salt lake valley arriving jordan river june 2 here hastings diverted emontsfremontsfremontefremont9sFr expedition route year before crossed through wasatch range heading east parleys canyon north big mountain east canyon then heading east once again through echo canyon subsequent arrival ft bridger hastings laid claim opening new route west hastings cutoff arrival ft bridger hastings continued proceed east oregon trail location several miles east south pass sweetwater await arrival emigrant companies going west here sent letters east trail man name wales B bonney eastbound traveler advising anyone going west proposed route offering hudspeths services claiming save hundred miles overland travel letters going east hastings went back west ft 102 bridger where hoped offer accepted hastings subseqentlysubsequently able influence emigrant companies edwin bryant william russell bryant russell party george W harlen samuel C young harlen young party heinrich lienhard lienhard company george donner donner party wagon companies arrived ft bridger hastings hudspeth made arrangements companascompanyscomp anys leaders guide them cutoff things turned two men lediedaed parties through wasatch range different routes through come trek east fort bryant party consisted wagons led hudspeth present site evanston wyoming where traveled overland until reaching lost creek subsequently brought them through weber canyon being horseback bryant company made trek through weber canyon without much difficulty canyons mouth company turned south rounded southern shores inland sea headed west through western utah pathmarkerspath markers 18451945 expedition trail hastings personally directed harlen young lienhard companies route through western wyoming ran miles south nearly parallel hudspeths course crossing low divide harlen young party entered echo canyon lienhard party soon followed two groups essentially followed weber river throuchthrouohthrouqh 103 weber canyon without backbreaking effort since narrow canyon made wagon movement times almost impossible donner party several days behind three groups hastings continued ahead donner party left message present day henefer utah wherein discouraged them taking route through weber canyon recommended course through wasatch range similar route through hudspeth come east ft bridger exception recommended donner party descend salt lake valley through emigration canyon rather parleys henefer member party james reed rode ahead overtake hastings hope emigrant guide come back lead them proposed route hastings did return far top big mountain east canyon where indicated reed recommended course travel difficulty donner reed party encountered route combined difficulties experienced while traveling emontsfremontsfremonteFr 1845 route through western utah contributed ill fated encounter death starvation eventual cannibalism high sierras vf1 I majority routes explored fremontpremont cannot credited discovery however lay claim 125 mile route west salt lake pilot peak once pathpathmarkermarker 104 hathmakerpathpathmakermaker well unfortunately sake hastings bad judgment resulted disaster donner party name gets attached incident did take long word spread concerning difficulties experienced emigrating companies 16461846 hastings cutoff although routes widely used better suited wagons hastings cutoff portions continued used years come Mormormonemons doubt greatest users least eastern arm cutoff western arm discovered fremont used lesser extent eventually emigrants took eastern arm cutoff salt lake city continued west going around northern part lake eventually joining california trail near raft river known salt lake california connection emontsfremontsfremonteFr rough route west salt lake considerable use historian george R stewart expert california trail appendageappendagessp wrote little record available what happened ethis part3parta hastings cutoff tooltooktoor why adds traveled 14949 since conditions desert seem resembled those 46 emigrants suffered much hardship escaped disaster zesses5 john charles recorded day rest base pilot peak company left mountain oasis november 1 since landmark lies just 105 borders utah nevada november 1 mark date departure utah region accepting writers approximation fremontpremont entered eastern utah around september 26 according emontsfremontsfremonteFr historical record stating left pilot peak november 1 stay utah during 1845 five weeks see map page 106 shortly leaving utah region expedition continued Californicaliforniaav two separate routes fremont led ten men southern course through central nevada while theodore talbot put charge expedition followed humboldt california trail humboldt sink then continued south until meeting captain walker lake short reunion fremont made decision once again form two companies trek through sierras taking carson few additional men pathpathmarkermarker rode north truckee where followed california trail through suiterssutters fortport talbot joseph walker directed remaining men through southern pass sierras named walker following successful crossing company traveled san joaquin valley eventually two groups rejoined just south monterey order carry initial orders expedition during spring 16461846 fremont led men short expedition klamath region oregon upon return california expedition officially averyovery then political tension between 106

1848 fremont preuss map showing plorersexplorersE plowers route through utah 1845

portion fremont preuss map 1848 presented congress explorers geographical memoir upon upper california dardarrdark solid line indicates route expedition while region utah 1845 107

americans mexican officials reached breaking point perhaps justifying actions aponupon commission officer US army fremont next year became involved bear flag revolt military conflicts against mexico resulted US conquest califcaliforniaornia 3577

summary

john C emontsfremontsfremonteFr 1845 expedition through utah significant least four ways first expedition course travel area enabled him see clearly true relationship utah lake great salt lake 1844 incorrectly assumed based upon explorations two lakes actually body water 1845 map connected them large channel during 1845 expedition able explore region between lakes occasion teathethathe saw error made necessary changes next map produced 1848 second fremont made second exploration analysis great salt lake third two geographic landmarks antelope island pilot peak named him each retained name given explorer fourth direct result explorers successful crossing great salt lake desert locating water supply western border pilot peak portion new route west opened though route recommended 108 nor accommodating wagon companies nonetheless subsequently used western travelers decades come 109

notes chapter IV 1 letter john C fremont john torrey 12 january 1845 located archives new york botanical garden bronx park new york published jackson spences iheahe expeditions john charles fremont 1391921391 92 2 letter colonel JJ abert chief army corps topographical engineers captain john C fremont 12 february 1845 located records chief engineers washington DC published jackson spences expeditions john charles fremontedamont 139518395 97 3 fremont memoirs nvmy life 1422 4 ibid appp 42021420 21 53 ibid p 423

6 ibid p p 422

7 ibid 0 p 423 8 ibid p 428 9 theodore talbot saidlersoldier westneser letters theodore talbot duringdisduring bisdis services california mehlmeximenimenicomexicoico oreqonoregonlaonlqon 1845531845 53 ed robert v hinemine savoie lottinville normaninormannormans university oklahoma press 1972 p 36 10 fremont memoirs mvmy lilifefe p 429 11 carson kit carsonscarso autobiographyautobiqqraphyy appp 688988896888 89 theodore talbot recalled much same route carson said expedition followed white empties river where green itself colorado west factually nearly opposite mouth vinty enownow Duchesneduchesne3duchesney3 you remember explored season toothoottookboot duchene fork bintevinte reaching lesser boutayouta utahsutahjcutah3 lake way timpanogaTimpa noga provodprovo3cprovo3 river then went north camping southern side great salt lake boutayouta lake empties itself early october see theodore talboysTal soldier west p 36 talbotsbots 12 fremont memoirs mylitemylifenv life appp 42930429 30 13 fremont report appp 273 14 fremont memoirs mvmy llelielifellee p 431 110

15 ibid p 430 16 fremont geographical memoir upon upper california p 67 171.7 fremont memoirs nvmy life p 431 kit carsons account exploring antelope island parallels fremont reported our front large island largest lake informed indians abundance fresh water plenty antelope fremontpremont went explore taking me few men along found good grass water timber plenty game remained two days killing game exploring island fifteen miles long five miles breadth going island rode horseback salt thickness wafer twelve inches see kit carsons autobiography p 89 18 see morgans greatgraat salt akelarelake appp 25657256 57 19 ibid p 25 20 carson kit carsons futobigraghyautobiqraphy p 6989 21 fremont memoirs my life p 431 22 ibid 23 fremont included litholithographerlithographedgraphed drawing old utah indian publication memoirs my life located between pages 430 431 24 information comes fremont biography written john bigelow 1856 bigelow employed write emontsfremontsfremonteFr campaign biography using information contained captains journals existed 1856 burned time fremont published own memoirsemoirs 1887 well information related personally him fremont bigelow wrote memoir life public services john charles fremont including account explorations discoveries adventures five successive Qpetitionspeditionsexpeditionspedit ionsionglong across north american continent voluminous selections private public correspondence defense before court martial full reports principal speeches senate united states new york derby jackson 1856 bigelow recorded pages 12425124 25 eastern shareshore cofcoeeoe great salt larelake frequented large bands indians here dwindled down single family gleaning hidden source enough support life drinking salt water little stream near fresh water being hand coneeone indians 3 volunteered reward guide spot where liilililiillIII111 said grass fine springs see fremont memoirs my life p 432 25 fremont memoirs mvmy life p 432 26 region being referred never having previously crossed central region great salt lake desert entire area between great salt lake sierra nevadas fremont doubt aware nevada region traversed mountain men since late 1820s early 1840s emigrant companies bound california 27 fremont memoirs mvmy life p 433 28 ibid 29 ibid comparing emontsfremontsfremonteFr account carsons two almost complete agreement concerning facts events fremont did fail mention fourth man set carson maxwell archambeau carson said fourth man basil lajLailajeunesseeunesse carson said emontsfremontsfremonteFr pactpackpaekpaer animals died during crossing guides narrative excursion across great salt lake desert included here examinationexaminations fremont sent maxwell archambeau lajLaijenesselaienesselajenesselajennesseLa enesse myself cross desert I1 often heard never before crossed white men old trappers speak impossiblitiy crossing saying water found nor grass animals fremont determined cross nothing explorations required impossible him perform before started arranged certain hour next day ascend mountain near camp telescope seen him found grass water should make smoke signal him advance traveled sixty miles found neither water nor grass nor particle vegetation ground level bare barn floor before struck mountains west side lake found water grass abundance kindled signal fire fremont saw moved party archambeau went back met him half way across desert camped night next evening dark completed crossing having lost few animals see kitll11 carsoncarsons autobiography appp 899189eig839 91 30 see dale L morgans jedediah smith ojoeninopeningq west indianapolis new york bobbs merrill 1953 appp 210 15 112

