Richard A. Posner the Prodigious, Pragmatic Judge

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Richard A. Posner The prodigious, pragmatic judge

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 OnlyOnlyOnly onon on KiawahKiawah Kiawah Island.Island. Island.

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160137_Kiawah.indd160137_Kiawah.indd160137_Kiawah.indd 1 1 1 11/23/1511/23/1511/23/15 2:31 2:31 2:31 PM PM PM OnlyOnly on on Kiawah Kiawah Island. Island.

THETHE OCEAN OCEAN COURSE COURSE CASSIQUECASSIQUE AND AND RIVERRIVER COURSE COURSE AND AND BEACHBEACH CLUB CLUB SANCTUARYSANCTUARY HOTEL HOTEL OCEANOCEAN PARK PARK 20122012 PGA PGA CHAMPIONSHIP CHAMPIONSHIP SPORTSSPORTS PAVILION PAVILION FRESHFIELDSFRESHFIELDS VILLAGE VILLAGE SASANQUASASANQUA SPA SPA HISTORICHISTORIC CHARLESTON CHARLESTON

KiawahKiawah Island Island has has been been named named Condé Condé Nast Nast Traveler’s Traveler’s #1 #1 island island in in the the USA USA (and (and #2 #2 in in the the world) world) forfor a myriada myriad of of reasons reasons – –10 10 miles miles of of uncrowded uncrowded beach, beach, iconic iconic golf golf and and resort, resort, the the allure allure of of nearby nearby Charleston, Charleston, KiawahIsland.comKiawahIsland.com | 866.312.1791| 866.312.1791 | 1| Kiawah1 Kiawah Island Island Parkway Parkway | Kiawah| Kiawah Island, Island, South South Carolina Carolina andand a superba superb private private Club Club and and community community to to name name a few.a few. For For a recharge,a recharge, for for a holiday,a holiday, or or for for a lifetime,a lifetime, KIAWAH’SKIAWAH’S EXCLUSIVE EXCLUSIVE ON ISLAND ON ISLAND REAL REAL ESTATE ESTATE SALES SALES OFFICES OFFICES SINCE SINCE 1976 1976 youryour discovery discovery of of Kiawah Kiawah Island Island can can be be the the rst rst day day of of the the best best of of your your life. life. homeshomes • •homesites homesites • •villas villas • •cottages cottages | from| from about about $300,000 $300,000 to to over over $20 $20 million million

ObtainObtain the the Property Property Report Report required required by byFederal Federal law law and and read read it beforeit before signing signing anything. anything. No No Federal Federal agency agency has has judged judged the the merits merits or orvalue, value, if any,if any, of ofthis this property. property. approvalapproval of of the the sale sale or or lease lease or or offer offer for for sale sale or or lease lease by by the the Department Department of of State State or or any any offi officer cer thereof, thereof, or or that that the the Department Department of of State State has has in in any any way way passed passed upon upon VoidVoid where where prohibited prohibited by bylaw. law. An An offering offering statement statement has has been been fi led fi led with with the the Department Department of ofState State of ofthe the State State of ofNew New York. York. A copyA copy of ofthe the offering offering statement statement is isavailable, available, thethe merits merits of ofsuch such offering. offering. This This project project is isregistered registered with with the the New New Jersey Jersey Real Real Estate Estate Commission. Commission. Registration Registration does does not not constitute constitute an an endorsement endorsement of ofthe the merits merits or or uponupon request, request, from from the the subdivider. subdivider. The The fi ling fi ling of ofthe the verifi verifi ed ed statement statement and and offering offering statement statement with with the the Department Department of ofState State of ofthe the State State of ofNew New York York does does not not constitute constitute valuevalue of ofthe the project. project. Obtain Obtain and and read read the the NJ NJ Public Public Offering Offering Statement Statement and and read read it beforeit before signing signing anything. anything. (NJ (NJ Reg Reg #89/15-175). #89/15-175). AN AN AFFILIATE AFFILIATE OF OF KIAWAH KIAWAH PARTNERS PARTNERS

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160137_Kiawah.indd160137_Kiawah.indd 1 1 11/23/1511/23/15 2:31 2:31 PM PM Seeking a few great leaders...

motivated to tackle big challenges facing communities around the world

with a successful track record of 20 – 25 years of accomplishments in a primary career

ready to re-engage with Harvard to prepare for the next phase of life’s work

The Harvard Advanced Leadership Initiative oﬀ ers a calendar year of rigorous education and reﬂ ection for top leaders from business, government, law, medicine, and other sectors who are in transition from their primary careers to their next years of service. Led by award-winning faculty members from across all of Harvard, the program aims to deploy a new leadership force to tackle challenging social and environmental problems.

Visit the website to be inspired by the possibilities:

www.advancedleadership.harvard.edu or email the fellowship director: [email protected] Inquire now for 2017

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160133_AdvancedLeadership_Harvard.indd 1 11/24/15 9:59 AM January-February 2016 Volume 118, Number 3

features 41 Forum: When Water Is Safer Than Land | by Jacqueline Bhabha Urgent steps to address the world’s migration crises

46 Vita: Cora Du Bois | by Susan C. Seymour Brief life of a formidable anthropologist: 1903-1991

Rhetoric and Law | by Lincoln Caplan 49 p. 17 How the productive, contentious, prodigious Richard A. Posner became one of America’s most influential judges

58 Street Doctor | by Debra Bradley Ruder James O’Connell’s 30 years of caring for the homeless

John Harvard’s Journal 17 Featuring fish, the University’s fisc, overhauling the endowment, restrained faculty growth, taking stock of teaching and learning, Afro-Cuban jazz director, the Law School launch and other campaign largesse, engineering and applied sciences’ new dean (and digs), the great Henry Rosovsky, race and other issues on campus, Babar as honorand, the Medi- cal School’s leader stepping down, the Undergraduate on identity and her Harvard education, and recapping football’s championship season p. 32 p. 41

departments 4 Cambridge 02138 | Letters from our readers, plus a comment on joining forces on climate change, and kudos for contributors 5 The View from Mass Hall

11 Right Now | Artificial intelligence vs. economic irrationality, virtual organs, mages; why capital punishment persists etty I G 16A Harvard2 | A calendar of winter events, blossoms under glass, diverse dance in gency/ Cambridge, Fruitlands Museum under snow, cooking classes, and more

nadolu A A 64 Montage | How to conceive TV series, the roots of Richard Henry Dana Jr., ocalar/ contemporary classical music steeped in Chinese history, from mambo to salsa, an elephant’s perspective, and more erem K

73 | A decade tracking the Ganges niversity; mark steele Alumni 76 The College Pump | Channeling Valentine’s Day—via sexy sea creatures arvard U p.12 84 Treasure | A champion chandelier

nstitute H at 77 Crimson Classifieds On the cover: Illustration by Erwin Sherman yss I clockwise From top: Jim harrison; K W

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letters

editor: John S. Rosenberg senior editor: Jean Martin managing editor: Jonathan S. Shaw Cambridge  art director: Jennifer Carling associate editors: Marina Bolotnikova, Sexual assault, social-progress index, divestment Sophia Nguyen staff writer/editor: Lydialyle Gibson asistant editor-online: Laura Levis (Coach) Murphy Time tinue to promote this threat to the intellec- assistant editor: Nell Porter Brown Harvard Magazine does a grave disservice tual and physical well-being of its students? berta greenwald ledecky glorifying football with a cover story on Tim As a leader in the academic world, Harvard undergraduate fellows Murphy (“Murphy Time,” November-De- should set an example by downplaying foot- Jenny Gathright, Bailey Trela cember 2015, page 35). With overwhelm- ball. Unlike many other universities that editorial intern: Olivia Campbell ing medical evidence that football causes don’t have its endowment, it doesn’t need chronic brain damage, how can Harvard, money from this gladiator sport. Football contributing editors a university that values the intellect, con- games, the Harvard-Yale game in particu- John T. Bethell, John de Cuevas, Dick 7 Ware Street tober, when MIT president L. Rafael Reif Friedman, Adam Goodheart, A Modest Proposal published “A Plan for Action on Climate Elizabeth Gudrais, Jim Harrison, Change.” (It rejects divestment; news cov- Courtney Humphries, Christopher S. Harvard is so decentralized that mem- erage focused on that—and a divestment Johnson, Adam Kirsch, Colleen Lannon, bers of the community may not know what sit-in greeted Reif the next day.) Building Christopher Reed, Stu Rosner, Deborah they are all accomplishing individually— on MIT’s environment and energy initia- Smullyan, Mark Steele or might, together. The University, for in- tives (the latter explicitly premised on harvard magazine inc. stance, maintains that “Broad efforts to raise engagement with and funding from indus- president: Margaret H. Marshall, Ed.M. funds for energy and environment research try), Reif outlined a research agenda with ’69. directors: Peter K. Bol, Jonathan across the campus have already generated eight low-carbon energy centers and $300 L.S. Byrnes, D.B.A. ’80, Scott V. Edwards, nearly $120 million in committed support….” million of new funding during the next fve Thomas F. Kelly, Ph.D. ’73, Ann Ma- Those interested in the research are directed years. Reporting relationships are outlined, to a website, but it is hard to get a cohesive assessments scheduled. Those efforts are rie Lipinski, NF ’90, Lars Peter Knoth view of professors’ work and of the “250 married to education, outreach, and invest- Madsen, John P. Reardon Jr. ’60, Bryan E. courses” being taught; queries don’t yield ments in campus sustainability like Har- Simmons ’83 much more insight. Absent that overview, vard’s. That is what the Engineers do. campus debate about climate change has fo- Harvard and MIT, both proud institu- Board of Incorporators cused on faculty, student, and alumni advo- tions, have an incentive to attract their This magazine, at ﬁrst called the Harvard Bulletin, was founded in 1898. Its Board of Incorporators was char- cacy of divesting certain endowment hold- own resources through capital campaigns tered in 1924 and remains active in the magazine’s ings, and University opposition to doing so. (Harvard’s well advanced; MIT’s nearing governance. The membership is as follows: Stephen (A letter from faculty members on page 10 launch). Harvard has expertise in govern- J. Bailey, AMP ’94; Jeffrey S. Behrens ’89, William I. Bennett ’62, M.D. ’69; John T. Bethell ’54; Peter K. Bol; continues this exchange.) ment and public policy, law, medicine, and Fox Butterﬁeld ’61, A.M. ’64; Sewell Chan ’98; Jona- That $120 million, it appears, may in- public health that MIT lacks; they overlap than S. Cohn ’91; Philip M. Cronin ’53, J.D. ’56; John de Cuevas ’52; James F. Dwinell III ’62; Anne Fadiman clude much, or all, of a $31-million gift to somewhat in architecture and business; ’74; Benjamin M. Friedman ’66, Ph.D. ’71; Robert H. the University Center for the Environ- and MIT is obviously an engineering pow- Giles, NF ’66; Richard H. Gilman, M.B.A. ’83; Owen Gingerich, Ph.D. ’62; Adam K. Goodheart ’92; Phil- ment, in 2013; an eight-fgure pledge to en- erhouse. ip C. Haughey ’57; Brian R. Hecht ’92; Sarah Blaffer dow a new Center for Green Buildings and Given the stakes in climate change, Hrdy ’68, Ph.D. ’75; Ellen Hume ’68; Alex S. Jones, NF Cities; and several million dollars for the what might Harvard and MIT do ? ’82; Bill Kovach, NF ’89; Florence Ladd, BI ’72; Jen- together nifer 8 Lee ’99; Randolph C. Lindel ’66; Ann Marie president’s $20-million, grant-making Cli- Their online teaching venture, edX, has Lipinski, NF ’90; Scott Malkin ’80, J.D.-M.B.A. ’83; mate Change Solutions Fund. It’s unclear been fruitful. What signal might a full- Margaret H. Marshall, Ed.M. ’69, Ed ’77, L ’78; Lisa L. Martin, Ph.D. ’90; David McClintick ’62; Winthrop if new professorships or research pro- fledged academic collaboration on climate L. McCormack ’67; M. Lee Pelton, Ph.D. ’84; John P. grams are pending, but informative forums change send an anxious world—and how Reardon Jr. ’60; Christopher Reed; Harriet Ritvo ’68, Ph.D. ’75; Henry Rosovsky, JF ’57, Ph.D. ’59, LL.D. ’98; continue: a November 16 panel previewed might it bring clarity to Harvard’s obvious, Barbara Rudolph ’77; Robert N. Shapiro ’72, J.D. ’78; the imminent UN conference in Paris. if diffuse, strengths? Theda Skocpol, Ph.D. ’75; Peter A. Spiers ’76; Scott H. Stossel ’91; Sherry Turkle ’69, Ph.D. ’76; Robert H. A different approach appeared in Oc- v john s. rosenberg, Editor Weiss ’54; Jan Ziolkowski.

4 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 The View from Mass Hall

Wise Restraints

s a historian, I often fnd it easiest to look forward by frst looking back. I had occasion to do exactly that in October when I helped kick off Harvard Law School’s Campaign for the Third Century, the last launch as part Aof the Harvard Campaign. Digging into history, I found it difficult to imagine the School at the time of its founding nearly two cen- turies ago—a floundering enterprise with just one faculty member and a single student. Enter Nathan Dane: a mild-mannered Harvard College alumnus who endowed a new Professorship of Law and through sheer persistence managed to persuade sitting U.S. Supreme Court Justice and Harvard graduate Joseph Story to fll it in 1829. Story did so with legendary vision, brilliance, and charisma. From the beginning, Harvard Law School was animated by a pioneering idea of what the law could be—not a simply a craft, but a public-spirited profession that its frst professor, Isaac Parker, called “a comprehensive system of human wisdom.” It has dominated American legal literature and developed whole new forms of legal education for generations. It is where Louis Brandeis shaped a constitutional right to privacy, Charles Hamilton Hous- we can make to mankind;… [and] our personality…swallowed ton prepared to do battle against racial segregation, and a whole up in working to ends outside ourselves.” The School has edu- host of individuals, beginning in the 1980s, laid the groundwork cated heads of state, legislators, business leaders, and educators, for what is now a constitutional right to marry whomever you not to mention its share of flm producers, generals, Olympians, love. Today the School’s faculty lead and inspire students in 29 and novelists—and our president and six of the current sitting clinical programs, from food law and policy to criminal justice U.S. Supreme Court justices. It is unsurpassed in training lead- reform, and they take on society’s thorniest issues and argue ers at the highest level of public life across the United States and them before the Supreme Court. around the world. Harvard Law School students manage to master coursework, Every year at Commencement, the Harvard president greets run influential journals, and contribute hundreds of thousands the new class of Harvard Law School graduates with these words, of hours of pro bono work annually. Over the past year, they engraved in Langdell Hall: “You are ready to aid in the shaping have provided free legal services that beneft low-income cli- and application of those wise restraints that make men free.” The ents close to home and in one hundred towns across the country Harvard Law School creates extraordinary leaders and brings and 44 countries around the world. They defend human rights clarity to confusing and divisive times. Never has the challenge in dangerous prisons from Boston to Brazil and advocate for felt more urgent. tenants’ rights, returning veterans, and criminal justice. They Sincerely, also have trained Syrian civil-society activists in peace-building techniques, studied the potential and limitations of body cameras for police, and created a legal handbook for immigrant entrepreneurs. Under Dean Martha Minow’s leadership, these talented individuals develop a profound sense of how the law can serve society as they articulate and pursue common goals. The quest for justice and the search for wisdom are best met when we work together. As Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., put it, “The aim of the Harvard Law School has been, not to make men smart, but to make them wise in their calling…,” a calling, as he later described, where “self-seeking is forgotten in…the best contribution that

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Letters lar, should begin with the players extend- That undergraduates, caught up in the im- ing their arms and shouting to the crowd, mediacy of the situation, should respond “We who are about to incur permanent brain primarily on the emotional level is under- damage salute you!” standable. However, a more reflective and Edwin Bernbaum ’67 scientifc response should be expected from publisher: Irina Kuksin Berkeley, Calif. more senior members of the Harvard com- director of circulation and munity. With the notable exception of Pres- fundraising: Felecia Carter Editor’s note: The magazine’s recent news ident Faust, no one seems to have consid- coverage has included a report on Harvard ered that this is a social-systems problem donor relations and stewardship Medical School’s Football Players Health and not only a moral problem. manager: Allison Kern Study; a feature on traumatic brain injury; I would like to stress three main points. director of advertising: and an article on Crimson football alumni First, the statistic with which we are pre- Robert D. Fitta involved in designing safer helmets. sented derives from a single point in time. We have no defnitive idea whether this new england advertising manager: Abby Shepard Dick Friedman’s article was magnifcent. represents a change from 20 or 50 years I’ve done some football writing, and this ago. It is not inconceivable that the pres- classified advertising manager: piece was extraordinary. ent deplorable state of affairs represents Gretchen Bostrom Brien Benson ’64 an improvement over the past! designer and integrated marketing Arlington, Va. Second, we have less than half of the im- manager: Jennifer Beaumont portant data. These sexual assaults were I first met Coach Murphy in 1994, two not perpetrated by criminals rushing out associate web developer: weeks after he arrived at Harvard. He sat of bushes or burglars invading dormitory Jeffrey Hudecek with me for several meals at Kirkland rooms; they were primarily the result of gift processor and office manager: House, the new guy, hair still dark. Imag- actions by other Harvard students. What Robert Bonotto ine my surprise to see his gray-haired pic- motivated these students and what pre- ture on the cover more than 20 years later! vented other students, who may have felt I remember his nervousness, planning on the same impulses, but refrained from ivy league magazine network director of operations: how to best improve the game of football acting on them? Thus, we would need a Heather Wedlake, Heatherwedlake@ at his new employ, thinking about how to second, totally anonymous, survey of the ivymags.com strengthen the team, hoping that the reloca- entire pool of potential assaulters [not tion of his family was the right choice, hop- all of whom can be assumed to be males] editorial and business office ing he would make a good impression on the to fnd out how they view their behavior 7 Ware Street players he was about to hit the road to re- now, what they felt at the time, what fa- Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037 cruit. I am so truly glad that time has served cilitated or inhibited their behavior at the him well, that Harvard football has grown time, and what signals they interpreted or Tel. 617-495-5746; fax: 617-495-0324 to be respected, fnally, under his tutelage. misinterpreted from the partner they as- Website: www.harvardmagazine.com I was not a football player, just another saulted. E-mail: [email protected] student in Kirkland, but he took the time Third, while it seems most plausible to make my acquaintance. What struck that alcohol facilitated many of the as- @harvardmagazine me the most about him was that he was saults, we are not entitled to assume that facebook.com/harvardmagazine a good guy, a serious thinking person’s it was the only important facilitator. There coach, interested not only in the mechan- are at least four other categories of sub- Harvard Magazine is supported by reader contributions ics of the game, but in so many other stances that need to be considered: (1) il- and subscriptions, advertising revenue, and a subven- things, and conscientious. I was on the legal drugs such as cocaine, (2) the ultra- tion from Harvard University. Its editorial content is way to graduating, but he was just starting caffeinated drinks, (3) the hormones that the responsibility of the editors. Subscription orders out. Harvard is lucky to have had him, and many athletes are cajoled or forced to take and customer service inquiries should be sent to the his players are too. You couldn’t hope for a in order to improve their athletic perfor- Circulation Department, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware better guy to be your coach. Much contin- mance, and (4) the stimulant drugs, such Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037, or call 617-495- ued success to you, Coach Murphy! as amphetamines and methylphenidate, 5746 or 800-648-4499, or e-mail addresschanges@ Chi Wang ’95, M.S., J.D. that are often prescribed to improve con- harvard.edu. Single copies $4.95, plus $2.50 for postage New York City centration. and handling. Manuscript submissions are welcome, One would also like to know whether but we cannot assume responsibility for safekeeping. Sexual Assault these assaults have any relation to the col- Include stamped, self-addressed envelope for manu- I am troubled by the lack of scientifc lege calendar; for example, do they peak script return. Persons wishing to reprint any portion rigor with which the Harvard community prior to exams or other stressful events. of Harvard Magazine’s contents are required to write seems to be approaching its sexual-assault I can only hope that the task force ap- in advance for permission. Address inquiries to Irina problem (“Harvard’s Sexual Assault Prob- pointed by President Faust contains some Kuksin, publisher, at the address given above. lem,” November-December 2015, page 18). social psychologists and at least one statis- Copyright © 2016 Harvard Magazine Inc.

6 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 “We support the Radcliffe Institute because, at its core, it represents the intellectual curiosity that makes Harvard great.”

—M. Amelia Muller ’11 and Carl F. Muller ’73, JD ’76, MBA ’76

Carl F. Muller ’73, JD ’76, MBA ’76 and M. Amelia Muller ’11 are passionate about education and inquiry in the arts, humanities, sciences, and social sciences. Father and daughter supported Harvard’s Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study this year because they believe the Radcliffe Institute represents the strength of a unified University. They received credit in the Harvard and Radcliffe campaigns, and, like all graduates of both colleges, received full class credit with the Harvard College Fund. For more information about how you can double the impact of your gift, please contact Hilary Shepard, the Radcliffe Institute’s director of annual campaigns, at [email protected] or 617-496-9844.

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Untitled-1 1 11/25/15 8:24 AM Letters tician, and not merely administrators, phi- Max has never left Wellness” (“Do losophers, lawyers, and theologians. my life. Some years people live long Ernest Bergel, M.D. ’56 ago, I had an artist and healthy lives?”) Brookline, Mass. replicate the paint- is Peru, while the ing for me. It now United States ranks Max Beckmann and Modernity hangs in my winter a dismal sixty- Joseph Koerner’s essay on the painting home as a tribute to eighth in the world. by Max Beckmann (“Making Modernity,” a life of art enjoy- This seemed un November-December, page 44) recalled for ment. I was gratifed likely to me, and me a day in September 1950 when, as a new recently when one of so I went to www. freshman, I passed the Busch-Reisinger Mu- my granddaughters, Sexual-assault information, and socialprogressim- seum on the way to the biology building. touring Harvard, exhortations, seen on campus this fall perative.org to see Curious, I entered this unattractive build- told me elatedly that Harvard owned a how Social Progress Imperative (SPI) ar- ing only to be greeted with wooden Jesus painting that was very much like mine. rived at its statistical claims. Christs writhing away under their diapers. I Wonderful! Wonderful! Wonderful! The broadest statistic making up the had no sympathy for others in pain as I could Richard Hirschhorn ’54, M.D. ’58 Health and Wellness (HW) rating is Life not understand how I was ever to survive Tucson Expectancy. From the fgures, we see my own travail. I walked up the stairs to that the United States has a life expec- the second floor only to be greeted by this Social Progress Index tancy a full four years longer than that of incredible man staring down at me. It was a We are informed by Harvard Magazine Peru (78.7 vs. 74.5 years). So how does SPI surreal experience which ignited a lifetime (November-December 2015, page 15) that come to a fgure that puts Peru at best in of collecting art. the country with the best “Health and the world? They add other fgures related to death, such as “Premature deaths from non-communicable diseases,” which are Congratulations, Contributors somewhat higher in the United States than in Peru. But why should we double- We take great pleasure in saluting three outstanding contributors to Harvard count a death from a noncommunicable Magazine for their work on readers’ behalf in 2015, and happily confer on each a disease like a heart attack or diabetes, $1,000 honorarium. which strikes mostly in advanced nations, A former Ledecky Undergraduate Fellow at this magazine, Spencer but ignore a death from a communicable Lenfield ’12 wrote superb articles throughout and after his College disease, most of which are more common studies. Now, it is more than fitting to salute him for “Line by Line,” in poorer nations like Peru? his pitch-perfect portrait of poet and translator David Ferry, Ph.D. The HW statistic also includes each ’55 (May-June, page 52), and his profile of publisher Adam Freuden- country’s obesity rate. This seems reason- heim (November-December, page 72)—both written as Lenfield able on its face, but the U.S. obesity rate is completed his studies in Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar during the past one reason that U.S. life expectancy isn’t Spencer academic year. We’re delighted to award him the McCord Writing even higher than it is—and to add obe- Lenfield Prize (honoring the legendary prose and verse that David T.W. Mc- sity in separately is to double-count the Cord ’21, A.M. ’22, L.H.D. ’56, composed for these pages and for the Harvard College effects of obesity. Indeed, an obese U.S. Fund), and look forward to his next feature in these pages. person dying before age 70 of a heart at- Dick Friedman ’73, a Sports Illustrated veteran, has covered the past tack or other noncommunicable disease is two exciting Crimson football campaigns in vivid deadline accounts effectively triple-counted against the United enlivened with historical context, humor, and pinpoint prose (see States, while a non-obese Peruvian dying page 37). This year, he upped his game in “Murphy Time,” his pene at the same age from pneumonia or tuber- trating November-December cover story about the coach who has culosis (which might be more successfully become an exemplary recruiter, tactician, and teacher for hundreds treated in the United States) is not double- of students. We celebrate Friedman’s many contributions with the Dick or triple-counted. Friedman Smith-Weld Prize (in memory of A. Calvert Smith ’14, a former In short, SPI’s HW statistic makes the secretary to the Governing Boards and executive assistant to President James U.S. healthcare system look inadequate, Bryant Conant, and of Philip S. Weld ’36, a former president of the but it is not a reasonable measure of coun- magazine), which honors thought-provoking writing about Harvard. tries’ health or of their healthcare systems. Illustrator Brad Yeo perfectly captured America’s crumbling infra- The same article also featured a table structure—and the political underpinnings of the problem—in his showing an “Access to Basic Knowledge” imaginative, finely detailed cover for the July-August issue, accompanying (ABK) statistic. Here the United States Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s essay on the subject. We thank and recognize was ranked forty-ffth in the world—sur- Yeo for his eye-catching conception and expert execution, the twin prisingly, below Saudi Arabia, which is Brad Yeo underpinnings of the illustrator’s art and craft. vThe Editors fortieth. But a quick look at the statistics table at the SPI website shows that the

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United States has an adult literacy rate of death from suicide (and other elements speak up, please 99 percent, while that of Saudi Arabia is of Health and Wellness) than the United 94.65 percent. Assuming the accuracy of Harvard Magazine welcomes letters on States. Importantly, U.S. performance is these statistics, the Saudi rate of illiteracy its contents. Please write to “Letters,” not simply driven by problems of afflu- is more than fve times higher than the U.S. Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, Cam- ence that emerging countries are yet to rate. So how was Saudi Arabia made to bridge 02138, send comments by e- face: the United States performs signif- look better than the U.S. on a measure of mail to your[email protected], use our cantly worse on each of these measures educational foundations? website, www.harvardmagazine.com, than other rich countries such as Canada Looking at the details for ABK, we see or fax us at 617-495-0324. Letters may and France. There is also no double count- that the literacy rate is supplemented by be edited to ﬁt the available space. ing, as one reader suggested. Our principal three separate statistics on school enroll- component methodology is specifcally ment. For primary school, the U.S. enroll- come to his or her own conclusions as to designed to minimize or eliminate it. ment rate is 91.82 percent, while the Saudi their motivation. U.S. educational performance is also rate is 93.45 percent. For lower secondary David W. Pittelli, S.B. ’86, A.M. ’87 troubling. On “Access to Basic Knowl- school, the U.S. enrollment rate is 98.04 Concord, N.H. edge” the United States fares a little better percent, the Saudi Arabia rate is 118.01 per- (forty-ffth) but is still behind most other cent (!). And for upper secondary school, Lawrence University Professor Michael E. Por- developed countries. This is not so sur- the U.S. enrollment rate is 89.48 percent, ter responds: We are delighted that readers prising when we consider that our upper while the Saudi rate is 110.36 percent. have engaged with the data in the Social secondary school enrollment rate is just How can Saudi Arabia (among other Progress Index—this is the gap we have 89.48 percent (forty-ninth in the world). countries) have an enrollment rate higher tried to fll. SPI is the frst systematic at- Saudi Arabia, mentioned by a reader, actu- than 100 percent, and should such a rate be tempt to create a holistic measure of the ally does perform better. Contrary to the considered a good thing? The SPI website lived experiences of individuals around reader’s assertion, our methodology caps has a methodology section, but it doesn’t the world that is independent of GDP. By enrollment at 100 percent and there is no actually give us any specifcs for defni- including the widest range of measures bias in this comparison. tions and sources for the statistics. capturing multiple aspects of social prog- We invite readers to engage the data By the defnition of the World Bank, ress, the Index offers countries and com- and methodology. To calculate an Index which creates most of these statistics, the munities the ability to benchmark their that allows fair comparisons, we use sta- secondary-school enrollment rate, for ex- strengths and weaknesses and mount a tistical techniques that minimize biases in ample, “is the total enrollment in second- social progress agenda to achieve shared comparisons. We only use publicly avail- ary education, regardless of age, expressed prosperity. able data, and adjust for anomalies and as a percentage of the population of of- Many of our fndings challenge self- inconsistencies (e.g. measures of school fcial secondary education age. [Enroll- perceptions and conventional wisdom, enrollment are top-coded at 100 percent). ment rate] can exceed 100 percent due to including our own. Indeed, the results for All the raw data, as well as indicator def- the inclusion of over-aged and under-aged the United States are worrying: despite nitions, and the methodology for calcula- students because of early or late school en- being the ffth wealthiest country in our tion are published on our website (www. trance and grade repetition.” sample in terms of GDP per capita, we socialprogressimperative/data/spi). Thus, the Saudi enrollment numbers rank sixteenth in terms of social progress. We wish the United States was per- are higher than 100 percent mostly be- Clearly some readers fnd this surprising, forming better. Americans still tend to because they are inflated by a lot of older which is understandable. Yet the data lieve that our country is a leader in social students who are behind grade level. So paint a clear picture of a U.S. that was progress, and in some key areas we still here again we have the broadest and most once a leader in social progress, but is now are. But we must face the facts that our relevant statistic, on which the United falling behind. health is lagging, our healthcare system States fares quite well, offset by other sta- For example, the United States ranks is ineffective in important ways, and too tistics where it does not appear to do so. sixty-eighth in the world on “Health and many kids are dropping out of high school. But unlike the HW measures mentioned Wellness.” This is a measure that covers not Rather than denying or trying to explain above, where the additional statistics are only life expectancy (where, at 78.7 years, away these problems, we should focus our at least legitimate measures of health (but we rank thirtieth in the world) but also energies on fxing them. are illogically double- and triple-counting health-related quality of life. In terms of many deaths in the United States), in the the morbidity burden of obesity (where we Endowment Assessments ABK category the high statistics for en- rank 126th in the world) and mental health President Faust’s November-December rollment are counted as good things for (we are eighty-frst in the world on suicide column (The View from Mass Hall, page 3) Saudi Arabia when they are in fact mea- rate), the United States performs poorly. celebrated the “immortality” of an endow- sures of failure. Though Peru, which a reader men- ment gift. We tried to make a $1-million In short, the people putting together tioned, is at a far lower level of economic planned gift to support a good cause in these statistics for SPI have created and development, its citizens nonetheless re- perpetuity at Harvard, but couldn’t come are promoting highly misleading measures alize a comparable level of longevity and to terms with the development staff. They of social progress. I leave it to the reader to experience lower rates of obesity and insisted on using some income from our

