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Das Erbe Der "Helden"

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Das Erbe Der ie Arbeit bietet erstmals eine flächendeckende Studie der anthropomorphen 3 Göttinger Beiträge zur Ethnologie DHolzskulpturen der Konso (waakaa) mit einer detaillierten Beschreibung der Figuren, deren Herstellung, ihrer Symbolik, der Art und Weise ihrer Aufrichtung und Band 3 dazugehöriger Rituale. Auf der Grundlage einer Inventur werden die Figuren in drei verschiedene Kategorien unterteilt: die waakaa als Figurengruppe, die ein Denk- mal für einen Mann bildet, der einen Feind oder ein wehrhaftes Tier getötet hat, als Denkmal für Menschen, die auf andere Weise Herausragendes geleistet haben, und als Grabmarkierung für jeden Menschen, der verheiratet war und Kinder bekommen hat. Nicole Poissonnier Die Studie ordnet die waakaa vergleichend in den regionalen und historischen Ge- samtkontext der Stelen und anderer Monumente in Äthiopien ein, die zu einem groβen Teil Denkmäler für verstorbene „Heldentöter“ sind. Die waakaa der Konso werden Das Erbe der „Helden“ daher im Fokus des in früheren Jahren sehr weit verbreiteten „Töterwesens“ betrachtet. Die Untersuchung der mit dem Töten verbundenen Vor- und auch Nachbereitungen, Grabkult der Konso und Reglementierungen und zu befolgenden Rituale verdeutlicht, dass es sich hierbei um einen Liminalritus handelt, durch den ein Mann in einen neuen gesellschaftlichen Status kulturverwandter Ethnien in Süd-Äthiopien wechselt. Einen zweiten Fokus bildet die Verbindung der waakaa mit den Totenfeiern, anlässlich derer sie aufgestellt werden, und die für „Heldentöter“ besonders aufwendig gestaltet sind. In vielen Fällen wird die Errichtung des Denkmals von der Existenz einer Nachkommenschaft abhängig gemacht. Von der Größe und Aufwendigkeit des Denkmals kann wiederum auf die zahlenmäßige Größe bzw. wirtschaftliche Position der Nachkommenschaft geschlossen werden. Dadurch kann die Verwandtschaftsgruppe durch die Aufwendigkeit der Feste und Monumente ihre eigene Stärke demonstrieren. Nicole Poissonnier Das Erbe der „Helden“ der Erbe Das Poissonnier Nicole Die sich über die Jahre ansammelnde Anzahl der Monumente wird so zu einem sichtbaren Symbol der Stärke und Wehrhaftigkeit der Gruppe. Die Analyse dieser beiden Aspekte führt zu der von früheren Forschern bereits betrachteten Verbindung zwischen dem Akt des Tötens durch den Mann und seiner Fähigkeit, neues Leben zu zeugen. Dieser Zusammenhang wird anhand des in Süd-Äthiopien weit verbreiteten Konzepts einer sich im Kreislauf befindenden Vitalität gesehen, die auf diese Weise angereichert werden kann. ISBN: 978-3-941875-03-6 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen ISSN: 1866-0711 Nicole Poissonnier Das Erbe der „Helden“ Except where otherwise noted this work is licensed under the Creative Commons License 2.0 “by-nd”, allowing you to download, distribute and print the document in a few copies for private or educational use, given that the document stays unchanged and the creator is mentioned. It is not allowed to sell copies of the free version. Published in 2009 by Universitätsverlag Göttingen as Vol. 3 in the series „Göttinger Beiträge zur Ethnologie“ This series is a continuation of the „Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie“ formerly published by LIT-Verlag Nicole Poissonnier Das Erbe der „Helden“ Grabkult der Konso und kulturverwandter Ethnien in Süd-Äthiopien Volume 3 Göttinger Beiträge zur Ethnologie Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2009 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. „Göttinger Beiträge zur Ethnologie“ Series Editors Prof. Dr. Ulrich Braukämper and Prof. Dr. Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology University of Göttingen Theaterplatz 15, D-37073 Göttingen Gedruckt mit Hilfe der Dr. Walther-Liebehenz-Stiftung Göttingen This work is protected by German Intellectual Property Right Law. It is also available as an Open Access version through the publisher’s homepage and the Online Catalogue of the State and University Library of Goettingen (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de). Users of the free online version are invited to read, download and distribute it. Users may also print a small number for educational or private use. However they may not sell print versions of the online book. Satz und Layout: Julia Vorhölter Titelabb.: Nicole Poissonnier: Feindesfigur mit spezifischem Schmuck, „Boorana“ (Abb. 101) © 2009 Universitätsverlag Göttingen http://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de ISBN: 978-3-941875-03-6 ISSN: 1866-0711 Inhalt Vorwort und Danksagungen ................................................................................................................................... i Erklärungen zur Orthographie und der Form der Darstellung ............................................................................... iii 1. Einleitung 1 Aufbau der Arbeit ................................................................................................................................................1 Entstehung der Arbeit ...........................................................................................................................................2 Forschungsmethoden und kritische Betrachtung der Forschungssituation ................................................................... 4 1.1.1. Die Forschungsreise............................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2. Interviewpartner ..................................................................................................................... 7 Anliegen der Arbeit und zentrale Fragestellungen....................................................................................................9 Übersicht der Quellen ...........................................................................................................................................10 Wissenschaftsgeschichtlicher Hintergrund der Werke von Jensen und Hallpike.......................................................12 Die betrachteten Ethnien Süd-Äthiopiens .............................................................................................................20 1.1.3. Allgemeiner Überblick.........................................................................................................20 1.1.4. Abriss der Ethnographie der Konso und Gewwada.......................................................21 2. Das Töterwesen bei südäthiopischen Ethnien 35 Das Töterwesen als Bestandteil des Verdienstkomplexes .......................................................................................35 2.1.1. Verdienstfeste in Äthiopien ................................................................................................38 2.1.2. Jagd auf Wildtiere als Bestandteil des Töterwesens.........................................................40 2.1.3. Das Töten von Feinden als Bestandteil des Töterwesens..............................................42 2.1.4. Darstellung der unterschiedlichen Bewertung der Tötungen von verschiedenem Großwild bzw. Feinden............................................................................46 2.1.5. Verwendete Waffen .............................................................................................................47 Der kulturelle Rahmen von Tötungen ...................................................................................................................50 2.1.6. Deklarierte Kriege zwischen verschiedenen Ethnien......................................................50 2.1.7. Tötungen als Soldat der Staatsarmee am Beispiel Konso...............................................52 2.1.8. Innerethnische Konflikte ....................................................................................................54 2.1.9. Ritualisierte Jagd- und Töterzüge als Bestandteil des Gadaa-Systems ..........................55 2.1.10. Individuelle Jagdzüge mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Konso............................63 3. Der Statuswechsel des Töters 77 Töter und deren Jagdgefährten...............................................................................................................................77 Trophäen..............................................................................................................................................................82 Die nach einer Tötung zu befolgenden Rituale .......................................................................................................89 3.1.1. Opferrituale ...........................................................................................................................93 3.1.2. Verbleib der Trophäen ......................................................................................................103 Die Beziehung des Töters zu dem Geist seines Gegners........................................................................................111 Töten – ein Liminalritus? ..................................................................................................................................115 4. Der Status des Töters 121 Insignien.............................................................................................................................................................122 Die sozialen Konsequenzen einer Tötung für den Töter und seine Verwandten.....................................................131 Töten als Teil der Männlichkeit
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