31 emigrant company usually referred bidwell bartleson company john bartleson being leader group john bidwell companascompanyscomp anys diarist david E miller contributed excellent historical account bidwell bartleson companascompanyscomp anys overland journey article entitled first wagon company cross utah utah historical quarterly 30 winter 19624119624151al5l51 32 full name hastings publication emigrants guide oregon california ContaincontaininginoinQ scenes incidents party oregon emigrants description oregon scenes incidents party california Emigrantemigrantssl description california description different routes those countries 4 rR necessary informatinformantinformationformat 1lonhon elativerelative equipment supplies method traveling cincinnati george canclinconclinConclin 1845 33 journal james clyman may 21 june 7 1646 published utah historical quarterly 19 195128 30 statement supports conclusion hastings fremont met suttersSut lersleretere fort where hastings informed explorers 1845 western course through utah nevada 34 brief sketch history hastings cutoff overland migrations cutoff 1846 included paper since detailed account considered being practical additional information found following articles published works J roderick korns west fort bridger utah historical quarterly 19 19511 268 david E miller donner road through great salt lake desert pacific historical review 27 february 19583144195831 44 thomas F andrews lansford w hastings promotion salt lake desert cutoff reappraisal western historical quarterly 4 april 1973133197313350550 dale L morgan overland 1846 diaries letters california oregon trail georgetown talisman press 1963 george R stewarts two excellent works ordealdrdeai hunger boston houghton mifflin 1960 new mcgraw california trailtrall york toronto P london hill 1962 35 stewart california trail appp 261 297 36 fremont memoirs my life p 433 37 reader referred volume two jackson spences expeditions john charles fremont primary information pertaining emontsfremontsfremonteFr activities pacific west vast majority volume deals FremontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteframoFremonfsnesneg participation bear flag revolt participation subsequent conquest california CHAPTER V

FREMONTS 1854 expedition UTAH

background 1853 54 Eexpedition completion third expedition 1845 period nine years elapsed before fremont again entered utah these intervening years filled notarinotarietynotorietyety honor well humiliation tragedy explorers participation bear flag revolt well military involvement ardysarmys conquest california mexico led promotion lieutenant colonel later appointment navy commodore robert F stockton 16 january 1847 californiasCali fornias territorial governor while stockton felt within authority make appointment recently conquered region general stephen watts kearny commander US army west saw otherwise subsequently kearny fremont several confrontations eventually led army commander place fremont under arrest return him east where nationally publicized court martial conducted although explorer actually caught middle power struggle between kearny stockton following

113 114 three month hearing found guilty court martialedmarti aled 31 january 1848 americans stunned outraged verdict public outcry led president james K folksPolkspolksofficial official pardon two weeks later pardon issued based upon explorers past distinguished accomplishments western exploration military service united states fremont adamantly refused accept presidential pardon 1 although embittered unjust unfair accusationsacqusationsacqjusations brought against him trial fremont labored wrap loose ends 1845 expedition once again assistance wife jessie charles preuss cartographer first two expeditions john charles prepared official report third government expedition drafted presented united states senate 1848 twenty thousand copies sixty seven page geographical memoir upon upper california illustration nadmadnapmap oregon california published authority congress although 1845 john charles through further association government explorations fall 16481848 found him heading privately funded exploration team territorial acquisition california nation essentially established atlantic pacific seaboardsseaboards however late 1840s 1850s saw country dividdividphdividpadaadpahpad hv marialmnrialemelemmiemeemm i itiiiiiasnca iiirhmophcareoreoecnr h acsmcs i acacavacabav 115

states rights well geography two coasts separated fertile great plains rugged rockies vast great basin stately sierras communication travel between east west primitive worst slow best these reasons nation still achieved goal manifest destiny little wonder late 1840s ushered era interest establishing suitable railroad route through remote interior heartland america west coast trial court martial son law 1848 senator thomas hart benton saw means emontsfremontsfremonteFr services put use wasted time making known political interests central transcontinental railroad route senator felt home state missouri benefit project desired prove best weather route west coast st louis through financial support three st louis businessmen robert campbell thorton grimsley oliver D fitfilleyley benton employed fremont head relatively small eseditionarypeditionaryexpeditionary force locate suitable central route west order prove route being feasible expedition conducted dead winter route across plains bents fort colorado completed relative ease fort expedition continue arkansas

pa 4 nyi gen 1 1 acrpnhcaanaacpaC n ri fhha rinrihripinR i n hah1healhnat enrnnrnhy ho frinroinFRroln niirv nrqianrlealbrdaniqi M 44 gengigenglnen n n e r- nr 116

colorado across wahsatchwah satch mountain great basin country somewhere near 37th parallel 2 unfortunately due number unforeseen undesirable factors weather being significant expedition met untimely ending snow covered san juan mountains colorado thirty three comprised expedition ten men died among cannibalism practiced 120 pack animals perished due lack food exposure severe elements before party arrived safety taos new mexico expedition completed fremont entered utah fourth time sometime during latter part 1848 early 16491849 five years later during winter months 1853 54 having served californiasCali fornias first congressional senator pathpathmarkermarker embarked fifth expedition same route hoped traverse fatal fourth expedition onceagainonce again attempt locate transcontinental route proposed able complete 1848 49 2 march 1853 pacific railroad survey bill passed congress allowed federal funds appropriated US army topographical corps engineers conduct surveys various routes west government issues day sectional interests played important factor surveys politicians entrepreneurs northern statestateaeae ahnwhn 117 hoped promote interests desirous northern railroad route southerners felt pacific railway should connected region added northern southern interests states middle senator bentonsbensonsBen tons missouri benton outspoken desires central route pacific waithewasthe suitable feasible nation order accomodateaccommodate each particular section country pacific railroad survey bill allocated government funds four major expeditions conducted 165354185354185353 54 pacific along northern central southern extreme southern route isaac I1 stevens selected survey northern route between 45th 47th parallels st paul west along upper missouri west coast amielamialami el Ww whipple placed charge southern survey conducted near 35th parallel ft smith arkansas west alberquerquealburquerque through central arizona southern california two explorers john parke john pope surveyed extreme southern route along 32nd parallel parkes company started ft yuma headed east rio grande where pope completed survey east ft washita just above red river senator benton leading promoter advocate central route while pacific railroad survey bill being channeled through congress prepared publication views concerning route fact

sma ra p C 11 11 4 4 C 4 l 1 1 4 sea 4i r4 3 irn I I mten i i i r lil i ca rir es e i eei r kak&lii e k i4 ketea f ca iv cic i ml 118

24 page pamphlet entitled letter col benton people missouri pamphlet reproduced partially full leading newspapers day purpose promoting central transcontinental route 0 two weeks later 16 march 1853 benton addressed letter secretary war jefferson davis letter stated secretary davis written letter fremont residing europe suggested return states able finish 1848 49 survey comprised central railroad route proposed benton letter davis senator suggested fremont another seasoned transcontinental traveler name edward F beale recently chosen superintendent indian affairs california selected army head LIPuip central survey benton informed davis route needed explored mouth huerfanoHuer fano river upper arkansas I1 southern colorado 3 los vegas de santa clara eincineln southern utahutahsutah3 benton believed son law beale best men expedition since both ends central 3 route chad explored fremont ewest santa clara east huerfanohuerfano3Huer fano traveled beale d reported fremont practicable easy presenting singular facilities makingmatting preserving road benton letter clear senator eltfeltwihmih thobhekheeho moshmok t larocclaropclarocaeifrt noftionnortionmortimn nf hhothmahm nrnnnshrmcnatsrinr cnr ont r al1 119 railroad route still needed surveyed region utah upon receiving word impending surveys john charles returned europe hope selected leader central survey every reason expect appointment based upon knowledge west success previous expeditions fact senator benton campaigning behalf however final decision made army corps selected john w gunnison appropriated him 40000 lead central survey between 38th ath3th39th parallels route proposed partially traveled fremont ill fated 1848491848 49 expedition little doubt decision select gunnison fremont based upon fact pathpathmarkermarker previously tried failed attempt traverse map central route fact gunnison serving officer army corps fremont may influence upon selection spite fact fremont beale selected head governments central survey benton proceeded own make arrangements beale fremont head separate expeditions along 38th parallel thus during 1853 54 three expeditions conducted along central route beale appropriated

1 fc fsrlsr irilriirl ziv im hl 1 1 i 120 operations indian superintendent californiacali fornia through persuasion senator benton used portion appropriated funds finance overland expedition west coast way central railroad route rather journey sea bealebeales party consisting pack animals rather wagons first three exploration parties head west central route leaving westport landing 10 may 1853 beale expedition subsequently traversed route considerable success gwinn harris heapheapsheapy beales cousin journalist expedition account exploration first printed serial form washingtons national intelligencerintel 1 iciencer later 1854 published book 7 publicity provided benton even greater support central route lieutenant john w gunnison company tha official government expedition left ft leavenworth six weeks beale party expedition basically followed benton emontsfremontsfremontefremoFrpremonfsPremo nfsnos proposed central route through colorado then proceeded northerly route west point sevier river central utah expeditions fall arrival untimely since corresponded period time during indians inspired ute chief bakarawakara walker same chief whom fremont met 1844 while northward journey through state uprising against white men region gunnison six members exneditionextoeditionexpedition alonen wiholihwi t h 121

1- mormon guide killed1 morning 26 october 1853s1853 band pahvantpasvant indians caught hostility walker war remainder survey completed EG beckwith following year salt lake city west through nevada california along 41st parallel 13 through efforts eastern capitalists using own personal funds fremontpremont raised sufficient money conduct private expedition between area 38th ath3th39th parallel fremont desire lead survey under normal weather conditions like beales gunnisonsGunni sons parties knew course traversed during seasons good climate true test routesrouters merit travel during winter accordingly eplorerexplorerclorer selected relatively small company consisting ten americans noted being salamonsalomonsolomon nunes carvalho artist daguerreotypist F w egloffsteinEgl offstein topographer max strobel assistant topographer oliver fuller assistant engineer wh palmer passenger company two mexicans ten delaware indians acted guides once again expedition embarked westport missouri however actual beginning point expedition second two forts built william bent arkansas company arrived late november 122

fremont utah 1854 john charles men left bentsdents fort november 26 month december spent crossing san juan mountains colorado 184841848 494 fremontpremont again left arkansas following huerfanoHuer fano river upstream brought party vicintyvicenty saguache creek following river upstream party arrived december 14 cochetopaCochetopa pass situated continental divide very pass fremont hoped failed locate tragic fourtfourthh expedition descending pass party struck gunnison uncompahgre rivers brought them vicinity

4 present day grand junction 1 colorado river crossed under freezing conditions solomon nunes carvalho lone primary source events surround 1853 54 expedition well documented pathmarkerpath marker kept journal notes expedition believed however these notes destroyed along numerous additional records letters explorer while being housed warehouse caught fire unknown reason prior beginning expedition fremont requested journals kept apparently carvalho secretly kept contrary emontsfremontsfremontefremonfsFrFremo nfsnos wishes although failed date day day locations survey party form time frame established based upon record example carvalho records secretly eatinqeating new years davday dinner consistinaconsistinoconsistingcon sistinasistino 123

aldens preserved eggs miltmilkC later narrative records crossing colorado near grand junction 9 based upon assumption carvalho related information eventevents occurred expedition entered utah region before close 1853 since crossing colorado took place january 1 considering fact december 14 company crossed continental divide through cochetopaCochetopa pass distance travel geographic point where colorado river flows utah vicinity 175 miles expedition likely entered central eastern utah during first week january 1854 crossing colorado fremont men traveled distance southwest direction somewhat parallel river what today known grand valley title grand indeed appropriate carvalhoscarvalhosaCar valhos account correct wherein states expedition traveled forty miles across divide plateau between grand colorado 3 green river company passed almost directly through what today arches national park situated just north moab utah exactly what features region seen group clear carvalho states seeing sandstone formation described area being comprised dangerous projections different strata rock thrown present state convulsion