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endowment gift for “other priorities,” de- Paul J. Finnegan, Fellow of Harvard Corporation scribing the amount as “currently 10 to 15 and Treasurer, responds: Harvard thrives aca- percent,” with no limit, a practice called demically with the support of the Univer- “taxing” in development vernacular. sity’s effective administrative framework Travel the world with fellow Taxing makes Faust’s math misleading. and careful resource alumni and Harvard study The 5 percent for causes intended by en- management. With leaders. Choose from more dowment donors is before taxing; that is regard to the assess- Visit harvardmag. than 60 trips annually. actually more like 4 percent after taxing, ment of endowed com for additional and under the terms offered us, that could funds, critical func- letters on sexual FEATURED TRIPS become zero at Harvard’s option. tions throughout assault, the Social We did make similar gifts with four oth- the University and Progress Index, er universities, and all four agreed never to Schools are necessary and other subjects. “tax” income from our gifts, with stated, to provide high-quali- agreed backup purposes if ours became ty services—such as student services, aca- problematic over time. Harvard’s terms let demic planning, facilities operations and it determine when our gift’s intent proved maintenance, fnance and human resourc- unworkable, and then decide what to do es, and information technology, as well as with its income. other aspects of general administration. We did specifcally ask about a restrict- These costs are defrayed in part by using a ed gift of the kind mentioned by President portion of the endowment’s annual distri- MAY 25–JUNE 5, 2016 Faust as comprising 70 percent of the en- bution. This recovery policy—which var- THE DESERT KINGDOMS OF PERU dowment, and drew a flat “No.” ies from School to School—ensures that Harvard could do better. Suggestions: each endowed fund plays a role in sus- STUDY LEADER: JEFFREY QUILTER (1) State Harvard’s policy on endowment taining Harvard so that it can admit and gifts, covering what kinds of endowment support the very best students, hire and gifts it welcomes, what it will accept as retain a world-class faculty, and conduct restrictions, and essentials of terms it cutting-edge research. thinks important. (2) Get transparent on It is important to note that before Har- taxing. Say what gets taxed, at what rates, vard accepts any gift, we must ensure that what doesn’t. Set limits. (3) Work harder the prospective donor’s goals and the Uni- on alternative purposes to satisfy genu- versity’s priorities are aligned. Sometimes ine donor intent rather than leaving all this is not the case, and the University may choice to Harvard. Other universities do discuss alternative gift opportunities that MAY 29–JUNE 10, 2016 this better. (4) Review the ethics of Har- better match the institutional mission with vard’s development generally, going open- donor intentions. On rare occasions when MONGOLIA: LAND OF THE BLUE SKY book on matters well-intentioned donors it’s not possible to achieve this alignment, STUDY LEADER: ANDREW BERRY might not ask about, staff-compensation the University may conclude that it is in the policy, and anything else that might con- best interest of both the donor and the Uni- cern alumni and prospective donors if they versity to not accept a gift. knew the facts. Name withheld upon request Divestment Debate Views on divestment from fossil fuels vary, but the unwillingness of the Cor- Masthead Moves poration and President to engage faculty, After 16 years of service, digital students, and alumni in an open forum re- technologies and production director garding this question undercuts academ- Mark Felton has moved to a new ca- ic principles of exchange. For eighteen JUNE 13–17, 2016 reer in technology consulting; he months, 261 faculty have requested in writ- MOAB MULTI-SPORT ADVENTURE leaves with our deep appreciation and ing and in person such a forum. The Corpo- warm best wishes. We welcome to the ration has never responded. TO BOOK YOUR NEXT TRIP, staff Marina Bolotnikova ’14, arriving In October, at a Faculty of Arts and Sci- CALL US AT 800-422-1636. from the editorial board of the Toledo ences meeting, President Faust said that FOR MORE TRIP OPTIONS, VISIT Blade, and Lydialyle Gibson, a veteran she and the Corporation would refuse to ALUMNI.HARVARD.EDU/TRAVELS. of the University of Chicago’s excellent participate in any such forum. She stated, alumni magazine. You will enjoy their “there had been many public forums,” work in these pages and online. but none, to our knowledge, in which a vThe Editors member of the Corporation addressed divestment in open (please turn to page 83)

10 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Right Now The expanding Harvard universe

machina economica emerging robot species machina economica. In a Science paper coauthored this past July with Michael P. Wellman, a University Rationality and Robots of Michigan computer scientist, Parkes considers the newfound relevance of neoclassical economics and asks what changes he Achilles heel of neoclassical and cutting-edge computer science. these AI advances may necessitate for both economic theory has always been Which makes sense, says David C. new theory and the design of economic the assumption that humans are Parkes, Colony professor and area dean of institutions that mediate daily interac- T rational beings: that they will ex- computer science. After all, what AI scien- tions. “We’re not just asking whether the ercise, eat right, and save for retirement, that tists and engineers are striving toward is neoclassical theories of economics will be they won’t pay more for a cup of coffee— a “synthetic homo economicus,” that mythi- more useful for AI systems than for human or a car, house, or share of stock—than it’s cal agent of neoclassical economics whose systems” (better, that is, at predicting ma- worth. But as behavioral economists rou- choices are perfectly rational. He calls this chines’ thinking and behavior) “and how tinely demonstrate, people’s AIs will differ from people,” decisions are inescapably in- Parkes says, but “whether fluenced by psychology, emo- we’re beginning to under- tion, societal forces, and cog- stand how to design the nitive biases. rules by which AIs will in- Artificial intelligence, teract with each other.” The however, is a different story. latter is increasingly urgent, Computers are rational in as the task of reasoning shifts ways humans can never be, from people to machines that and recent years have seen learn humans’ preferences, rapid progress in AI research overcome their biases, and and achievement. Drones make complex cost-benefit and self-driving cars are trade-offs. (For instance, oft-discussed examples, but algorithms are already esti- computer scientists have mated to drive more than 70 also been developing ma- percent of U.S. stock-market chines to conduct automated trades.) “How will norms negotiations, to reason about change,” he asks, “if, whenev- consumer preferences, to er I want to buy something, I make optimal buying choices let my software agent talk to and predict when prices will your software agent?” change. And as machines are Real-world examples of- increasingly put to work in fer some guidance. Parkes economic contexts—setting points to the online auctions sales prices for goods, com- in which buyers bid for ad- peting in online auctions, vertising space on Google executing high-speed mar- search-results pages: high ket trades—a convergence bidders at the top of the page, is taking place between neo- low bidders at the bottom. classical economic tradition Those auctions used to fol-

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low a “first-price” mechanism, in which change the rules by which resources are al- to be listed for $23 million on Amazon.) advertisers paid whatever amount they bid. located or prices set, so that we can make The new phenomena of AI economic But “what happened very quickly,” Parkes things more stable and well-behaved?’ And systems may in fact require a new science, explains, “was that people developed these try to actually simplify the reasoning.” Parkes says. “For instance, how would you bidding robots that tried to bid just high Numerous challenges lie ahead. Not verify not only that a system is doing the enough to keep the same place on the page.” least is the limit to computational capabili- right thing, but that it will always do the Bidding wars ensued, leading to wasteful ty. “We don’t claim that AI will ever be per- right thing? We’d also have to agree as a so- computation as the bids were constantly fectly rational,” Parkes points out, “because ciety what ‘right’ means: Should it be fair? adjusted. The software systems running the we know that there are always intractable Should it be welfare-maximizing? Should it search engines were completely overloaded. computational problems. And AI may devi- respect laws?” New laws might be required, So Google began to hold “second-price” ate from rationality in its own ways, differ- he continues: “Who would be liable if your auctions, in which advertisers paid the ently from people, and we’re just beginning agent makes a transaction that leads some- next-highest bid rather than their own to understand what that might mean.” body to die in a chain of consequences that price. That made counter-speculation Another perennial challenge is the inter- would have been very hard to anticipate?”— less useful and it became sensible to be face with intractably irrational humans. for example, by proactively buying a drug straightforward about what price each ad- That cuts both ways, though, Parkes for possible future profit, and in the process vertiser was willing to pay. The sawtooth notes: for all their rationality, computers depriving someone who needs the medica- cycles of sharply rising and falling bids sta- lack common sense, and their human de- tion right away. “So,” he says, “things are bilized. “That’s the kind of design question signers sometimes fail to anticipate inter- quite complicated.” vlydialyle gibson you can ask,” Parkes says. “You can say, ‘If actions that bring on unexpected conse- my world consists of rational or almost- quences. (A robot price war in 2011 caused david c. parkes website: rational economic agents, how might we an out-of-print biology text about flies http://econcs.seas.harvard.edu

mr. chips models of the human body than flat layers of cells grown in petri dishes,” Ingber explains. “We have a window on molecular- scale activities inside living, human cells,

Mimicking Organs ty in the physical context of a tissue and an i vers i

organ that we can watch in real time”—in- n ould tiny, translucent chips says, and the traditional method of testing sights “that are very difficult to get with that mimic human organs replace human tissue in the laboratory can also be an animal.” animal testing for drug develop- challenging, because cells often die or fail Instead of moving electrons through sil- tute at Harvardtute U at C ment? That reality may be com- to work normally once removed from their icon, the contents of the translucent chips i ing, according to researchers at the Wyss context in the body. push small quantities of chemicals past

Institute who have developed organs-on- The microchips “are much more realistic cells from lungs, intestines, livers, kidneys, Wyss Inst chips: flexible polymer microchips (about the size of a computer flash drive) that provide a window into the tissue structures, functions, and mechanical motions of lungs, intestines, kidneys, and other organs. Designed by Folkman professor of vascular biology and Wyss Institute director Donald E. Ingber, Tarr Family professor of bioengineering and applied physics Kevin “Kit” Parker, and former Wyss technology development fellow Dan Huh, these chips have potential to accelerate drug discovery, decrease drug-development costs, and create a future of personalized medicine to treat a wide range of diseases including cancer, liver failure, pulmonary thrombosis, and asthma. Testing drugs in animals has proven problematic due to fundamental biological differences, Ingber

The lung-on-a-chip mimics the mechanical and biochemical behaviors of the human organ.

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Right Now THE UN- SNEAKER ty i The Wyss Institute team seeks to build and link 10 human organs-on-chips to simulate vers i n whole-body physiology. or hearts so any changes in the cells can be observed under a microscope. Networks

tute at Harvardtute U at of tiny tubes within the chips give the en- i abling technology its name—microfluid- ics—and let the chips mimic the structure Wyss Inst and critical functions of organs, making them, in Ingber’s words, “an excellent test bed for pharmaceuticals.” Their lab has already developed chips that mimic the kid- ney, brain, liver, and gut, as well as bone marrow and the airways in the lungs. Emulate, a start-up formed by the Wyss Ah, the comfort of a sneaker Institute in 2014, aims to commercialize and the style of … not-a-sneaker. the technology: a lung-on-a-chip is cur- That’s pure Hubbard. Because your feet rently being used by Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen division to develop drugs to treat deserve to look good and feel good. pulmonary thrombosis, and the company plans to use a liver-on-chip to predict liver toxicity. Although a competing technology exists—it creates “organoids” by growing SAMUELHUBBARD COM human cells in a 3-D matrix gel—Ingber says the structures lack “the blood supply, the immune cells. You can’t get access to Available in 9 Colors 844.482.4800 the tissue, the air space, as well as to the vascular outflow. We can do all of these things.” Organs-on-chips are still in their in- fancy, but Ingber explains that the micro- Ohana Family Camp devices could transform personalized Create lifetime memories for your medicine, in part because they would al- family this summer on peaceful low researchers using stem-cell technol- Lake Fairlee in Vermont. Cozy cabins ogy to build chips lined with the cells of with fireplaces. Farm-fresh meals. people from specific genetic subpopula- Swimming, sailing, canoeing, tions. “Imagine you have a group of asth- kayaking, fishing, hiking, biking, matics who are female, belong to a par- tennis, crafts, and more. Delighting ticular ethnic group, and all have a higher generations of families since 1905. sensitivity to smoke inhalation,” he says. Imagine your family right here. “Maybe you could develop a drug just for www.OhanaCamp.org that small group, using the women’s per-

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sonalized chips.” If an apparent cure for independently viable and functional for a prize had recognized their asthma is detected, he continues, month, then we can show organ coupling,” the field of medicine. that same group of women could be used Ingber says. They have already been able to It’s not just about Visit harvardmag.com/ in the subsequent clinical trials, speeding watch a drug be absorbed by the gut, see it “making a little chip,” organs-15 to view a Ingber explains. “It’s video illustrating how the drug’s approval. metabolized by the liver, and then observe the chips work. Ingber, Parker, and their team already its activity in another organ. also developing auto- have funding from the Defense Advanced During the next year and a half, Ingber’s mated instrumentation” and a system for Research Projects Agency to build a so- team will experiment with more linked linking the chips. The entire project, he called human-body-on-a-chip: 10 different organs for longer periods of time, culmi- says, is a tribute to the Wyss Institute’s human organs-on-chips linked together nating in the spring of 2017 with a test de- ability to bring people who have industrial on an automated instrument to mimic signed to determine whether all 10 organs experience together with students, Insti- whole-body physiology. This would al- can function together successfully for four tute fellows, postdocs, and faculty mem- low researchers to conduct experiments weeks. bers to create something extraordinary. that are too risky for human subjects, and Last June, the human lung, gut, and liver vlaura levis provide insight into how reactions in one chips bested Google’s self-driving car to organ affect another—crucial informa- win the United Kingdom’s most presti- donald e. ingber website: tion for testing drug efficacy and safety. gious design honor: the Design of the Year http://wyss.harvard.edu/ “If we can show the organs-on-a-chip are 2015 Award. That marked the first time the viewpage/121/donald-e-ingber

a death row Capital Punishment’s Persistence

mong the reasons why the ished capital punishment, the U.S. retention the Kennedy School. Rather than ask why United States might be consid- of the death penalty is anomalous, especial- capital punishment still exists, he sug- ered exceptional, there’s one that ly among Western, industrialized nations. gests, look at history from a different an- A puts it in unexpected company: What explains this difference? gle: given abolition’s rapid spread among along with China, Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Ara- “The death penalty, in the larger scheme other democratic countries, why has it bia, it ranks as one of the world’s top execu- of history, is normal,” writes Moshik Tem- failed to take hold in the United States? tioners. Because most countries have abol- kin, associate professor of public policy at His recent paper, “The Great Divergence,” takes a transatlantic approach, comparing France—a relative newcomer to abolition, in 1981— to America. In France, the end of the death penalty resulted from a top-down political process. Robert Bad- inter, a criminal-justice lawyer nicknamed “Monsieur Abolition” for his activism, convinced So- cialist Party leader François Mit- terand to take up the cause in the lead-up to the 1981 presidential election. Once victorious, Mit- terand named Badinter minister of justice, and within five months

etty Images pushed a successful vote on the G issue through the legislature. Abolition was “contingent on the ngton Post/

hi actions of a select few elites on the political left,” writes Temkin, er/Was h who notes that the death penalty res enjoyed wide popular support . Th American activists unfurl a banner

James M in front of the Supreme Court.

14 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Right Now among the French people and the media. These select elites framed the vote as a matter of principle rather than policy: as a choice about what to do with the worst criminals—those whose guilt was un- doubted, who committed horrific crimes, MY MOTHER WAS A SNEAKER, and who showed no signs of repentance or rehabilitation. Subsequently, abolition was MY FATHER WAS A DRESS SHOE solidified when France signed international treaties that framed capital punishment as a human-rights violation. Today, abolition is a precondition for entering the Eu- ropean Union—and, Temkin says, because secession from that body seems “unthink- able,” that forecloses any possibility of the death penalty’s return. But Americans are reluctant to relin- quish national sovereignty under international agreements, he says, and “don’t use the language of human rights to analyze our own politics.” Instead, they tend to The death penalty is “the orphan in political life,” Temkin says. “Abolition, as a cause, doesn’t have I can’t help it. I was born this way. Insanely comfortable and ready for a day in a champion.” the office. Think of me as the Un-Sneaker.™ think about the death penalty in civil- rights or constitutional terms. National decision-making about this matter, Tem- kin explains, “has been handed over, col- lectively, to the Supreme Court.” Oppo- nents have attacked capital punishment The Market Cap, shown here in Cognac, is part of the at its weakest legal points, while sup- Hubbard Go to Work™ collection. 844.482.4800 porting state-by-state abolition. Beyond a brief moratorium on executions in the 1970s, the lasting result has been regulation and restriction. In a series of decisions between 2002 and 2008, the Court ruled that juvenile offenders, people with certain intellectual disabilities, and those convicted of non-murder offenses could TURN TO PAGE 78 not be put to death. These developments TO VIEW OUR have convinced some observers that the death penalty itself will soon be declared SPECIAL SECTION unconstitutional, but Temkin remains A collaborative program of the Harvard skeptical. “My argument, based on the his- SPOTLIGHT ON Graduate School of Design and John A. tory, is that this is not a track that leads to Paulson School of Engineering and the sort of permanent abolition we see in FRANCE Applied Sciences. other parts of the world.” designengineering.harvard.edu American arguments against the death

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– Last 12 years sold out – EDOUA I F I D H ME penalty tend to be procedural, focusing on Paris protestors urging “Stop the death breakdowns in the criminal justice system: penalty” at a July 2008 demonstration denounce what they see as a human-rights ApplicationBootCamp2016.com racial disparities, botched executions, ex- violation in the United States. 781.530.7088 onerations due to DNA evidence, and the [email protected] high cost. Abolitionists do not think moral President Obama by asking point blank arguments will be politically effective, whether he opposed capital punishment. “I Temkin reports, so “What they want to have not traditionally been opposed to the do is bring down the number of people ex- death penalty in theory, but in practice it’s ecuted to as close to zero as possible. And deeply troubling,” the president answered. that’s a very pragmatic approach.” Later that week, a New Hampshire voter But such “reformist” arguments cannot asked presidential candidate Hillary Clin- lead to lasting abolition, he argues. “In a ton her opinion on abolition—she opposes similar way, ” he writes, “anti-slavery ac- it—leading rival Democrats to declare their tivists of the antebellum era could not be own views, in favor. Still, public attention COME FOR A VISIT. MEET OUR STAFF. considered abolitionists if they claimed has centered mostly on the Supreme Court; EXPERIENCE THE COMMUNITY. that slavery was inefficient, randomly ap- its current docket includes a number of plied, brutal, and racially discriminatory, death-penalty-related cases. A Not-For-Profit Assisted Living Community but neglected to mention that as a matter Yet capital punishment should be re- • Special Memory Support • Two Acres of Secure Gardens of principle it was immoral for one man to garded fundamentally as a political mat- Neighborhood and Walking Paths own another man as property.” ter, not solely the purview of legal experts, • Daily FitnessCOME and FOR Social A Events VISIT. • MEETPrivate OURStudios STAFF. now available EXPERIENCE THE COMMUNITY. Today, he says, the death penalty is Temkin argues; it’s a question grounded in • A Warm, Inclusive Community • * Short Term Stays Available “the orphan in political life,” lacking a the relationship between people and their A Not-For Profit Assisted Living Community grassroots movement to pressure politi- government, and the power government 165 CHESTNUT STREET, BROOKLINE cians: “Abolition, as a cause, doesn’t have is authorized to wield over an individual. • Special Memory WWW.GODDARDHOUSE.ORG a champion.” The public revisits the issue “Whatever one thinks of the death pen- LANCESupport CHAPMAN Neighborhood AT 617-731-8500 EXT. 105 occasionally—often when there’s a high- alty,” he says, “I do think that if you’re an • Daily Fitness and Social Events profile, controversial execution—but not American, you should probably think it • A Warm, Inclusive Community since the 1988 presidential race between belongs in the public conversation—and • Two Acres of Secure Gardens and Walking Paths George H.W. Bush and Michael Dukakis not just in the New York Times op-ed pages. • 1-BR apartments now available has the question been debated in the na- It’s a topic that belongs to everybody.” • *Short Term Stays Available tional political arena. vsophia nguyen Late October brought a brief flurry of 165 CHESTNUT STREET, BROOKLINE interest. The editor-in-chief of the Mar- moshik temkin website: WWW.GODDARDHOUSE.ORG shall Project, a news nonprofit focused on www.hks.harvard.edu/about/faculty- CALL LANCE CHAPMAN AT staff-directory/moshik-temkin 617-731-8500 EXT. 105 criminal justice, opened an interview with

16 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Harvard2 Cambridge, Boston, and beyond

16B Extracurriculars Events in January and February

16D Seeking Greenery A fun (but false) start to spring at Tower Hill

16J WinterFest Fruitlands Museum’s hills and thrills

16L Ubu Abounds Questing for world power, punk-art, cabaret style

16F Raising the Barre A Cambridge arts organization is poised to grow. 16M Kitchen Arts A range of cooking classes in Greater Boston Photograph by Bill Parsons/Maximal Image®

Harvard Magazine 16A Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Harvard Squared oston , B m ardner Museu art G w

groups of alumni Kroks from throughout re- te Extracurriculars cent decades. Sanders Theatre. (March 4) sabella S Events on and off campus during January and February lectures The Mahindra Humanities Center music www.mahindrahumanities.fas.harvard.edu m archive; I Harvard-Radcliffe Orchestra The Harvard Krokodiloes’ 70th Writers Speak: Colm Tóibín. The Irish- www.boxoffice.harvard.edu Anniversary Concert born author of The Master, Brooklyn, and Nora arvard Fil Richard Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde (act II). www.boxoffice.harvard.edu Webster reads from and discusses his work. Sanders Theatre. (February 27) The current ensemble performs, along with (February 8) ff Weaver; H t: Je t: From left: Basin Reflections (2015), by Gloucester-based painter Jeff Weaver, at the Cape f

Ann Museum; a scene from Six et demi, onze, by Jean Epstein, at the Harvard Film Archive; Sir Geoffrey Nice delivers the Hrant Dink m le

Saint George Slaying the Dragon (1470), by Carlo Crivelli, at the Gardner Museum Memorial Peace and Justice lecture. The Fro

to Our Valued Advertising Partners HENRIETTA’S RIALTO REGATTABAR TABLE RESTAURANT JAZZ CLUB Brookhaven at Lexington Amanda Armstrong/Sotheby’s By the Sea Cadbury Commons Cambridge The Charles Hotel Gail Roberts/Coldwell Banker Barbara Currier/Coldwell Banker Evelyn & Angel’s Fine Chocolates Fresh Pond Ballet Gibson Sotheby’s International Goddard House Assisted Living 1 BENNETT STREET • CAMBRIDGE, MA • 800.882.1818 • CHARLESHOTEL.COM Carol & Myra/Hammond RE Brattle Office/Hammond RE International School of Boston Lux Bond & Green Fine Jewelry McLean Hospital Premier Dental Care NOIR BAR & WELLBRIDGE CORBU SPA Welch & Forbes, LLC COCKTAIL LOUNGE ATHLETIC CLUB & SALON Support from these advertisers helps us produce this independent, high-quality publication Harvard alumni rely on for information about the University and each other.

16B January - February 2016 88 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Re ond sid nd Resid Re m en o e nd sid t m n o m e i t m a n a m i t l a a m H i

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160105_Hammond_v2.indd 1 12/2/15 2:50 PM Harvard Squared

Gresham College law professor, who led the physicist Henry “Trae” Loeb Drama Center. (February prosecution of former Serbian president Slo- Winter. (February 18) 14-March 6) bodan Miloševi´c, addresses “Complex Truths in Trials of Conflict.” (February 18) Mass Audubon Company One Theatre www.massaudubon.org www.companyone.org The Radcliffe Institute for The Merrimac River A comedic and subversive look at Advanced Study Eagle Festival. The day- race and identity in 1800s Ameri- www.radcliffe.harvard.edu long celebration of the bald ca, An Octoroon won an Obie ilver m “Forensic DNA Testing: Why Are eagles that visit the New- Award for playwright Branden There Still Bumps in the Road?” Boston buryport area offers trips Jacobs-Jenkins. Emerson /Para- ssex Museu h by Walter S Walter h by

University School of Medicine associate pro- to prime spotting sites, mount Center, Boston. p fessor Robin W. Cotton elucidates the cur- live raptor demonstra- (January 29-February 27)

rent scientific data and legal landscape. tions, and children’s ac- © Peabody E Photogra (February 9) tivities. (February 27) film Artist Jamie Okuma’s glass- beaded boots at the Peabody www.hcl.harvard.edu/hfa Nature and science Theater Essex Museum Young Oceans of Cine- The Arnold Arboretum American Repertory ma, the Films of Jean www.arboretum.harvard.edu Theater Epstein celebrates the silent-fim maestro The urban oasis is open for treks—or view www.americanrepertorytheater.org with screenings of The Fall of the House of art on display in Drawing Trees, Painting Nice Fish. The story of two Minnesotans Usher, The Red Inn, and The Three-Sided Mirror, the Landscape: Frank M. Rines (1892- ice-fishing for “answers to life’s larger ques- along with rarely shown documentaries of 1962). (Through February 14) tions.” Conceived, written, and adapted by the seaside in Brittany. (January 29-March 4) Mark Rylance and poet Louis Jenkins. Loeb The Harvard-Smithsonian Center Drama Center. (January 17-February 7) In conjunction with a class taught by visiting for Astrophysics assistant professor Jeffrey D. Lieber, Inno- www.cfa.harvard.edu/events/mon.html The new adaptation of George Orwell’s cence Abroad examines “antics of Ameri- Skyviewing (weather permitting) and a lec- novel 1984 offers a timely take on surveil- cans overseas” in films like Funny Face, Gentle- ture on “Big Data to Big Art,” by astro- lance, identity, and the nature of terror. men Prefer Blondes, Summertime, and Roman Holiday. (January 31-March 13)

exhibitions & Staff Pick: events Seeking Greenery Harvard Art Museums www.harvardartmuseums.org Tower Hill Botanic Garden’s “Month Everywhen: The Eternal Pres- of Flowers” is a bracing antidote to winter. ent in Indigenous Art from Along with bountiful floral arrangements arden Australia explores design ele- and the subtropical plants blossoming in ments and themes of “seasonality, its conservatories, the Boylston, Massa- G otanic transformation, performance, and ill B

chusetts, organization is sponsoring a seer H remembrance” in more than 70 w

ries of events throughout February. These T o works by artists such as Rover include: lessons on “Taming Topiary” with Taylor Johnston, the Buds, blossoms, Thomas, Vernon Ah Kee, and Emily Kam greenhouse and garden manager at the Isabella Stewart Gardner and a hothouse of Kngwarray. (Opens February 5) Museum (February 7); a performance by the flute ensemble In tropical trees brighten winter Tower Hill Botanic Garden Radiance, from the Longy School of days at Tower Hill The Peabody Museum of www.towerhillbg.org Music, and “Coloring Outside the Botanic Garden. Archaeology & Ethnology Lines,” a lecture by www.peabody.harvard.edu Tower Hill’s director of horticulture, Joann Handcrafted musical instruments un- Vieira (February 14); and a discussion and earthed at archaeological sites in Central book-signing with Page Dickey, editor of the America and Mexico are on display, along new Outstanding American Gardens: A Celebra- with recorded sounds of haunting melo- tion—25 Years of the Garden Conservancy (Feb- dies, in Ocarinas of the Americas: Mu- ruary 21). Plenty of kids’ activities—scavenger sic Made from Clay.

k Freeborn hunts, story times, snowy walks, and craft projects—are also planned, making Tower Harvard Semitic Museum Hill an ideal multigenerational excursion. www.semiticmuseum.fas.harvard.edu

Kate Wollensa vn.p.b. From the Nile to the Euphrates: Creat- ing the Harvard Semitic Museum high-

16D January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Harvard Squared Spotlight He is primarily a photographer, but Hassan Hajjaj’s art also tends to incorporate high fashion, furniture, and found objects, along with computerized graphics, music, video, and brand-name products. Hassan Hajjaj: My Rock Stars, at the Worcester Art Museum, highlights this dynamic fusion through studio portraits and performance video of nine international musicians who personally inspire the Moroccan-born, London-raised artist. Hajjaj created the backdrops and costumes for his subjects, and transformed the museum’s gallery space for the show (which was organized and exhibited by the Newark Museum last year). In Worcester, a melting pot for recent immigrants, including a siz- able African population, one room is set up like a Moroccan bazaar, with carpets and cushioned seating and tables Hajjaj devised by recycling goods like Coca-Cola crates. Another room features the video; its music ranges from hip-hop to jazz to Gnawa. Still performed today, that traditional North African religious, ritualistic music has also been reinterpreted in recent decades, expanding into new, popularized forms featuring modern rhythms, genres, and instruments— an apt description of Hajjaj’s own Pop-art reflections on a globalized African identity. jf Worcester Art Museum

www.worcesterart.org neWanders@

Through March 6 N noa lights its robust collection of Near Eastern Cape Ann Museum artifacts and the work of its founder, the late www.capeannmuseum.org Hancock professor David Gordon Lyon. Artists capture the transitional nature of the region’s prime working waterfront in Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Vincent, Weaver, Gorvett: Gloucester, www.gardnermuseum.org Three Visions. (Through February 28) Ornament and Illusion: Carlo Crivelli of Venice celebrates the Renaissance art- Peabody Essex Museum ist’s “visionary encounters with the divine.” www.pem.org (Through January 25) From garments, footwear, and accessories, Native Fashion Now reveals the saliency Museum of Fine Arts of traditional art forms in more than 100 www.mfa.org pieces by contemporary Native American Visiting Masterpieces: Pairing Picas- designers and artists. (Through March 6) sos surveys the dazzling range of techniques and styles that Picasso used over DeCordova Museum time, especially in rendering human forms. www.decordova.org (Opens February 13) The Sculptor’s Eye: Prints, Drawings, and Photographs from the Collection Fuller Craft Museum explores the crucial connections between www.fullercraft.org two- and three-dimensional art, often from Artists Randal Thurston, Annie Vought, and conception through construction. Maude White, among others, mine the (Through March 20) seemingly limitless potential of a humble material in Paper and Blade: Modern Events listings are also found at www. Paper Cutting. (Opens February 20) harvardmagazine.com.

Harvard Magazine 16E Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 explorations Raising the Barre A Cambridge arts organization is poised to grow. • by Nell Porter Brown

oaming the creaky wooden floors Clockwise from the top: of The Dance Complex on a Sunday, scenes from Wendy Jehlen’s “Movement one hears alluring sounds waft from Exploration” class; couples its studios. Tinkling classical pia- refine their salsa skills; R dancers dressed in lapas no music, played live as the teacher counts out a ballet combination. Castanets clicking and sarongs move across the floor, then pay respects amid the staccato thwack of flamenco danc- to drummers during an ers’ thick-heeled shoes striking the floor. A African dance class. recorded rapper seems stuck as students replay a phrase to perfect moves for a hip- floor, beating Africandjembes and dununs— class, dressed in bright lapas, across the floor hop show. picking up the syncopation as Sidi Mo- in dances from Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Loudest are the drummers on the top hamed “Joh” Camara leads his largely female and his native Mali. “The Dance Complex

16F January - February 2016 Photographs by Bill Parsons/Maximal Image® Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 160135_LuxBondGreen.indd 1 11/23/15 2:09 PM Harvard Squared

The Dance Complex offers many Latin ® dance classes, such as salsa rueda (in which age al Im al

partners form a circle), samba, tango, and m Atlifecare Brookhaven living is as good as it looks. bachata. is unique,” Camara says after class. “In one Brookhaven at Lexington offers an abundance of opportunities for

place you find so many different things— Parsons/Maxi ill intellectual growth, artistic expression and personal wellness. Our residents ballet, African, capoeira, hip-hop, jazz, tap, B share your commitment to live a vibrant lifestyle in a lovely community. modern—all kinds of dance.” Call today to set up an appointment for a tour! The Central Square organization of- A Full-Service Lifecare Retirement Community fers 38 genres and more than 90 classes a www.brookhavenatlexington.org week, most of them open to anyone, pro- (781) 863-9660 • (800) 283-1114 fessionals to first-timers, on a drop-in basis. “Everyone, from kids to grown-ups, of all different backgrounds and ethnicities, takes classes here,” says choreographer and dancer Wendy Jehlen, M.T.S. ’00, who teaches her own eclectic class, “Move- ment Explorations”: a contemporary, ath- Pass through the stone pillars along a tree-lined driveway and letic mix of forms and techniques from In- arrive at this architecturally dian, African, and South American dance. significant home. A beautifully Founded in 1991 by Rozann Kraus, who preserved holdover from a also ran the organization until 2013, the bygone era of elegance and complex is housed in an idiosyncratic, artistry, this home is truly one of a kind. This venerable six five-story 1893 building designed by H.H. bedroom brick home Richardson, A.B. 1859, that sits across from commands a 2.5 acre the MBTA’s Red Line station on Mas- waterfront lot with private sachusetts Avenue. (Originally it was a beach offering ocean views meeting hall for the International Order of “Henry Cabot Lodge Estate” from almost all rooms. Beverly Farms - $4,500,000 Odd Fellows.) Kraus and other local dance supporters developed a cooperative, artist- centered, nonprofit business model, and have kept classes affordable. While mindful of its broad audience and history, a new executive director, Pe- ter DiMuro, has moved to professionalize The Dance Complex and raise its profile Gloucester - $3,600,000 Marblehead - $3,399,000 Rockport - $1,799,000 as an epicenter for dance throughout New England. “Like any organization that’s 20 Representing the Amanda Armstrong Senior Global Real Estate Advisor years old, that’s like being a young adult,” North Shore’s c 978.879.6322 says DiMuro, a seasoned dancer and arts finest homes AmandaArmstrong.net administrator appointed in 2013. “The [email protected] complex has gotten by on this sheer ener- Each office independently owned and operated

16H January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Harvard Squared “I want to develop a Welcome o Your Dental Home sustainable creative t business model that fosters all of the creativity and styles of dance we have here.”

gy of collaboration; it was a typical Canta- offers patients a “dental home”– Premier Denta Care brigian program. That’s still our roots, but we are committed tol your individual attention and strive to the place has grown and I want to develop provide personalized oral health care tailored to your unique a sustainable creative business model that dental needs. covers all of your fosters all of the creativity and styles of Premier Denta Care dental needs in one convenient and nurturing location: dance we have here.” l Of the roughly 1,200 visitors a week, • Professional Cleanings & Fillings • Invisalign DiMuro notes, “About 200 of them are seri- • Bonding & Porcelain Veneers • Zoom Teeth Whitening ously pursuing dance on a professional level, and the other 1,000 are keeping us alive: • Oral Cancer Screening • Crowns & Bridgework paying our bills.” The latter include a large • Periodontist & Endodontist on staff (gum work, implants, extractions & root canals) cadre, from toddlers to teenagers, who take classes through The School of Classi- Contact us to set u a consu ation! cal Ballet and Duncan Dance (which rent p lt studio space), as well as adults who range 377 Main St, Watertown, MA | 617.923.8100 | premierdmd.com from serious amateurs to those who just love to move for fun or fitness (or both) in

ngel (2) classes like BollyX, Zumba, hula–hooping,

rey E The School of Classical Ballet aims to ff

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Ballet classes: age 3 through teen, adult and pointe. Classes start 1/11. $20 o tuition when you enroll by 1/4. www.freshpondballet.com Nina Alonso, Director, FPB 1798a Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02140 • 617.491.5865

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Harvard Magazine 16I Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Harvard Squared belly dancing, or “Sassy Hip Hop.” body balance that it can bring to people’s students, from ages 3 to 18. Dance, says DiMuro wants to keep quality high and lives—are just now being supported by owner and director Kirsta Sendziak, is es- more explicitly promote the merits of the more scientific research and findings.” pecially important in today’s fast-paced, art form—for everyone. “The adults who Whether a person takes classes for profes- technology-saturated culture because it continue to seek out dance past their teen sional or personal or spiritual growth, he teaches children how to focus on what years are really renegades from the soci- adds, “I want to see growth.” their bodies are experiencing, and on how etal norms in this country,” he says. “But The ballet school, which offers 28 class- to observe and listen, “instead of constant- the benefits of movement—for artistic es (including modern and tap), serves 140 ly talking and reacting,” she notes. “And expression, yes, but also for the mind and it’s a physical activity: I can see that they feel better about themselves when they move.” All in a Day: Each first and third Sunday WinterFest Weekends at the complex, Harrison Blum, M.Div. ’12, and his fiancée, Fruitlands Museum, well-known as the site of dance and movement therapist an historic utopian experiment, also has an ideal Amorn O’Connor, teach an ex- wintertime draw—the “OMG!” hill. Its steep perimental class called “Nec- pitch is a thrill for kids and adults alike who sled tar.” Although not formally during the museum’s WinterFest Weekends trained, Blum has always loved (snow permitting). More manageable for the little to dance and, as a Buddhist ones and those less bent on an adrenaline rush chaplain, views the art form are the bunny slopes and five trail loops for cross- as a useful moving meditation. country skiing or snowshoeing through wood- He and O’Connor emphasize lands and open fields. The 210-acre Harvard, Mas- internally generated movement sachusetts, property offers views of full-blown within a “no-talking” realm. sunsets, the western side of Mount Wachusett, He says that even the most the Oxbow National Wildlife Refuge, and the Nashua River physically inhibited people Valley. The museum’s cluster of historic structures—the have found the class liber- farmhouse where Bronson Alcott and Charles Lane led their ating, offering himself as idiosyncratic community in 1843, The Shaker Museum, and a prime example of goofi- The Native American Museum—are closed for the season ness: “I might be doing some (they will reopen April 15), but hot chocolate is served at the hip-hop moves myself, then visitor center during WinterFest Weekends, and there’s a walking along the edge of wood-burning fire pit outside. The adjacent Art Museum will the room looking more like also have on display, through March 26, an exhibit of land- a disabled dinosaur.” scapes in Hidden Hud- Fruitlands Museum Blum calls the complex an unusually son: Paintings from the opens its hills and open, community-oriented space that trails to hardy souls Permanent Collection, of all ages eager to simply “specializes in cultivating a love in addition to selections bundle up and play and practice of movement.” That said, from its other holdings in nature. under DiMuro (and what he calls a “re- on art related to the vitalized” board of directors, led by Mary Transcendentalists, Shakers, and Native Ameri- McCarthy, associate director of adminis- cans. The two buildings and the grounds will be tration at Harvard’s physics department), open on weekends regardless the organization is also developing more of whether there is enough artistic opportunities for Greater Boston’s snow for sledding and skiing, established and emerging profession- but if inclement weather pre- als. A three-tiered training program now cludes traveling or outside feeds into the Boston Center for the Arts activities, WinterFest Week- residency program. The Dance Complex ends will be canceled. Visi- is also producing the show CATALYSTS tors can check the museum’s (during weekends between January 22 website before venturing out. and February 6) to spotlight the work of vn.p.b. five young dancers and choreographers: Chavi Bansal, Callie Chapman, Michael Fruitlands Museum www.fruitlands.org Figueroa, Sarah Mae Gibbons, and Kat Weekends in January and Nasti. DiMuro is “building something February, noon-5 p.m. that Boston really needs: an infrastructure for dance,” says Wendy Jehlen, founder

16J January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Harvard Squared

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Harvard Magazine 16K Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Harvard Squared

CURIOSITIES: Ubu Abounds

Ubu Sings Ubu, at A.R.T.’s Oberon stage in February, is a cleverly adapted, punk-art cabaret version of Alfred Jarry’s Ubu Roi. The 1896 play famously caused a riot in Paris on its opening (and closing) night, but Jarry provoked much more than a sensa- tion. His satirical tale of Ma and Pa Ubu’s savage quest for the Polish throne, although stylized burlesque, rebuked bourgeois complacency and exposed the dictatorial force of infantile behavior. Jarry influenced surrealism, Dadaism, and the Theatre of the Absurd and, for many, his work still speaks to the more grotesque aspects of the world’s social and political landscape. Ubu Sings Ubu, adapted using Google Translate and co-direct- Julie Atlas Muz and Tony Torn bare (almost) all in portraying power-hungry aspiring royalty. Matt Butterfield, at left, plays asch/ ART asch/ ART ed by Tony Torn (who also stars), first appeared off-Broadway, Bougrelas, the crown prince, as well as lead guitar. ax B ax B m m to acclaim, in 2014. It is a raw cauldron of id energy that tee- ters on the insane—mostly in a good “Ye are a very great rogue,” coos Ma Ubu (sporting a white way. Rarely do audiences see their own bra and red tutu) before they laugh and resume their rapacious primitive impulses so fearlessly embod- quest. The stagy sexuality and violence don’t feel gratuitous ied as by Torn and Julie Atlas Muz, the amid the apt, playful references to Shakespeare. The characters performance artist who plays Ma Ubu also dance and sing the punk-rock-cum-grunge music of Pere (Jarry’s Lady Macbeth). Torn is half- Ubu, the Cleveland cult band Torn has adored since high school. naked in the opening scene, his white Its members then, and now, are among the countless artists belly wobbling over his jeans; he howls happy to perpetuate Jarry’s American Repertory Theater an expletive, glugs a canned beer, cries, (and now Torn’s) brazen ex- www.americanrepertorytheater.org then pounds his own buffoonish head. periments. vn.p.b. February 4-5

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16L January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Tastes & Tables

Kitchen Arts A glimpse at Greater Boston’s classes for aspiring and amateur cooks

e’ve got cheese and crackers and some wine,” says chef Jason Martin, as “ W he strides into the kitchen at Dave’s Fresh Pasta, a gourmet deli and wine store in Somerville, Massachu- setts. “Why not make it a little party?” At left: Chef Jason Martin extols the art of “I’m not bashful,” says one woman. pasta-making before his students mix up batches of dough on their own. Above: She pours the first glass of a crisp Aus- Aspiring cooks gather around the table in trian Grüner Veltliner and soon all 12 of the ArtEpicure’s lofty kitchen space, and Ploy students who signed on to learn how to Khunisorn teaches Thai cuisine at the aul sayed/ cook “Ravioli, Stuffed Pastas, and Fill- Cambridge Center for Adult Education. n (2); p n (2);

w ings” are sipping away. Martin was a icure ro cook at Dave’s, where all the pasta, sauc- aggressive answer,” he adds: “‘Easy for me, es, and other prepared foods are made but hard for you.’” f art Ep on site. He began teaching classes there By the end of the two-and-a-half-hour ell Porter B t: N t:

f almost six years ago—probably because session, however, everyone has success- ourtesy o p le everyone realized he was as much a gift- fully rolled out sheets of dough, filled their m to ed host as an expert on Italian fare. squares with ricotta or sweet potato puree, ro “When it comes to pasta, it’s not re- with bowls, measuring cups, and a few crimped the edges, and cooked up the lot ise f ducation; and C kw ally about the recipe,” he says. “The story Imperia Pasta Machines. Into a well of just right—no longer than three minutes—

dult E dult is that it’s variable; it depends on the hu- flour he pours a few beaten eggs, then gen- in giant pots of boiling, well-salted water.

or A midity level, the size of the eggs. And the tly merges the two, first with a fork, then The results are sprinkled with pecorino kneading of the dough—what does it feel with his hands. “I used to ask my nana, Romano cheese and consumed with a last enter f hs, counter cloc p like? Is it stretchy? Or sticky? Too dry?” He ‘How do I make pasta?’ and she’d say, ‘It’s glass of rustic Nebbiolo before the stu-

bridge C lays out the simplest of ingredients—du- easy,’” he tells the group as he kneads the dents head out into the wintry night. m a

Photogra C rum and semolina flours, eggs, salt—along supple dough. “That’s the Italian, passive- Dave’s has many repeat customers; it

Harvard Magazine 16M Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Harvard Squared also runs classes on Asian-style pastas (ra- Millar Shea, Ed.M. ’14, an administrator then returned to Boston with his German men, dumplings, rice noodles) and region- at the Kennedy School, who came with a wife and opened ArtEpicure in 2006. He al Italian cuisines, and offers wine tastings, friend, Vanessa Hernandez, who’d taken also runs private, customized classes for and a session called “Vodka!” (Licens- pasta-making with Martin before. They families, bachelorette parties, corporate ing forbids drinking it during class, but each leave with a carton of fresh ravioli, clients, and the occasional “Moms’ Night Martin shows people how “we use vodka and vow to repeat the recipes at home. Out.” “They get tired of grilled cheese and in our everyday cooking at Dave’s” to Across the city, in a homey loft filled chicken fingers,” he says. “Here, they get to heighten sauces, crusts, and doughs.) All with art, antiques, and a collection of cook what they want. And they get to bring the food is terrific. Yet a chef-instructor’s nearly 1,000 cookbooks at the Brickbottom their own wine.” personality, along with the conviviality of Artists Building, Mark DesLauriers owns The Cambridge Center for Adult Edu- a communal-learning experience, matter and runs the ArtEpicure Cooking School. cation offers about 60 classes a year, in just as much for many who take cooking His eight classes a month rotate recipes each of its four terms, says program man- classes in Greater Boston. “It’s a fun class throughout the seasons, but typically in- ager and Thai food instructor Ploy Khuni- and great for newer cooks,” says Heidi clude Indian, Lebanese, Italian, and French sorn (who is slated to receive her master’s food, plus his favorite: dishes from degree in sustainability from the Harvard the American South. DesLauri- Extension School in May). Students range ers is a restaurant veteran who from young people on their own for the began working in his parents’ first time, and couples eager to cook to- place, the former Corner House gether, to retirees taking up a new hobby. in Townsend, Massachusetts, There are also, she claims, “the guys who when he was eight. He left the want to come and learn how to help their

ing green region as a teenager and traveled wives cook.” k

oo abroad, working in kitchens and The winter 2016 term (January bars from Tunisia to Sweden, and 11-March 20) includes a few series cours- f Kids C Kids Cooking Green combines es—“The Art of Pastry” and “Cooking information on nutrition and local Without Recipes”—but most offerings

courtesy o farming with hands-on classes. are one-time, specialized workshops such

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16N January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Harvard Squared

as “Parisian Macarons,” “Oyster Tasting and niques, or focus on the art of Tutorial,” and “Goat Stew and Mofongo” sweet treats. All are offered (a Caribbean fried-plantain dish). Stu- during school and summer vaca- dents can buy one class or a series (at a tions. discount), choose day or evening sessions, Teenagers might also like or even take an extra-long lunch hour to classes at Create A Cook, in attend the “Tuesday Test Kitchens,” in Newton, but the company of- which “rising stars on the culinary scene” fers more for the younger set— whip up dishes while explaining the pro- down to preschoolers who can k cess, then share the results. learn how to make sandwiches The Cambridge School of Culinary and simple soups with their Arts offers loads of recreational classes caregivers. Again, classes are f create a coo along with its professional track. For the geared for vacation periods and

former, there are six-week-long series on summer cooking camps. courtesy o technique alone—from fundamentals for Several nonprofits throughout the re- Create a Cook caters to children and newer cooks to advanced forays into bak- gion promote cooking and nutrition for teenagers, but also offers adults the chance to have some fun in the kitchen. ing and pastry-making (week one: pâte à kids through hands-on kitchen time, like Document1Document1 11/20/03 11/20/03 11:51 11:51 AM AM Page Page 1 1 chou)—along with shorter sessions on re- the sessions at Cooking Matters, in Bos- Massachusetts, company co-founded by gional, holiday, and season-specific cook- ton, a facet of the national nonprofit or- Liza Connolly and Lori Deliso (wife of ery, evenings geared to couples (defined ganization and campaign No Kid Hungry. Dave Jick, owner of Dave’s Fresh Pasta), as any two people who want to cook to- Cooking Matters has a six-week series offers programs and classes through lo- gether), and special units on knife skills, aimed at young children (from babies to cal schools and libraries, along with field gluten-free meals, using the “whole hog,” five-year-olds) and their caregivers. The trips. The winter slate includes a visit to and gourmet vegetarian meals. once-a-week classes focus on making nu- A Tavola restaurant in Winchester, learn- The school is also one of the few places tritional meals on a budget and include ing how ice cream is made at Rancatore’s that caters to teenagers, who can choose educational trips to grocery stores. in Lexington, and, of course, an extensive among a rigorous series on cooking tech- Kids Cooking Green, the Lexington, backstage tour of Dave’s. vn.p.b.

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Harvard Magazine 16O Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 CAMBRIDGE, MA $4,250,000

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Fish Tales The Harvard Museum of Natural History in November unveiled its new exhibition on marine life. The centerpiece (shown here), a cleverly lit diorama, depicts New England coastal waters from the shallows to the depths: a pioneering way to educate and entrance visitors without penning liv-

Photograph by LesJim HarrisonVants Aerial Photos/courtesy of Harvard Art Museums Harvard Magazine 17 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 John Harvard's Journal ing specimens in a small habitat. That dis- ture (focusing on jel- play neatly complements the adjacent gal- lies), and of Harvard lery on the region’s forests, and closes what scientists’ work. They Visit harvardmag.com to see more specimens curators describe as a “gaping hole” in the will likely like the huge from the marine exhibitions, which have underrepresented Australian trumpet exhibition. Earth’s aquatic environment and the stag- shell (Syrinx aruanus, a gering biodiversity it supports. type of snail), and be thrilled or repelled A few hundred mounted specimens in by the giant isopod (Bathynomus giganteus, surrounding cases (from the millions of a crustacean) at rest in its jar. What par- molluscs and fish among the compara- ent could resist the vivid orange lion’s paw tive zoology holdings) give a sense of evo- scallop (Nodipecten nodosus)—or withhold a on lution, species variation, and the sheer smile at the name of the diminutive Wolf s beauty of nature. Youngsters will enjoy fangbelly (Petroscirtes lupus, one of the Pa- arri H m the interactive explanations of nomencla- cific coral-reef combtooth blennies)? Ji

million—but only because corporate, have closed with The Fiscal Norm foundation, and international underwrit- a surplus of $68 The University’s fiscal year 2015, con- ing rose by more than 10 percent, while million—slightly cluded last June 30 and detailed in the an- federal direct funding decreased by nearly ahead of the fis- nual financial report released in late Octo- $15 million. cal 2015 gain. ber, mirrors the outcome of the prior year: • Expenses increased 2.2 percent, to More broadly, Harvard again operated in the black, fol- $4.46 billion from $4.37 billion. Salaries income from stu- lowing a couple of years of small deficits. In and wages were 5.2 percent higher, re- dents (typically their introductory letter, Harvard’s senior fi- flecting a larger workforce and merit in- the schools’ larg- nancial-management team—Thomas J. Hol- creases in compensation. Employee ben- est source of un- lister, vice president for finance and chief efits were reported to have decreased 4.7 restricted fund- financial officer, and Corporation member percent—but adjusting for a one-time, ing) has been Paul J. Finnegan, who is treasurer—wrote, $45.9-million pension-related charge in- growing smartly: Paul J. Finnegan “[T]he results of this past fiscal year follow curred in fiscal 2014, benefits costs in- up 7.3 percent in a recent trend of modest, but continued im- creased somewhat less than 5 percent, fiscal 2014 after deducting scholarships provement in the University’s overall finan- to nearly $500 million. Space and occu- applied to tuition and fees, and a further H pac cial health.” Among the highlights: pancy costs soared more than 9 percent, 6 percent in fiscal 2015, to $930 million. As • Revenue increased 3.1 percent, to $4.53 but were more than offset by a $40-mil- recently as fiscal 2013, sponsored-research billion from $4.39 billion lion reduction in other ex- funding was Harvard’s second-largest (figures are rounded). Ma- penses; both reflect one- source of operating revenue (after the en- Mitchell/ Stephanie jor contributors were the time items. dowment distribution, and ahead of stu- endowment distribution • An operating surplus dent income); now, with research funding for operations (up $54.8 was the result: Harvard fin- stagnant and tuition and fees growing, million, or 3.6 percent); ished the year in the black their relative standing has been reversed, tuition and other income to the tune of $62.5 million. with tuition and fees progressively out-

from students (up $52.3 s As originally reported, fis- stripping sponsored support. million, or 6.0 percent); cal 2014 yielded a surplus The 7.4 percent rise in continuing-edu- y T ufty and gifts for current use s of just $2.7 million; that has cation and executive-programs tuition (to

(up $16.5 million, or 3.9 ourte been restated to a surplus $346 million) has to please Hollister and C percent). Total support for of $22 million. If the pen- Finnegan, who repeat a theme from recent sponsored research edged Thomas J. Hollister sion-related charge were financial reports: the focus on “exploring aige Brown/ aige up by $5.9 million, to $805.8 P excluded, fiscal 2014 would alternative revenue sources.” Tiny now, but of prospective importance as one of those “alternative” revenue sources, is in- In this Issue come from general-interest online courses; in a recent white paper on HarvardX and 22 Overhauling the Endowment 30 Henry the Great other teaching initiatives (see page 24), 23 Faculty Figures 31 On Campus, Concisely Provost Alan Garber listed “economic sus- 24 Teaching and Learning: Taking Stock 32 Yesterday’s News tainability” as the first of three priorities 25 Harvard Portrait 33 Brevia deserving “special attention.” 26 Harvard Law Weighs In 35 The Undergraduate The after-financial-aid tuition and fee 28 Engineering a School’s Future 37 Sports figure is what (please turn to page 22)

18 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 YOUR GIFT MAKES A DIFFERENCE

WE ALL HAVE SOMETHING TO GIVE.

Every gift—no matter the size—has an impact on life at Harvard today. See the many ways your generosity empowers faculty to innovate, enables students to excel, and ensures that Harvard remains a place of discovery for people leading positive change in the world.

LEARN MORE AT ALUMNI.HARVARD.EDU/HCF/IMPACT FAS 16-389 FAS

JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2016 THE HARVARD CAMPAIGN FOR ARTS AND SCIENCES | VISIT CAMPAIGN.HARVARD.EDU/FAS

16-389 Hmag Full Pg 11-18.indd 1 11/25/15 3:18 PM

30,000+ GIVE YEAR AFTER YEAR

EACH YEAR, MORE THAN 30,000 MEMBERS of the 1636 Society choose to sustain Harvard’s place at the forefront of higher education by making an annual gift through the Harvard College Fund. Together, these gifts have a powerful impact—allowing Harvard to open doors to deserving students, support important research, and explore new opportunities. Here, some of our dedicated donors share what inspires them to give annually.

“ Looking at my fellow Harvard graduates and current undergraduates, I am astounded and inspired by the wonderful citizens of the world they have become and are becoming. Who wouldn’t want to give back to a place that has changed so many lives for the better? I am humbled by the opportunity.”

TONY OBST ’67, MBA ’72

16-389 Hmag Insert Jan_Feb 11-17.indd 1 12/8/15 9:48 AM “Simply put, Harvard changed the trajectory of “ The Harvard of today stands on the shoulders of my life. While I’ve given to the Harvard College generations of generous alumni donors from the Fund every year since 1977, giving back is not past, and the Harvard of tomorrow will stand on only about money—it’s also about volunteering, our shoulders. Harvard College was an absolutely participating in alumni activities, and connecting transformational experience for me—there is no with young alumni and current students. I always organization I am prouder to support.”

tell undergraduates that Harvard is not a four-year —SIRI UOTILA ’10 gig—it’s a lifetime gig.”

—DONALD GUINEY ’78

“I give to Harvard because of what Harvard “ In 1956, my father (Joseph K. Hurd Jr. ’60, gave to me—the opportunity to be part of an MD ’64) was awarded a scholarship to attend intellectually stimulating environment with Harvard College. Whoever made it ﬁ nancially wonderful people who have remained my possible for him to attend changed the arc of his friends for life.” life. It is an experience that can change lives for generations to come—I am living proof.” — LORI KAPLOWITZ BEIZER ’85, MD ’89 —JOE HURD ’91, JD ’95

“ I beneﬁ ted greatly from ﬁ nancial aid when I “ My husband, Jonathan Dienstag ’05, and I give in was a student, and I believe it is incumbent on appreciation of the opportunities Harvard a orded alumni—including young alumni—to ensure us, with the hope that our contributions will enable the program’s continued viability.” current students to thrive at Harvard.”

—PARAS BHAYANI ’09, MBA ’15 —GRIER TUMAS DIENSTAG ’11, MBA ’15

“ To be admitted to Harvard was to be given an “ I am constantly inspired by my peers and their enormous opportunity. I am hopeful that my gifts achievements. I choose to give back to Harvard will, in some small way, help the College continue because it is a place that brought all of us together to provide that same opportunity to future and will continue to do so for years to come.” generations of students.” —PREETHA HEBBAR ’14 —BRIAN CROWLEY ’75

“ I give because I am so grateful for the people I “ Harvard has had such a positive and lasting had the opportunity to meet, to learn from, and to impact on my own life, both intellectually and include in my life beyond my four years as an interpersonally, that I ﬁ nd it rewarding to stay undergraduate.” involved and contribute to its ongoing success.”

—KYLE CUTTER-DABIRI ’07 —BILL BEIZER ’85, MBA ’89 FAS 16-389 FAS

JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2016 THE HARVARD CAMPAIGN FOR ARTS AND SCIENCES | VISIT CAMPAIGN.HARVARD.EDU/FAS

16-389 Hmag Insert Jan_Feb 11-17.indd 2 11/25/15 3:18 PM John Harvard's Journal

(continued from page 18) the programs put in place during the past the operating distribution, plus a “bonus” decade; to cope with families’ rising edu- distribution of 2 percent for one-time ex- matters: the cash available to deans once cation costs; and to enable deans to apply penses (ensuring that those extra activi- they have met student needs. The fiscal more of those unrestricted net tuition re- ties will not be built into schools’ perma- 2014 and 2015 results are suggestive. Schol- ceipts to other academic needs. President nent expense base, and perhaps reflecting arships applied to student income (reduc- Drew Faust focused on The Harvard Cam- HMC’s most recent results). tions in term bills, for instance) rose just paign (see updates, page 26) in her letter Not for nothing have higher-education 3.0 percent, to $384 million—below the 3.7 in the financial report; she noted that some administrators and science professors percent growth in fiscal 2014. And other $686 million had been secured for financial been raising alarms about the nation’s re- scholarships and awards paid directly to aid across the University—about halfway search budget. As noted, federal direct students increased just 4.6 percent. Even toward the goal for scholarships. sponsorship for research continued to with robust growth in continuing and The endowment remains at the center decrease. Other sources of direct research executive education (which affects the of Harvard’s finances, again contribut- support increased by $18 million; but indi- tuition mix), demand for financial aid in ing 35 percent of operating revenues: $1.59 rect-cost recoveries associated with such degree programs appears to be easing—a billion in fiscal 2015, and $1.54 billion in nonfederal grants are a small fraction of proxy for the improving economy. fiscal 2014. The Corporation is being care- those accompanying federal sponsorship, Data from the Faculty of Arts and Sci- ful with endowment funds: the operating placing a burden on the institution to ences (FAS) confirm the trend: its under- distribution equaled just 4.6 percent of maintain the research enterprise (see the graduate-aid spending rose from $164.2 the endowment’s value at the beginning discussion in “Faculty Figures,” opposite). million in fiscal 2012 to $165.6 million the of the fiscal year, down from 4.9 percent Even with the campaign’s success, a next year, and $170.2 million in fiscal 2014— in the prior year. As previously reported, conservative course toward growth ap- before decreasing, minimally, to $170.1 mil- Harvard Management Company (HMC) pears to be in place, given persistent, large lion in the most recent year. That reflects a realized a 5.8 percent return on endow- operating deficits in FAS and Harvard sharp change from the period beginning in ment assets, net of all expenses, in fiscal Medical School. Still, the campaign is hav- 2007, when financial aid was expanded sig- 2015 (see “Endowment Gain—and Gaps,” ing its intended effect. Gifts for current nificantly, and then demand soared as the November-December 2015, page 22, and use, generated during the current fund recession crimped family incomes. “Overhauling the Endowment,” below). drive, yielded 10 percent of Harvard’s fiscal In the meantime, University fundraisers For fiscal 2016, the planning guidance to 2015 revenues. Pledges receivable, a good continue to pursue gifts for aid: to secure deans envisions a 4 percent increase in gauge of what is on tap, surged to $2.25 bil-

•On the University’s constraints, and their Overhauling the Endowment effect on endowment investments: At a town hall meeting with his staff last winter, Blyth When Harvard Management Company (HMC) president and CEO said, “[L]et’s recognize that Harvard had a tough war, had a very Stephen Blyth reported on endowment investment returns last fall, difficult financial crisis, and its liquidity position was worse than he bluntly described declining performance; laid out a new mission other comparable institutions for a number of reasons….” statement and investment goals; detailed a new asset-allocation He subsequently amplified: “[I]t was absolutely appropriate in model; and sketched changes in operations and compensation. In early 2009 to say to people, do not do this investment that could November, he invited Harvard Magazine to HMC’s offices to discuss lose this amount of money because…that would be very damaging these changes in depth. Blyth directly addressed an altered invest- to the overall position of the University….If I’m an investor at ment environment that is reducing returns; University constraints HMC in 2009/2010…, even if there’s an opportunity, I need to in the wake of the 2008-2009 financial crisis that limited investing make sure that it does not show up on the downside if something options; and other aspects of HMC’s execution that affected endow- goes bad, so that means a sizing issue. I need to do it on a smaller ment performance. He also reviewed the cultural changes under scale. As a direct result, it’s not going to show up on the upside if way that aim to put HMC on a post-crisis footing, in pursuit of bet- things go well. So, there’s a conviction-to-scale mismatch.… ter investment results. The full transcript of the conversation is “[W]e were doing trades in 50 or 100 lots for a $30-billion available at harvardmag.com/endowment-16. Highlights follow. endowment and others were doing 100 to 200 lots for a $20-bil- •On the investing environment: HMC’s “10-year rolling average lion endowment….Say we wanted to do a one-percent investment real return declined from the double digits to just over between in a high-conviction manager or asset, we were doing a quarter- to 5 percent and 6 percent annually. That is highly related to the fact half-percent investments where others were doing one- to one- that interest rates have declined dramatically…Ten-year, essen- and-a-quarter-percent investments, so that is something that we tially risk-free real rates have declined from 4.5 percent to 0.6 need to shift.” percent….In order to generate 5 percent real return 10 years ago, •On changing HMC’s culture: “[T]he first thing I did here…was you could just buy mostly TIPS [inflation-adjusted bonds] and then set the new narrative for HMC. I viewed it as…not drawing a line take a little bit of risk. Today, you need TIPS plus 4 percent of real under the financial crisis, but at least starting a new paragraph or return” from taking risk. new chapter.” Having recognized prior constraints, he continued,

22 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Faculty Figures creasingly competitive market and challenging external funding landscape”—so much so that FAS expects to maintain its ten- An interesting perspective on faculty growth, a core element ured- and tenure-track-faculty ranks at roughly the current 729 of Harvard’s mission, emerges from the intersection of Harvard members, rather than seeking to add professorships, with impli- Campaign plans and constrained research funding. In their annual- cations for its composition. report letter, CFO Thomas J. Hollister and treasurer Paul J. From academic year 2000-2001, when these “ladder” facul- Finnegan cited academic investments, including “expanded fac- ty numbered just below 600, to the current population, FAS’s ulty.” The capital campaign aims at many objectives (financial aid, profile has shifted. Arts and humanities professors rose from House renewal, the new engineering and applied sciences facil- 185 to a peak of 210, and now number 196; the ranks of social ity—see page 28), but most schools do not identify faculty scientists increased from 214 to a peak of 251, before settling growth as a major goal. President Drew Faust noted that the at 245 now. The science cohort, at a multiyear low of 139 in campaign had secured endowments for 75 chairs, but most are 2000-2001, peaked at 214 and now numbers 203—up by nearly understood to be existing professorships. half. And engineering and applied sciences, with 54 faculty mem- The problem is sufficiently acute that Faculty of Arts and Sci- bers 15 years ago, before becoming a full school, has been on a ences (FAS) dean Michael D. Smith, sharing his annual report steep upward trajectory, to 85 now: up nearly 60 percent. With with colleagues in early October, emphasized research funding the faculty census essentially level and engineering-related fields as among his highest priorities. The report’s financial commen- targeted for significant expansion (funds are in hand to add a tary singled out the importance of “enhanc[ing] our internal dozen computer-sciences professors alone), FAS’s mix of disci- program of research support to lessen faculty anxiety in an in- plines might continue to evolve. vj.s.r. lion at year-end, up from $1.59 billion at explicitly noted the importance of “a new who are committed to investing in Harvard the end of fiscal 2014. hybrid gift policy”—encouraging donors to may be encouraged to do so more quickly. The pipeline is filling robustly—but provide a share of certain major gifts in the Further details on compensation and there is a lag, sometimes considerable, be- form of current-use funds. The message to benefits, other expenses, debt, and ad- tween donors’ pledges and the delivery of eager faculties would appear to be twofold: ditional financial matters are available at the funds to Harvard. FAS, where current- be patient—the fruits from the campaign harvardmag.com/finances-16. use gifts rose 21 percent during fiscal 2015, are coming; and be clever, so that donors vjohn s. rosenberg

“Let’s just…realize that our job is to improve investment perfor- the investment-management structure at mance. HMC in an important way. We’ve essen- “Interestingly, there was a sense of relief from the organization tially taken out a layer of investment that that was just said publicly internally. This is the new path. This management.…I was head of public mar- is about moving from recovering…to competing.” kets….[with] public equities, public credit, •On relationships with external investment managers: “HMC republic commodities, and public fixed income trenched significantly and in a number of ways. It was unable to reporting to me. The debate across that give capital to subsequent funds from high-conviction managers…. second layer and what was then a third layer

We sold certain interests at a discount, as is well documented. As was…suboptimal. When I became CEO, I HPAC a result, the relationships with private-equity managers as a par- didn’t replace myself.…and I’m not replacing ticular case were affected following the financial crisis.… the head of alternative assets [who re- Stephen “But the relationships that we have with the top-tier private- tired].…[A]s CEO, I dropped down to sit Blyth equity managers and venture-capital managers are just incredibly on top of the investment committee, which Mitchell/ Stephanie valuable. Those are assets that need to be managed and looked is now the portfolio-management heads. That means the discussion after in the same way we would look after financial assets. That’s is less vertical and more horizontal just by construct. That changes an area that I personally, the executive team, the private-equity the decision-making process significantly.” team are highly focused on—developing those relationships back •On HMC’s hybrid model of investing assets internally and externally: to a place where they are valuable assets.” “I have no target….There’s no, ‘We want to get this amount inter- •On a more flexible asset-allocation model: “[I]f we’re explicitly saying nally’ or ‘We want to get this amount externally.’ …We just want we have this flexibility, all these portfolios are permissible, it allows to make sure we have the best investors in everything we’re doing. us now to incorporate the best-ideas concept. I think that’s some- If we have an external manager who’s not good enough, we’re go- thing that is going to be additive….We’ll no longer be having, ‘This ing to redeem. If we have an internal portfolio-management team does not fit in my bucket’ or ‘My bucket is full; I can’t fit any more that is not good enough, we will have to upgrade.” in.’ Things that are just suboptimal from an investment perspective… For background coverage, see “Endowment Gain—and Gaps,” are no longer in play.” November-December 2015, page 22, and harvardmag.com/ •On reorganizing to foster investment decisions: “We have changed endowment-15. vj.s.r.