I1 I1 nnii- i irI1 ca 10I1 C 124

upon theirarrivalarrival green party crossed freezing river west bank where met company ute indians quite friendly escorted them camp 11 point approximately mid january company traveling harsh winter conditions since leaving vicinity bents fort late november being much exhausted want wholesome foodsfood arrival indian camp brought hopes perhaps food stores resupplied degree disappointed utes able part small quantity food made main food source seeds carvalho wrote these green river Indianindiansss lived nothing else grass seed collected fall women parch grind between stones manner very palatable tastes very much like roasted peanuts article food scarce procure small supply I1 parted everything my daguerreotype boxes I1 did require several articles necessary clothing quart very nourishing very easy digestion quantity I1 lasted me three days I1 made hearty meal night camped among them sustaining properties cereal I1 firmly believe I1 owe strength enabled me undergo physical exertion required reach settlements la journey green river mormon community Pacarowanparowanrowan distance approximately 175 200 miles occupied three four weeks under normal traveling conditions route traversed 125 ten days even less due fact fremont determined examine area between 38th 39th parallel during winter travel slowed considerably during portion trek expedition suffered extreme physical hardships due severe weather conditions central utah first bitter cold mornings thermometer read chilling 20 30 below zero temperature did complicate things much snow slowed travel considerably made foilagefoulage pack animals difficult impossible find snow levels ranged anywhere few inches four feet mountain passes snow frequently bury camp during night men awaken eight ten inches white powder covered them exposure elements contributed hardships time expedition utah carvalho wrote none men shoes men raw hide strapped round feet while others half covered worn stockings moccasins col fremontFrfremontsfremontepremontemontsemonte moccasins worn better off us little protection caused mens feet suffer cold frostbite became lacerated walking sharp flinty mountain rocks repose found each night around campfire where chilled extremities warmed mlmi rhichinhi j-11i Mmramca iiacdiacllmatj M 1 csntn ijiical1jgmj rrrncarhrncare jtnjnr4 e4ea i rinriarna ir tltltoltl i hi fi 1li4lia 41 jl 126 buffalobu ffalo robes kept men relatively warm insulated weather fremontpremont least privilege shared rest company each camp lodge tepee like structure erected fire built center provided explorerexplorererckplorererer comfort afforded men while utah region companascompanyscomp anys food stores exhausted procurement type food both man animal always first objective nutritional substance men became meaningless since daily victuals consisted singly meat expedition lived horse mule victuals fifty days

t each animal killed1 six meals since winter conditions made almost nearly impossible f pr pack animals find pasturage driven until animal lame useless go further drop dead shot food company carvalho recorded animal condition hardly provided tasty victual eating let alone nutritional meal since animal almost starved death without flavor you know you eating flesh containscntc Ont ains juices serves sustain life since contains little nutritive matter grows poor emaciated while living alone t time expedition arrived Pacarowanparowanrowan carvalho reported twenty seven animals killed 4F rfrbttntr f fZ mael 127

occasionally wildlife served temporarallytemporarally satisfy mens hunger thirty pound porcupine even coyote killed consumed latter causing severe cramps vomiting those indulged large raven shot head member expedition obviously skilled marksman although too intended food bird remained undevoured privations doubt weighed heavy upon FremontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFremonfsnos memory disaster experienced during winter 1848 49 san juan mountains southern colorado due lack food cannibalism practiced few men memories harsh winter conditions experiencing stirred explorer tell these men incident col fremont came us referring dreadful necessities reduced said detatchment men whom sent succor former expedition guilty eating own number expressed abhorrence act proposed should under circumstances whatever kill our companions prey upon them die let us die together like men then threatened shoot first man made hinted proposition 10 although mules horses vital assets expeditions survival under harsh winter conditions cooperative animals hungry continually wander stray search food causing loss both time energy expenditure order search strays although water plentiful form snow many animals 128 eat order keepthemkeepreep them alive snow melted kettles served mules anclancienci horses men spite attention care given them solomon nunes carvalho came appreciate endurance level mules especially mexican mules

faithful beasts burthen great deal dependence always placed I1 consider them much preferable tratravellingvelling plains mountains possess greater powers endurance under privations mule thrive provender starve horse mule gives exhaustion days rest good meal start journey appear fresh ever horse stops gives him never fit travel again I1 suppose noble willing spirit horse incites him work until incapable further exertion 1 route fremont traveled leaving camp green river until arrival parawan should noted explorer first proceeded upstream san rafael river turned back realized course through mountains extend above ath3th39th parallel region proposed central railroad route turning back next traveled southwest direction along base san rafael reef located present day emery county distance same 304030 40 miles here headed west proceeded course led through thousand lake mountain descending mountain west side brought party headwaters fremont river very near where town fremont utah western wayne county today continuing west 129 approximately twenty miles brought expedition small vallevalievailevalleyvailey known grassgrase valley otter creelcreekcreer runs directly through little valley fremont followed river upstream crossed east fork sevier river circle valley camped between confluence sevier east forrforkforttforit community kingstonklingston pluteplutte county located here following sevier southwest direction upstream approximately twentyfivetwenty five miles through dog valley expedition crossed range eastern border great basin through pass bears emontsfremontsfremonteFr name descended beautiful carowanparowan valley known name little salt lake valley time continuing southwest direction expedition traveled twenty miles relative ease since part established road connected carowanparowan communities northern part utah territory 17 several incidents note occurred during three four week journey green river enroute community Paparawanrohanrowan order conserve strength mules horses departing encampment green river fremont made decision men travel foot while decision may extended physical strength animals effect physical stamina men expeditions arrival grass valley plute county

4.4 4 130 green order spare mens strength fremont made decision cache clothing baggage equipment supplies mount men animals point horse mule gave man riding consigned walk since hope procuring additional animals items cached intent possibly retrieved later time carvalho again reported place prepared snow our large buffalo lodge laid pack saddles bales cloth blankets tratravellingvelling bags extra clothes men my daguerreotype boxes containing besides several valuable scientific instruments everything passiblepossible spared together surplus gunpowder lead placed carefully covered snow then quantities brush protect indians main station made place able find occasion demanded should send them 10 evening february 4 while probably encamped location along sevier river northeast iron county fremont took carvalho open spot assist him making astronomical observations during thenightnight pathpathmarkermarker made calculations based upon astronomical findings following morning reported men distance direction community farolanfarowanFaPaparowanrowan determined arrive three days carvalho surprissurpriseded th e company arrived very day hour previously indicated col fremont preciseness explorers calculations amazed solomon considered feat without comparison i rn Hilaailma1 laaicalaz rrrriarirrsrms i c3n4mrn4 4i alfalctifatifC i t- i1 P ca rnik rcsresces X 4 khinbinpis 41I i ri ci 4 k1 K 131 snow covered mountains remote wilderness room chance work guessing deviation mile either way true course plunged whole party certain destrucdestructdestructiontion island sea may seen forty miles navigatiornavigationnavi gatior makes calculations sails direction land oftentimes extends many miles sees land directs course portion 4 10 JL I1 ac whwhareere hsh e 4 bound0 u nd h e mmayy ho ve bssnbosnlb een fiftyf y milesm i L e aut0u 4c 0f way well known land being visible great distance changes course until arrives safely port winter travel trackless mountains eternal snow across continent immense limits suffering privations cold hunger enervated disease ltvlt9 evening february 5 first time exploring career great pathpathmarkermarker almost succumbed mother nature each previous expeditions particularsparticulary 1848491848 49 men almost completely snowbound thought might survive never entered mind spite fact just day before calculated mormon settlement within many miles elementelements began take toll bodily processes arrival safety wrote occasion almost gave recorded happened while trudging mountain hunger overcame me wrote completely my strength vanished I1 almost fell I1 told my condition merely said excellent spot camp turned once next morning I1 able continue 30 even though physical effects

J 4lay imurnpvlolirnpav ai halhaf momontmnmontammonmmmon F hnmnhaaihaalhamn ianyahyan tn riiexl icaificai ateahicabicat ea riienienrienr i Kllykn t 1 i iri 132 explorer three days later men entered Pacarowanparowanrowan citizen community described him being best physically o f party indicated tough knot 11223 entering carowanparowan valley february 7 group met indians under leadership ute indian ammon brother ute indian chief walker nakara 2 3 luckily meeting passed without serious incident confrontation since just little three months previous time gunnison six men massacred band indians while sevier river encounter turned peaceable probably due fact fremont recorded indians band recognized him indian company chief walker 1844 fremont met chief exchanged greetings gifts southern utah perhaps ammon party felt degree sympathy hungry haggard looking group white men remote mountain wilderness snow nearly ten weeks since gave explorer men dog fifty pounds flour feast exchange blankets ammunition 52s ammon men conducted exploring company camp red creek canyon 2 year previous time mormon community Paraparagonahgonah located site events associated indians community abandoned nfn ihi off H I1 cs hahHMH mrichmriwhivcadivcak 4 ri pakpav niianngian 133 situated five miles south group suffered casualty during leg expedition oliver fuller companascompanyscomp anys assistant engineer expedition cached spare equipment supplies near otter creek grass valley fluteplute county mounted remaining animals fullers horse first give thus causing him wairwalkwaik warewore pair moccasins feet soon became almost wholly exposed exposure caused him lag far behind main group men carvalho egloffstienEgloff stien frequently purposely stay behind render assistance fuller finally fullers legs became paralyzed go further desiring leave him alone condition two healthier companions remained him until insisted continue journey stay main body men two men wrapped fuller warmly blankets promising him send back assistance carvalho eglaffstienegloffstienEgloff stien left him able find way expeditions encampment late night following day two delaware indians returned where fuller left trail rescued him time feet ankles black completely frozen survived doubt both feet amputated time until death each man company rendered every possible means personal assistance him died february 7 iiiiiiifsitftina nihmihrmeaamea rimhaonimhaw hnh fncaancagazzctnp m 4 hsinth c v 134 arrival Pacarowanparowanrowan day arrival mormon community fremont penned letter senator benton among things noted fullers death died like man horseback saddle wrote explorer buried like soldier spot where fell 20 nearly forty years later emontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteframoFrFremonfsnes wif-olfewifee jessie erroneously reported fuller brought carowanparowan fastened horse christian burial given him daa511 however joseph fish fourteen year old teenager resident carowanparowan fremontpremont arrived remembered vividly events surrounding fullers death recalled meeting ammons band utes fuller ate meat given them possibly dog meat immediately physicked caused death arrival Paparawanrowan order remain true word fremont saw fuller received proper burial small contingency consisting two Morcormonsmormonsmons simeon F howd chawardehowardchowardhowardj davis quite possibly fremont carvalho traveled point twenty two miles northeast parowcarowanparowan interred body 272 7

expeditions arrival stay carowanparowan morning february 8 fremont weary party journeyed few miles camp red creek site present day community Paraparagonahgonah Pacarowanparowanrowan although nearly frozen exhausted half starved 135

travel weary arrived alive arrival marked end perhaps difficult winter cursioncursioneexcursione cursiongionglon known expedition time 1856 george burleigh wrote series poems events experiences life fremont using episode explorers trek through eastern central utah mountains poet composed poem appropriately depicts vaunted courage snowy scenes surmounted pathpathmarkermarker men burleigh entitles poem crossing wahsachwansachwahsachswahweh sachsachisachsgach snow snow snow before behind above below rackrockcackcock mountain forest tree valley canon pit rift through air merciless drift powdery smoke seemed sift very bones none see whither went nor where might wallowing path leaders feet right mountain barrier beat snow snow snow council hlardyhardy warriors ho what word my braves better way scale wahsachswahsachs perilous edge through gulfs looming ledge cleave our path like rending wedge tis deadly go death stay speak my delawaresdelawarekDelawares shrewd say what path best dubious track where hungry wolf turn him bacrbackc snow snow snow my brave commander go pits under pits white dark lie gale upon gale tempests shriek cliff upon cliff mountains peak ridges beyond sharp bleak treacherous gulfs cheat eye where struggling hunter sink die none shall find bed snow my brave commander go 136

snow snow snow terrible barrier well I1 know I1 see whirling dance where did my warrior learn comanswomans word how turn back peril dark stern must advance father above shall guide our chance come follow forward beat my tireless club my naked feet snow snow snow around behind above below whirling cloud tirelessfireless smoke drift chasm looming crag where mountain goat fail drag powerless feet ashamed lag climbed cliffs measured stroke tramp dauntless chieftain broke path life led them home like fires parawan 2652697 parchanparawan fourth year existence total population four hundred pathpathmarkermarker men staggered community sources emontsfremontsfremonteFr date arrival carowanparowan differ however carvalho reported arrival being february 8 27 piece evidence helps confirm date during latter part month february 1854 john CL smith president carowanparowan stake journeyed salt lake city reported deseret news events surrounding arrival fremont party community president smith wrote

ath6th february man lookout parawan reported company supposed indians coming north end valley twenty miles distant Pacarowanparowanrowan eleven 0 clock morning ath7th colonel john C fremont nine men 12 deleware indians arrived carowanparowan state starvation men fallen dead hidhihim ascacsca ihm4hicaHhmica rlmizeim nf cavi ni i nilniin i l wv 1 I1 llow 4 137

inevitable shared fate succor day

honorable secretary aw babbitt arrived here evening o f ath7th left sthethath having five days half your brother gospel covenant JCL smithassmithacSmithsmith310Sm ithac320310 based upon information smiths letter appear party seen lookout february 6 arrived ath7th did almon w babbitt babbitt left ath8th however examination two documents appears president smith off each dates day during month february 18541654 almon w babbitt secretary territory utah enroute washington via southern utah los angeles san francisco president smith recorded fremontfremonfsFremo nfsnos party arrived morning babbitt evening then territorial secretary continued journey following day before departure however fremont drafted letters jessie two letters father law thomas benton these letters personally taken babbitt delivered wife senator upon subsequent arrival nations capital april two months later 31 two letters senator benton dated february 9 1854 3 since babbitt left carowanparowan letters upon person departure community february 9 rather february 8 138 smith states reasoning indicates smithssmith dating above cited events actually occurred day later stated fremont men therefore seen lookout ath7th arrived settlement ehnebn did babbitt explorer drafted letters before babbitts departure ath9th smiths 1 march 1854 letter dispels validity thotwo accounts published him initial meeting fremont upon arrival mormon community since letter written less month event occurred must considered credible information contains two accounts question however appear passed being factual actuality both tainted pieces what appears smith family folklore rhe first these erroneous accounts explorers arrival published leuella adams dalton history iron county mission farolanfarowanFaPaparowanrowan mother town account follows month february 1854 very cold gripping month these cold winter evenings president john calvin lazell smith sat cozy fireplace listening wife read heard someone calling help outside president smith blew light stepped doors see what wanted thought might indian trick white man snowdrift side house very weak hunger almost frozen president smith wife helped him house took care him before told them john C fremont party men back hills arvinostarvinastarvinostscarvino already died 139

president smith sent carowanparowan men search party morangmornng 21 them indians whites located homes good people Pacarowanparowanrowan dalton footnotes entry indicates taken john C L smith journal hardly seems case since does read written smith writer unable locate journal smith possession LDS church therefore opinion quotation written smith since contradicts I11 march 18541654 letter several points first letter smith states emontsfremontsfremonteFr party seen approaching Pacarowanparowanrowan daltonsdalfonsDal tons source however states fremont straggled rescuers sent rest men second smiths letter stated company arrived settlement 1100 am harmony evidence writer produced indicates camp expeditexpeditioexpeditionioni near present day Paraparagonahgonah located five miles northeast Pacarowanparowanrowan fremont men left camp morning easily arrived carowanparowan around 1100 am hand daltonsdalfonsDal tons source gives embellished account explorer approaching night himself etc carvalhoscarvalhosaCar valhos account entering carowanparowan gives every indication party arrived together during day 3 second account question published nevada w driggs descendant sarah F smith wife 140 john CL smith although too lengthy included here reporting almost identical many points daltondallons account reasons similar daiDaldallonstonstong writer considers error concerning Fremofremonfremonfstsnfsnesnos arrival v3va upon arrival Paparawanrowan men taken various homes cared nursed back health fremont invited home stake president john CL smith wife sarah carvalho taken william heap family upon entering home overjoyed see three beautiful children reminded him own wept joy think yet able embrace own appearance anything favorable carvalho described himself I1 mistaken indian people Pacarowanparowanrowan my hair long known comb month my face unwashed ground collected dirt emaciated degree my eyes sunken clothes torn tatters hunting our animals through brush my hands dreadful state my fingers frostbittenfrost bitten split every joint suffering same time diarrhea symptoms scurvy I1 situation truly pitied I1 do wonder sympathies cormonsMormormonsmons excitede cited our favor my personal appearance being reflection whole party indeed legitimate subjects exercise ffineri ner feelingsf eel i ngs nature 13I letter father law written southern utah settlement john charles somewhat overstated physical health men first reported men general good health subsequently admitted 141

deideldeladeiadelewaresDeledwaresewareswares came i n sound whites my party exhausted broken less frosfrostfrostbittentbittebitten 7 later during day february 8 men submitted having faces hands washed hair combed fremont agreed pay mormon families dollar fifty cents day board careful attention provided men nursed back full health strength gradually upset bodies delicate nature men proved difficult task joseph fish reported men party nearly famished reaching fort confined under lock key prevent them eating too much first citizens doubt displayed what might termed mormon hospitality towards expedition company jessie wrote men placed homes given warm rooms comfortable beds fremont letters say enough gentle patient care these kind women llsciliscill sci years followed jessie fremont tooltoultooktoor great pleasure recounting what considered strange real psychic revelation concerning husbands safety arrival parawanFaParowan following evening dinner day arrived Paparchanparawanrahanrawanrowan fremont shown room smith home around 1130 pm nnmnhnnonoh hlhi CS nr cahzahbah eah i kl rk K i 4 11tr11t C fT 1.1l 1il 1 i i I1 142

I1 am safe now tell how happy I1 am saved jessie claimed during midwinter o f 1854 received impression husband starving feeling continued haunt two weeks until began affect appetite sleep physical constitution broken then late evening spiritual phenomenon occur sudden claimed felt hand resting shoulder whereupon heard john charles whisper name experience calmed sensed right reached safety moment immediately began recover completion expedition west coast husbands return washington two shared what happened each during interim course conversations jessie rehearsed husband account hearing voice whisper name feeling touch unseen hand amazement couple discovered jessiejessies experience occurred very day johns arrival Pacarowanparowanrowan probing deeper what experienced explorer asked what time night you heard me speak you jessie recalled 200 am then asked him what time made entry notebook smith home Pacarowanparowanrowan my notes say eleven thirty then your message reached me took two half netiehot irrikctec itnn ngni ical hcarca T es i n iii i 0 T illiak1 u i 1 I1 AV1l V 4 143 complain even samuel morses telegraph couldnt do better ohnJjohn shook face hands yoliyouyout good wife poor astronomer utah two half hours earlier time washington message I1 wrote you my journal flashed quicker accurate wire samuel morse ever inventventvene stated previously february 9 day following arrival fremont drafted letters wife senator benton almon Ww babbitt passing through territory enroute washington via california carry letters east however before babbitts departure ath9th fremontpremont made arrangements him mormon leaders carowanparowan purchase needed animals supplies order continue expedition california babbitt arrived california letter published san francisco daily herald gave details tothe transaction between explorer mormon leaders southern utah community portion letter reads colonel ready money evidence draw palmer cook responsible banking houses city amount buy horses mules place carowancparowanjparowanParowan being small settlement having storekeeper business man I1I1 11knowing reputation banking houses city same time being well acquainted bishop morcommormom church place made arrangement furnish horses mules col fremont journey pay tithing money hand take draft palmer coolcackccokcook 884 whole amount favor gov young qL 1 apparently cormonsmormons never reimbursed eplorerexplorerclorer although told him full payment 144 given them once reached coast horses supplies procurredprocurved saints said totaled thousand dollars 3 mayor john steele reported fremont took him 20 worth maps I1 loaned him copy fitted him went way west 3 evidence leads believe families boarded weary travelers never compensated 1501501.50 promised them colonel well during expeditionexpeditions1 stay mormon settlement men must spent time enjoying needed rest recuperation well making necessary preparations rest journey men doubt saw first hand activities mormon worship family living carvalho saw what mormon polygamy like boarder william heap community shoemaker noticed wives performed household chores wife saw meal preparations milking cow churning butter baking bread second wife made washed ironed clothes attended children observed countless numbers miserable indians begging women anything edible colonel able see military drill parawan contingency utah nauvoo legion instructed james H martineau veteran mormon battalion participated mexican war martineau somewhat ashamed apologetic fremont 145 distinguished ex military officer observe battalions unmilitary ilkliklirelikeilkee appearance during drill explorer rebuffed apology