Harvard Magazine 23 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 John Harvard's Journal Teaching and Learning: plines, substantive data exist on approaches to online teaching and to course Taking Stock selection and development—and the Three years after the inception of edX, underlying edX technology platform has the Harvard- and MIT- led online-course been refined. The program is “on a good venture, and four years after the Harvard path right now,” but not so “fully estab- Initiative for Learning and Teaching (HILT) lished” that it becomes less susceptible to was formed, the University is taking stock of improvement. its efforts to enhance pedagogy and educa- Garber’s paper reviews several broad, tion. In a white paper assessing HarvardX early findings from what might be seen as and online learning, Provost Alan M. Garber HarvardX’s experimental stage. Faculty outlined three topics of inquiry for the for- interest has been robust: professors have HPAC mal review of the University’s massive open submitted numerous applications to cre- online courses (MOOCs) planned for this ate online courses and shown their inter- spring: “economic sustainability, research est in pedagogy and teaching (evidenced Alan M. Garber on learning and teaching, and the transla- by attendance at HILT conferences and Mitchell/ Stephanie tion of that research into improvements in the dozens of projects it has funded). istrants vary widely, Garber reported—far learning, especially in the residential set- Building the high-quality courses Har- more than among students admitted to ting.” In subsequent conversations, he and vardX distributes via edX requires “sub- residential-degree programs. That duality Peter K. Bol, vice provost for advances in stantial effort and time”: in the form of reflects a choice Harvard made in pursuing learning, provided more details about the HarvardX’s 50-member staff and produc- its online ambitions, described this way in research effort, the application of online- tion facilities; and in the teachers’ course his paper: course technology to on-campus teaching, preparation, filming, and so on. By this [W]as our goal to improve teach- and changes in classroom practice. past October, some 3 million people had ing on our campus,…or…to improve The time is right for a review, the pro- registered for courses and 2 million had the learning opportunities for any- vost said. With several dozen full courses “engaged” by performing some activity body anywhere in the world with an and shorter modules already released, within the courses. interest in the subjects we teach?… spanning Harvard’s schools and disci The motivations and preparation of reg- We realized that courses narrowly targeted toward Harvard students were unlikely to attract the largest group of learners worldwide to our MOOCs. But if we wanted to Explore More improve residential learning, many of our online and hybrid learn- Harvardmagazine.com brings you ing experiences…would need to be compatible with our faculty’s ap- continuous coverage of University and alumni news. proaches to teaching Harvard stu- Visit to find these stories and more: dents….The rationale for focusing on A Shelter in Harvard Square either educating the world or edu- Two young alumni generate a refuge for cating students on our campus…was homeless youths. strong. But our mission required us harvardmag.com/shelter-16 to do more.…[W]e chose to move forward with a commitment to serve both audiences. an The Journalist as Citizen m Building on the admittedly descriptive ard Linda Greenhouse ’68 on the tension between research findings so far, and recogniz- ilie H objectivity and engagement ing the structural challenges of pursuing these disparate groups—Garber noted harvardmag.com/greenhouse-16 ; Em HPAC e/

bb “a genuine tension” there—he suggested ni

s significant priorities for the coming year. Internet-era Students, One is sorting out faculty-driven nomina-

Meet Rare Books urley; Kri tions for online courses versus “taking a The Houghton Library undergraduate fellowship more targeted approach to course development” by creating sequential courses or

supports a summer immersion in its collections. atherine C harvardmag.com/houghton-16 filling existing gaps, so external users can pursue deeper mastery of a subject. (MIT

visit harvardmagazine.com m top: Mary C already does this for some of its edX offer- ro F ings.) Another is making it easier for fac-

24 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 ulty members to develop less-than-course- length online units (“briefer modules,” harvard portrait which can stand alone or be adopted by teachers of other courses). Third is “how to incorporate digital media into MOOCs and our teaching on campus,” for instance through accessing museum collections and library holdings (as in the current multi- part “The Book,” which is not tied to any current campus course). A final goal is as- suring that online content is available for use in campus courses. A good deal hinges on obtaining more in-depth research, for which Bol’s organization has created an integrated team of analysts led by professor of government Dustin Tingley. The edX platform now permits rigorous “A/B” testing of differing teaching methods and learning outcomes, applicable to the enormous data sets ac- cumulated from learners enrolled in each online course. Tingley’s team can design such experiments into courses by working with their instructors, and can also bring to the discussion insights from cognitive science and pedagogical research elsewhere. (Meanwhile, it remains more difficult to assess residential courses. Garber noted that there is “rarely consensus on what outcomes to measure,” given a spec- trum ranging from student knowledge at the end of a course, to applications of that experience later in life. Bol observed that campus courses are typically so small that it is difficult to gather statistically Yosvany Terry valid data from the number of students enrolled.) Yosvany Terry might have become a clarinetist. About to begin conservatory training As experimentation continues with in- and unsure which instrument to focus on, the nine-year-old was considering the wood- creasing precision and depth, making the wind when he saw a TV ad featuring a saxophone—“and the rest is history.” Another transition to a new economic model natu- fork in the road for the Latin Jazz artist, during his childhood in Cuba: random placement rally emerges as a priority. Garber’s paper in an English, rather than Russian, language class. With a father who was a famous cha- notes that most Harvard online courses ranga (Cuban dance music) conductor, violinist, and chekeré player (the percussion in- “are free and open, and I do not expect strument made of a hollow gourd covered in a net of beads), Terry and his brothers that to change.” But funding those courses grew up serious about music, but also kept busy with other pursuits: math contests, “thanks to the support of generous donors volleyball, handball, and badminton. (His desire to learn tennis was thwarted, he jokes, as well as unrestricted University funds… because “it was a capitalist sport.”) Describing the “field research” central to his com- cannot be sustained indefinitely at current position process, Terry cites the example of Bartók and Kodály collecting Hungarian levels.” (The Faculty of Arts and Sciences folksongs. “I go to the countryside in the middle of nowhere”—recently, Cuba’s Matan- contributed $2.5 million to edX in each zas and Villa Clara provinces—“and I get together with these old people” to learn about of its first two years, and other Harvard local instruments, chants, melodies, and ceremonies. Exploring the far-flung origins of schools were likely assessed, too.) Hence Afro-Cuban jazz, Terry’s music has been praised for its “multilevel fluencies,” for delv- the interest in fee-based, professional-ed- ing into history while always pushing forward. He brings this momentum to his teaching, ucation applications, distribution through as the new visiting senior lecturer of music and director of jazz bands. A listener de- the Division of Continuing Education, and scribed Terry’s first rehearsal with the Harvard musicians as “a little like boxers circling other revenue-generating options. each other, feinting, seeing how they will move,” but during their 90 minutes together, the band-leader “pulled them toward an idea of what he wanted,” and by the end, audi- Much of this sorting out is the responsibil- ence and band alike “could hear how far we had traveled.” vsophia nguyen ity of vice-provost Bol, who oversees both

Photograph by Stu Rosner Harvard Magazine 25 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 John Harvard's Journal

HarvardX and HILT—bringing the Univer- advantage of technology to make Harvard incorporate HarvardX-like modules and sity’s principal vehicles for pedagogical in- teaching accessible worldwide for the first digital content—helping along the merg- novation together with its central research time—a potential that has excited many ing of lessons from online approaches with group for designing experiments in teach- faculty members. The largest benefit from residential classroom practice. ing and learning. HarvardX so far may be that the courses Lest this appear threatening to other As Carswell professor of East Asian are “not just back-of-the-class lecture cap- modes of learning, Bol hastened to add languages and literatures, Bol has taught ture” on video. Instead, participating fac- that the evidence on the effectiveness of seminars and large lectures, adopted digi- ulty members have been explicit about their active learning (in-class problem sets, for tized and online content in his classes, and educational objectives, and about exploring instance) does not, by formula, mean that co-developed the multi-module ChinaX the best way to achieve them. Such practices the lecture will expire. He stressed the im- offering online. (He is also a director of apply equally to the classroom, broadening portance of determining what any course Harvard Magazine Inc.) Recalling his own professors’ awareness of what they must do aims to teach, and where lecturing or ac- student days (when images of China were to encourage and enable students to learn. tive learning or machine-guided adap- projected from glass slides) and the evolu- On the very near horizon is broad adop- tive learning may be most effective. Large tion of his own teaching, he said that edu- tion of the Canvas learning-management General Education lectures (and their de- cation innovation has been continuous at system, the classroom course platform partmental equivalents) have a distinct, Harvard. Rather than worry that the early now being rolled out across Harvard. Un- enduring value. Acquiring information and investment in MOOCs has not yet trans- like earlier course websites, which pro- mastering certain bodies of knowledge, he formed classrooms across the campus, he vided requirements and a syllabus, and said, may not be the point of a literature or pointed to active and experiential learning sometimes links to readings or other mate- philosophy course. in many disciplines; new kinds of hands- rials, Canvas can be used to create a dash- “We need to discriminate among learn- on labs; the spread of case teaching across board enabling students to see frequent ing goals, teaching modes, and the ap- schools; and wide instructor interest and assessments of their work, and teachers to propriate standards for each,” Bol said. In involvement in HILT through conferences, see in real time whether students are pro- the current era, with more teaching and grants, biweekly teaching-practice news- gressing. Such speedy feedback, if proven assessment tools, richer technology, and letters, and more. effective, could be “an area where we’re large-scale and seminar-size courses being “How can we improve teaching and prepared to make a significant invest- taught side by side, the menu of options is learning for everyone?” he asked, and take ment,” Bol said. Over time, the system can longer than ever. vjohn s. rosenberg

clude financial aid and clinical education, the assembly of alumni, faculty, and stu- Harvard Law Weighs In both deemed critical to the school’s mis- dents broke up to attend presentations on As legal education and the profession sion of advancing justice, increasingly international human rights, corporate gov- face substantial change—with law gradu- among the underserved. Since her appoint- ernance, the making of a civil-rights law- ates’ careers developing in increasingly var- ment in 2009, Dean Martha Minow said in yer, and the school’s veterans legal clinic ied, often global, contexts—Harvard Law an earlier interview, the school has nearly (founded in 2012 with twin goals of peda- School (HLS) kicked off its “Campaign for tripled spending on financial aid and loan gogy and service). TED-type faculty talks, the Third Century” on October 23, becom- forgiveness. Meanwhile, clinical education, 10 minutes or less each, followed. In the ing the last school to unveil its fundraising which gives students hands-on experience, evening, President Drew Faust touched on ambitions within the University’s $6.5-bil- often through work with low-income cli- HLS’s history (its bicentennial is in 2017) lion capital campaign. At the celebratory ents, has become more important in the and future, noting its impact in producing dinner following afternoon speeches and curriculum, despite the added expense of presidents, senators, Supreme Court jus- panel discussions that its low student-to-fac- tices, and CEOs. “We need the Law School hinted at transforma- ulty ratios. and the extraordinary leaders it creates,” tions in practice and Increasingly, gradu- she said. “We need the clarity that it brings pedagogy, campaign coates enter fields out- to confusing and divisive times. We need chair James A. Attwood side the legal profes- its capacity to civilize, and we need law- Jr., J.D.-M.B.A. ’84, an- sion. As if to illustrate, yers wise in their calling.” nounced a $305-million U.S. senator Mark Noting the school’s growing number campaign goal—and re- School aw Warner, J.D. ’80, of Vir- of international students, Dean Minow vealed that the develop- ginia, a businessman touted the global reach of its skills-based ment staff had not been L arvard (he was an early inves- curriculum. “The value of high-quality y of H of y idle during the protract- s tor in Nextel) and later legal education, the need for legal order,

ed “silent phase” of fun- ourte a politician, kicked off have never been more apparent. The hun- draising: $241 million (79 C the launch-day lun- ger for justice around the world has never percent) had already cheon by saying, “I’ve been greater….We do and we must include been given or pledged. Martha Minow never practiced a day the imperative of advancing justice in our

HLS priorities in- Martha Stewart/ of law.” After lunch, core mission, in our reform efforts, and our

26 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 preparation of students” so that they can sciences complex in Allston (see page 28) $160 million sought for “education,” as the “solve hard problems and imagine better —some part of which might well be fund- school implements its new M.D. course of worlds.” ed with debt; financial aid and other criti- study (see “Rethinking the Medical Cur- For more on the campaign launch, and cal support for schools with alumni largely riculum,” September-October 2015, page the challenges facing law schools, see har- clustered in lower-paying professions; 17). The campaign’s conclusion, it was dis- vardmag.com/hls-16. cross-school scholarly and pedagogical closed in November, will rest with a new collaborations; and projects such as the dean (see page 33). The Campaign, Comprehensively conversion of part of Holyoke Center into With HLS’s goal now public, the nomi- Smith Campus Center. Klarman, Cabot, and nal allocation of objectives under The Har- Since the last progress report (“$6 Bil- Library Largesse vard Campaign’s umbrella lines up this lion-Plus,” November-December 2015, Meanwhile, the fruits of donor support way: Faculty of Arts and Sciences (includ- page 20), two other schools have detailed continue to appear. The business school— ing nonbuilding priorities for engineering their results. The Kennedy School said it with Tata Hall open and Chao Center con- and applied sciences), $2.5 billion; Busi- had secured gifts totaling $460 million as struction well along (both are focused on ness School, $1.0 billion; Medical School, of last September 30; its extensive cam- executive education)—has filed the plans $750 million; Kennedy School, $500 million; pus expansion, previously reported as for Klarman Hall and the associated “G2 School of Public Health, $450 million; HLS, budgeted at about $125 million (for which Pavilion.” The two-part project will yield a $305 million; Graduate School of Education, fundraising was to have been completed new 1,000-seat auditorium, with contem- $250 million; Graduate School of Design, $110 before breaking ground), now is shown porary communications and media gear million; Radcliffe Institute, $70 million; Di- as having realized $90 million in support (81,100 square feet of new construction). vinity School, $50 million, Dental School, $8 toward a goal of $155 million. The medical Once that is built, 18,000 to 24,000 square million—a total of nearly $6 billion. school reported fundraising of $475 million feet of meeting and classroom space will be That would make the central adminis- as of September 30—63 percent of the goal. erected separately, in part on the site of Bur- tration parts of the campaign, and goals Gifts and pledges to support research and den Hall, the 1971 auditorium designed by not otherwise associated with a school, discovery, the largest campaign aim at $500 architect Philip Johnson ’27, B.Arch. ’43. The a half-billion dollars. These include pri- million, have reached $318 million; some naming gift, from Seth Klarman, M.B.A. ’82, orities such as the engineering and applied $37 million has been realized toward the and Beth Klarman, was announced in June

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Harvard Magazine 27 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 John Harvard's Journal

Back to brick: a rendering of the fore the financial crisis, has been even demoralizing transition to a shared Business School’s Klarman Hall shorn of meeting and conference administrative system, new financial mod- facilities, so Klarman Hall repre- el, and unitary collecting and services be- sents another possible synergy gun in 2012. According to figures provided between the business and engi- by the library system, its fiscal year 2009

chool neering schools. and 2015 expenditures and full-time equiv-

ss s In Cambridge, the faculty alent staffing were $123 million and $111 mil- ine s

u group responsible for reenvi- lion, and 1,094 people and 741, respectively. sioning the undergraduates’ Those changes reflect both the transfer of

arvard b Cabot Science Library has un- functions (human resources, technology, veiled a “design brief” for redo- and so on) to other parts of the Univer- y of H s ing the first floor of the Science sity, and consolidations, retirements, and

courte Center, integrating the library, downsizing. Expenditures on materials Cabot Science Library and environs, Greenhouse Café, and court- were $46.5 million in the earlier year, and reimagined for today’s student researchers yards “to create a dynamic, 24- $45.9 million last year—a rising share of the hour student commons and a budget. Now, the library system is pursu- s technology-integrated library,” ing a $150-million campaign aimed at col-

rchitect complete with “mobile discov- lections, spaces, staff, digitization, and

m A ery bar.” Construction is to be- preservation; $52 million has been secured, la gin after Commencement; the Thomas reported. She is proceeding on work is funded by Penny Pritz- projects ranging from the Cabot makeover ker ’81, who was slated for a and information services for the new engi-

k Scogin Merrill E leadership role in the campaign neering complex to a prospective purchase

Mac before her appointment as U.S. of space in a depository facility in Prince- 2014. The work will also yield an enlarged Secretary of Commerce. ton shared with that university, Columbia, central campus green. Construction is ten- The library system more generally is also and the New York Public Library; given its tatively planned from early this year until in campaign mode. Sarah Thomas, vice continuing acquisitions, Harvard’s library August 2018—preceding the engineering president for the Harvard Library and Uni- system contemplates exhausting the stor- and science center across Western Avenue. versity Librarian, reported to the Faculty of age space in its own Massachusetts deposi- The latter complex, simpler and smaller than Arts and Sciences in early November that tory within the next several years. the four-building design being pursued be- the system had weathered the difficult and vjonathan shaw and john s. rosenberg

Harvard Medical School, par- Engineering a ticularly in the quantitative- School’s Future leaning systems biology and biomedical informatics de- One hundred days into his new posi- partments. tion as dean of the Harvard John A. Paulson He sees enormous oppor- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences tunity for more cross-school (SEAS), and after consultation with faculty collaboration. SEAS offers a members in the school and across the Uni- collaborative degree with the versity, Francis “Frank” J. Doyle III shared Graduate School of Design, insights into SEAS’s future during an au- but Doyle says Harvard has tumn conversation. “arguably the world’s lead- Computer science, in which he will ing business school,…medical make 10 senior appointments, will grow in school, and…law school”—all Allston, when much of the school occupies with professors eager to ex- new quarters at the end of the decade (see plore potential partnerships below). The department, strong already with engineers. As one ex- in the theoretical realm, looks to add example, he points to the many pertise in applied directions like machine faculty members through- Francis J. Doyle III learning and optimization (developing ef- out the University who are ficient solutions for problems: a simple ex- working in some way on climate change. sues, legal issues, computing, data-privacy ample is how to get from point A to point Like climate change, “The nature of issues.” Personalized medicine, for ex- B in the shortest time). Bioengineering, a these big challenges in [engineering] re- ample, is bound to affect the healthcare relatively small presence now, is poised search going forward,” Doyle asserts, “is discussion, get into legal issues of privacy, for growth, perhaps with collaborators at that they are going to touch on policy is- and have an entrepreneurial dimension,

28 January - February 2016 Photograph by Eliza Grinnell/Courtesy of Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 thereby involving the schools of business, medicine, law, and public health, in addition to SEAS. These are problems “that require rallying something on the order of a couple hundred people to tackle,” he explains. “We weren’t well-positioned” for these kinds of partnerships in the past. “Today we are.” For a full account of the conversation on the future of SEAS, read harvardmag.com/ seasdean-16. Meanwhile the school, whose cohort of professors and tenure-track faculty members has risen nearly 80 percent in the past two decades, to 85 this academic year, reports that it is spilling out of its 410,000 Programs for High School Students square feet of labs, classrooms, and offices. A solution is in sight—but patience is re- Every summer, more than 2,000 motivated high school students quired: the plan submitted to the Boston from around the world are selected to attend Harvard Summer School Redevelopment Authority for review in No- and experience college life. vember envisions 496,850 gross square feet Pre-College Program Secondary School Program of new facilities facing Western Avenue, in 2-week program (noncredit) 7-week program (college credit) Allston, with occupancy scheduled in the Session I June 26 to July 8 June 18 to August 6 fall of 2020. The project includes 445,350 Session II July 10 to July 22 square feet of new construction, atop part Session III July 24 to August 5 of the platform for the science facilities on which work was halted by the financial summer.harvard.edu/high-school-programs crisis in 2010 (see “Allston: The Killer App,” March-April 2013, page 47). The remaining space would be landscaped, but reserved for future development. The project now also Signature Recovery Programs encompasses 51,500 square feet of SEAS administrative offices in the existing Harvard- owned building at 114 Western Avenue, which is to be renovated. The project is smaller and simpler— Answers and presumably less expensive—than the for four-building science complex envisioned nearly a decade ago. Among other changes, addiction it has shed a conference center, meant to serve several other buildings planned then, With the addition of McLean Borden Cottage, our expanding Signature Recovery Programs and a daycare facility. are empowering men and women to reclaim The new complex, conceived as six their sense of self-worth and manage their active stories above grade and two levels be- lives, free of alcohol or drug abuse. The clinical low, masses three blocks of laboratories, care and recovery methods used are evidence- totaling 209,000 square feet of science based treatments that result in positive therapeutic outcomes. facilities, facing Western Avenue; they sit atop a quadrangle, where “teaching McLean Fernside | NEW McLean Borden Cottage environments”—“maker space, design studios, fabricating garages, clubhouse Let us help you today. plaza rooms, as well as traditional flat and Call 800.906.9531. sloped-floor classrooms”—will be concentrated (58,200 square feet in the new TOP RANKED PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL building, plus some in the renovated space U.S. News and World Report next door). The complex steps down to the south, to the temporarily landscaped plaza. There are also an expansive atrium Princeton, MA NEW Camden, ME and circulation areas, meant to tie the McLeanFernside.org McLeanBordenCottage.org

Harvard Magazine 29 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 John Harvard's Journal whole facility together (122,250 square square feet of the total project. neering, material science, and mechanical feet); a cafeteria and lounges; and some Projected tenants include at least parts engineering groups. According to the reg- retail space. Public access is envisioned to of SEAS’s applied mathematics, applied ulatory submission, the project is designed the cafeteria, part of the atrium, and audi- physics, computer and computational to accommodate 360 faculty and staff torium (the latter on a scheduled basis), science, bioengineering, electrical engi- members; 1,000 graduate students and re- as well as the retail areas: about 20,000 neering, environmental science and engi- searchers; and 600 undergraduates daily.

portant academic job in tober 23 meeting to celebrate what he has Henry the Great America.” meant: Nitza Rosovsky, his life partner, He went on to summarize whom he met 60 years ago; and President On October 23, Henry Rosovsky con- his education; battle experience at Berke- Derek Bok, with whom Rosovsky col- ducted the annual meeting of this maga- ley; migration back to Harvard; further laborated so effectively for so many years zine’s Board of Incorporators and then, in battle experience in an “academic Mu- to the greater good of Harvard—and the accordance with the bylaws, concluded his nich” at the University in the late 1960s; wider world. tenure as president of Harvard Magazine and subsequent drafting as FAS dean. He In speaking about their work together, Inc. That small transition marked the formal served as a Fellow of the Harvard Corpo- President Bok related an essential story end of a towering career of service to the ration. And so on. about his friend. He recalled learning, in University. In his invaluable text, The Univer- Beyond the résumé, those privileged to 1973, that FAS’s then dean, the redoubt- sity: An Owner’s Manual (1990), he intro- have worked in proximity to Henry Roso- able John Dunlop, was departing at once duced himself this way: vsky know him to be a scholar of high to join the Nixon administration—a I have the pleasure of presenting distinction; a broad thinker about the shock, because the faculty was deeply di- Mr. Henry Rosovsky, who is the unique role and importance of research vided between liberals sympathetic to Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser Uni- universities; an advocate for and embodi- student complaints about Harvard and the versity Professor at Harvard Uni- ment of their values; and—rarest still—a wider world and conservatives outraged versity. His title, quite a mouthful, manager and leader of extraordinary skill. at their colleagues’ accommodation of the is intended to be impressive, but do The stories told about him all illustrate his students. Both sides felt alienated from remember that universities are in- deft ability to define problems and think the administration, too. Only Dunlop, a stitutions that love hierarchies and through solutions, and his subsequent seasoned labor negotiator, seemed able distinctions at least as much as the selfless commitment to effecting them. to keep the place together. But, Bok said, military. He is also the former Dean All those traits shone when FAS ad- he conducted a search, asked Rosovsky to of Harvard’s Faculty of Arts and Sci- opted the undergraduate Core Curricu- lead FAS, and prevailed despite “a few, ences, a post frequently described lum, one of the intellectual legacies of his rather flimsy” objections. somewhat arrogantly in Cambridge, deanship. Lillian Ross’s 1978 New Yorker Why was it, he then asked, that Roso- Massachusetts—alas, rarely else- profile of that work is titled, “An Educated vsky was always sought after, and why did where—as “the best and most im- Person.” The title alludes to the curricu- he always acquit himself so well, “evoking lum, but its application to Rosovsky him- the most enthusiastic response” from self seems even more apt. Trained as an those who had seen him in action— economist, he is most of all a humanist, and whether his decisions were in their inter- a champion at that: widely read, worldly, est or not? engaged by new people and ideas, judi- Some years after the appointment, Bok cious and competent in every realm—and continued, he was walking through Har- warm and funny. vard Square when sociologist Laurence The magazine is much the stronger for Wylie hailed him. “I just wanted to be the his leadership and guidance since 2006, first to let you know that this morning, the a very turbulent period economically liberal and conservative caucuses decided and in publishing. But that pales com- independently that they would disband,” pared to his service to Harvard, which Wylie told him. Why? Bok asked, puzzled began when he enrolled as a graduate by the happy news. Because, Wylie said, student in the late 1940s. Henry “All of us trust Henry.” Rosovsky has been one of the sig- That remains an elemental truth, so we nal builders of the modern Uni- and many other members of this commu- versity, and one of the leading nity are delighted (and relieved) that Henry proponents of the idea of the Rosovsky, freed from his formal responsi- university around the planet. bilities, remains ever available for conversa- Two of his great partners in tion—and the wisest counsel on offer. that work attended the Oc- vjohn s. rosenberg and irina kuksin

Henry Rosovsky Photograph by Jim Harrison

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 It is a safe bet The reconceived Allston that many of them engineering complex, as it are counting the will face Western Avenue days until they can see steel ris-

ing, and then anten ticipate moving in.

The ranks of SEAS rchite k ch A undergraduate con- s centrators continue to swell, from 291 Behniy in 2007-2008, when endering b

SEAS became a R school, to 887 or more this academic year University should not plant too deeply on (driven largely by growth in applied math- the southern part of the site. ematics and computer science). Maybe the vjonathan shaw and john s. rosenberg Calling All

the Law School, though, were more muted. On Campus, Concisely “[R]eformers harm themselves by nurturing an inflated sense of victimization,” Harvard Race Debate, and Defacement Klein professor of law Randall Kennedy, Harvard Law School (HLS) was rattled one of those whose portrait was defaced, in November after black tape was pasted wrote in a New York Times op-ed. Climenko over portraits of its African-American professor of law Charles Ogletree, whose Authors! professors in Wasserstein Hall, thrusting portrait was also defaced, said he believes THE DEADLINE IS: the University into the national spotlight the incident represents constitutionally- MARCH 14, 2016 amid growing concerns over racism on protected free speech, and urged the Uni- colleges campuses (see harvardmag.com/ versity community to exercise restraint in to showcase your book in lawschool-16). President Drew Faust, who the face of prejudice. Harvard Magazine and frequently has used her platform to advocate reach 255,000 Harvard Admissions Adjudication, Again racial justice, an issue of deep personal sig- alumni, faculty, and staff. nificance to her, called the incident an “act With oral arguments for the second of hatred…inimical to our most fundamen- appearance of Fisher v. University of Texas at Aus- tal values.” University police are investigat- tin before the U.S. Supreme Court sched- The May-June 2016 Harvard ing the defacement as a hate crime; at press uled on December 9, Harvard filed an amicus Magazine will feature the time, no results had been announced. brief defending colleges’ and universities’ — Faust has expanded her advocacy in re- ability to consider race and ethnicity as part Summer Reading List, cent months and years, following protests of their holistic evaluation of applicants for of racism at Harvard and other elite univer- admission. Consistent with its arguments a special advertising section sities. Hours after defaced portraits were in 2012 (see harvardmag.com/amicus-16)— Harvardfor authors Authors’ (adjacent Bookshelf to discovered, she e-mailed the University to and with such prior cases as Bakke (1978) and Montage coverage of books announce the release of a more than year- Grutter (2003)—the University maintained and the arts). Your ad long study by the College Working Group anew that in its “experience and educational on Diversity and Inclusion, which included judgment, a diverse community of students includes: a full-color book recommendations such as better resources adds significantly to the educational experi- jacket photo and 7 lines of for low-income students and a long-term ence and future success of all its graduates, text—and will appear in both focus on improving faculty diversity. from all backgrounds and races. A campus the print and online editions At the Law School, student activists that is home to individuals with a deep and of Harvard Magazine. have called for structural changes such as wide variety of academic interests, experi- the removal of the crest of the slave-own- ences, viewpoints, and talents enables stu- For information about pricing ing Royall family from the school’s official dents to challenge their own assumptions, seal, echoing similar concerns at Yale and to learn more deeply and broadly, to develop and ad specifications, go to: Princeton. After the portraits’ defacement, skills of collaboration and problem solving, harvardmagazine.com/hauthors Dean Martha Minow acknowledged that and to begin to appreciate the spectacular contact Gretchen Bostrom racism remains a “serious problem” at the complexity of the modern world.” at 617-496-6686, or e-mail school and appointed a committee to re- Urging the Court to “reaffirm its previ- consider its seal. Responses from others at ous decisions recognizing the constitu- [email protected].

Harvard Magazine 31 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 John Harvard's Journal

tionality of holistic admissions processes that consider each applicant as an individ- Yesterday’s News ual and as a whole,” as embraced in Bakke, From the pages of the Harvard Alumni Bulletin and Harvard Magazine the brief contested arguments advanced by plaintiff Abigail Fisher’s counsel that would limit the proportion of applicants 1916 William Stanislaus Murphy, Class the University was “severed” has shrunk for whom race could be considered in ad- of 1885, leaves all his money to establish from 7.4 to 4.4 percent. Both 1940 figures missions reviews, and narrow the evidence scholarships at the College for young men set new records. that could be used to make the pedagogical with his last name. case for establishing diversity objectives. 1956 A letter from Venezuela to the The Court’s ruling is expected at the 1926 The first movie theater in Cam- president’s office brings a reminder of the end of its term, in June. bridge is about to open across the street Thayer Transmittendum, a small award, from the Yard. started in 1848, dedicated to purchasing Going (More) Global winter coats for deserving freshmen of Grants to support continuing and new cli- Harvard Crimson staffers journey to New little means. Of the seven recipients in mate-change research in China, announced Haven to leave copies of an issue contain- the award’s 118 years, the most recent, in October, also heralded the launch of the ing an article fiercely opposed to compul- Gilbert Slocum ’49, has sent the original Harvard Global Institute (HGI). The insti- sory chapel at Yale on the doorsteps of parchment of the Thayer Transmitten- tute aims to secure donations which the Yale Daily News recipients. Yale’s presi- dum, plus $75 (to cover inflation since his University can channel, via grants from dent states that “any contribution from own receipt of $50), back to the College President Drew Faust, to support multidis- Harvard would not in any way influence to pay for the coat of the next recipient. ciplinary research on complex global prob- the committee in charge of the matter.” lems, possibly including urbanization, wa- 1966 The Bulletin salutes the publica- ter, education, inequality, and migration. In 1941 Reginald H. Phelps ’30, assistant tion of Babar Comes to America, in which the initial instance, a gift from Wang Jianlin, dean in charge of records, reports that, the famous elephant visits Harvard, re- chairman of Wanda Group, a commercial- between 1920 and 1940, the number of ceives an honorary doctorate of letters, property developer (among other business- undergraduates making the dean’s list and hangs out at the Lampoon. es), will underwrite such research within has risen from 19.8 to 30.7 percent, while the People’s Republic; the work will be the list of those whose connection with 1981 “To enhance the quality of our managed by the Harvard Center Shanghai. common life,” a student-faculty commit- HGI, as described by Walker profes- tee unanimously recommends establishing sor of business administration Krishna G. a foundation to improve rela- Palepu, Faust’s senior adviser for global tions among racial and eth- strategy, is a virtual organization. With- nic groups on campus. out building its own staff or facilities, it hopes to secure funding to underwrite faculty members’ research, and scale it up— in host countries and on campus—and to make use of and strengthen Harvard schools’ and academic centers’ existing offices and infrastructure around the world, like the Shanghai center. Read a full report at harvardmag. com/hgi-16.