praised performance saying martineau I1 five thousand men like those I1 saw drill today I1 march through mexico ten thousand I1 conquer memezicomexicoi 11 4 ci while recovering Pacarowanparowanrowan evidence entirely clear whether fremont sent messengers back location otter creek plute county retrieve cached instruments extra baggage letter written carowanparowan father law stated deposited items distance hundred miles community indicated send anyone bacbacrbaerbackk retrieve stored goods however letter editor deseret news 20 july 1854 george peacock related how learned indians deaths two spaniards sent back fremont locate cached items two messengers able find cache while taking articles band indians rushed upon them killed them tooltooktoor valuable property scattered mail bag destroyed surveying instruments neither fremont nor carvalho ever made mention incident entirely realm possiblitypossibilitypossiblpossible ity since two spaniards among members emontsfremontsfremonteFr company records do indicate exactly members expedition continued 146 california fremont released return home once totally recovered jessie recalled party unwilling go futhereutherfuther77 however two known members company did proceed carvalho FW egloffstienEgloff stien these two men remained carowanparowan until february 21 time transported large company cormonsmormons salt lake city way attend conference church headquarters 13 stay twelve days mormon settlement fremont felt need continue west order finish objectives survey accordingly men left carowanparowan february 20 21 115 accompanied samuel lewis resident Pacarowanparowanrowan mormon guide took them southwest direction cedar city then west location near present day enterprise utah where arrived three days later february 23 24 location fremont see broad escalante valley desert these surroundings familiar him since ten years previous time descended escalante valley while traveling upstream santa clara river through extreme southwest portion utah point decision made head due west proximity 37th parallel rather head southwest course down virgin river reason decision once again due fact fremont explored route 1844 days travel encampment near 147 present day enterprise brought company location near present day uvada utah situated just east utah nevada border 0015c following day february 25 26 fremont crossed nevada making total stay utah occasion approximately seven weeks namely first week january february 25 26 see map page 148 few exceptions emontsfremontsfremonteFr course through nevada due west area between 37th ad 38th parallels upon striking east side sierras instead attempting find direct pass through rugged range explorer turned southward entered san joaquin valley south walker pass way lower sierra nevada mountains form ranges southern rim completion expedition fremont returned east home family spite difficulties hardships encountered journey especially utah region benton continued promote central route being favorable concerning region traversed utah pathpathmarkermarker saw being particularly suited railroad line since mountains contained great storehouse materials timber iron candieandi coal essential railroad construction maintenance al civil strife facing nation during late 1850s civil war reconstruction early 1860s establishment 148

1887 fremont map showing explorers route through utah 1854

iliajila

743434 q5qa VH t

Q 77410

0 DO 4-1

46w 14 pt portion emontsfremontsfremonteFr 1887 map included publication nf memoirs map fremont did identify autecuter outeroute entirety dark solid line indicates portions indicated being part route 149 transcontinental railroad delayed decision finally made move ahead project politicians washington bureaucrats decided upon route west council bluffs omaha line actually ran north benton emontsfremontsfremonteFr proposed central route south initially proposed northern route essentially making narthnorth central route central route adopted southern utah region become hub territory established populated communities located along railroad line

ft carowanparowan postscript within few days arrival nations capital fremont sought utahs lone congressional delgata john M bernhisel thank him kindness received ethe normonmormon people exa03212 lebelebb two years before explorers death honored floral fair sponsored city san jose occasion gentleman approached fremont said colonel you dont remember me I1 shall never forget you pausing short while think pathpathmarkermarker replied 1 I met you carowanparowan 543154i3 finally short while festival san jose fremont los angeles while kate field brilliant female journalists country came city deliver lecture against cormonsmormons practices asked fremont introduce public meeting 150 told 1 I cannot do cormonsmormons saved me mine death starvation 15454 135

geographic locations features named explorerExtol orer while utah region 1854 explorer did name geographic features landmarks sites did previous two expeditions however community river mountain pass located southern utah area traversed fremont while fifth expedition since given name explorer first small community fremont utah northwest wayne countycautcoutCaLtnty then fremont river headwaters high mountains fishlikefishlakeFish lake national forest sevier county seventy five mile long river flows through middle wayne county before diminishes fremont creek tributary dirty devil finally pass through expedition crossed order enter present day farolanfarowanFaparowanrowan valley eastern iron county frequently referred fremont pass fremont canyon

summarysummery fremontfremopremonfsPremonfsnes expedition utah 1854 marked time entered region summary following aspects expedition stand 1 fremont intentions exploring east central southern portions state while fourth ededitionpeditionexpeditionpedi tion 1848 494 however due harsh winter 151 conditions experienced while mountains southern colorado forced abandon plans 2 even though selected federal government 1853 head central railroad survey fremont chose conduct own private exploration main purpose focus expedition survey region headwaters arkansas river colorado santa clara river utah thus great majority area desired survey 18531653 54 expedition utah territory 3 explorer entered utah region approximatelyapproampro i mately during first week january 1854 exit state occurred february 25 26 making stay region vicinity seven weeks three previous expeditions state utah longest expedition twelve days spent mormon people parawanParowan 4 previously published accounts FremontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFremonfsnes arrival carowanparowan ie daltonsdalfonsDal tons history iron county mission farolanfarowanFaPaparowanrohanrowan mother town appp 3344 driggs captain fremont slept grandma mcgregors bed utah historical quarterly 41 cspringespringospring 197317818131973178 1813 contain elements family fairfolklorefaikfalk lore do accurately portray historical facts explorers arrival community conclusion based upon information contained letter john calvin lazelle smith published deseret 152

news less month expeditions arrival Pacarowanparowanrowan 5 spite extreme difficulties encountered while conducting railroad survey especially those hardships experienced utah region completion expedition fremont continued promote central railroad route being favorable line 6 finally community two geographic features southern utah subsequently named explorer 153

notes t 0 chabterchagterch ap ter V 1 best information court martial hearings found jackson spences supplement volume two expeditions john charles fremont entitled proceedings court martial 2 bigelow memoir life public services john charles fremont p 360 3 best single work Frfremontfremontsfremonteemonts fourth expedition emontsfremontsfremonteeremontsFrEr fourth impeditionqmpeditionexpeditions ft documentary account disaster 1848491848 49 diaries letters i nd reports participants tragedy edited introductions notes leroy R ann W hafen glendale AHAM clarke 1960 work camcomcomprisesarisesprises volume 11 far west rockies historical series 18201875382018753.820187518203820 1875 see william brandonsbrandonaBran dons men mountainn emontsfremontsfremonteFr fourth expeditionqxpeditioneppediexpedi ti new york william morrow 1955 frederick dellenbaughsDellen baughs fremont 49 story remarkable career relation exploration development our western territory especiallespecially california frederick dellenbaugh maps fifty illustrations new york londonlondonslondona GP Putnaputnamsputnamsr sons 1914 spite fact fourth expedition failed attempt locate railroad route through southern colorado plateau colorado utah following expedition fremont continued promote route being best suited railroad see letter mississippi pacific railroad convention published strekerskersstrvkersstrykersStry register magazine 4 july 1850558 64 explorerexplorers continued insistanceinsistenceinsistance best route played major factor decision lead fifth expedition route 1853 54

4 see leroy R d ann W hafenschafens far nestwest rockies 713247137813247813 24 william H Goetzgoetzmannsmanns chapters pacific railroad surveys army exploration american west 180318631803 1863 new haven london yale university press 1959 appp 262304262 304 search iron trail glorationgloracionexplorationE gl oration empire explorer scientist winning american west new york alfred knopf 1966 appp 265302265 302 george L brightsalbrightsAl official explorations pacific ralroadsrailroadsRal roads berkeley university california press 1921 5 bentonsbensonsBen tons letter republished leroy R ann W hafen far west rockies 725 56 6 correspondence between colonel benton gen davis secretary war washington city 16 march 1853 published leroy ann W haenshaeng far west 154 rockies 7283 7 published book form heaps journal deditionpeditionexpeditione pedi tion published under title central route pacific gwinn harris heap related material railroad explorations indian affairs bv edward F beale thomas H benton kit carson col E ft hitchcock documents 1853541853 54 philadelphia lippincott grambo 1854 8 see nolienollenoile meylsmumeylsmumeysmumeyoMu john william gunnison western explorers ft history survey through colorado utah nith biography details massacre denver artcraft press 1955 EG beckwithsBeckwit hs report Qplorationexploration route pacific railroadralirall road near 38th 39th parallels latitude mouth flkansasansas river sevier river great basin lieut EG beckwith third artillery washington npap 1855 published order congress 33rd congress istish session house document 129 9 solomon nunes carvalho incidents travel adventure far west col emontsfremontsfremonteFr expedition across rocky mountains including three months residence utah perilous trip across thehee great american desert pacific SN carvalho artistar ficstficat TI hioHriorim io deditionpeditionexpeditionp1pa pedigedlacarlncarl i tionh i nn newMOIAI yorkenrynr l derbyneak hw anh jacksontartanaar7ar l canncsnn 1857v1857 ppe 6687966 87987 90005 10 ibid p 104 carvalho stated area tracks made gunnisonsGunni sons party seen still 11 jackson spence indicate fremont crossed green opposite mouth san rafael river location approximately 20 miles south green river utah see Epetitionspeditionsexpeditionspedit ionslons john charles fremont 3466 67 nlnnl7n17 12 carvalho incidents travel p 105 13 ibid p 130 14 ibid p 113 15 ibid p lolloi101 16 ibid p 112 17 information isbasedimbasedbased upon emontsfremontsfremonteFr 1687 map included memoirs findings jackson spence expeditions john charles fremont 3466 67 nie 23 155

18 carvalho incidents travel 1 p 124 19 ibid appp 13132131 32 20 letter john C fremont wife jessie benton fremont irving stones immortal wife biographical novel jessie benton fremont garden citescitycitys sun dial press 1461946 p 292 writing jessies biography stone indicated access unpublished memoirs letters located university california berkeley library 21 james H martineau meeting fremontpremont deseret news 17 february 1917 22 carvalho incidents travel p 134 ammon known names ammornahAmm ornah aborahamorahamor ah fremont biographer ferol egan incorrectly identifies ute indian araleenAraarapeenpeen another brother chief walker see fremont explorer restless nation garden city doubleday 1977 p 502 conway B sonne author world bakarawakara san antonio naylor company 1962 indicates appp 1861116 87 indian ammon araleenAraarapeenpeen 23 information based reminiscence james H martineau meeting fremont deseret news 17 february 1917 martineau stated dog flour obtained indians ethorbitantexhorbitantethorethar bitant price noted flour divided equally among men dog provided mouthful each party recollection harmony elizabethelisabetheilzabethellzabeth benton fremont daughter explorer published recollections elizabeth benton fremont daughter pathfinder general john C fremont jessie benton fremont wife compiled martin new york frederick H hitchcock 1121912 appp 68 69 states dog flour ademademedem welcome feast well nigh famished travelers letter jessie written Pacarowanparowanrowan explorer wrote indians 11gavegave us dog although made mention flour see irving stones immortal wife p 292 fremont grapherbigrapherbibiographer ferol egan again error statement facts dog flour text indicated men exchanged flour dog see fremontFrefremontefremontgmontg plorerexplorerE clorer restless nation p 502 seems hardly case since fremont carvalhoscarvalhosaCarvalhos records definitively state ate meat forty fifty days 24 carvalho incidents travel p 134 156 25 letter john charles fremantfremontpremont thomas hart benton written Paparchanparawanrowan iron county utah territory 9 february 1854 published washingtons national intelligencerintel 1iqencer 12 april 1854 carvalho describes events surrounding fullers death incidents travel appp 11720117 20 13435134 35 26 jessie benton fremont far nestwest sketches boston D lothrop 1890 p 36 27 information based account joseph fish life times joseph fish mormon pioneer edited john H krenkelklrenkkarenk el danville interstate printers publishers 1970 appp 464746 47 1856 while assisting john bigelow preparation presidential campaign biography fremont used carvalhoscarvalhosaCar valhos writings relate account 1853541853 54 expedition doubt carvalhoscarvalhosaCar valhos permission explorer made additions account fullers death addition indicates both fremont carvalho part company went back bury fullers body account reads men rested little went company three four inhabitants parawan bury our deceased friend remains disturbed during our absence see bigelowsBige lows memoir life public services john charles fremont p 441 28 george burleigh signal fires trail pathfinder new york dayton burdick 1856 appp 142 44 292 cited earlier while assisting biographer john bigelow preparation 18561656 presidential campaign biography fremont used carvalhoscarvalnoscarvalhosaCarvalCar valhosnos account source information 1853541653541853165354 expedition took liberty inserting material felt appropriate concerning arrival Pacarowanparowanrowan fremont added carvalhoscarvalhosaCar valhos text noting fuller died february 7 next day arrived parawan see bigelowsBige lows memoir life public services john charles fremont p 441 see carvalhoscarvalhosaCar valhos incidents travel p 138 30 letter john calvin lasellelazelle smith editor deseret news 1 march 1854 letter appeared newspaper 16 march 1854 appears journal history LDS church under date 1 march 1854 31 doubt before leaving carowanparowan babbit took letters written fremont wife writer able locate portion letters previously cited being 157 irving stones immortal wife p 22292 own book jessie made mention fact received letters babbitt see far west ketchessketches appp 35 37 32 first two letters addressed fremont benton letter introduction senator concerningconcsrningconzoconco ning babbitt second letter contained information expedition point plans proceeding california completing survey day babbitts arrival washington benton arranged publication noted earlier appeared washington intelligencerinteliintel1 iciencer 12 april 1854 fremont biographer john bigelow publish letter memoir life public services john charles fremont appp 44344443 44 33 leuella adams dalton history iron countcountyy mission parawanParonanrowan mother town Pacarowanparowanrowan npap 1963 appp 3344 34 see carvalho incidents travel appp 135 36 35 nevada w driggs captain fremontpremont slept grandma mcgregormcgregors bed utah historical quarterly 41 spring 197317819731788181 portion driggs narrative questionable concerning historical authenticity given here aminationetexamination note similarities between daltondaidaltonsdalfonsDal tons account calvin gone bed tired long day flour mill sarah setting bread dough heard cry distress ran awakened calvin said probablyprob ably coyote indian then cry came again calvin quickly dressed sarah begged him go alone went neighbors jesse N smith john steele edward dalton these men wrapped warmly took gun followed cry quarter mile away found man almost buried snowdrift completely exhausted carried him sarah already built fire heated water man undressed placed sarahs best big white bed revived told them captain john C fremontpremont sent federal government discover new route california overtaken heavy snows company men reduced eating horses mules meal dog given them indian said surviving men huddled canyon five miles bacibacrback probably red creek canyon calvin told captain relax allow sarah nurse him remedies cold exhaustion come daylight assemble rescue group seek men morning ox teams hitched sleighs loaded quilts food half frozen men brought fort each placed home care 158

366 carvalho incidents travel p 136 37 letter john C fremont thomas hart benton Pacarowanparowanrowan utah 9 february 1854 38 fish life times o f joseph fish p 47 39 jessie benton fremont far nestwestweetneseuesewese ketchessketches p 37 40 I1 used two sources information book farearegr west sketches appp 294029 40 jessie revealed spiritual experience night husbands arrival mormon community second source irving storlestoriestofiestone immortal wife appp 295 296 conversation between john jessie recounted should noted far west sketches jessie stated husband arrived carowanparowan february 6 since claimed husband made notes around 1130 pm carowanparowan time around 200 am washington eexperience occurred during early morning hours february 7 since fremontpremont actually arrived february 8 may appear jessiejesslejessies experience did coincide exact time during husband wrote message tierfier notebook however compiling memoirs jessie probably recalling events best remember them taking these points consideration highly possible timing revelation coincided fremont writing journal john jessies daughter elizabeth made mention incident recollections elizabeth benton fremont appp 697269 72 41 letter almon w babbitt san francisco dailydallydaliypallypaliy herald 15 march 1854 letter reproduced jackson spence expeditions john charles fremont 3463469 elizabeth benton fremont mentions cormonsmormons farolanfarowanFaparowanrohanrowan exceptionally kind even cashing fathers draft him courtesy never before extended gentile see recollections elizabeth benton fremont p 72 jackson spence state bishop mormon community tarltontar 1 ton lewis assumed responsibility procuring animals expedition jesse N smith placed charge supplying company food equipment editors do give source where obtained information see jackson spence expeditions john charles fremont 3475 nl 42 martineau meeting fremont deseret news 17 february 1917 159

43 john steele journal typescript p 32 located LDS church archives salt lake city utah 44 carvalho incidents travel appp 137 38 45 martineau meeting fremont deseret news 17 february 1917 46 letter o f george peacock 5 july 18541654 manti utah editor deseret news letter appeared paper 20 july 18541654 located journal history LDS church under date 5 july 18541654 james H martineau recalled someone being killed attempt retrieve cached equipment incorrectly identified man carvalho see martineau meeting fremontpremontpremone deseret news 17 february 1917 47 jessie benton fremont far nestwest sketches p 36 48 carvalho incidentsi d en t trtravelavei appp 13941139 41 jackson spence state party left carowanparowan reduced least four persons I1 interpret mean fuller died carvalho egloffstienEgloff stien unknown person once again editors do indicate where obtained information see rhe Egeditionsexpeditions john charles fremont 3475 nl why text I1 simply indicate do know went fremont remained behind 49 fremont left two reports 18531653 54 expeditione first report FremontsfremontsfremontefremonfsFremonfsnus railroad exploration printed daily alta california 21 april 1854 five days arrival san francisco report published salt lakes deseret news 8 june 1854 report states group left carowanparowan february 21 second report entitled fremont editors national intel 1ioencerligenilgenligencercercec printed washington publication 13 june 1854 account indicates left carowanparowan february 20 both reports received extensive publication throughout united states latter subsequently printed order congress 33rd congress 2nd session house document tobB 50 sources information include jackson spence expeditions john chariescharles fremont 3475 76 n2nanain2i mary lee spence FremontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFremonfsnes utah utah historical quarterly 44 summer 1976301 emontsfremontsfremonteFr letter editors national intelligencerintel 1ioencer washington 13 june 1854 51 fremontemontsfremontsfremonteFr letter editors national intelintelligencer1iqencer washington 13 june 1854 see thomas 160 hart bentonsbensonsBen tons discourse benton missouri beforefore boston Merchannerchantiiemerchantiletileblie librarlibraelibrary association physical geographyaeoqeography o f country between states missouri california view show adaptation settlement construction railroad washington len towers 16541854 JJ

52 letter john M bernhisel brigham young washington 14 june 1854 folder tt9tta9 brigham young papers LDS church archives salt lake city utah 53 elisabethelizabetheilzabeth benton fremont recollections elisabetheilzabethelizabeth benton fremont 72727373 jessie wrote experience though slight variation daughter identified man being john CL smith whose home fremont cared during stay farolanfarowanFaPaparowanrowan case since smith died december 1855 age 34 see far west sketches appp 4041404 441 54 elizabeth benton fremont recollections elizabeth benton fremont p 73 CHAPTER VI

SUMMARY conclusions

during three expeditions brought fremont utahs borders traversed approximatelyapproampro i mately 1250 miles state during each trek pathpathmarkermarker must awed regions diversity whether almost lifeless inland sea north red sandstone cliffs southwest rugged timbered terrain uinta mountains northeast arid salt lake desert west plorersexplorerse plowers writings give feeling impressed fertile utah valleys fresh mountain streams snowcappedsnowcapped peaks perhaps observations experiencese while region led him believe utah region contained geological diversity area through traveled pathmarkerspath markers explorations northern utah 1s431843 focused primarily geographic features associated great salt lake must credited conducting first scientific analysis lake surrounding region findings reporting proved generally accurate