General Education Revisited In the wake of sharp faculty criticism aired last spring about the undergraduate General Education curriculum (see harvardmag.com/gened-16), the review committee conducted town-hall conversations with professors during the fall semester to test possible reforms. The curriculum, put into effect in 2009, requires students to take courses in eight categories, designed to assure that they

Illustration by Mark Steele

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Campus Construction of its faculty through recruitment, ap- Cambridge zoning authorities have appointments, and junior-faculty develop- proved Harvard’s plans to reconfigure Brevia ment.…Duke’s new Washington Duke the former Holyoke Center into the Scholars Program will support first-gen- Smith Campus Center, including a pa- eration college students and those from vilion along Massachusetts Avenue that disadvantaged high schools; it includes will face a reconfigured public enhanced financial aid, a for- open space; less of the outdoor credit summer bridge pro- Forbes Plaza will be enclosed gram, faculty and peer men- than under Harvard’s original tors, and seminars on wellness proposal. Construction is slat- and networking. The fall 2016 ed to begin this spring. cohort will total 30; the plan is to double the number enrolled Margarets Mead in the future. and Mitchell The Faculty of Arts and Sci- The $100-Million Club ences has adopted a new vot- J.B. Pritzker and M.K. Pritz- ing procedure for electing the 18 ker made a $100-million naming members of its Faculty Council, gift to Northwestern Univer- a body that works closely with sity’s School of Law, his law the dean and makes recommen- alma mater (see page 26 for in- dations to colleagues on legisla- formation on the Harvard Law tive matters. The new protocol School campaign). Downtown, distributes membership among the University of Chicago’s senior and junior professors, Harris School of Public Policy and assures representation received $100 million for an in- among the academic divisions. stitute devoted to studying and Accordingly, the explanatory resolving global conflict; the paper brought before the facul- donor was the Pearson Family ty for discussion and a vote dur- Foundation. New York Uni- ing its fall meetings populated a versity received $100 million, sample ballot with examples in- a naming gift, for its school of cluding, among other luminar- engineering from Chandrika ies, Eudora Welty and Maya and Ranjan Tandon; Chandrika Angelou (humanities); Charles Darwin From dean to doctor: Jeffrey S. Tandon, an NYU trustee, was a partner and Marie Curie (sciences); and Margaret Flier, dean of Harvard Medical School at McKinsey and Company, and now since 2007, announced in November— Mead and Max Weber (social sciences). a year after launching the school’s chairs a financial-advisory firm.Ran - Ansel Adams, Copernicus, and Margaret $750-million capital campaign—that jan Tandon, M.B.A. ’77, founded a hedge Mitchell were among those proposed for he would step down on July 31. He fund that is now a private family office. at-large seats. At press time, it is unknown steered the school through the Entertainment executive David Geffen financial crisis and recent declines in whether any would accept if nominated. federal research funding; supported gave UCLA $100 million (raising his total significant initiatives in systems benefactions there to $400 million); it will On Other Campuses pharmacology and biomedical fund a college-preparatory school (grades informatics; and saw the new M.D. Even as Harvard received gift proceeds curriculum introduced during this past 6-12) on campus, in part to accommodate totaling $1.16 billion in the fiscal year fall semester. After a sabbatical, Flier, the children of faculty members—an im- ended June 30, 2014, the Chronicle of Higher an endocrinologist, will return to the portant tool in recruitment efforts.…And, Education noted in a roundup, Stan- faculty. A search for his successor is to ramping up from nine digits to 10, Brown be organized soon. For a full report, ford—though not in capital-campaign in October unveiled its $3-billion Brown- see harvardmag.com/flier-16. mode—came in second, with $928 mil- Together campaign, with $950 million lion. Note to Harvard development of- already raised; at the celebration, ground ficers: Stanford is now in a year-long researchers and staff members who are was broken for a new 80,000-square- celebration of its 125th anniversary exploring quantum data storage and in- foot engineering research building, paid (this coming October 1)—no doubt re- formation processing. Separately, Yale is for with resources from the fundraising plete with gift opportunities.…The devoting $50 million during the next five drive. MIT is expected to be among the Yale Quantum Institute, established years (half from central funds and half next institutions to announce a multibil- in October, will focus the work of 120 from schools) to augment the diversity lion-dollar capital campaign.

Photograph by John Soares/Courtesy of Harvard Medical School Harvard Magazine 33 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 John Harvard's Journal

Nota Bene nutrition and epidemiology, and of medi- vardmag.com/pedicini-16), departed in De- Rhodes roster. Five seniors have been cine; Joan W. Miller, Williams professor of cember to join Perella Weinberg Partners awarded American Rhodes Scholarships, ophthalmology; and Kevin Struhl, Gaised in New York. And joining two other new among them the vice president of the Har- professor of biological chemistry and mo- members of the HMC board (see “Endow- vard Islamic Society (Hassaan Shahawy) lecular pharmacology. ment Gain—and Gaps,” November-Decem- and the son of a Syrian immigrant (Neil ber 2015, page 22), Amy Falls, M.P.P. ’89, has M. Alacha). Their fellow winners: Grace Urbanology. The Graduate School of been elected a director. She is chief invest- E. Huckins, Rivka B. Hyland, and Garrett Design has established an office for ur- ment officer at The Rockefeller University. M. Lam. Read a full report at harvardmag. banization to focus interdisciplinary ap- com/rhodes-16. In addition, Yen H. Pham plied research on contemporary cities; Ir- Miscellany. Niall Ferguson, Tisch pro- ’15 has received an Australian Rhodes. ving professor of landscape architecture fessor of history and a frequent commenta- Charles Waldheim is director. An initial tor on public affairs, is leaving Harvard; as Marshall duo. Two seniors have won project will focus on the municipal re- a senior fellow at Stanford’s Hoover Insti- Marshall Scholarships for graduate study sponses to changing sea levels, in partner- tution, he hopes to accelerate work on the in Britain. Bianca Mulaney will attend the ship with the city of Miami Beach. second volume of his biography of Henry A. London School of Economics and Politi- Kissinger ’50, Ph.D. ’54, L ’55. He was pro- cal Science. Rebecca Panovka is bound for Laws online. Harvard Law School has filed in “The Global Empire of Niall Fergu- the University of Cambridge. Read more partnered with Ravel Law to digitize its son” (May-June 2007, page 33).…Mitchell at harvardmag.com/marshall-16. entire collection of U.S. case law. The “Free R. Julis, J.D.-M.B.A. ’81, has underwritten the Law” project aims to make available, the new Julis-Rabinowitz Program in Jew- A bookish professor. Lea professor of in a searchable database, some 40 million ish and Israeli Law at Harvard Law School, history Ann Blair, director pages of court decisions. named in honor of his parents.…Six sopho- of undergraduate studies mores declared the new theater, dance, and in that department, has International overseer. Schwartz media program as their primary concentra- been named Pforzheimer professor of Chinese and tion by the November deadline, as did two University Professor, ef- Inner Asian history Mark juniors who changed their course of study fective January 1. A Euro- C. Elliott has been ap- earlier in the year (read about the program tephanie m itchell/hpac tephanie pean cultural and intel- s pointed vice provost for at harvardmag.com/theater-16). Two other lectual historian, she has Ann Blair international affairs, suc- students have chosen the worked on the history of ceeding Madero professor program as their second-

the book (among other topics), a suitable for the study of Mexico m itchell/hpac Stephanie ary concentration.…Pope field for a chair strongly associated with Jorge Domínguez, who Mark C. professor of the Latin lan- the University’s libraries; Robert Darnton, stepped down last sum- Elliott guage and literature Rich- incoln/hpac

who relinquished the chair last summer, mer. Elliott, who also directs the Fairbank ard J. Tarrant has won an L e s o was director of the University Library. Center for Chinese Studies, has lived in Tai- international award from R wan, the People’s Republic of China, Japan, the Academia Nazionale Richard J. Medical honorands. The National and Poland, and has held academic appoint- Virgilia for his recent com- Tarrant Academy of Medicine has elected as mem- ments in several other countries. He speaks mentary on Book 12 of the bers Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Grupe pro- Chinese, Japanese, French, and Polish. Aeneid; it was conferred in Mantova, Virgil’s fessor of pediatrics; Frank Hu, professor of home town, on the poet’s birthday in Octo- Endowment evolu- ber. The first recipient of the prize, in 1994, tion. Amid changes in was Wendell Clausen, also a member of Harvard Management the classics department.…Landesa, which Company’s policies and works to secure legal land rights for the practices (see page 22), world’s poor, has been awarded the $2-mil- Jameela Pedicini, vice lion Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize; president of sustain- Christopher B. Jochnick, J.D. ’93, is CEO, able investing for the and Roy L. Prosterman, J.D. ’58, is the or- past two years (see har- ganization’s founder.

Reverting to red: After a brief fling with modern design, Winthrop House and architects Beyer Blinder Belle have reverted to the familiar comforts of red brick. The five-story addition to Gore Hall, scheduled for construction when the House undergoes renovation beginning this summer, is now conceived in a Neo-Geor- gian idiom, shown here, rather than the contrasting, contemporary scheme unveiled last winter (see harvardmag.com/winthrop-16).

34 January - February 2016 Artist’s renderings courtesy of Beyer Blinder Belle Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 acquire some breadth of intellectual exposure that the goals of general education had that colleagues felt that in an era of spe- as well as some grounding in ethical reason- been found worthwhile as the core of un- cialized learning, four general-education ing and the broader responsibilities of citi- dergraduates’ liberal-arts education. But courses would be too few to ensure stu- zenship. Sean D. Kelly, Martignetti professor of the 574 or so courses deemed to qualify dents’ breadth of learning. Thus, on Decem- of philosophy and chair of that department, for General Education, only 120 were pur- ber 1, the committee proposed a four-course reported for the review committee last May pose-built for and effective in that role. general-education requirement plus a three- that “in practice our program is a chimera: it The committee felt that requiring only course distribution requirement plus the new has the head of a Gen Ed requirement with four courses, rather than eight, might be quantitative-reasoning unit. Legislation the body of a distribution requirement.” (The adequate—so long as a course in empiri- will be scheduled for faculty consideration program, as implemented, allowed as gener- cal and mathematical reasoning were also this spring; academic advisers and the reg- al-education courses hundreds of specialized required (and for which many departmen- istrar’s staff may need to prepare to counsel departmental offerings that failed to embody tal courses were well suited). In effect, students about complex new curriculum re- the underlying pedagogical aim.) this would add to the expository-writing quirements in future academic years. In a briefing for Faculty of Arts and Sci- requirement a course in quantitative skills. vmarina bolotnikova ences colleagues on November 3, Kelly said But the faculty forums, he said, indicated and john s. rosenberg

when I look up at portraits of white men The Undergraduate and wonder if they expected me to be here. Here at Harvard, I learn in the ways I expected to learn—from my textbooks, from my professors, from my classrooms. My Harvard Education But I am also learning what it means to be a walking disruption.

by jenny gathright ’16 I am taking an economics class on liber- tarianism. I don’t consider myself a libertarian at all, so I took the class to challenge You are growing into consciousness, and my wish to Jonathan, my lovely, gentle, kind Lowell my thinking. I listen to Professor Jeffrey for you is that you feel no need to constrict yourself House tutor. Miron espouse the libertarian perspective to make other people comfortable…The people who The older man is still talking, and I am and carefully consider the ways in which it must believe they are white can never be your mea- beginning to notice that, even though I aligns and diverges with my values and be- suring stick. I would not have you descend into your have introduced myself, he has not looked liefs. This is an important exercise for me. own dream. I would have you be a conscious citizen at me since the start of the conversation. One day, we are talking about the con- of this terrible and beautiful world. His body is pivoted towards Jonathan, sequences of drug prohibition. Libertar- Ta-Nehisi Coates who is pale and male and perhaps more ians believe that the negative effects out- Between the World and Me visibly engaged in the process of looking weigh the positive effects. I’m sympathetic at the apples. I am distracted. His histori- to the viewpoint, and I’m glad this policy here is a man in front of me cal factoids about hard cider have gotten debate is a topic of discussion. Professor and he is talking about the ap- me thinking about a drunken Thomas Jef- Miron briefly lists “increased racial profil- ples he has grown. One of the ferson wandering around Monticello, and ing” and the resulting “racial tensions” as a apples was Thomas Jefferson’s this image makes me sick and scared in a negative consequence of drug prohibition Tfavorite. Another is the original, real Granny way that the two men next to me will nev- laws. He moves on—he has other slides to Smith. You won’t find these in the grocery er understand. discuss, other lines of argument to explore. store, folks. He is talking about seeds and I cannot be sure why he isn’t looking But I am stuck, still thinking about what grafting, about history. Did you know that at me. Maybe I’m unaware that there is a it means for him to name “increased racial hard cider was the Founding Fathers’ pri- terrible glare behind my face and he’s got profiling” and “racial tensions” without mary method of hydration? Did you know to protect his eyes! But maybe it’s because naming Michael Brown, Tamir Rice, Rekia that they were all drunk pretty much all Jonathan feels familiar, feels like the men Boyd, Freddie Gray, Sandra Bland…I want the time? he walked these halls with many years to stand up and scream about how the The man grows the apples on his prop- ago, and I do not. Maybe I am just woman things he is talking about tear bodies apart. erty in central Massachusetts, and he is enough, just brown enough, to be ren- I wonder how many students in that thrilled to be back in his Harvard House, dered invisible. It might all be in my head, very white classroom are feeling what I Lowell House, to hand out them out to but isn’t that sometimes just enough to feel in that moment. I look to my left and students during dinner time. He has his make a moment uncomfortable? right and see students jotting down notes, class year, which, as I recall, begins with There is a distance between my body continuing on to the next stage of the cost- a “6,” written on his nametag. He is stand- and the bodies this place was built for. benefit analysis. I send an innocuous and ing in front of me, and I am standing next I feel it every day in Lowell dining hall, unrelated text message to a friend—I think

Harvard Magazine 35 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 John Harvard's Journal

I just want to feel less alone. It is so alienat- In their recent Atlantic article, “The pression are constantly forced to contend ing, that feeling when a moment hits you Coddling of the American Mind,” Greg with uncomfortable ideas by virtue of their deeper than it hits those around you. Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt warn us: “A very presence here—in dining halls, in I want to be clear here: I’m not asking movement is arising, undirected and driven classrooms, in libraries. my professor to re-write his lecture. He is largely by students, to scrub campuses clean Some people go through this place with- teaching a class that doesn’t center on my of words, ideas, and subjects that might out having to ask and answer hard ques- experience in every moment, and that’s cause discomfort or give offense.” They tions about the spaces they occupy. I have okay. This isn’t necessarily about my pro- scorn students whom they see as cutting had to constantly articulate and question fessor or my classmates or my syllabus. off important discourse for the sake of their my relationship with this institution: the This is about what it means to not fit into “emotional well-being.” way I fit into its history, and the way I feel Harvard’s mold, what it means to know I could critique their piece on sev- in its classrooms. I have not had the privi- that any moment might twist your stom- eral grounds. But one of the first things I lege of being able to not think about my ach into knots. There’s no easy fix for this, thought when I read it was, “Where is this body, of being able to not physically shake for Harvard, for America. movement, and how did I miss it?” Because in a classroom. I am talking to my friend. He has had here is my truth: I don’t see a ton of liberal I have learned to see this institution for a tough couple of days. He is telling me students trying to “scrub” Harvard’s cam- what it is—not a safe haven from the evils of about a class on race and gender that he puses “clean” of offensive or uncomfortable the outside world, but yet another location is taking. He is feeling the course material ideas. Instead, I see all around me students, where they exist and have always existed. in his body, he says. The readings are caus- my friends, who are willing to be made Sometimes the evils are more blatant—they ing him pain. In my philosophy section uncomfortable by words and ideas all the manifest in disturbing sexual-assault statis- later that week, we are talking about ra- time. I see students who willingly walk tics, in instances of overt racism. In instanc- cial profiling, mapping the argument of an into classrooms that will make them, in the es that prove just how physically unsafe author who is defending the practice. I am words of my friend, feel the course mate- some students are on this campus. thinking about the time when my uncle’s rial in their bodies. Lukianoff and Haidt are But sometimes, the danger comes in a neighbor called the cops on him because worried about the social-justice-oriented different form. This is an institution where he dared to walk in his own backyard. Be- student who seeks to limit free speech and students practice the detached indiffer- cause he dared to exist in the space that he staunch the flow of ideas so that they can ence to racism, sexism, homophobia, trans- literally owned. Because he dared to exist feel more comfortable or safe. But I simply phobia, and elitism that they will likely at all. Section is causing me pain. I want to don’t see this happening. Instead, I think continue to practice throughout their tell my friend I understand. that students whose eyes are open to op- lives. And I think perhaps the core of this indifference lies in the way we move through our daily lives and commitments here. Some of us experience this place through our bodies, and others have the privilege of engaging only on the surface level. There are days when this detachment seems appeal- ing, but I know I would never actually want it. Because I would rather be awake than blind. I would rather bring my full humanity into the classroom than leave it at the door. I would rather experience the world of academia in my physical body than pretend that the two are separate. And this, more than any problem set or paper or classroom discussion, is my Har- vard education.

Berta Greenwald Ledecky Under- graduate Fellow Jenny Gathright is thankful for good friends.

36 January - February 2016 Illustration by Chris Beatrice Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Sports Thrice Titled A fine finish to a nearly flawless football season

hree minutes and 36 sec- streak in series history—and onds had elapsed in the 132nd fourteenth in the last 15 years. Harvard-Yale game at the Yale The Crimson finished the sea- Bowl, and the good work of the son 9-1 and 6-1 in the Ivy League, Tfirst eight weeks of the 2015 season was un- earning a share of the title with raveling. The Crimson, which the previous Dartmouth and Penn. This was week had lost to Penn (Harvard’s first de- Harvard’s third title in a row (the first and Senior running back Paul Stanton Jr. was feat in 23 games), was in a 7-0 hole thanks third were shared) and seventeenth in the almost unstoppable against Lafayette in October, with two touchdowns and 123 to a 28-yard touchdown pass—on fourth 60 years of Ivy competition. Though they s unication

yards. He ended the season leading the mm down and 12, no less—from the Bulldogs’ couldn’t match the transcendent 10-0 re- Ivies in rushing, with 89.9 yards per game. impressive quarterback, Morgan Roberts, to cord achieved in 2014, this year’s seniors— his superb receiver Christopher Williams- the class of 2016—depart with a four-year by any coach in the hallowed series. The C o thletic Lopez. Meanwhile, Dartmouth and Penn, record of 36-4, tied for best in Ivy history league title was his ninth. This also was with whom the Crimson was tied for the with the mark achieved by Harvard’s class his fifteenth straight season with seven Ivy League lead, were both on their way to of 2015. As head coach Tim Murphy notes, or more victories. He concedes that the winning their season finales. the ’16ers can flaunt championship brag- 35-25 loss to Penn at Harvard Stadium on A C ollege afayette y of L of y

It took 53 seconds for equilibrium to be gin’ rights over the ’15ers: “They had one November 17 had been a jolt. “I think that s restored, courtesy of two of the damned- more ring.” comes down to how high we set the bar,” est players in recent Harvard football his- For the 59-year-old coach (see “Murphy he says. “But at the end of the day, when courte tory. On third down from the Crimson Time,” November-December 2015, page you win a championship and manage to 47, quarterback Scott Hosch ’16 dropped 35), who completed his twenty-second beat your bitter rival for the ninth year in back and unfurled a long pass. Running year on the Crimson sidelines, the victory a row, I don’t think we could ask any more deep downfield was wide receiver Justice at the Bowl was his seventeenth, the most of our kids.” Shelton-Mosley ’19, who had beaten Yale safety (and captain) Cole Champion. At first the ball appeared to be traveling too far for Shelton-Mosley to catch up to it. But at the last moment, he stretched his arms and snagged it, then ran into the end zone. When Kenny Smart ’18 booted the extra point, the game was tied—just like that. With Hosch throwing four touchdown passes and Shelton- Mosley scoring thrice, the Crim- son went on to win, 38-19. The s victory was Harvard’s ninth straight over Yale—the longest unication mm o Despite the efforts of Yale linebacker Victor Egu, Crimson quarterback Scott Hosch ’16 thletic C managed a flip to freshman receiver Justice Shelton-Mosley, arvard A

H who took the ball the rest of the ot/ way. The 35-yard touchdown b al gave Harvard a 14-7 second- il T

G quarter lead in The Game.

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Two of those kids came in for special times teams had great coverage on us, and wins over Rhode Island, Brown (the prover- mention. Hosch was named first-team Scottie threw to the only place he could. bial Ocean State sweep), and Georgetown All-Ivy quarterback, New England Player If you watch the film every day like I did, (see “Rolling Along,” November-December of the Year, and Ivy Offensive Player of he made 25 of those throws this year. You’d 2015, page 30), the Crimson went to Ithaca the Year. These accolades are especially just shake your head and say, ‘Wow!’” and rolled over Cornell 40-3. Traveling the remarkable considering that the native of The player with the largest Wow factor, next week to Easton, Pennsylvania, Har- Sugar Hill, Georgia, never went into pre- though, was Shelton-Mosley, who was the vard mashed overmatched Lafayette 42- season practice as the team’s number-one unanimous choice as Ivy League Rookie of 0. That set up the next Ivy game, against quarterback: in 2014 he backed up Conner the Year. The spindly, five-foot-10 wideout Princeton at Harvard Stadium. The Tigers Hempel ’15, and last summer he was slot- from Sacramento, California, caught 40 hung in there for a half. Then the Crimson ted behind Joseph Viviano ’17, who would passes on which he gained a healthy 14.7 scored on five consecutive possessions to miss the season because of a broken foot suffered before play began. Hosch is the Shelton-Mosley “made an impact that very few latest Crimson star from the Peachtree State, a Georgia connection that includes freshmen in our history have ever made.” running back Treavor Scales and quarterback Colton Chapple (both class of ’13), yards per reception, scored eight touch- turn a 7-7 tie into a 42-7 breather. Hosch and safety Norman Hayes (the 2014 cap- downs, and led the Ivies with an eye-pop- threw for 437 yards (third-highest single- tain) and defensive end Zack Hodges, both ping average punt return of 19.0 yards. As game total in Harvard history), 190 of which from the class of ’15. This year, Hosch set Shelton-Mosley worked his shake-and- were amassed by redoubtable senior wide- the Harvard single-season passing record bake, Murphy was marveling from the out/returner Andrew Fischer. On the day, by tossing for 2,827 yards. His 22 touch- sidelines. “When you have a threat like the 175-pound Fischer—“One of the greatest down passes were the second most for a that, and people really have to concentrate big-game guys we’ve ever had,” says Mur- single year in program history. (Chapple is on where he is on the field, it opens up op- phy—reeled in 10 receptions and 255 all- first, with 24 in 2012.) portunities for your other skill kids,” he purpose yards. Hosch rarely made it look pretty. But says. “We didn’t understand until he got At this stage Harvard was clicking on you can’t gainsay the results: he was 15-1 here how mature he was, how driven in a all cylinders. Hosch’s passing was comple- as a starter. “Between his freshman and se- very understated way, how motivated he mented by the ground-gaining of running nior year, Scottie improved as much as any was to be a good player right now. And back Paul Stanton Jr. The senior would fin- player we’ve ever had,” Murphy says. “His what made it so seamless was how humble ish the season leading the Ivies in rushing strengths are his intangibles. His discipline, he is. You put it all together and he made with 89.9 yards a game. Stanton had the motivation, and mental toughness are off an impact that very few freshmen in our benefit of being able to cut back through the charts. His quiet, understated leader- history have ever made.” holes created by a prodigious line whose ship, his ability to focus and produce under camshaft was three seniors: 300-pound pressure—they were remarkable.” Murphy For a stretch in the middle of the season, tackle Cole Toner and two 290-pounders, also cites Hosch’s continual improvement the 2015 Crimson was as dominating as any Anthony Fabiano and Adam Redmond. as a runner and, especially, as a passer. “At Harvard team ever. After opening with easy This trio fiercely protected Hosch; the Crimson surrendered a mere 10 sacks all season. At the same time, the Harvard defense was suffocating opposing offenses. This year’s unit saw its sacks total drop to 18 from 27 in 2014, when Hodges and line- mate Obum Obukwelu ’15 were terror- izing quarterbacks. But the crackerjack senior linebacking corps—among the most consistent Crimson units of recent memory—swallowed up ball-carriers. “They had a balancing skill set,” says Mur- phy. “There was a tough, physical captain in Matt Koran; a very athletic middle linebacker in Eric Medes; then you had Jake Lindsey, who could play the outside

Senior linebacker Jake Lindsey (51) wrapped up Cornell receiver Ben Rogers after a nine-yard gain on this play. The Shanahan Crimson limited the Big Red to 112 yards k

through the air in its 40-3 win. atric P

38 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 John Harvard's Journal

En route to the first of his three touchdowns against Yale, Justice Shelton-Mosley ’19 extended to snare a pass from quarterback Scott Hosch. His score tied the game in the first quarter. Against Penn (below), senior tight end Ben Braunecker did his part with eight catches, but the Quakers pulled off a come-from-behind win, 35-25. position and cover kicks.” The defensive backfield, also senior-laden and keyed by cornerbacks Chris Evans and Sean Ahern, often set the tone with aggressive, hard- hitting coverage. Harvard did not allow a touchdown for more than 222 minutes of play, from the fourth quarter against Brown to the first quarter against Princeton. Week 7 brought the gridiron version of That’s Incredible. Dart- mouth invaded the Stadium for a Friday-night battle of undefeateds. Midway through the fourth quarter, Dartmouth was leading 13-0

and Harvard faced a fourth-and-12 from s (2) the Big Green 39. Hosch dropped back and

saw wide receiver Seitu Smith II ’15 (’16) unication mm running down the left sideline on a pat- o tern called “stutter and go.” Hosch threw, and at the left pylon Smith leaped, twisted thletic C his body—and made a magnificently ac- arvard A robatic grab. Touchdown! Smart kicked H ot/ the point. Dartmouth 13, Harvard 7. Hope b al il T

floated. Moments later, Lindsey forced G Big Green running back Ryder Stone to fumble. Koran recovered at the Crimson 49. Hosch then drove the Crimson half the length of the field in 11 plays—and just 2:16. On third and goal from the five, he rolled right, then saw Shelton-Mosley ’19 just over the goal line. The freshman “was met its Waterloo. On a windy day at the routinely superb day by senior tight end like the third option,” said Hosch. Hosch Stadium, Penn and its quarterback, Alek Ben Braunecker, who had eight catches for flipped, Mosley caught—his team-high Torgersen, shredded the Crimson for 192 134 yards. Braunecker wound up as team ninth grab of the day, and his most impor- yards and 21 points in the first period, then leader with 48 receptions (eighth in the tant. When Smart kicked the point, it was, scored twice in the second half for a come- Ivies) for a stunning 17.7-yard average, best unbelievably, Harvard 14, Dartmouth 13. from-behind win. Just as big a loss was among the league’s top 10 receivers. A last-ditch Big Green field-goal attempt the sidelining of Stanton, who suffered In New Haven the following week, was deflected by defensive tackle Stone a torn ACL that finished his Harvard ca- Braunecker (six catches) was instrumen- Hart ’18. “We stole one today,” admitted reer. Stanton departs as the fourth-leading tal in helping the Crimson shrug off that Murphy afterward. Crimson rusher of all time (2,906 yards), defeat. The Game was won in the middle The Crimson now held its fate in its second in rushing touchdowns (36), and quarters, when the defense, led by Lindsey hands. In New York City, Harvard escaped easily the best among the top 10 rushers in (team-high 11 tackles) kept the Elis off the Columbia 24-16, thanks in part to Shelton- average yards per carry (6.0). scoreboard. In the second period the score Mosley’s tackler-defying 86-yard punt Against the Quakers, Harvard also was still 7-7 when, from the Yale 35, Hosch return for a touchdown, a jaunt on which wasted a touchdown pass thrown by the evaded the Bulldogs’ rush and flipped one he squeezed through a tiny gap along the multiskilled Shelton-Mosley (off a reverse, over the middle to Shelton-Mosley, who sideline. The next week, though, the team to tight end Anthony Firkser ’17) and a dodged a defender, then cut to the left and www.gocrimson.com Harvard Magazine 39 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 John Harvard's Journal

beat everyone to the end-zone pylon. “He makes routine plays great,” Hosch said of “Scotty laid in a beautiful ball,” said Braunecker the freshman. “He just catches that thing and makes 40 yards out of it.” Smart con- of Hosch’s pass. Harvard 21, Yale 7. verted. Harvard 14, Yale 7. With just over 74 yards into the end zone. The touch- Tidbits. Defensive back Sean Ahern five minutes left in the half, the Crimson down came on a third-down, two-yard ’16 (’17), of Cincinnati, Ohio, and Lever- went 89 yards in 11 plays. On third and pass from Hosch to Braunecker, who bent ett House, was voted the 143rd captain of four from the Yale 17, Hosch connected down for the ball in the back right cor- Harvard football. In 2015, the government with Braunecker, running deep in the left ner of the end zone. Smart again split the concentrator had two blocked kicks and corner of the end zone. “Scotty laid in a uprights. Harvard 28, Yale 7. Later, Smart 34 tackles (the sixth most on the team), beautiful ball, and I clung [to it] for dear booted a 40-yard field goal. The final including 3.0 for a loss….Ahern was one of life,” said Braunecker. Smart booted. Har- Crimson touchdown came in the fourth five Harvard unanimous selections for the vard 21, Yale 7. quarter on a run in which Shelton-Mosley all-Ivy first team; the others were tight end At the start of the second half, Harvard came from the right side, took the ball Ben Braunecker, offensive linemen Cole Ton- put the hammer down, ramming the ball from Hosch, sliced through a hole, and er and Anthony Fabiano, and running back cavorted eight yards to the left end-zone Paul Stanton Jr. Four other players were pylon. Smart punctuated. first-team selections: quarterback Scott Ho- Harvard Hardwood The 2015 Game (the first under lights at sch, offensive lineman Adam Redmond, re- Follow the men’s and women’s the Bowl, putting the lux in Lux turn specialist Justice Shelton-Mosley, and teams all season long: visit et Veritas) finished in dark- linebacker Eric Medes. The Crimson placed harvardmag.com/basketball ness with Murphy getting 10 on the second team (including a second slot for Shelton-Mosley, at wide receiver).… to read game dispatches and a Gatorade shower from Koran and the Harvard The all-time record in The Game now stands analysis by David Tannenwald Band tootling happily at Yale 65 wins, Harvard 59 wins, and eight ’08, and sign up at away. A three-peat—a ties.…The 2016 season will open at Harvard harvardmag.com/email to satisfying one—had been Stadium on Saturday, September 17, against receive basketball alerts. secured. Rhode Island. vdick friedman

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 F O R When Water Is Safer U M Than Land

Addressing distress migration by jacqueline bhabha

he jubilation that accompa- The Syrian Catastrophe nied the brief flowering of the “….you have to understand, There is no question about the grav- Arab Spring is long gone as its that no one puts their children in a boat ity of the need. The plight of Syrians is deadly aftermath—in Libya, unless the water is safer than the land….” most acute. The vast majority of that TSyria, and elsewhere—spirals into country’s population (recently esti- transcontinental turmoil. We face — Warsan Shire, “Home” mated at more than 16 million people) the prospect of a grim winter. Hundreds of thousands of des- are trapped in situations of deadly conflict: flattened cities, esca- perate people in flight from those indiscriminate civil wars (not lating civilian casualties (more than 340,000 as of early November, to mention the chaos in Iraq and Yemen, the turmoil in parts according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), and the s e g of Africa, and the ethnic oppression in Myanmar) face arduous disintegration of quotidian life. A substantial minority, more than hurdles in search of safety and security in Europe and elsewhere, four million Syrians, eke out lives of “temporary permanence” in

/Getty Ima while potential hosts negotiate rising xenophobia (intensified by underfunded, overcrowded, and increasingly squalid places of ref- P F A

I/ the November attacks in Paris) and increasing desperation in the uge in neighboring states, in and outside of actual refugee camps. OL

IZZ face of apparently unending need caused by the continuing mi- The prospects of a speedy return home are nil—yet humanitar- grant arrivals. What alternatives exist? How ian interventions are predicated on that ERTO P B can this apparent impasse be better tackled? assumption, as evidenced by temporary And how should we think about the recur- shelter arrangements and makeshift medi-

; Bottom: AL ring migration and refugee “crises” that cal care. s e g present themselves with almost predictable Drastic shortfalls in international aid and regularity on every continent? We need a constantly growing numbers and need have new paradigm for thinking about twenty- led to increasingly inadequate situations for latt/Getty Ima first-century “distress migration,” because refugees in the region. In 2014, three years the post-World War II framework that still into the conflict, less than two-thirds of the governs our laws and procedures is, in prac- humanitarian aid budget required to ad-

top: Spencer P tice, defunct. dress basic needs inside Syria was received.