161 162

perhaps significant discovery while traversing southern central regions state spring 1844 return leg second expedition explorer clearly recognized wasatch sierra nevada ranges formed east west boundaries what appropriately titled great basin although declared semi arid basin having few major streams outlet sea same time declared portions utah region utah valley bear river drainage lands valuable agricultural economic worth john charles fremont must credited giving contemporaries 1840s well society today detailed scientific vivid generally accurate description utah before arrival modern civilization mormon leaders residing western illinois during mid1840s particularly influenced explorers narrative 1843441843 44 expedition however should noted emontsfremontsfremonteFr report 1842 1843441843 44 expeditions did persuade mormon leaders settle vicinity great salt lake writings did help confirm decision mormon leaders recognized reports potential informing mormon populace both illinois great britain concerning utah region hoped reading explorerexplorersexplorerlsls writings area saints inclined join main body church 163 permanent establishment churchschurche headquarters great salt lake valley emontsfremontefremonfsfremontsFrFremoemontenfsnosnoe third expedition 1845 less significant scientific standpoint 184318475 44 expedition however course travel taken expedition enabled pathpathmarkermarker correctly ascertain true relationship between great salt lake tributary south saline inland sea surrounding territory once again explored analyzed fremantfremontpremont following completion survey lake government party made successful crossing great salt lake desert opened portion another route west while conducting govermentgovernment backed expeditions 184318434444 1845 fremont felt within authority name several geographic landmarks features associated utah three continue known name given explorer great basin antelope island pilot peak 1850 howard stansbury conducted second government survey lake renamed disappointment island island visited named fremont 1843 fremont island honor fremont being first known white visitor set foot shores years following emontsfremontsfremonteFr 1854 trek through central southern utah fremontpremont river fremont pass canyon community fremont utah named honor explorer 164

during winter months 1853541853 54 personal private interests persuaded fremont attempt locate suitable railroad route west missouri pacific coast period approximately seven weeks january february 1854 course led him through central southern portions state although men eventually able traverse region course travels experienced severe physical hunger exposure hardships company come upon warm fires hospitality mormon inhabitants Pacarowanparowanrowan may experienced death snowy mountains southern utah spite difficulty encountered utah while attempting locate central railroad route fremont continued insist route suited transcontinental track perhaps appropriate conclusion explorers utah connection found cemented granite east bench salt lake city july 24 1947 deseret news reported estimated 50000 people gathered witness unveiling place monument sculptured mahonri M young grandson brigham young monument erected honor prominent individuals instrumental founding utah center structure situated highest monolith stands bronze figures mormon leaders brigham young heber C kimball willard richards positioned atop smaller shafts southern northern 165 ends monument figures representing trappers mountain men jim bridger etienne provost peter skeen ogdenogdenji figures representing spanish fathers dominquez escalante base monument facing east side figures captain bonneville father pierre jean de smet john charles fremantFremonfremontfc see photograph page 166 spite fact fremont considered singularly important character establishment utah very fact included among score men noted historical contributions region suggests role exploration discovery eventual settlement area indeed major 166

photograph bronzebron-ze figure john C fremont place monument

bronzebron ze firgurefiegure john C fremont place monument dedicdedicatedetedkted 24 july 1947 bibliography

books pamphlets adler pat wheelock walt walkers RR routes 1853 glendale la siesta press 1965 albright george L official exulorationsexplorations pacific railroads berkeley university o f california press 1921 arrington leonard ju great basin kingdomsinqdom economic history latter day saints 1830183019001900 lincoln london university nebraska press 1958 bashford herbertherberts wagner harr man unafraid story ofjohnjohn charles fremont herbert bashford harr wagner san francisco harr wagner publishing 1927 beckwith EG report exploration route pacific railroad near 38th 39th parallels latitude mouth kansas river sevier river great basin lieut EG beckwithbeerBeek third artillerartilleryY washington npap 1855 benton thomas hart highway mississippi river pacific ocean speech benton missouri senate february 7 1849 washington printed office dailydallydaliy globe 1849 letter col benton people missouri central national highway mississippi river pacific washington npap 1853j merme r discourse benton missouri before boston MerchanmerchantiemerchantileMer tiletlletiie library association physicalchantIegeography country between states missouri california view show adaptation settlement construction railroad washington len towers 1854 JJ

167 168

thirty years viewviewsglew ft historypfhistory working american governmentforgovernment thirty years 1820 1850 chiefly taken congress debates private papers general jackson speeches E senator benton historical notes illustrations noticesices eminent deceased contemporariesbycontemporaries senator thirty years 2 vols new york D appleton company boston F parker 1854561854 56 bigelow john memoir life public services o f john charles fremont including account explorations discoveries adventures five successive expeditions across north american continent voluminous selections private public correspondencecorrespondences defense before court martial full reports principal speeches senate united states new york derby jackson 1856 billington ray alienallenailen far western frontier 183018601830 1860 new york harper 1956 brandon william men mountain emontsfremontefremontsFrFremo nos fourth expeditioneppediexpedi tion new york william morrownfs 1955 burleigh george signal fires trail pathfinder new york dayton burdick 1856 carson christopher dear old kit historical christophercarsonchristopher carson new editionedit lonion carson memoirs normannormans university oklahoma press 1968 kit carsons autobiography edited milo oualqualquaiquaifef e chicago lakeside press 1935 carvalho solomon nune incidents travel adventure far west nith col fremantfremontemontsfremontsfremonteFr expedition across rockyrocity mountains including three months residence utah perilous trip across great american desert pacific SN carvalho artist expedition new york derby jackson 1857 cleland robert glass Pathpathfindersfinders los angeles powell publishing 1929 cline gloria griffen exploring great basin norman university oklahoma press 1631963 169 creer lelandleilel hargravemargrave foundingFound inoinQ empire exploration colorizationcolonisationcolooization utah 1776 16561856 salt lake city bookcraft 1947 dalton luella adams historyistorv iron county mission Pacarowanparowanrowan mother tokatomatown Pacarowanparowanrowan npap 1963 dellenbaugh frederick fremont 49 story remarkable career relation exploration development our western territory especially california frederick dellenbaugh maps fifty II11 lustrationsillustrations new york london GP Putnaputnamsputnamsr sons 1914 egan ferol fremont explorer restless nation garden city doubleday 1977 ellis edward sylvester life times christopher carson rocky mountain scout guide reminiscences Fremontsfremontsfremontefremont8s exploring expeditions notes 0 life 12 new mexico new york beadle 1861 escalante tilgilglitilvestresilvestrevestre velez de dominquezdominguegdominqueg escalanteescal ante Journjourneljournaljournglgl translated angelico chaveschavez edited ted J warner provo brigham young university press 1976 exploring Americaamerican3 west 180318791803 1879 produced division publications national park service washington DC US department interior 1982 eyre alice famous emontsfremontsfremonteFr america santa ana fine arts press 1948 fish joseph life times joseph fish mormon pioneer edited john H krenkel danville interstate printers publishers 1970 fremont elizabeth benton recollections elisabethelizabeth benton fremont daughter pathfinder general john C fremont jessie benton fremont wife compiled martin new york frederick H hitchcock 1912 fremont jessie benton far west sketches boston D lothrop 1890 fremont john charles report exploration country lying between missouri river rockybackybocky mountains line kansas 170 great piatteplatte rivers lieut JC fremont washington printed order united states senate 18431043 bepartreport exploring expedition rocky mountains year 1842 oregon north california years 1843441843 44 brevet captain JC fremont topoqraphicaltopographicaltopograp2ical engineers under orders col abertfabertaabert chief o f topographical bureauJJ printed order senate united state washington gales seaton 1845 geographicalgeoqraphicalgeor4raphical memoir upon udderupper california illustration madnapmap oregon california john charles fremont addressed senate united states washingtonwashingtons wendell van bentbenthuysenDent huysen 1848 notes travel california comprising prominent geographical agricultural geological mineralogical features country aisoalbo route san diego official reports col fremont major Efemoryflory dublin james mglashanMGmcglashanlashan 1849 description emontsfremontsfremontefremonfsFrFremoemontenfsnus overlandrouteoverland route oregon california across rocky mountains surveyed united states government npap john field stationer bookseller 1849 exploring expedition rocky mountains oregon california brevet col JC fremont added description physical geography california nith recent notices gold region latest authentic sources buffalo george H derby cleveland smith knight 1850 oregon california exploringexdlorinrj EXDeditionexpedition rocky mountains arecorecoregongon california JC fremont added description physical geography california recent totbotnoticesices gold region buffalo george H derby 1851 central railroad route pacific letter JC fremont editors national intelligencerintel 1 iciencer communicatingcomminicommuni catino general results recent winter expedition across rocky mountains survey route railroad pacific washington government printing office 1854 171