Syrian and Iraqi refugees arrive at Lesbos, Greece, from Turkey, on October 15, 2015; a child’s drawing depicts a boat carrying Harvard Magazine 41 some 500 Eritrean and Somali migrants capsizing off the coast of Italy on October 7, 2013, with the loss of 300 lives. Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 The situation has since deteriorated further. The Regional Refu- Unlike the threat Orbán referred to, the murderous attacks in gee and Resilience Plan, a regional planning and partnership plat- Paris on a grim Friday, November 13, do pose a grave threat to Eu- form developed by the five most affected neighboring countries rope’s post-World War II universalist and humanitarian spirit. in collaboration with the UN to cover immediate needs in and Traumatized citizens, witness to incomprehensible brutality and around Syria for 2015-2016, is less than half-funded. Resettlement, wanton disregard for human life within their midst, are easily re- another indicator of international humanitarian solidarity, has cruited by European hatemongers intent on exploiting anxiety also been shamefully low: by August 2015, only slightly more than and fear to further a racist and nativist vision. This incitement of 100,000 resettlement slots had been offered by countries willing Islamophobia is part of the recruitment game plan of an expan- to permanently accept refugees. That number was less than 3 sive ISIS: the more Europe can be seen to hate Muslims, the more percent of the size of the Syrian refugee population at the time— Muslims should accept that their future lies in running toward, and less than 10 percent of those promised places have not away from, the Caliphate. A Syrian refugee boy actually been utilized so far. In other words, efforts to and girl in Ankara, The notion that the magnitude of refugee arrival, address this predictable crisis at the source or in the Turkey, November on the other hand, poses any sort of threat to Eu- region have been lackluster and ineffective. 21, 2014; refugees in rope’s future prosperity is laughable. The Syrians The cost of inaction has been dramatic. One, per- Serbia halted at the Hungarian border by arriving represent less than 1 percent of the popula- haps unintended, consequence is that protection and a barrier of razor wire, tion of the European Union (EU), the world’s rich- aid have been disproportionately allocated to those September 15, 2015 est continent. In Lebanon, an incomparably poorer who manage to leave the region, rather than to those

trapped within it—a perverse incentive to migration if ever there was one. The migrants, for all their despera- s e tion and exposure to tragic hardship, are, perhaps surprisingly, a polity, every fourth inhabitant is now a Syrian refugee, and yet even g relatively privileged minority of at-risk Syrians: those with the that war-torn country is not at the brink of collapse. The current physical ability, the financial means, the familial support, and, flow of refugees poses no objective threat to the future or prosper-

critically, the determination necessary to seek protection outside ity of Europe. ency/Getty Ima the region. It is well known in migration circles that those who This is not to suggest that short-term challenges are minor. Ger- flee abroad are typically not the most destitute or endangered. many has absorbed hundreds of thousands of Syrian children into nadol u Ag A / z

But even the meager assistance made available has been slow in its school system, at huge expense. In Sweden, only 30 percent of c u coming. Only after the startling image of drowned Syrian three- the new refugee arrivals have been integrated into jobs or educa- r year-old Aylan Kurdi, pulled from the sea near the Turkish resort tion so far. In Spain, following the plea of Pope Francis, hundreds rpad Kurpad ; A of Bodrum, went viral did this highly visible minority of refu- s

of parishioners have welcomed Syrian refugees into their homes e gees—including babes in arms, pregnant women, and young chil- despite a still struggling economy and widespread unemployment. g dren—garner concerted high-level attention. The old device of us- The fund of 2.4 billion euros allocated by the European Commis- bis Ima

ing, or exploiting, child suffering to make a broader point worked. sion to frontline countries, including Greece and Italy, only par- S/cor TER

The situation has highlighted the best and worst of Europe, tially alleviates the burden of coping with pressing human need. U RE / as emergencies often do. Germany’s Angela Merkel has emerged s as the surprising heroine of the humanitarian lobby, leveraging An Eroding Refugee Regime t Bekta her country’s ever-present past and robust economy to welcome Another cost of inaction is destabilization of the EU’s mi- i t: Um t: more than one million refugees and to stress the potential demo- gration framework. The Dublin Convention regime, first adopted f graphic dividend of a healthy, youthful workforce for an aging by EU member states in 2003 and regularly updated since then, is From le continent. Her nemesis, Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán, in significant measure suspended. This regime has been a linchpin has been the spokesperson for the fundamentalist, nativist Eu- of orderly EU asylum processing and management. It discourages rope. Echoing fearmongering religious extremism elsewhere, he asylum applicants from cherry-picking their preferred host state has warned, “Europe’s Christian heritage is under threat.” by forcing them to seek protection in the first safe country they

42 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 reach. Most asylum seekers entering the EU hope to stay in Ger- UN tally of 19. 2 million “registered” (officially certified) refugees many, Sweden, or the United Kingdom, but they typically reach with UN identity documents—a figure that doesnot include the those countries only after having first crossed through the border millions more who are waiting to be registered, the millions who countries closest to their homes (Greece, Italy, Spain, Malta) and are not “of concern” to the UN but are nevertheless internation- then the transit countries (Romania, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, ally displaced, and the even larger numbers who are “internally France, Austria). Dublin has thus enabled countries such as Ger- displaced persons” within their own countries. many, Sweden, and the UK to send asylum seekers back to the border countries for processing. This explains why so many asy- A Broken International System lum seekers destroy their passports or other travel documents: to We are witnessing tragic symptoms of a now-broken interna- conceal their routes and reduce the chances of being sent back to tional system intended to ensure that those who need to can safe- their entry point. ly migrate to a place where they can get protection. The system But as of November, Germany and Sweden were no longer re- we inherited from World War II addressed the tension between turning asylum applicants to Greece, Italy, or other first-entry the right of sovereign states to control the entry of non-nationals points. The Schengen Agreement, which since 1995 has effected a and individuals’ need for international sanctuary from their own movement area without border control or physical barriers within barbarous or collapsed governments. It established mechanisms— continental Europe, is also in tatters. Razor-wire fences now prolif- national, regional, and international—not only for making protec- erate between eastern European countries. Border checks have been tion available, but also for recruiting foreign workers; reuniting di- reinstituted at many crossing points. vided families; promoting short- and medium-term stays (for study, entre- preneurship, post- college exploration, and cultural exchanges); and for granting long- term legal immigration status, in many cases leading to citizenship in the new country. The factors that promoted support for that postwar system—political advantages for Western countries in providing sanctuary to refugees from communist governments; economic advantages in recruiting large numbers of formerly colonized unskilled s e

g workers to fill unpopular jobs; the The Wider Migration Emergency social benefits of ensuring that mi- It is tempting but misleading to think Syrian refugee Nofal grant workers were joined by their families and invested economi- of the Middle Eastern emigration as a Halab at a camp cally and culturally in their new countries—are all now under at- ency/Getty Ima for asylum-seekers, circumscribed crisis. Certainly, as Jean- Berlin, September 15, tack by countervailing forces. The most important of these factors Claude Juncker, president of the Eu- 2015; Syrian children is the hostile domestic reaction to the very large flows of distress nadol u Ag A ropean Commission, put it in his 2015 in a refugee-camp migrants caused by growing and radical global inequality. State of the Union speech to the Euro- school, Kilis, Turkey, Such inequality extends beyond economic insecurity—it en- ocalar/ September 30, 2015 pean Parliament in September, “This is compasses the lack of access to physical safety, civil order, and the erem K

; K not the time for business as usual.” But the problem is deeper and social and cultural attributes of a full and rewarding life that ev- s e g wider than he implied. The current European situation is one epi- eryone aspires to. The glaring inequality is more evident than ever sode in an enduring steady state of emergency distress migration before, thanks to the omnipresence of global media and informa-

/Getty Ima that has global roots and reach.

P tion technology. The relationship between inequality and pow- F A / Massive forced migration in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, erful migration pressures has been made equally evident. Finally, DT I M H

C and both within and across Central America and the Caribbean news coverage and political attention have highlighted the irra-

EL S Basin has been a constant feature of the recent past. The so-called tionality and inefficiency of our outdated legal and administrative X t: A t: f “surge” of Central American children and their families across the system of migration management—a system now manifestly pre- U.S. border, making global headlines during the summer of 2014, mised on incoherent dichotomies and false assumptions.

From le was—as President Obama claimed—a “humanitarian crisis.” The most fundamental dichotomy lies at the very root of mod- But what he failed to note was that this crisis had been under ern migration law, separating bona fide“refugees” with a “well- way for at least a decade, as intense drug wars, gang violence, and founded fear of persecution” under the 1951 UN Convention on the failing infrastructure have turned Honduras and El Salvador into Status of Refugees, from spontaneous “economic migrants” seeking to the murder capitals of the world. The “crisis” includes the distress take advantage of greater prosperity and opportunity outside their migration of Somalis to Kenya, of Sudanese and South Sudanese home countries. The former are considered legitimate recipients of to Egypt, of Zimbabweans to South Africa, of Eritreans to Israel international protection, the latter unlawful border-crossers. and Italy, of Libyans, Iraqis, and Afghans to multiple destinations. But for more than a decade, migration experts within the United These forced movements have contributed to the current official Nations, in the immigration and justice ministries of many countries,

Harvard Magazine 43 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 and civil-society organizations such as the Women’s Refugee Com- atrocities and the spiraling decline into endemic violence—a mission, the International Rescue Committee, and Human Rights seemingly utopian aspiration at the moment, but in reality an es- Watch, have acknowledged the artificiality of this dichotomy, given sential precondition for sustainable recalibration of current glob- the reality of “mixed migration”—distress migration prompted by al migration. No reformed migration system can solve the human- multiple, interconnected factors, including survival fears and eco- itarian problems caused by pervasive brutal conflict. Migration nomic desperation. As a result, artificial political decisions distin- management depends on majority populations having prospects guish countries that are “refugee”-producing from those that are of hope at home, which in turn depend on negotiated solutions not, in ways that confound sense or sensible response. For instance, to end the conflict or violence that precipitates flight: Syria’s bar- at the moment Syria is and Sudan is not, Afghanistan sometimes is, barous civil war, the murderous criminal violence in Honduras, El Eritrea is not, Iraq may be, Somalia usually is not. Individual asylum Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico, the endemic lawlessness and applicants are rarely able to overcome these broad-brush and arbi- destitution in Somalia, the religious and ethnic anti-Rohingya trary classifications, so at the moment there is a brisk trade in forged brutality in Myanmar. Syrian passports. Millions are spent in determination proceedings This imperative brings with it another set of obligations, be- to explore whether someone is indeed a “real refugee” or an “illegal cause ending acute violence is a necessary but not a sufficient migrant,” as if this were an immutable biological fact. condition for sustained peace and public security. Humani- Moreover, the current system simultaneously blocks lawful tarian interventions to rebuild societies riven with violence means of escape for refugees and punishes irregular entry methods. must be coupled with long-term investment in development: Lawful migration has become nigh impossible because the moment a country spirals into conflict or civil war, Western governments impose visas on nationals of that country—visas that in practice are never granted, so the only way to get a visa to facilitate border crossing is to buy a forged document with a visa stamped on it. As a result, a flourishing industry of forged and false documents develops—and with it, a lucrative and often brutally extortionate people-moving industry that exploits legal loopholes, corrupts border guards, and uses un- supervised (even if dangerous) entry points to deliver border crossings. But the operators of official carriers caught trans- porting passengers with false documents into new countries are fined heavily by those countries, while the hapless passengers are denied entry and forced back to where they started; the carriers are legally compelled to do this, and bear the cost. Thus bona fide refugees are denied legal exit to a place of safety. At the same time, official carriers are required to become experts on detecting forged passports and visas to save their companies from the fines: they become de facto s immigration officers, but immigration officers with a vested fi- creating infrastructure, delivering public services, supporting e g nancial interest in erring on the side of caution to exclude refu- economic reconstruction, social networks, and community en- gees whose documents they find confusing or unclear. gagement. Growing regional inequality—especially in an age of /Getty Ima P F A

The higher the obstacles to escape, the greater the price of se- hyperconnected publics and increasingly pervasive social me- / b a curing it, ensuring humanitarian disasters. Destruction of smug- dia—will continue to generate unstoppable migration in the h wa i gler vessels and aggressive patrolling of direct escape routes absence of tangible prospects for dignified personal survival. d (whether via the Mediterranean or the Mexico/U.S. border) gen- Robust development, rather than ever-escalating militarization amed Ab amed h

erate itineraries with higher likelihood of death or injury, more of borders, should be considered an essential component not o cost, and more dependence on unscrupulous “guides.” only of any plausible peace treaty but of any migration-control M In short, our current system ensures that refugees arrive pen- program, and should be marketed as such to reluctant, fearful niless and that the journey to safety exacerbates the preexisting publics. trauma from war. Nor does arrival in a destination state bring Some element of distress migration and urgent need for for- hardship to an end. “Distress migrants” who enter with false eign relocation will endure. It makes little sense to address this documents or concealed in car trunks or trucks are regularly de- only after refugees arrive at the destination border, physically tained. Children whose ages are disputed often end up in adult and psychologically depleted and having been forced to hand jails, where overcrowding and harsh conditions are routine. In the over all their savings to smugglers. Yet this is what our current United States, even women traveling with young children are de- asylum system does: it largely allocates protection only once tained for weeks on end. someone has made it to the border of a safe country. Instead, we need to intervene before people spontaneously embark on danger- Toward a New Migration System ous cross-continental voyages. Vigorous, generous, and transpar- What would the elements of a reformed migration system ent resettlement programs that preemptively move victims of look like? The starting point is the urgency of preventing mass conflict from refugee camps or informal settlements in adjacent

44 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 countries to destination states are the most effective and humane gration—for family reunification, for education and skill-training way to address this undisputed need for protection. visas, for work permits and for opportunities for entrepreneurs, But such official resettlement is sustainable only if it is a joint small and large, to access places of safety and contribute to their endeavor, agreed upon by countries that are willing economies from a position of confidence and to host relocated refugees and share the responsibil- Somali refugees wait strength rather than as destitute supplicants. Hun- at the Sayyid camp ity for doing so with others in their region. The cur- south of Mogadishu, dreds of thousands of hardworking and competent rent intransigence of relatively prosperous EU member October 30, 2014. people would qualify, if the authorities in Western states such as France, the UK, Slovenia, Hungary, and Tensions on the U.S.- states had the courage and vision to enlarge their the Czech Republic vitiates this sort of collective hu- Mexican border: begin- legal migration categories, rather than place most ning a desert crossing manitarian endeavor and unreasonably leaves the pro- in 2006, and Border of their resources in futile deterrence, punitive de- tection “burden” only to the exemplary few (Germany Patrol agents checking tention, and post facto humanitarian assistance. and Sweden at present). The EU could support a more Honduran immigrant Priority in these entry categories should be given to Melida Patricio vigorous and equitable resettlement program among Castro’s birth certifi- “distress migrants,” a category that should replace member states by creating incentives for compliance, cate for her two-year- the now unworkable distinction between “legal” such as joint skill-training and employment-genera- old daughter in 2014 refugee and economic but “illegal” forced migrant. tion projects. But these measures depend on the prior political will of the member states themselves, a critical element not now in evidence. s e g Acknowledging up front that hundreds of thousands of people urgently need to relocate in the face of a conflict like the Syrian war, and creating a system for managing this reality, Second, high-quality, well-funded systems need to be put in place

oore/Getty Ima requires powerful leadership and a vigorous partnership among civil for the most vulnerable: survivors of trafficking, children separated n M h society, progressive municipal authorities, and federal and regional from their families, and migrants with urgent health needs (physical ; Jo

s bodies. In this context, the U.S. government’s proposal to increase or psychological). Short-term investment in quality legal represen- e g the country’s overseas-refugee-resettlement quota from 70,000 to tation, skilled care, and sustained support will generate dividends 100,000 betrays a dramatic failure of vision and leadership. The same down the line—in terms of employability, inclusion, and loyalty to /Getty Ima

P can be said for the EU’s proposal to offer only 160,000 resettlement host states rather than to dangerous and destructive alternatives. F A S/ slots for refugees already in Italy or Greece. Millions in Lebanon, Jor- Finally, and most critically urgent, making borders more perme- dan, Egypt, and Turkey have waited patiently for more than three able, not less, will ensure that people can come and go with more years for international help that has not been forthcoming. Now ease, moving to safety when they need to but returning home t: OMAR TORREt: f they are voting with their feet. Given the failure to change the in- when this seems feasible, without the current fear that a decision centives for distress migrants, for smugglers and traffickers, and for to return home is irrevocable. From le reluctant regional partners, hundreds of thousands of traumatized Without energetic steps to institute these changes, the pros- people will continue to leave their troubled homelands and take a pects for the coming winter, and beyond, are indeed grim. chance at reaching a better life in Europe through hazardous and extortionate routes. We would all do the same. Jacqueline Bhabha is professor of the practice of health and human rights and Both a prompt end to the murderous Middle East conflicts and director of research for the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights at the generous and large-scale economic development in the area are, for Harvard Chan School of Public Health. She is also the acting chair of the Fac- now, remote prospects. What other revisions to the current inter- ulty of Arts and Sciences Committee on Ethnicity, Migration, and Rights. Her national migration architecture are necessary? I suggest three. most recent books are Child Migration and Human Rights in a Global First, in addition to much more generous resettlement of dis- Age (Princeton) and an edited volume, Human Rights and Adolescence tress migrants, we need more capacious categories for legal mi- (University of Pennsylvania).

Harvard Magazine 45 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Vita Cora Du Bois Brief life of a formidable anthropologist: 1903-1991 by susan c. seymour

tudents referred to her as formidable, using the French lived alone with former headhunters, resulted in a comprehensive pronunciation. Friends called her “Ropy”—“Radcliffe’s Only ethnography, The People of Alor (1944), that cemented her reputa- SProfessor.” But Cora Du Bois, in fact, was Harvard’s first tention as a pioneer in psychological anthropology and thrust her into ured female professor in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, thanks government service. Asian specialists knew of her work, and after to a bequest that linked the two institutions long before they offi- Pearl Harbor, Du Bois was swiftly summoned to Washington, D.C. cially merged: a gift to Radcliffe College to hire an eminent woman By now a self-made woman with a commanding personality to scholar to hold the Zemurray Stone Radcliffe professorship at Har- match her keen intellect, she became famous for acerbic cables (as vard. (From 1949 to 1954, for a trial period without tenure, medi- she was later renowned for trenchant remarks on student papers). evalist Helen Maud Cam held the post.) Though her appointment She was equally blunt at the State Department in trying to educate in 1954 was in anthropology at Harvard, Du Bois was expected to government and military officials about the rapid changes under fulfill obligations at Radcliffe, too. way in South and Southeast Asia after the collapse of European As the first woman to inhabit a professorial office in the Peabody colonialism. “The US is now heir to whatever is left of western in- Museum, Du Bois by her very presence produced small cracks in fluence in the area,” she said in a 1949 speech to the U.S. Army’s what had essentially been a century-long male club of eminent an- Strategic Intelligence Division. “It behooves us to approach this thropologists. She liked to smoke, which required descending from region with more knowledge than is generally current in the US her fourth-floor office to the official smoking room in the basement on the Far East and even more importantly to use our new powers where she joined her male cohort. Integrating the Faculty Club with judicious and constructive wisdom.” But Cold War politics was more difficult: initially, Du Bois had to enter by a back door prevailed and the United States became embroiled in Vietnam. and dine apart from the main dining room reserved for men. World War II, meanwhile, had changed her orientation to an- She was used to gender imbalances. In World War II, recruited thropology. At Harvard, Du Bois focused on processes of sociocul- into the Office of Strategic Services as a Southeast Asia expert, she tural change and incorporated her broad expertise into seminars rose to direct research and analysis for its headquarters in Ceylon and interdisciplinary courses. “Peoples and Cultures of India” and (now Sri Lanka) and worked closely with mostly male intelligence “Peoples and Cultures of Southeast Asia: The Buddhist World and and military officers, including Lord Louis Mountbatten, the Brit- the Islamic World” introduced students to geography, linguistics, ish supreme commander. (Two subordinates, Julia McWilliams and the prehistory of these diverse regions as well as to contempo- [Child] and Paul Child, became lifelong friends.) After the war, she rary history, economics, politics, religion, philosophy, and kinship. joined the State Department’s office of intelligence research as chief Despite her courses’ relevance to current events, she refrained of its South East Asia branch—again, as a lone woman. from political discussions with students about U.S. involvement Her upbringing had not prepared her for these “first woman” in Vietnam. Having given advice in the State Department, she had positions: her Swiss entrepreneur father and first-generation Ger- moved on. But when the CIA sought prospective researchers in man-American mother undervalued her intellect, curiosity, and Southeast Asia, she advised colleagues privately that anthropologi- ambition. But an inheritance enabled her to attend Barnard, where cal research should never be used as a cover for intelligence work. an anthropology course taught by Franz Boas and Ruth Bene- She stood by the same principle when leading the American As- dict, assisted by Margaret Mead, changed her life. Despite Boas’s sociation of Anthropology and the Association of Asian Studies “mystifying” lectures on Eskimo language and myths and Bene- during that turbulent period, and in her research in the 1960s and dict’s “painful stammer and curiously inappropriate dresses, I was ’70s. Her main project involved a 12-year study of Bhubaneswar, an snagged,” she recalled. In Benedict’s lectures she discovered “a vi- ancient Hindu temple town becoming a capital for the new Indian sion of the human condition and world view that contrasted with state of Odisha. Disciplines from anthropology and sociology to re- the culture-bound history to which I had been exposed.” ligion and urban planning were represented, and doctoral advisees After graduate study at Berkeley, she returned east in 1935 to included both Indian and American students. Tough, outspoken, work at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital and with Henry A. principled, but always compassionate, Du Bois was challenging to Murray at Harvard. Along with Benedict, Mead, and a few others, some, a guardian angel to others. she became a leader in the 1930’s “culture and personality” movement that explored the potential impact of culture on the psyche. Susan C. Seymour, Ph.D. ’71, is Pitzer professor emerita of anthropology at Pitzer Two years of fieldwork on a remote island of Indonesia, where she College and author of Cora Du Bois: Anthropologist, Diplomat, Agent.

46 January - February 2016 Photographs courtesy of the Tozzer Library, Harvard University. Cora Alice Du Bois Papers Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Cora Du Bois in 1948 (above) and at OSS headquarters in Ceylon with Harvard Magazine 47 Lord Mountbatten (at left), circa 1944 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 SUPPORT HARVARD MAGAZINE

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160147_Fundraising-full_v11.indd 1 12/7/15 9:54 AM Rhetoric

udge Richard A. Posner, Law The other two died long be- LL.B. ’62, is a fierce icono- fore him: Holmes served on clast who adorns his cham- the U.S. Supreme Court from bers with icons. In one 1903 to 1932; Cardozo made corner are photographs his reputation on New York of Justice Oliver Wendell The double life of Richard Posner, State’s highest court for 18 Holmes and Judge Henry years and then sat on the U.S. Friendly. In the opposite America’s most contentious legal reformer Supreme Court for six until corner is one of Justice Ben- he died in 1938. But for Pos- Jjamin Cardozo. In Posner’s ner, they remain alive through words, Holmes is “the most their judicial opinions as illustrious figure in the histo- by Lincoln Caplan shapers of legal pragmatism, ry of American law.” Friendly which he considers the only was “the most powerful legal reasoner in American legal history.” viable approach to judging in the United States today. Cardozo “has no peers” among twentieth-century state court In The Metaphysical Club, Louis Menand, Bass professor of English, judges and was “a great judge.” called the “attitude” of pragmatism “an idea about ideas.” “They It’s been a generation since Friendly died: he sat on the U.S. Court are “not ‘out there’ waiting to be discovered,” Menand wrote, “but of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in Manhattan, from 1959 to 1986. are tools—like forks and knives and microchips—that people de-

Photograph by John Gress/Corbis Images Harvard Magazine 49 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 vise to cope with the world in which they find themselves.” Prag- in his view, from the fact that the Constitution and federal stat- matism holds that people, not individuals, produce ideas, which utes rarely dictate precisely the outcome in a court case, so judges are social, “entirely dependent, like germs, on their human carriers “fall back on their priors—the impulses, dispositions, attitudes, and the environment.” The survival of ideas, Menand wrote, “de- beliefs, and so on that they bring to a case,” before they look at the pends not on their immutability but on their adaptability.” facts and at the law to be applied—and then use lingo to obscure Posner describes legal pragmatism as a “practical and instru- their actual grounds for deciding. mental” application of that attitude. It is: “forward-looking, valuing The book joins a long list of Posner calls for reform and propos- continuity with the past only so far as such continuity can help us es a slew of specifics: for example, that law schools offer cours- cope with the problems of the present and of the future;” “empiri- es—“[p]sychology, sociology, economics, organizational theory, cal,” focused on facts; “skeptical,” doubtful that any decision, legal and related fields”—for the continuing education of judges that or otherwise, represents “the final truth about anything” because “focus on how judges act rather than on what they (often their frames of reference change over time; and “antidogmatic,” commit- law clerks rather than they) say in their opinions.” The ideas are ted to “freedom of inquiry” and “a diversity of inquirers”—in oth- sensible and, for the most part, respectfully offered. er words, to the “experimental”—because progress comes through The diagnoses leading to them, however, radiate disdain: “Curi- changes in frames of reference over time, “the replacement of one osity, which is related to receptivity, deserves weight in the selec- perspective or world view with another.” (The italics are his.) tion of judges, yet is given none and as a result is an uncommon His ideas about judges and judging command attention be- judicial trait because most judges don’t think it relevant to their cause of his authority as a thinker and a doer. His approach to job.” Or: “It’s odd that while Presidents are allowed to serve for law, some legal scholars contend, makes the field worthy of a No- only eight years, there’s no limit on the tenure of Supreme Court bel Prize—which he would win, many say, by acclamation. At 77, Justices, even though the Supreme Court is largely a political he has been the most influential American legal scholar during court because of how the Justices are selected, the absence of a his almost half-century in the academy, for all but one year at the court empowered to reverse it, and the political significance of so University of Chicago Law School: in 2000, Fred Shapiro, a librar- many of the Court’s decisions.” ian at Yale Law School, calculated that Posner was the most cited Posner heaps particular scorn on the Court, because, in his legal scholar “of all time” by a wide margin (Holmes was third). view, its “failures and inadequacies” harm the constitutional sys- He is also in his thirty-fifth year as a highly respected member tem. He doesn’t like the Court as an institution. One of the worst of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, which en- of its failures for him is “the rearview mirror syndrome,” looking compasses Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. He has been among backward “for the answers to current issues—backward to our the country’s most influential judges in shaping other court deci- eighteenth-century Constitution for example.” Posner concedes sions, measured by the number of times other judges have cited there is meaning and value in some provisions of the document: his judicial opinions. he especially likes the prohibition against the government granting titles of nobility. But he usually regards America’s fundamen- The Heretic tal law as a relic, written by men who could not possibly imagine His latest book, Divergent Paths: The Academy and the Judiciary—his our era so they wrote in vague terms that require jurists to be cre- sixty-fourth since 1973 (counting each edition of several of his legal ative law-makers: “The Constitution is just authorization to the treatises), many published by Harvard University Press—makes Supreme Court and the lower courts to create a body of common clear another reason for his renown: Posner’s advocacy for legal law, which we call ‘constitutional.’” In contemporary politics, pragmatism and his celebration of judges who have practiced it most heatedly in the rhetoric of “originalism” and “textualism” well are weapons in his long-running war against what he regards versus “judicial activism” surrounding the confirmation of nomi- as their nemesis. In Overcoming Law (1995), he wrote, “The ‘law’ to nees to the Court, these are fighting words. which my title refers is a professional totem signifying all that is Divergent Paths, unexceptional by Posner standards, is the lat- pretentious, uninformed, prejudiced, and spurious in the legal est evidence that he remains America’s most contentious legal tradition.” He calls this view “legalism,” “legal formalism,” and reformer—basically, a heretic. It’s no surprise that moral philoso- “classical legal thought,” the idea that law is a self-contained field phers like the late Ronald Dworkin have flatly disagreed with him. of knowledge whose methods of reasoning can solve human prob- He is dismissive of their view that it’s possible to create a theory lems in ways that best serve our society. In the Harvard Law Review, of ethics, telling us how to live our lives, by making a system of he wrote that much of his professional energy “has been devoted rules based on concepts of right and wrong and building law on to opposing this conception.” that foundation. (“I hate the moral philosophy stuff. It is theology A plague on both his houses, Divergent Paths is another attack on without God,” he told Lingua Franca magazine in 2000. “I don’t like federal judges and the top tier of law schools whose graduates are theology with God, I don’t like theology without God. It’s preachy, more likely to become law clerks to federal judges and to practice it’s solemn, it’s dull. It’s not my cup of tea at all.”) “The arguments in national law firms. He attacks these elites because he is con- he offers for his main claims are so spectacularly unsuccessful,” vinced American democracy depends on them. The book’s mes- Dworkin wrote, “as to make urgent a question he himself raises. sage is that the academy and the judiciary talk past each other, in What actually explains his fierce hostility—he calls it a ‘visceral impenetrable jargon about useless theory and legalistic lingo that dislike’—toward the academic work he has set himself against?” hides the real reasons for rulings. The jargon stems from what he But it is surprising and significant that self-defined pragmatists calls the “law-and” problem: the flooding of law-school faculties have contested Posner’s view of legal pragmatism, too—because with Ph.D.s in dozens of other academic fields. The lingo stems, it isn’t pragmatic enough. In The Yale Law Journal, the legal scholars

50 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Michael Sullivan and Daniel J. Solove wrote, “In Posner’s hands, mortgages to people who bought houses in New York slums). He pragmatism stands for hard-nosed ‘common sense’ and ‘reason- was obsessed with literature, but didn’t want to make a living ableness,’ rejecting what he views as pie-in-the-sky abstract theo- teaching or writing about it. “I loved my first year at the Harvard ries of reform. But what passes for legal pragmatism,” they said, “is Law School,” he wrote, “in all its brutishness. Harvard stacked its often a brand of commonplace reasoning that is more complacent best teachers in the first year and they were superb, though cold, than critical.” To them, he is trying but failing to conceal unbridled demanding, and at times nasty. At the end of the year I had the judicial activism in a highfalutin (his favorite putdown) phrase. strange feeling that I was more intelligent than I had been a year James Boyd White, an emeritus professor at the University of earlier.” Michigan, wrote that Posner’s legal pragmatism means deciding He was elected the law review’s president and, in 1962, won the cases “by a judicial balancing of costs and benefits.” White con- school’s Fay diploma, awarded to the graduating LL.B. (now J.D.) tinued that “the only reason for attending to prior legal texts, in student with the highest combined grade point average during his view, is that to disregard them would have social costs, and the three years of study. Justice William Brennan had delegated these costs should be taken into account by the person with pow- the selection of his two law clerks to Paul Freund, Harvard’s reer.” To White, “this misunderstands the nature of both law and vered constitutional scholar. He asked Posner to clerk for Bren- democracy, including the obligation—moral, political, and legal—to respect the authority of legal texts and the fundamental principle “The Supreme Court’swork of separation of powers.” In Posner’s vision of American law, White concluded, law loses “its tempo my year (the 1962 Term) was essential meaning.” The fights Posner engages in naturally tend to fortify his position as he defines it. In key slow; I worked less hard that year instances—out of self-interest, since it’s certainly not out of ignorance, but also out of than any year since.” impudence—he glosses over how he redefines a seemingly common term, like pragmatism, in a way that is un- nan. Posner said yes. “I have to say at the risk of blasphemy that I common. His writing seems to create a cocoon of refreshing, if found the Supreme Court an unimpressive institution,” he wrote. sometimes mordant, candor, in which a reader can take refuge “I was stunned to discover that Supreme Court Justices didn’t from the swirl of controversy that surrounds him. But the con- write all their own judicial opinions ([Justice William O.] Doug- troversy is often dramatically more contentious than he lets on. las did—and his were the weakest, though not because he was dumb—rather because he was bored); the Harvard law profes- From Lit to Law and Economics sors, although extremely critical of the liberal Justices, had not let In Reflections on Judging, Posner’s polemical memoir published in on that law clerks played such a large role.” 2013, the first chapter is “The Road to 219 South Dearborn Street,” He went on, “The Supreme Court’s work tempo my year (the the address of the classic steel-and-glass Chicago office tower, de- 1962 Term) was slow; I worked less hard that year than any year signed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, where his Seventh Circuit since. I read a great deal of literature in the evenings and on week- chambers, on the twenty-seventh floor, look out on Lake Michi- ends, particularly classic English and American novels, from gan. In a footnote, he wrote, “I must take this opportunity to Dickens to Faulkner, because I had concentrated on poetry and thank my parents (now long deceased), especially my mother, for drama at Yale, the preferred subjects of the New Critics.” He having pushed me, from my earliest youth, to excel academically, “toyed with the idea (though [he] quickly abandoned it) of quit- much as Asian American parents push their kids.” ting law and getting a graduate degree in English,” but shortly be- His mother was a high-school English teacher in the New York fore the clerkship ended, he was offered and took a job as an assis- City public schools and started reading Homer and Shakespeare to tant to Philip Elman, a member of the Federal Trade Commission. him when he was three (or “maybe earlier,” he wrote). After skip- For Brennan, Posner had worked on an antitrust case about a ping his last year at Bronxville High School, he went to Yale at the major bank merger. For Elman, who regarded Posner as “my ge- age of 16. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa as a junior and, in 1959, nius assistant,” he worked on consumer-protection and competi- graduated summa cum laude in English. Practitioners of the New Criti- tion, or antitrust, issues. After two years, he moved to the office cism dominated the Yale English faculty. As Posner explained, the of the U.S. Solicitor General (then Thurgood Marshall), where he school downplayed “biographical and historical approaches to lit- argued six cases before the Court and wrote briefs in many oth- erature” and “treated the literary work as an autonomous aesthetic ers, with a focus on cases dealing with antitrust and regulation. object.” That training, he wrote, “made me a better close reader than After a little more than two years, he left to join the staff of a I otherwise would have been” and “liberated me from excessive de- presidential task force on telecommunications policy—a year pendence on history as a guide to understanding a text.” that cemented his interest in antitrust and regulation. Then he Posner applied to law school and got in “with no burning in- taught for a year at Stanford Law School, where he turned 30, and terest in law” and as “a default career choice,” in part because his accepted an offer to go to Chicago Law School as a tenured pro- father was a lawyer (he went to night school and became a crim- fessor, “because of its unique concentration of economists acces- inal-defense lawyer) and businessman (in the jewelry business sible to law professors and interested in law. And from then on and then in a lucrative corner of finance, as a provider of second I taught, and published academic work, in the emerging field of

Harvard Magazine 51 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 economic analysis of law.” than the widely criticized governmental efforts to regulate im- The last sentence theatrically understates what Posner accom- ports, transportation, new drugs, bank entry, and other market plished in the field. Building on the work of Nobel Prize-winning activities.” economists Gary Becker, Ronald Coase, and George Stigler, the The article, technical and jargon-driven, included tables of data economist Aaron Director, and the legal scholar Guido Calabresi, about childbirths and adoption placements, figures showing sup- a Yale Law professor and dean who is now a distinguished federal ply and demand curves for babies, and equations explaining the judge, Posner did more than anyone else to promote the approach key factors affecting both curves. It is densely written and in- called “law and economics.” It applies economic analysis to laws cludes standard academic caveats, as in, “The objections to baby regulating explicit economic activity, like antitrust, tax, and cor- selling must be considered carefully before any conclusion with porate law, and to laws regulating nonmarket activities, which regard to the desirability of changing the law can be reached.” run a wide gamut. The field remains the most influential move- Throughout the article, in addition, Posner and Landes made ment in the law since the 1930s. taunting observations about “how the world would look if a free In Economic Analysis of Law, first published in 1973 and now in its market in babies were permitted to come into existence”—in a ninth edition, he explained how American common law—judge- world where baby sales were legal and the role of adoption agen- made rules about subjects like contracts, crime, property, and cies was limited or eliminated. The radical approach to the subject attracted exactly what Posner seemed The radical approachattracted exactly to be working hard for—attention to law and economics outside the legal what Posner seemed to be working world. It showed how economic reasoning could illuminate problems and lead to solutions in unexpected parts of hard for—attention to law and American life. In a paper published last year, the Northwestern University law economics outside the legal world. professor and Republican adviser Ste- ven Calabresi wrote with a co-author, torts dealing with problems not directly related to markets— “The thing that kept Posner off every single Supreme Court list I bears “the stamp of economic reasoning”and where it doesn’t, it have ever seen is his baby-selling proposal, his weird personality, should. In the preface to the latest volume, he wrote that “a rela- and his supreme penchant for judicial lawmaking in the guise of tive handful of economic doctrines—such as decision under un- law and economics rather than originalism.” certainty, transaction costs, cost-benefit analysis, risk aversion, Back in 1981, at 42, Posner was an academic superstar and presi- and positive and negative externalities—can, by their repeated dent of a lucrative consulting firm he had founded with two col- application across fields of law and legal rules, describe a great leagues called Lexecon, Inc., which gave companies advice about deal of the legal system….” whether their practices in the marketplace would violate antitrust The book has an establishment tone, as the urtext about what laws and about regulation of airlines, railroads, and public utili- Posner calls “the foremost interdisciplinary field of legal stud- ties—markets where economic analysis conventionally applied. ies.” A generation ago, however, Posner was the constant target He enjoyed a potent combination of influence and affluence. He of the kind of criticism he was hurling at others. He was said to had also taught himself ancient Greek, with the help of a classicist, misunderstand what he aimed to describe and fix: law, markets, so he could read Homer and the New Testament in the original. and society. He was censured for taking a blinkered approach In June that year, he got a call to see if he was interested in be- to economics, the free-market-favoring Chicago School view of ing appointed a judge on the Seventh Circuit. The Reagan ad- Stigler and others who taught him the subject, and for favoring ministration sought to put conservative legal scholars on federal efficiency and individual liberty at the expense of equality, fair- appeals courts to remake the law. When he clerked for Brennan, ness, and justice in law and economics. He was condemned for he thought of himself as a liberal. But he had leaped to the right oversimplifying the economic concept of utility, or self-interest, (becoming “more and more conservative first during the turmoil as maximizing wealth, when the meaning of wealth depends on of the late 1960s, which I found extremely repulsive,” he told the an individual’s values, tastes, and circumstances. He was a full- legal scholar Ronald Collins), and the pro-market, pro-wealth- fledged formalist—with economics the self-contained field of maximization bias of his law-and-economics passion put him on knowledge whose methods of reasoning he swore by. the Reagan list. He equivocated briefly and, a week later, said yes. Posner reveled in the clamor. As an alternative to student- In his judicial memoir, he mentioned “a final, quite petty con- run law reviews—he dislikes them because he thinks students sideration that played a role in my decision to accept the ap- are too inexperienced in law and editing and (Posner’s words) pointment.” Representing a railroad, he testified before an ad- “often torment” authors with endless revisions—he founded ministrative law judge and was “subjected to a very effective and edited the Journal of Legal Studies. With the economist Elisa- cross-examination.” The railroad’s general counsel got “very an- beth M. Landes, he coauthored an infamous article called “The noyed” with Posner for letting himself “be yanked around” by the Economics of the Baby Shortage,” which the journal published lawyer. Posner: “My reaction was, Who needs this? I want to be in 1978. They analyzed “the regulation of child adoptions” as an on the other side of the bench. I want to be the torturer rather “example of nonmarket regulation that may be no less perverse than the victim.”

52 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 working with smart people, is a snob about who is smart, and in- “No Hostile Indians” sists that colleagues criticize his work as cold-bloodedly as pos- Posner is tall, thin, and slightly stooped, with an unusually sible. (“No pussyfooting, I tell my law clerks.”) About one third of high, soft voice and eyes that can shift quickly from mischief to his former clerks are law professors, an unusually large fraction menace. In The New Yorker in 2001, Larissa MacFarquhar described for any federal judge. The contrast between his polished, idea- him as having “the distant, omniscient, ectoplasmic air of the but- driven, sometimes social-science-y prose about law and his blunt, ler in a haunted house,” which, unnervingly, he does. But there is gossipy talk is unexpected and disarming. nothing gloomy about him. He emits the confidence and cheer of a About the Supreme Court, he said, “You know they still have man who has minimized the hassles in his life and spends his days a spittoon sitting beside each chair on the bench? What kind of pretty much as he wants to, reading, thinking, and writing. Yale crap is that? Right?” And: “Now who would say, for example, that law professor Abbe Gluck was surprised when, out of the blue, the nine Supreme Court Justices were the nine best lawyers in Posner asked her to research and write an article with him after the country. That’d be preposterous. Now, what if the proposition admiring her groundbreaking scholarship about how Congress was, well, they’re among the hundred best lawyers in the coun- drafts statutes. She said, “He’s the most spectacular, energetic in- try. That’d be ridiculous. Among the thousand best lawyers in tellect you could come in contact with. And he’s phenomenally the country, out of a million lawyers? No! I think today’s Supreme productive: when he’s thinking about something, it gets his full Court is extremely mediocre.” attention until he’s figured it out.” It’s startling to hear a sitting federal judge insult the justices He sees decline all around him, yet finds delight in folly and on the record, but Posner’s view is that he gives the Court and in his perpetual work. “That was fun,” he said recently, about its precedents the respect they are due. Posner’s favorite Supreme working as Philip Elman’s assistant 50 years ago. “That was fun,” Court ruling to attack in the past decade has been District of Co- he said about his stint in the Solicitor General’s office. He likes lumbia v. Heller, the 2008 case in which, by 5-4, the conservative ma-

Photograph by Robyn Twomey/Corbis Outline Images Harvard Magazine 53 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 jority ruled that the Constitution’s Second Amendment protects relatively few have produced blockbuster decisions or opinions. an individual’s right to possess a handgun for self-defense. It’s another reason why he disses the Supreme Court: “You should To Posner, the decision and, in particular, the majority opinion take what comes,” he told Ronald Collins—overlooking the fact by Justice Antonin Scalia, is “an example of motivated thinking”— that it was Congress, in 1925, that gave the Court the discretion to thinking shaped by how he and the other justices in the majority pick its cases. wanted the case to come out. They used their own version of his- From the time he joined the Seventh Circuit until this past tory as a basis for their interpretation of the amendment, he be- November, according to Sarah Ryan of the Yale Law library, the lieves, even though, by his count, 14 of the 18 historians who signed Supreme Court chose to review about 175 cases from the Circuit. friend-of-the-court briefs disputed that view. The justices did Posner was on the three-judge panel in 60 of them, and wrote the “what is derisively called ‘law office history,’” Posner wrote about majority opinion in 25. Of those 25, the Supreme Court upheld 52 Scalia’s historical account: “The derision is deserved.” percent of his opinions and overturned the rest. He wrote a dis- In 2012, when the Seventh Circuit reviewed an Illinois statute sent in nine cases, with the Court taking his position in five (re- that prohibited people from carrying a gun that was loaded and versing the Circuit). There have been a modest number of cases in ready to use, Posner wrote the opinion for the court striking down which the justices have quoted him in a significant way by name the law. (Posner’s judicial opinions from 1981 to 2007 are available as the author of an opinion. (The familiarity suggests that, among online at projectposner.org.) Responding to a plea “to repudiate the nation’s 179 federal appeals-court judges, he is among the best the Court’s historical analysis,” known to them.) Seventh Circuit Posner wrote, “That we can’t do.” followers regard him as conserva- As a scholar, he could ridicule the tive on economic issues, libertar- Heller case and a later one apply- ian on social issues, and, for the ing the Heller interpretation of the most part, moderate. Second Amendment to the states. The most dramatic Supreme As a judge, he was bound by the Court decision of the term that holding. Among Posner follow- ended last June held that there is ers, his opinion in the Illinois case a constitutional right to gay mar- seems so faithful to Heller that it is riage. Justice Anthony Kennedy’s tongue-in-cheek: “Twenty-first- majority opinion contains grand century Illinois has no hostile In- language about the Constitution’s dians. But a Chicagoan is a good promises of liberty, the centrality deal more likely to be attacked on of marriage to the human condi- a sidewalk in a rough neighbor- tion, and individual dignity, but it hood than in his apartment on the isn’t clear about the steps in con- 35th floor of the Park Tower.” stitutional analysis he followed to Scalia and Posner equally ap- reach the conclusion that marriage palled The Atlantic’s Supreme Court is a fundamental right for gay as correspondent, Garrett Epps. well as heterosexual couples. He wrote, “Neither the Supreme In a September 2014 opinion Court nor the Seventh Circuit dis- striking down state laws in Indi- plays the slightest concern for the ana and Wisconsin banning same- real-world effects of its decision. sex marriage, Posner did that Instead, what matters is a kind of admirably—before the Supreme airless, abstract reasoning. To Jus- Court’s ruling. tice Scalia, it is clothed in the garb He wrote, “Our pair of cases of history; to Posner, it represents is rich in detail but ultimately ‘pragmatism.’ In fact, that callous straightforward to decide. The indifference to consequences— challenged laws discriminate ahistorical and unpragmatic—dis- against a minority defined by an figures both the Supreme Court’s Second Amendment cases and immutable characteristic, and the only rationale that the states reveals a flip attitude toward the problems of those who must live put forth with any conviction—that same-sex couples and their their lives outside federal courthouses surrounded by metal detec- children don’t need marriage because same-sex couples can’t pro- tors and marshals.” duce children, intended or unintended—is so full of holes that it One of the ways the jobs of Supreme Court justices and federal cannot be taken seriously.” appellate judges differ markedly is that, in all but a tiny share of To Hal R. Morris, a Chicago lawyer who teaches a seminar cases, the justices choose the cases they hear based on petitions for about the Seventh Circuit at Chicago-Kent Law School, what review, whereas appellate judges, in all of their cases, are required Posner decides and says about a ruling are usually less important by rules of procedure to consider appeals from decisions in federal than how he decides and says it. More than any other federal ap- trial courts. That’s one reason that, of the 7,000 or so cases Posner pellate judge, Posner apparently feels no compunction about do- has heard and the 3,140 or so in which he has written opinions, ing his own research about the facts of a case before him—going

54 January - February 2016 Photograph by John Gress/Corbis Images Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 outside the factual record of the trial his court is reviewing, to the opinion rests and don’t announce the court’s decision until the great irritation of lawyers in the case and sometimes to his col- end of the opinion, after he has explained the basis for it. He tries leagues. Josh Blackman, a young law professor, blogs about this to be “practical and candid” and to avoid “solemnity and pompos- “judicial fact-finding run amok”—and the denunciation of it by ity.” He generally succeeds. Posner’s colleagues. In a widely noted example, he reversed field about laws re- One 2014 case, for example, dealt with whether workers at quiring voters to show photo identification at their polling place a poultry-processing plant should be paid for the time it took after there was clear evidence about the laws’ negative impact. them to remove and put on protective gear at the start and end In 2007, in a 2-1 decision, he voted to uphold Indiana’s voter ID of their 30-minute lunch break. The workers said it took 10 to 15 law largely because, he wrote, “there are no plaintiffs whom the minutes; the company said two to three. Posner bought the gear law will deter from voting” and “the inability of the sponsors of and videotaped and timed his law clerks putting it on (95 sec- this litigation to find any such person to join as a plaintiff sug- onds) and taking it off (15 seconds), for a total of less than two gests that the motivation for the suit is simply that the law may minutes. In his majority opinion ruling against the workers, Posner admitted that this was “a novel approach” and not “evidence”: “the in- The core of Posner’sself-defense tention was to satisfy curiosity rather than to engage in appellate fact-finding—but it is in- is that the adversary system doesn’t formation that confirms the common sense in- tuition that donning and doffing a few simple pieces of clothing and equipment do not eat up work, because the job of lawyers is half the lunch break.” The Seventh Circuit’s chief judge, Diane zealously to press their client’s case Wood, dissented and upbraided Posner: “I am startled, to say the least, to think that an appellate court would resolve such a dispute based and not to help find the truth. on a post-argument experiment conducted in chambers by a judge. As the majority concedes, this cannot be require the Democratic Party and the other organizational plain- considered as evidence in the case. To the extent (even slight) tiffs to work harder to get every last one of their supporters to the that the court is relying on this experiment to resolve a disputed polls.” By 2014, he realized that his surmise about motivation had issue of fact, I believe that it has strayed beyond the boundaries been wrong and that voter ID laws are “now widely regarded as a established by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56.” means of voter suppression.” The core of Posner’s self-defense is that the adversary system In a dissent from the decision of the 10 “active,” or non-senior, at the heart of American justice doesn’t work, because the job judges on the Seventh Circuit not to reconsider as a full Court a of lawyers is zealously to press their client’s case and not to help decision upholding Wisconsin’s voter-identification law, he sum- judges find the truth—so sometimes he has to find it himself. In marized why the law should have been struck down: another case last summer in which he relied on Internet research, The data imply that a number of conservative states try Posner said it was “heartless to make a fetish of adversary proce- to make it difficult for people who are outside the main- dure if by doing so feeble evidence is credited because the oppo- stream, whether because of poverty or race or problems nent has no practical access to offsetting evidence.” Judge David with the English language, or who are unlikely to have a F. Hamilton responded that Posner’s use of the evidence was an driver’s license or feel comfortable dealing with official- “unprecedented departure from the proper role of an appellate dom, to vote, and that liberal states try to make it easy for court. It runs contrary to long-established law and raises a host such people to vote because if they do vote they are likely of practical problems the majority fails to address.” He went on, to vote for Democratic candidates. Were matters as simple “Appellate courts simply do not have a warrant to decide cases as this, there would no compelling reason for judicial inter- based on their own research on adjudicative facts.” Posner’s ju- vention; it would be politics as usual. But actually there’s dicial fact-finding is one reason some seasoned lawyers who an asymmetry. There is evidence both that voter imperson- practice before appellate courts find his judging reckless and ir- ation fraud is extremely rare and that photo ID require- responsible. ments for voting, especially of the strict variety found in Posner’s judicial opinions, which he makes a point of saying Wisconsin, are likely to discourage voting. This implies he writes himself, reflect his confidence that he has a warrant to that the net effect of such requirements is to impede voting write about cases in his own way. They contain few footnotes, by people easily discouraged from voting, most of whom little jargon, even less cant, and almost no acronyms—in contrast probably lean Democratic. to opinions of the vast majority of other appeals-court judges. The opinions are crisply written, tightly organized, and bright- They generally emphasize the facts instead of the law, to show the ly argued. They are easy to follow and a pleasure to read. They consequences of the court’s decision and, when necessary, to get stand out among opinions by appeals-court judges the way Jus- around the obstacle of a judicial precedent by distinguishing the tice Elena Kagan’s do for the Supreme Court: they say simply why facts in that case from those in the current one. Unless it’s obvi- a ruling matters and are addressed to citizens as well as judges ous, they explain the purpose of any legal doctrine on which the and lawyers. Posner’s are especially good at translating legal con-

Photograph by John Gress/Corbis Images Harvard Magazine 55 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 volutions into clear-cut terms: penalizing the illegal sale of “in- ending with Franz Kafka’s The Trial.) He uses the term “rhetoric” credibly light” LSD by the weight of the relatively heavier sugar to describe what opinions at their best contain, covering “the cube that delivers the drug, he wrote, is like “basing the punish- gamut of persuasive devices in communication, excluding formal ment for selling cocaine on the combined weight of the cocaine logic.” How is it possible to persuade, without logical or empirical and of the vehicle (plane, boat, automobile, or whatever) used to proof? He writes, “The answer is that in areas of uncertainty, ar- transport it….” eas not yet conquered by logic or science, we are open to persua- That strength is most evident and eloquent when Posner is sion by all sorts of methods, some remote from logic and science.” calling out hypocrisy in law-making and in judicial opinions that (“Some of Holmes’s best opinions,” he wrote, “owe their distinc- engage in legalism to uphold bogus justifications and their ill con- tion to their rhetorical skill rather than to the qualities of their sequences. He did that in 1999 in a dissent from a Seventh Cir- reasoning; often they are not well reasoned at all.”) cuit decision that upheld Illinois and Wisconsin statutes mak- A common device of rhetoric is the “ethical appeal”—“the ing it a crime for a doctor to perform a so-called partial-birth, or speaker’s attempt to convey a sense that he is a certain kind of person, namely one you ought to believe.” Another is the placement of a “In areas of uncertainty, areas not statement so it appears to be a conclusion, “suggesting that the writer yet conquered by logic or science, we are has set forth premises that lead up to it,” even if “the preceding lines do nothing of the sort” and “instead open to persuasion by all sorts of methods, they present an incantatory series of images.” A third is the withhold- some remote from logic and science.” ing of provisos, or hedging, because “very few people have the courage late-term, abortion. The case dealt with an issue that the Supreme of plain speaking, so when we hear it we tend to give the speaker Court will address this term in one of its most politically charged a measure of credit.” cases: When is an abortion restriction unconstitutional because In writing about literature and its relationship to law, Posner it is an “undue burden”—a substantial obstacle to seeking a legal uses a different voice, buoyant with affirmation. The examples abortion? In other words, when is a restriction designed to make bolstering his lessons come from great works of literary art—po- abortion scarcer rather than safer, as it pretends to? Posner wrote: ems, plays, and novels. With the exception of “the ethical appeal,” I do not deny the right of legislatures to enact statutes the other examples of rhetoric mentioned above come from W.B. that are mainly or for that matter entirely designed as a Yeats’s famous poem “The Second Coming,” which ends: “And statement of the legislators’ values. Nothing in the Consti- what rough beast, its hour come round at last,/Slouches toward tution forbids legislation so designed. Many statutes are Bethlehem to be born?” passed or, more commonly, retained merely for their sym- Among Posner fans and critics, it’s a truism that his ideas about bolic or aspirational effect. But if a statute burdens consti- the law have changed substantially over time. “Posner has evolved, tutional rights and all that can be said on its behalf is that because he has learned things and has studied things,” said Fur- it is the vehicle that legislators have chosen for expressing man professor of law Lawrence Lessig, who clerked for him: “That their hostility to those rights, the burden is undue. The includes a willingness to acknowledge he was wrong.” There’s statutes before us endanger pregnant women—and not also an axiom that his temperament hasn’t changed. Posner is as only pregnant women who want to have an abortion. There Posner was, regularly irascible, mercilessly critical, polemically is no exception for women whose physicians tell them you arguing his cause. His temperament may not have changed, but if must have an abortion or die. It is true that if a “partial that’s so it has not stayed the same in the way most people think. birth” abortion is necessary to save the woman’s life, the Posner’s insightful writing about his heroes, surely informed statutes permit this. But if her life could be saved by anoth- by his study of literature, provides some entrancing evidence of er type of abortion, even one that threatened her health— a sympathetic side. On Friendly: “There were five quite different that threatened to sterilize her or to paralyze her—then the Henry Friendlys: Friendly en famille—cold, taciturn, remote, and physician would be committing a felony if he performed a awkward; Friendly among his peers, mentors, clients, colleagues— “partial birth” abortion. tactful, personable, friendly, effective; Friendly in his dealings with his law clerks and with many of the lawyers who appeared before The Jurist as Aesthete him—curt, grumpy, intimidating; Friendly in his judicial opinions Posner’s opinions are as combative as his scholarship in their and academic writings—formal, erudite, almost Teutonic; and fi- efforts to persuade. To recognize what’s missing from them, it’s nally Friendly in his correspondence—graceful, warm, generous, useful to read his writing about why judicial opinions should be light—Bizet to the Wagner of his judicial opinions.” regarded as a form of literature, which he addresses in his trea- On Cardozo: “Incorruptible, scandal-free, moderate, seemingly tise Law & Literature, in its third edition. (To help teachers identify apolitical, not given to (visible) self-aggrandizement, Cardozo works for students to read besides the over-assigned Billy Budd, radiated character. This made it more likely that other judges, The Merchant of Venice, and To Kill a Mockingbird, he includes a list of academics, and practicing lawyers would give his opinions the 29 other works, beginning with Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and benefit of the doubt—thinking that if they were minded to dis-

56 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 agree perhaps it was their judgment that was at fault, not Car- a kind of slumming on Yeats’s part—that explains why they were dozo’s.” On Holmes: “Modern judges are quick to dissent in the the opposite, another way for Yeats to find meaning, in addition hope of being anointed Holmes’s heir, but they lack Holmes’s elo- to solace and beauty, in a world of obvious imperfection. Posner’s quence and civility. Most of them do not realize that the power conclusion about Yeats’s poetry, the late poems in particular, is of Holmes’s dissents is a function in part of their infrequency; he that it’s “joyous and exultant and free in a way unique in modern was careful not to become a broken record.” poetry—which is a thing largely of more somber hues.” There is also a remarkable piece of evidence that Posner has Posner wrote as a peer of professional critics: his Yale adviser, led his double life since he was a young man. At Yale, after his Cleanth Brooks, the most eminent New Critic in English and junior year, he was selected for an American literature, whom he exclusive program for a dozen or chided gently for calling a poem so seniors known as Scholars of “rambling” when, as a medita- the House. Each earned the lib- tion, it could not be “so precise erty of spending his last year of and rigorous” as logic; and Rich- college skipping regular courses ard Ellman, Yeats’s prize-winning and working on an individual sus- biographer, whom he credited tained project. Posner’s yielded with an insight about a poem, but a 322-page book called Yeats’ Late chided for not erasing a “seeming Poetry: A Critical Study. The program incongruity” with that insight. ended a generation ago, but Schol- It’s not hard to imagine Posner’s ars’ completed projects are read- book finding a readership today— able in the Yale library’s Manu- among Posner followers, perhaps script and Archives Room. among Yeats lovers and more From the first sentence of the widely—if it were published. introduction (“I take it that the There are two Posners, his writ- critic’s job in the first instance is ing about literature makes plain: to make people read, with intel- the ferocious reformer and the ligence and appreciation, the kind discerning aesthete, who under- of things that they would not be stands the power of art—and has likely to read otherwise”), the greater faith in its power than manuscript has the intellectual the law’s to represent the best of poise and psychological maturity the human spirit. Here’s why he of something written by a more thinks that’s no enigma: “Well, seasoned writer. Posner was 20 what we value in literature is when he wrote it and he wrote invariably created by geniuses, well, though he now says that he right? They’re the only ones who thought it was poorly written (and survive. But law, no. It’s created blames that on a year spent at the by mediocrities for the most part.” movies, at Yale’s Elizabethan Club, The contrast between his law and on road trips to Vassar). voice and his literature voice is The volume called Last Poems was “virtually unknown,” Posner vivid. In writing to make law or reform it, Posner is sometimes wrote, and it was his conviction “that the richest lode of Yeats’ combatting the conception of it he deplores. He is often combat- poetry lies unexploited.” He aimed to exploit it by assessing the ting law itself. In reading and writing about literature, Posner re- poems as a “book, the volume of verse, in which Yeats was accus- stores himself for the fight. tomed to arrange a number of poems for publication.” An oddity of Posner’s esteem for the late poems was that Yeats, Lincoln Caplan ’72, J.D. ’76, shares his Harvard Law School education with according to the critic Hugh Kenner, did not arrange them in the several of the people mentioned in this feature: William Brennan Jr., LL.B. ’31, book. So Posner focused first on “the last three books in which Yeats LL.D. ’68; Ronald Dworkin ’53, LL.B. ’57, LL.D. ’09; Philip Elman, LL.B. ’39; arranged the poems”: The Tower; The Winding Stair and Other Poems; and Paul Freund, LL.B. ’31, S.J.D. ’32, LL.D. ’77; Henry Friendly, A.B. 1923, LL.B. From “A Full Moon in March.” With that approach, he called attention ’27, LL.D. ’71; Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., A.B. 1861, LL.B. ’66, LL.D. ’95; Elena to “some of Yeats’ finest poetic achievements,” cast “a little new light Kagan, J.D. ’86; Anthony Kennedy, LL.B. ’61; Antonin Scalia, LL.B. ’60; Fred on his more familiar poems,” and made “a few suggestive generaliza- Shapiro, J.D. ’80; and James Boyd White, A.M. ’61, LL.B. ’64. He also shares his tions about the defining qualities of Yeats as a poet.” Then he ex- Harvard College education with Garrett Epps ’72 and Larissa MacFarquhar plored all of that “with examples drawn from Last Poems.” ’90. (Benjamin Cardozo, LL.D. ’27, received an honorary Harvard degree.) Yeats’s overarching theme, and Posner’s, is the permanence of A visiting lecturer in law at Yale Law School, Caplan was editor of Le- art: “behind theology, philosophy, the mystics’ vision of Divine Es- gal Affairs magazine, wrote about the Supreme Court for The New York sence, an old man’s personal problems, love, the very laws of the Times editorial page, and is the author of five books. He profiled Cass Sun- world, stands art, especially literary art, poetry.” There’s a chap- stein in “The Legal Olympian,” published in the magazine’s January-February ter about the Yeatsian Songs—generally interpreted as frolics and 2015 issue.