daring adventures kit carson fremont among buffaloes grizzliergrizzliesGrizz lies indians being spirited diary difficult wonderful Eplarationsexplorationsgiagicplarations ever made opening gleatgreat pathway pacific new york 2 hurst 1855 memoirsLlemte moirs ny life bvy john charles fremont includinincludinqincludingludin narrative five journeys western exploration durinoduring years 184218472 184341843 4 1845671845 6 7 184891848911848 919 185341853 4 together sketch o f life senator thomas hart bentonpenton connection westward expansion jessie bentondenton fremont retrospect fifty years covering eventful periods modern american history vol 1 chicago new york bedfordbed ford clarke company 1887 narratives exploration adventure edited allan nevins maps james mcdonald new york longmans green 1561956 expeditions john charles fremont 3 vols edited donald jackson mary lee spence urbana university illinois press 1970 1973 1984 goetzmann william H topographical engineers western movement new york westerners new york possee 19581956 arimearmy exploration american west 180318631803 1863 new york yale university press 1959 exploration empire explorer scientist winninwinning ADeadericanamericanricanrizan west new york knopf 1966 goodwin leonidas john charles fremont explanation career cardinal goodwin y stanford university palo alto stanford university press london H milford oxford university press 1930 buddegudde edwin gustav fremont preuss western names youngstown american names society 1957 guild thelma carter harvey L 1kit carson pattern heroes lincoln university nebraska press 1984 hafen leroy R ann W old spanish trail sante fe los angeles leroxleroy R ann NW hafen 172 extracts contemporary records includinincludingL diaries antonio armijo orville H pratt glendalegl endal e AH clarreclarkec1ca arklearrne p 1954 emontsfremontsfremonfsfremonteFrFremonfsnesneg fourth expedition ft documentary account disaster o f 1848491848184849349349 diaries Letlettersketterstars reports participants tragedy edited introduction notes leroy R ann w hafen Glenglendaledalesdaigs AH clarke 1960 hafen leroy R hollon w eugene rister carl coke western america explorationEK ploration settlement development region beyond mississippi englewood cliffs prentice hall 1970 hastings lansford NW emiemigrantsgrants guide oregon california containing scenes incidents eartyparty arecorecoregongon emigrants description oreqonioregon scenes incidents party california emigrants description california nith description different routes those countries ailaliaallaali necessary information relative equipment suppliesSugpilesplies method traveltravelinging cincinnati george canclinconclinCon clin 1845 hawthorne hildegarde born adventure story john charles fremontFre moot new york D appleton century 1947 heap gwinn harris central route pacific gwinn harris heap related material railroad Eexplorationspl orael ons indianflffairsindi af f ai rs b y edward F beaibealscalesealebealee thomas H benton kit carson col EA hitchcock documents 1853541853 54 philadelphia lippincott grambo 1854 heffernan william joseph edward M I1kernlernnern travels artist E clorerPlpiorerplorerorer bakersfield kerniilernelern county historical society 1953 hine robert Vv shadow fremont edward kern art 0f exploration 1845601845 60 norman university oklahoma press 1982 hunter milton R beneath ben mondslomondslamondsLo peak ft historyhi story weber county 1824 19001900 salt lake city publishers press 1966 life col fremont new york greeley MImelrathmeirath tribune office 1856 Elrath 173 life john charles fremont pathfinder rockrocky fountains MiddmiddleboromiddlebornmiddleborosmiddieMiddleleboroboros pratt beals 1856 magoon james life major gen john C fremont full account rocky mountain explorations adventures lieutjaslieutLieu jas lagoonmagoon new york beadle 1861 lleutJas morgan dale lowell great salt lake alberquerquealburquerque university new mexico press 1973 dededijededijedadiahjedediahah smith opening nestwestwesh indianapolis new yorkyorksyocks bobbs merrill 1953 overland 1846 oreqon diaries letters california oresonoreigon trail georgetown 2 talisman press 1963 mumey nolienolle john williamkilkii ilaaliamilam gunnisongunni sonk western explorexplorersexplore ersere ft history survey through colorado utahut ah biography details massacre denver artcraft press 1955 nevins allan fremont bestswests greatest adventurer beinobeing bioblobiographydra2hy certain hitherto unpublishedunpubunput isheddished sources general john C fremont together wife jessie benton fremont account period EexpansioniDan siongionglon found brilliant leader pathfinderpath finder 2 vols new yorkyorkiyorks harper brothers 1928 fremont Pathpathmarkermarker weswestt new york longmans green 1955 poll richard D alexander thomas G campbell eugene miller david E utahsutah history provo brigham young university press 1978 preuss charles rhe private diariesdiar lesiesleg charles preuss cartogrmhercartoqraphgr Tfoc jojohnhn C frfremantfremontemont first second fourth expeditions far west translated edited erwin G elizabeth K gudde norman university oklahoma press 1581958 roberts brigham H comprehensive history church 6 vols salt lake city deseret news press 1930 sabin edward legrand nith carson fremont being edventuresadventures years 184243441842 43 44 trail mountains through deserts erom east rockies west sierrassierras scout Chrischristophertooher carson lieutenant john charles fremont leading brave compancompanyy including 174

boy oliver illustrations charles H stephens portraits philadelphia JB lippincott 1912 smuckersmacker samuel mosheim li fef e col john charlescharicharl e fremont hig narrative explorationsE dladiaplarations adventures kensaskansasnebraska Dreoregoncloncion california memoir samuelsemuelsamwel smucker new yorkyorkiyorks miller orton mulligan 1856 sonne conway B world nakarawakwar ara san antonio naylor company 1962 smith joseph jr history church jesus christ latter day saints revised 7 vols edited BH roberts salt lake city deseret news 193219511932 1951 simpson james hervey shortest route california illustrated history exploration o f great basin utah topographical geologicalgeoloqical character account indian tribes brevet brig general JH simpson philadelphia JB lippincott 1869 stansbury howard exploration survey valley great salt lake utahubah including reconnoissancereconnaissance new route through rocky mountains howard stansburyseansbury captain corps topographical engineers US army printed order house representatives united states washington robert armstrong 1853 stewart george R california trail new york toronto london mcgrawmegraw hillhlll 1962 ordeal hunger boston houghton mifflin 1960

stone irving immortal wifewi fe biocblocbiographical4raphicalgraphical novel o f jessie benton fremont garden city sun dial press 1946 stott clifford L search sanctuary brictBricibrighamhamhem young white mountain expedition salt lake city university utah press 1984 sturnhahnSturn hahn joan carvalho artistartlet photoqrapherphotographer adventurer patriot portrait forgotten american merrick richwood publishing 1976 talbot theodore journals theodore talbot 1843 1849521849 52 fremont expedition 175

1843 first military company oregon territory 1849521849 52 edited charles H carey portland metropolitan press 1931 soldier west letters theodore talbot during services california mexico oregon 1845531845 53 edited robert V hinemine savoie lottinville norman university oklahoma press 1972 upham charles wentworth iifeilfelifeeifeigeifei fe glorationsexplorationsQ public servicesqfservices john charles fremont charles wentworth upham boston ticknor fields 1856 wheat irving mapping Transtransmississippimississippi west 154018611540 1861 6 vols san Francisfranciscofranciscisfranciscoscotcos institute historical cartography 1957 63 woodworth francis C younigyounqyoungg americanamericans life fremont new york auburnauburnsauburne miller orton mulligan 1856 young levi edgar founding utah new york chicago boston atlanta san francisco charles scribners sons 1923

journals diaries letters manuscript materials abert JJ letter john C fremont 10 march 1843 located records office chief engineers washington DC letter john C fremontpremont 12 february 1845 located records office chief engineers washington DC babbitt almon W letter san francisco daily herald 15 march 1854 benton thomas hart correspondence between colonel benton gen davis secretary war 16 march 1853 published leroy ann W hafenschafens far west rockies 7283 bernhisel john M letter brigham young 14 june 1854 located LDS church archives salt lake city utah council twelve letter addison pratt 28 august 1845 located LDS church archives salt lake city utah 176 fremont john charles great events during life major general john C fremont manuscript unpublished second volume fremont autobiography located bancroft library berkeley california letter john torrey 12 january 1845 located new york botanical garden archives bronx park new york letter thomas hart benton 9 february 1854 published national intelligencer 12 april 1854 letter entitled emontsfremontsfremonteFr railroad exploration published daily altabitaalea california 21 april I183541854 hancock mosiah lyman life story mosiah lyman hancock located harold B lee library brigham young university provo utah hyde orson letter orson hyde council nauvoo 26 april 1844 located LDS church archives salt lake city utah journal history church jesus christ latter day saints 184718691847 1869legg located LDS church archives salt lake city utah kimball heber C kimball heber C kimball journal located LDS church archives salt lake city utah martineau james H letter editor deseret news 17 february 1917 entitled meeting fremont peacock george letter 5 july 1854 editor deseret news published 20 july 1854 sloan EL letter editor deseret news 12 may 1865 smith john calvin lasellelazelle letter I11 march 1854 editor deseret news published 16 march 1854 steele john john steel journal located LDS church archives salt lake city utah 177 young brigham manuscript history brigham young located LDS church archives salt lake city utah

newspapers daily alta california sancsanesan francisco california 3 1854 deseret news saitsaihsalt lake city utah 185419471854 1947 millennial star liverpool england 3 184618541846 1854 nationalnatinahlnabi onalonai intelligencerintel ai1i bencergencer washington dc3 1854 nauvoo neighbor inauvoocnauvoo illinois 3 184318451843 1845 new york times new york city new yorkyock 1877 san francisco daily herald sancsanesan francisco california 3 1854 sanqamosangamosangemo journal springfield illinois 3 1845 salt lake tribune saitsalt lake city utah3putah 1933 articles periodicals andrews thomas PF lansford W hastings promotion salt lake desert cutoffcutoffs reappraisal western historical quaterlyquarterlyQua terly 45 april 19731331501973133 150 brooks jaunita mountain Meadowmeadowsmeadowssmeadowesss historic stopping place spanish trail utah historical quarterly 35 spring 1967137 143 clyman james journal james clyman may 21 june 7 1846 utah historical quarterly 19 195121 42 crampton C gregory griffen gloria G san buenaventura mythical river west pacificpacipaclpact fieflaela historical review 25 may 1561631956163 171 driggs nevada W captain fremont slept grandma McGregormcgregorsls bed utah historical quarterly 41 spring 1973176197317819731768119731788181 fremont jessie benton origin fremont ehrextenrexplorationspl orations 11 century MamalazinemagazinemaqagineLazine march 1891 appp 766 771 178 fremont john charles letter mississippi pacific railroad convention stryker registerrebireqi ster magazine 4 july 185055818505586464 korns J roderick west fartfortfareport bridger utah historical quarterly 19 1951126819511 268 mno3MNOCMNO 3 resume emontsfremontsfremontePrFrpremonts expeditions century magazine march 16911891 appp 759766759 766 miller david E donner road through great salt lake desert pacific historical review 27 february 19583144195831 44 first wagon company cross utah utah historical quarterly 30 winter 1962411962415151 john C fremont great salt lake region historian 11 autumn 1948141948142828 neffnef andrew love john C fremont utah educational review 21 192843219284323333v33 45861458 gis61 4964969797 538 51 reagan albert B fort robidoux kitklitknitkhit carson northeastern utah new mexico historical review 10 april 193512119351213232 spence mary lee emontsfremontsfremonteFr utah utah historical quarterly 44 summer 1976286 302 woodruff wilford conference report p 57

unpublished graduate studies christian lewis darrdarkclarrclarkciack study mormon knowledge american far west prior exodus unpublished masters thesis brigham young university 1972 study mormon westward migration between february 1846 july 1847 emphasis evaluation factors led cormonsmormonsMor mons choice salt lake valley site initial colony unpublished phd dissertation brigham young university 1976 ramsey B gene scientific exploration discovery great basin 1831 1891 unpublished phd dissertation brigham young university 1972 JOHN C FREMONTS expeditions UTAH historical ANALYSIS OP EXPLORERS contributions significance REGION

alexander L baugh department history MA degree december 1986

ABSTRACT

john charles fremont conducted five expeditions west during period twelve years 184218541642185416421842 1854 four occasions during three these expeditions 1843 44 1845 18541654 explorer entered utah region explorations northern utah 1843 focused primarilprimariopriprimarilymarilmariimarli y scientific analysis survey great salt lake 1844 fremont again entered utah area made scientific observations calculations region including accurately defining geographic region known great basin name given fremont 1845 fremont proceeded through utah while enrenrolteenrouteOLte california spent considerable amount time utah area once again making significant observations finally during winter 1854 explorer surveyed portions central southern utah intentions locating suitable transcontinental railroad route thesis each these expeditions discussed detail summaries given concertinconcerninconcerning implications each history state

ja B allenalienailen committee chairman

davidevi W taker committee member

h2aeltinn aguapecpeo jaj7inatorignator