Photograph by John Gress/Corbis Images Harvard Magazine 57 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Street Doctor oe Meuse spent years For three decades, O’Connell was there to cele- drunk on the streets of Bos- brate—has housing, and teaches ton, sleeping under bridges, James O’Connell has cared new doctors about addiction over grates, in train stations and recovery. But the years of and tunnels—wherever for the homeless. alcohol and drug use took a toll Jhe passed out. Occasionally he on Meuse’s health, and on this agreed to be driven to a shelter. October morning the 58-year-old Meuse was told he logged an astonishing 216 hospital emergency former welder is visiting O’Connell in a small exam room at Mas- room visits in 18 months, but he doesn’t remember any of them. sachusetts General Hospital (MGH). Meuse recently finished treat- “He’s been as far down the drinking path as one can go,” says ment for hepatitis C infection, and he wants to kick his final addic- Meuse’s longtime doctor, James O’Connell, M.D. ’82, an assistant tion, tobacco. O’Connell checks his heart and lungs, recommends a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School (HMS), who quit-smoking patch, and admires a photo of Meuse’s dog. first met Meuse while riding a nighttime outreach van. “I remem- “Joe is more than remarkable. He leads a really productive life ber once thinking, ‘I don’t know how Joe is staying alive, because now, and we all are in deep admiration,” O’Connell says. “I’m in he is drinking so much.’ ” deep admiration, too, believe me,” replies Meuse. “This is a lot bet- O’Connell kept reaching out and, with other supporters, even- ter than sleeping under bridges. I never thought I’d live this long.” tually helped Meuse turn his life around. For the past 30 years, O’Connell has been He recently marked five years of sobriety— by Debra Bradley Ruder treating patients like Meuse as a street doc-

58 January - February 2016 Photograph by Jim Harrison Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 e Homeless program h are for t h C courtesy of Boston Healt tor with Boston Health Care for the Home- A physician in less Program (BHCHP), the nonprofit he his element: assistant profes- has led since its founding in 1985. Known sor of medicine as “Dr. Jim,” he delivers skilled medical care James O’Connell with a kind and respectful touch during a on duty in Boston weekly outpatient clinic for current and for- Health Care for the Homeless

mer street dwellers at MGH—the only clinic people have subdural hemorrhages, meaning they fell down and d er Program clinics. u of its kind in the country. He does the same His patients had a bleed between the brain and skull,” he notes. O’Connell and ley R ley while tending to patients down alleyways, on include Joe Meuse his team treat some “exotic” conditions like frostbite and scurvy (at right). ra Brad

hospital wards, in apartments, and at the or- (they’ve seen patients lose fingers and feet from frostbite), “but b ganization’s health center in Boston’s South End. the vast majority are things that any primary-care doctor would De Wherever he is, O’Connell collaborates with other dedicated see [such as asthma, hypertension, or diabetes], except frequently caregivers to meet the needs of a marginalized group facing com- they have been neglected for so long. So it’s pneumonia that has plex medical problems that are often layered with mental illness gotten into three lobes of the lung. What we see are the medical and substance use. In spite of their hardships, O’Connell says, his consequences of their poverty.” patients display extraordinary resilience and dignity: “It’s a bless- Drug overdoses are now the leading cause of death for adults ing to get to know people who’ve been pushed to the edge,” he seen by BHCHP, most of them linked to opioids such as prescrip- explains. “We take care of people who really appreciate having us tion pain relievers or heroin. (Opioid use has been climbing in around. The work is more joyful than you might expect, despite this group since the early 2000s, reflecting the growing national the awful tragedy.” epidemic.) Cancer and heart disease are close behind as the top Joanne Guarino, 60, is a formerly homeless woman who cred- killers of homeless adults in Boston, and the average age of death its BHCHP with restoring her sense of self-worth after decades is 51, BHCHP’s research shows. More than two-thirds of the proof illness, addiction, and mistreatment off and on the streets. She gram’s patients have a mental illness such as depression, 60 per- now serves on two of its leadership boards and gives talks to Har- cent have a substance-use disorder, and almost half have both. vard medical students alongside O’Connell. “Jim is angelic. He’s On any given night in the United States, nearly 600,000 people ex- so pleasant and genuine,” Guarino says. “People trust him, and perience homelessness and find themselves staying in shelters, mo- he knows everybody’s name.…His compassion is overwhelming. tels, transitional housing, treatment facilities, cars, empty buildings, He’ll put his arms around [homeless] people. I always think about or on the streets; some 50,000 of them are veterans. The number of bedbugs, but not Jim. I think God watches over him.” homeless children in the country is at an all-time high. In Boston, the city’s most recent census of homelessness, conducted one night Heavy-Duty Medicine in February 2015, found 7,663 homeless men, women, and children in Homelessness—especially for the chronic street dwellers various settings. A lack of affordable housing, unemployment, and O’Connell focuses on—poses daunting challenges to health, in- poverty are the main causes of homelessness, according to a recent cluding poor nutrition and hygiene; exposure to extreme weather, 25-city survey by the U.S. Conference of Mayors that included Bos- injury, violence, and communicable diseases; and the constant ton. For many people, homelessness is a short-term situation trig- stress of being on the move. Homeless individuals, often suffer- gered by an unexpected event, such as a layoff or domestic violence. ing from multiple diseases, live sicker and die younger than the But there are other, chronic, contributing factors, including low general population. Amid the struggle to survive, healthcare often wages (an estimated 18 percent of homeless adults have jobs) and gets pushed down the priority list. too few services to treat addiction and mental illness. Meanwhile, “This is a very sick population, and this is heavy-duty, compli- many shelters are full and have to turn guests away. cated medicine,” says O’Connell, editor of the widely used manual O’Connell describes homelessness as a prism that reveals short- The Health Care of Homeless Persons. On a recent morning, for example, comings in society. “Refracted in vivid colors are the weaknesses “Twenty-three of our folks are hospitalized at MGH for all sorts in each sector, especially housing, education, welfare, labor, health, of things. Foot infections and pneumonia are common, and two and justice. Homelessness will never truly be abolished until our

Harvard Magazine 59 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 society addresses persistent poverty as the most powerful social has carried for three decades: Take your time. Listen to patients’ determinant of health,” he writes in his new (and first) book,Sto - stories. Respect their dignity. Be consistent. Offer care and hope, ries from the Shadows: Reflections of a Street Doctor, a collection of essays and never judge. Address people by name. Remember that the published by BHCHP in 2015 to mark its thirtieth anniversary. core of the healing art is the personal relationship. Filled with stories about people and situations that have shaped “I realized that everything I had been taught to do—go fast, be O’Connell’s career and commitment to social justice, the book is efficient—was counterproductive when you take care of home- dedicated to his newest passion, his two-year-old daughter. “It’s less people,” O’Connell says during an interview in his modest been sheer magic,” marvels O’Connell, 67, about his first child. office. “What Barbara and the nurses taught me early on is that you have to find ways to break in. When you see somebody out- The Core of Healing side, you get them a cup of coffee and sit with them. Sometimes it O’Connell grew up in Newport, Rhode Island; his father, a took six months or a year of offering a sandwich or coffee before World War II veteran, was a civilian worker at the navy base, his someone would start to talk to me. But once they engage, they’ll mother was a teacher and then a stay-at-home mom to their six come to you any time because they trust you.…I often say that the children. His route to medicine was circuitous. After graduating from the University of Notre Dame in 1970 and receiv- ing a high draft lottery number that kept him out of Vietnam, “It’s all about listening and patience… . he studied philosophy and theology in England, taught high school in Hawaii, pursued a doctorate with political theorist You can serve, but you can’t control.” Hannah Arendt in New York, considered a career in restau- rants, and then retreated to Vermont to read, ski, and nurture best training I had for this job is having been a bartender. Because friendships. During a trip to the Isle of Man, he found himself it’s all about listening and patience and realizing that you don’t comforting a biker who’d been injured in a motorcycle accident, have much control over the situation. You can serve, but you can’t and, profoundly moved by the experience, found his calling. He control.” entered Harvard Medical School at 30. O’Connell found the work so satisfying that he scrapped plans Toward the end of his three-year internal-medicine residency for the oncology fellowship, and one year turned into 30. Under at MGH, several faculty members—who knew his leadership, BHCHP has evolved from a pilot project, launched O’Connell enjoyed taking care of vulnerable Patients at the in 1985 with funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, BHCHP foot people—urged him to postpone his planned clinic, where into the largest and most comprehensive such program in the oncology fellowship and instead join the city’s other basic country (there are 240-plus federally funded Health Care for the new homeless-health program as its first full- services, such as Homeless organizations) and a model for quality and innovation time doctor. He worried about making a dead- blood-pressure (see “Vulnerable Patients, Quality Care,” opposite). and diabetes end career move, but gave it a go. checks, are As president, O’Connell works on strategic planning and fun- Right away, he recalls, Barbara McInnis—a available as draising for the organization, and advocates at the local, state, legendary nurse who cared for homeless peo- well. At right: and national levels on behalf of homeless people: discussing, for ple at Boston’s Pine Street Inn shelter—had O’Connell with Mundo, whom example, how new payment systems under healthcare reform O’Connell ditch his stethoscope and spend he has known will affect that population, or the urgent need to expand afford- weeks soaking patients’ feet as a way of build- for 15 years able housing and supportive services. He considers policy issues ing trust. McInnis (“The only true saint I’ve with a critical eye, bringing to ever known”) imparted lessons that O’Connell bear his experience as a physician and national leader in his field, says program CEO Barry Bock, a registered nurse who has worked with O’Connell for more than 25 years. “First and

foremost, Jim is a physician fo- er d cused on social justice. When u ley R you sit with him and talk about d

policy ideas, there are a million ra Bra ‘whys.’ Why would we ap- b s; Des; proach it this way? How does it bi or serve people better?” C

BHCHP chief medi- euters/ R /

cal officer Jessie Gaeta says ER D O’Connell has a knack for AN SNY I

translating what he sees on R the street with patients into a bird’s-eye view of homeless- rom © B left: ness in Boston and beyond, F

60 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 “and into a vision for strategic direction and opportunities for policy decisions we should be advocating for.” On a per- Vulnerable Patients, Quality Care sonal level, she notes, O’Connell makes others feel valued. “He is uided by its slogan, “Medicine that matters,” Boston Health Care for the Homeless Pro- always looking at what he’s go- gram (BHCHP; www.bhchp.org) serves more than 12,000 homeless people a year. It does ing to learn from somebody. Sit- Gso at two hospital-based clinics and in shelters, motels, apartments, soup kitchens, detox ting on the other side of a con- units, parks, alleys, and doorways around the city. The program’s home base is Jean Yawkey versation from him, you always Place, a modern community health center in Boston’s South End that reflects the organization’s feel like you’ve got something integrated approach by housing medical, mental-health, substance-use, and dental services; a important to say, whether you’re pharmacy; administrative offices; and a medical respite unit. a patient, or a colleague, or a Operating around the clock, BHCHP is one of more than 240 Health Care for the Homeless legislator.” programs in the country that receive grants from the U.S. Health Resources and Services Ad- Once, Gaeta recalls, a newly ministration (an agency of the Department of Health and Human Services). Its staff has grown housed patient paged O’Connell from seven in 1985 to about 400 today, including physicians, nurse practitioners, psychiatrists, about 10 times in one day for dentists, social workers, and food services and maintenance staff. Most of the program’s budget support. “And he called her back of $51 million comes from third-party reimbursements (about 80 percent of patients have some every time. I remember sitting type of health coverage), with other revenue coming from federal, state, and foundation grants, in my office at 7 p.m. on a week- pharmacy charges, and charitable gifts. day, desperately trying to finish Thanks to its deep ties to the local academic medical community, the program’s patients have work. I hear Jim call back, and access to Massachusetts General Hospital and Boston Medical Center, and its physicians serve with the most patient voice, he as attendings on the wards, participate in grand rounds, and the like. “The hospitals have been walks her through how to cook great about having us be part of them,” says BHCHP president and founding physician James spaghetti. He went through it O’Connell. These affiliations, adds CEO Barry Bock, “have helped us attract some of the bright- step by step, how to make spa- est minds to come and work here, not just in medicine but also in nursing and research.” ghetti and the sauce. I just sat Under O’Connell’s leadership, BHCHP opened the nation’s first medical respite unit for pa- there smiling to myself. This is tients too sick to return to shelters or the street, but not sick enough to require a costly hospi- an unusual person.” tal admission. The 104-bed Barbara McInnis House provides a clean bed, nutritious meals, and O’Connell was equally ac- medical care for people dealing with cancer, AIDS, heart failure, or other illnesses, recuperating cessible to Guarino, the patient from injuries, or facing the end of life. In the mid 1990s, BHCHP and MGH computer scientists who co-chairs the program’s developed the country’s first electronic medical record system for the homeless to coordinate consumer advisory board, when care across sites for this uniquely mobile and rootless population. More recently, the program she became frighteningly sick launched a special clinic for homeless transgender individuals, as well as a motel-based clinic in the middle of the night sev- that offers checkups, vaccinations, and other primary-care services for homeless families. eral months ago. As she tells it, Howard K. Koh, Fineberg professor of the practice of public health leadership at the Harvard “I called Jim and woke him up. Chan School of Public Health and Harvard Kennedy School, has admired O’Connell since their I said, ‘What am I going to do?’ days as physicians-in-training, and has followed the country’s expansion of quality healthcare And he said, ‘You’re going to for homeless people during his government service in Boston and Washington. “Through all Mass General right now, Joanne.’ these developments,” Koh writes in his foreword to O’Connell’s book, Stories from the Shadows, My sister got me there, and the “the lessons from BHCHP have served as a beacon for the nation.” doctors were waiting for me.…at two in the morning, they were waiting for me. I felt like the president of the United States.” triots cap. As soon as he emerged from a bagel shop near MGH, homeless people gravitated toward him. “Everybody knows Jim. A Father Figure It’s just the way it is,” said Steve Henderson, 53, rolling up in his O’Connell has won numerous awards for his humanitarian motorized wheelchair with a bandaged leg. “He’s always in a good work, published in prestigious medical and public health jour- mood. He’s a caring person.” nals, appeared on Nightline and National Public Radio’s Fresh Air, and O’Connell talked with Henderson and then huddled with given speeches and conferred with colleagues around the world. a young woman who had arrived visibly distressed, with a face He was invited to the Obama White House during the healthcare that appeared swollen and battered. Dr. Jim lined up safe shelter reform debate as an expert on homelessness issues. But to the and treatment for her at Barbara McInnis House, the program’s struggling men and women he visits on foot or aboard the Pine medical respite unit. Then he headed up Cambridge Street wear- Street Inn’s nighttime outreach van, O’Connell is simply a steady ing a small backpack containing basic medical gear, like a ther- presence, there to comfort. mometer and blood-pressure cuff. Accompanying him that week On a blustery Friday morning last fall, O’Connell arrived for his were psychiatrist Eileen Reilly and Katie Koh ’09, M.D. ’14, a psy- weekly “street team” check-in with patients, trim and wearing a chiatry resident in the MGH/McLean Hospital training program button-down checked shirt, casual pants, and a New England Pa- who said she considers O’Connell a role model. The team carried

Harvard Magazine 61 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 food and pharmacy gift cards for handing out, along with a bag of winter became commissioner of the Massachusetts Department clean white socks for feet that may be suffering from exposure or of Public Health. ill-fitting shoes. That day, O’Connell and his colleagues did more His position, he says, has always defied routine. “Every time you chatting than hands-on doctoring, but whenever they happen to think you know what you’re doing, something happens and you’re find someone in crisis, they do their best to arrange detox or other wrong—and you have to start all over again.” There have been emergency care. setbacks and sorrows: during the mid 1980s, for example, twin In a small park, O’Connell hugged Mundo, a 46-year-old home- outbreaks of tuberculosis and HIV hit the shelters and the team less man who said he was dealing with insomnia, post-traumatic watched, devastated, as patients died horrible deaths from AIDS stress disorder, and alcoholism, and had been in trouble with the with virtually no treatment available at the time to help them. law. He appreciated the street team’s support: “They come around His patients continue to provide daily inspiration, and compil- and take care of your feet, make sure you got clothing, make ing Stories from the Shadows gave O’Connell a chance to celebrate sure you have accessories, hygiene-wise and food-wise.” He has their lives—but also to underscore the crushing weight of pov- known O’Connell for about 15 years and said, “It’s like talking to a erty. O’Connell says he has more stories stashed away in boxes for father figure, an uncle, a best friend. He’s my primary-care doctor, the next book, if there is one. but you can just talk to him, be open. It’s just real.…Everybody has He mentions an elderly man he met in the mid 1990s during their faults, but I haven’t seen faults.” street rounds at South Station. “Robert” was a voracious reader, The number of chronic street dwellers in Boston has been falling and O’Connell eventually learned that this disheveled man had (estimates range from under 150 to 350) as more qualify for subsi- once taught English and philosophy at Columbia University dized housing that also includes support, like a resident case man- and socialized with Jack Kerouac and other Beat Generation ager. “I’m a street doctor, but our team now spends half our time writers. But schizophrenia sent Robert roaming the streets of visiting people in their homes. It’s really great,” O’Connell says. On America for decades, lost to his family. “He was very furtive. the other hand, he pointed out, housing poses new concerns for When I finally connected with him, it was only over philoso- this population. “Our experience has been that, now that they’re phy,” O’Connell recounts. “He would come into the clinic, and in housing, all the furies that pursued them on the street don’t go I couldn’t take his blood pressure—he wouldn’t let me do any- away—and in many ways become magnified—when they’re alone thing medical—but I would make sure his appointment was in their studio apartment. The loneliness and desperation we can during lunch break, and we would sit and talk. Robert was the see wasn’t as visible when they were out on the streets—because most brilliant man I have met on the streets. He had an aston- they had a role there. You realize that you can’t solve homelessness ishing memory and could speak in depth about virtually any without housing, but you need much more than housing Even as BHCHP book or philosopher I would mention.” When Robert to solve it.” president, was hospitalized for shortness of breath, O’Connell O’Connell spends called his sister and they spoke for the first time in Only a Doctor time on the ages; they were both close to 80 years old. “After we street. At left, O’Connell is proud of BHCHP’s role in integrating its he and physician placed him a nursing home, his family visited fre- potentially marginalizing clinical work into the main- assistant Jill Ron- quently and were with him when he died,” O’Connell stream. “When I started doing this job, there was no real carati check on a says. “It was quite tender and wonderful.” professional career path to take care of homeless people homeless man; at O’Connell remembers the rage he used to feel about right, he catches and stay part of the academic community that I cher- up with Steve homelessness and his sense that he should focus on ish,” O’Connell recalls. “I believe that what we’re doing Henderson. eliminating it. “Then I started to realize, I’m only a doc- er is at the core of medicine and who we are as healers and tor, and I can’t do that. Many d providers.” One success story he cites is former BHCHP folks who come and do this ley ru d

chief medical officer Monica Bharel, M.P.H. ’12, who last work want to fix homeless- ra ra b

ness, and when they can’t, b they get disheartened. The e ones who make it realize that our job as doctors is to ease suffering. Then it becomes about the stories. You real- e Homeless program; d ize, ‘These people have gotten h under my skin, and I want to are for t

take care of them.’” h C

Debra Bradley Ruder is a Boston- based freelance writer who specializes in healthcare and education issues. Her feature “An Extra Layer of Care,” about palliative medicine, appeared in the March-

April 2015 issue. from courtesy left: of Boston Healt

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66 Open Book 68 Hearing History 68 Off the Shelf 71 The Elephant in the Cutting Room

Lost in Ideas Cuse with a young Norman Bates (Freddie Television’s Carlton Cuse on what animates his work Highmore) on the set of Bates Motel, and stills by lydialyle gibson from the show, which reimagines Psycho

hen an idea keeps him the more intuitive and dissected online every up at night—nudges him the less intellectual the week. The producer and awake to lie there, eyes process is of choosing an writer is now knee-deep W wide and mind working— idea, whether it’s mine or in two other series: The that’s when television writer and produc- one that’s pitched to me,” Strain, based on vampire er Carlton Cuse ’81 knows it’s good. An Cuse says. “If I feel it, and novels by horror director epidemic of vampirism in New York City if I find myself continually thinking about it Guillermo del Toro; and Bates Motel, Cuse’s that, chillingly, sends the infected chasing for days or weeks, then I know.” revival, with co-writer and co-producer after those they love; a reimagining of Al- Cuse is perhaps best known as a co- Kerry Ehrin, of the Psycho story. “What fred Hitchcock’s Psycho as an eerie, tragic showrunner and co-writer for the hit TV really interested me there was the idea of almost-romance between a mother and son; series Lost, which debuted in 2004 and Norma Bates”—the murderer’s mother— a plane crash on a seemingly deserted is- took the shipwrecked survivors of Oceanic “a really iconic character in American land whose secret powers slowly, menac- Flight 815 on a circuitous six-season odys- cinema that we knew virtually nothing ingly come into view: “The more I do this, sey that millions watched obsessively and about,” Cuse says. (She appears in the

64 January - February 2016 Photographs courtesy of Carlton Cuse Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Montage

Vampires on the attack in The Strain; Cuse on the set of his new show Colony; and a still from Colony, which stars Lost actor Josh Holloway

totalitarian societies, between apparent normalcy that the tragedy and the anxiety it belies. “In certain ways we know is com- things function well” in the show’s imag- ing doesn’t befall ined L.A., Cuse explains. There’s no street them.” crime; a bus ride across the city takes 12 More recently, minutes. “But there are enormous costs Cuse has been stay- and consequences to living under this ing up nights with imposed colonialism. And that’s what the his latest project, show explores.” Colony. He describes Growing up, Cuse’s afterschool hours

Sa networkSa the show as a “fam- were filled with reruns ofHighway Patrol, U ily drama crossed Gunsmoke, Bonanza, The Rifleman, Green Acres, with an espionage I Love Lucy, The Twilight Zone, The Outer Lim- thriller, with a sci- its. But it was The Chronicles of Narnia,

Paul Drinkwater/ Paul ence-fiction over- which his fifth-grade teacher read aloud original movie, plus two 1980s sequels and lay.” The story is set in a Los Angeles oc- to the class, that hooked him on narrative a later prequel, only as a ghostly voice or cupied by a mysterious invading force. A and made him want to write. Enthralled corpse; Hitchcock famously kept an empty 300-foot metallic wall surrounds the city; and impatient with her chapter-a-day chair marked “Mrs. Bates” on the set of the a proxy government is in power. Cuse says pace, he convinced his mother to buy the 1960 film.) “You’d think that Norma Bates he and co-creator Ryan Condal wanted books so he could read them all at once. was this horrible shrew who berates her to explore a modern-day version of a He entered Harvard as a pre-med stu- kid into becoming crazy,” he adds, “but scenario like Vichy Paris: “The idea that dent—a family ambition more than his what if that wasn’t the case at all? What if you have Parisians going about their lives own—but had begun to drift toward other she loved her child to death, and there was and drinking espressos in sidewalk cafés subjects by his junior year, when the mak- just some flaw? So really it’s a story about while Nazi stormtroopers are marching ers of Airplane came to campus. Cuse was two people who love each other, and as an down the street.” Colony reflects that same recruited to help set up a screening in the audience we’re sort of hoping against hope split, often felt in occupied countries or Science Center. “They were recording a laugh track,” he says, “and they wanted an ‘intelligent audience.’” He had never met anyone who made c hapter & verse movies, and here suddenly were writers Correspondence on not-so-famous lost words and directors. “It was like a bell went off,” he says. He asked Tom Parry ’74, a Harvard Thomas Gutheil seeks the full text of “Childhood is a lost, enchanted land, grad who’d recently gone to Hollywood a poem with a final couplet that runs, as and we spend the rest of our lives trying (and who brought the Airplane filmmakers best he recollects: “His claims to be bru- to find it again.” to Cambridge), how to get there himself. tally frank were just endless, / Until, to be The words to “My Little Papaya Tree,” “And he said, ‘Make a movie.’ ” So Cuse, a brutally frank, he was friendless.” heard sung on the radio to the tune of member of the varsity crew, made Power “The 12 Days of Christmas” Ten, a documentary on rowing. “It’s this es- More queries from the archives: oteric sport, and people outside it don’t re- “Life is all right but for a bad 15 minutes Send inquiries and answers to “Chapter ally understand why anyone would get up at the end” (perhaps from Edward Gibbon) and Verse,” Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware at three in the morning to train and work “Not at the table, Amanda” (c. 1920s) Street, Cambridge 02138 or via e-mail to like crazy for what amounts to, like, five “Beginning in October effectively again” [email protected]. six-minute races in the spring.” To fund the film, he sneaked into the boathouse at

Harvard Magazine 65 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Montage

night, copied the names off old team pho- Richard Henry Dana Jr. A.B. 1837, tos, and sent letters to everyone whose ad- o p e n b o o k LL.B. ’39, LL.D. ’66, survives in modern dresses he could find. memory as the author of Two Years Before Movie in hand, he went to Hollywood the Mast. But his literary legacy alone sells and got a job, first with one producer and Beyond him short, Jeffrey L. Amestoy argues in then another—buying organic food for the Slavish Shore (Harvard, $35), the first full boss’s Akita, getting the car windows tint- biography in more than half a century. ed, and reading hundreds and hundreds of Brahminism Indeed, the voyage he undertook scripts. “That was like film school for me.” and recorded fired Dana At night and on weekends, he was writing: (see Vita, March-April 1998, page 48) with hatred not only of the scripts, stories, ideas. “I got to where I maltreatment of sailors, but also of slavery and other injus- could write anytime, anywhere,” he tices—causes he addressed as a lawyer. Amestoy, M.P.A. ’82, says. “Procrastination and perfec- a former chief justice of the Vermont Supreme Court, is the tionism are two sides of the same ideal extra-literary biographer. From the introduction to his coin, and they inhibit you from account of Dana’s “odyssey”: getting to your subconscious, which is where you want to ac- On an August day in 1834 a slight, counsel of the cess your ideas. And the pres- nearsighted boy boarded a ship he had sailor and the sures of television are wonder- never seen before, joined a crew to slave,” wrote ful for shedding those censors whom his aristocratic family would have Charles Francis that stand between you and the never spoken, and sailed where few Adams Jr. [A.B. work you want to do.” Americans had ever been. The ship might 1856, LL.D. ’95], Despite an occasional screen- have vanished with the forgotten lives of “courageous, skillful writing detour into feature films its sailors. Richard Henry Dana Jr.’s clas- but still the advocate like 2015’s disaster flickSan Andreas, sic, Two Years Before the Mast, immortal- of the poor and unpopu- “My heart is in television,” he says. Cuse ized the harrowing voyage from Boston lar.…In the mind of wealthy describes the form’s narrative challenge as around Cape Horn to the remote coast and respectable Boston almost anyone almost architectural: the rigor is in building of California. But when Dana witnessed was to be preferred to him.” a strong structural framework, and “the fun the sadistic flogging of his shipmates, it Dana first broke with convention when part” is filling in the details. “And I love that prompted more than one of the most he left Harvard to ship as a common it’s really a collaborative medium, in this compelling scenes in American litera- seaman. He represented sailors, anger- world we live in where enormous emphasis ture. It was the genesis of his vow to ing Boston’s ship owners. He defended is placed on singular artistic achievement,” stand for justice. This is the story of how fugitive slaves and their rescuers when he says. “I love sitting with writers in a room Dana kept his promise in the face of the the “best people” believed opposition to and coming up with ideas and figuring out most exclusive and powerful establish- the Fugitive Slave Act was treasonous. how they all fit together.” ment in America—the Boston society in His brilliant argument before the U.S. His work has had demonstrable influ- which he had been born and bred. Supreme Court preserved Lincoln’s au- ence on series television. Lost broke many The drama of Dana’s remarkable life thority to carry on the Civil War. He was storytelling conventions, and then helped arises from the unresolved tension be- the special prosecutor who indicted Jef- reshape them. The show’s innovations tween the man he became at sea and the ferson Davis for treason—and prompted “seem so benign now,” says Cuse, “but in Brahmin he was expected to be on shore. the president to end the prosecution. the television landscape of 2004, there was The qualities—cour- No lawyer of equiv- virtually no serialized storytelling in net- age, integrity, and a alent standing did as work television, and certainly nothing like sense of justice—that much on behalf of fu- the highly complex narrative of Lost,” with led to his acceptance gitive slaves and those its 16 regular characters and time-jumping as a common sailor who aided them, nor plotline. before the mast were ifflin Co 1911 paid a higher price for These days, he sees television evolving ton M the traits least valued h doing so. Dana was again: into “shorter-form narrative story-

by his peers. “He was / Houg socially ostracized, telling,” with complete stories unfolding t boycotted, and nearly over eight or 10 hours, in a single season, Richard Henry Dana he mas Jr. in 1842 (above), murdered.…George or maybe two—the model of Fargo and and an image of the Ticknor [LL.D. 1850], True Detective, two shows he admires. “In California hide trade social arbiter of Brah- an environment where there are so many used to illustrate a min Boston, wrote to shows, and really good shows,” he says, 1911 edition of his classic work, Two Two years before t Dana that they were “it’s hard to get people to watch for 50 or

Years Before the Mast from never to speak again. 100 hours.” And for Cuse that’s exciting: it means more new ideas.

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160129_StanfordPreCollegiate_Harvard.indd 1 11/23/15 3:22 PM Montage Hearing History A classical composer taking in “how wide this world is” by lara pellegrinelli

ei Liang’s Xiaoxiang, a finalist for the Revolution. With no means to 2015 Pulitzer Prize, is not the virtuo- seek justice, she wailed like a

sic tour de force one might expect of a ghost in the forest behind his iang saxophone concerto, a form showcas- residence every evening—until ei L y of L

L s ing technical skill. Liang’s starring instru- they both went insane. ment trembles, croons, and cries, traversing “This woman was wailing ourte c /

the unsettling musical landscapes. Expres- because words didn’t mean s ew sions of grief come in waves and paroxysms anything anymore,” explains h that overwhelm the senses. The composi- Liang, JF ’01, Ph.D. ’06. “I Lei Liang

tion was named for a region in China’s Hu- wanted to find a way to give alex matt nan Province and inspired by the story of a silenced voices like hers another chance.” the past, and those erased by the state— villager whose husband was killed by a lo- Xiaoxiang typifies his concerns with the in his native China. He traces much of his cal Communist official during the Cultural politics of history—forgotten visions of own professional and creative course to

Rosenhaupt ’68 (Peninsula Road Kaplan when she was coming to terms Press, $15 paper), is the highly per- with her own sexuality. sonal account of a son’s traumatic Off the Shelf brain injury and recovery. The War on Alcohol, by Lisa McGirr, Recent books with Harvard connections professor of history (Norton, $27.95). The Reclaiming Conversation, by author’s research and writing about Pro- Sherry Turkle ’69, Ph.D. ’76 (Pen- hibition, described in these pages in 2001, The Rise and Fall of American guin, $27.95). In her most searching explo- took about as long as her subject. In a fresh Growth, by Robert J. Gordon ’62 (Princ- ration of the human relationship with tech- interpretation, she sees a white, Protes- eton, $39.95). In a huge study of the U.S. nology, the MIT professor (an Incorporator tant, middle-class campaign to reinforce a standard of living since the Civil War, the of this magazine) probes the consequences challenged culture—ushering in, along the Northwestern University economist, a of assuming that connectivity is the same way, a newly powerful penal state whose leading scholar of productivity and growth, thing as conversation, “the most human— consequences, and racial skew, are a seri- emerges with a very sobering message. A and humanizing—thing we do.” It says ous concern nearly a century later. critic of “techno-optimists,” he sees head- something disturbing about the times that winds that make impossible any return to she has to make a case for “the power of Liberty and Coercion: The Paradox the halcyon growth of the mid twentieth talk in a digital age” (the subtitle), but she of American Government, by Gary century, and focuses attention on the need does so compellingly. Gerstle, Ph.D. ’82 (Princeton, $35). From to address inequality and enhance pre- the University of Cambridge, where he is school education. Family values: In Reconceiving Infertil- now Mellon professor of American history, ity (Princeton, $35), Candida R. Moss and the author delivers a sweeping analysis of On the health front: Before and After Joel S. Baden, Ph.D. ’07, theology scholars the conflicts inherent in a system compris- Cancer Treatment, second edition, by at Notre Dame and Yale, explore what it ing a constitutionally limited federal gov- Julie K. Silver, associate professor of physi- meant to be “barren”—in a world where ernment, powerful states, and their over- cal medicine and rehabilitation (Johns Hop- humans were commanded to “Be fruit- lapping roles in protecting or constricting kins, $18.95 paper), offers eminently practi- ful and multiply”—through the stories of personal liberty. He explores the unsettled cal advice—informed by the author’s own Sarah, Rebekah, and Rachel, and beyond. resolution of these rival claims from the experience with the disease. Palliative Then Comes Marriage, by Roberta Ka- eighteenth century to the present. Care, by Harold Y. Vanderpool, B.D. ’63, plan ’88 with Lisa Dickey (Norton, $27.95), Ph.D. ’71, Th.M. ’76 (McFarland, $45 paper), narrates Kaplan’s role as the Paul, Weiss Presence, by Amy Cuddy, associate puts the recent emergence of palliative care litigator representing Edie Windsor in the professor of business administration as a medical specialty (see “An Extra Layer United States v. Windsor challenge to the (Little, Brown, $28). The author, a social of Care,” March-April 2015, page 33) into Defense of Marriage Act—and her much psychologist (profiled in “The Psyche on the context of the four-century search for earlier connection to Thea Spyer, Wind- Automatic,” November-December 2010, “a good death.” Climbing Back, by Elise sor’s deceased spouse, who had counseled page 48) and TED-circuit star, counsels on

68 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Montage one decisive event. “I’m here in America after the unrest in Tiananmen Square, he cess of reimagining China from outside because of Tiananmen Square,” says the was banned from publishing. its borders. Being allowed to roam the 43-year-old composer. “I was a protester.” For two months, Liang protested in University’s library—the first he’d ever Under other circumstances, Liang might the square every day, until, as violence seen with open shelves—blew his mind. simply have been a prodigy: his upbring- erupted, his parents locked him in his Liang earned his bachelor’s and master’s ing in Beijing included piano lessons, and room; a family friend, concerned for degrees in composition from New England he started composing at age six, when his safety, made arrangements for the Conservatory (NEC), in Boston, while he grew bored with his practice pieces. 16-year-old to study piano at the Univer- working in construction, walking dogs, His mother, Liang-yu Cai, was the first Chinese musicologist to study American “I’m here in America because of Tiananmen music in the United States. Liang says he “grew up” in the archives of the Music Square,” says Liang. “I was a protestor.” Research Institute of the Chinese Acad- emy of Arts where she taught, and where sity of Texas, Austin, and attend a local and waiting tables in Chinatown. “I was his encounters with field recordings gave high school on scholarship. Living with a famous at NEC for being one of the poor- him an early and unusual connection with family of fundamentalist Christians was est students,” he says. “At McDonald’s, one China’s past. His father, Mao-chun Liang, a culture shock. “They had no radio, no hamburger was $3.25. I had $1 a day to live a professor at the Central Conservatory TV,” he remembers. “I played piano for on, and many formulas for how to survive.” of Music, pioneered the study of music hymns during early-morning prayers.” He kids that, even with today’s increased during the Cultural Revolution; for a time But Liang’s relocation also began a pro- cost of living, “I still think it’s possible.”

“bringing your boldest self to your biggest Spinning Mambo into Salsa, challenges” through self-nudging and even by Juliet McMains ’94 (Oxford, “fak[ing] it till you become it.” $35 paper). A University of Washington dance historian What Is Landscape? by John R. Stilgoe, (previous book: ballroom; on Orchard professor in the history of land- deck: tango) studies the evolu- scape development (MIT, $19.95). A re- tion of salsa in New York, Los freshingly small book, “neither dictionary Angeles, and Miami. Exhaustively nor field guide,” or perhaps both, on the detailed and copiously illustrat- discovery and meanings of landscape. (A ed. Those whose coordination, profile of the man and his work appeared or joints, are suspect should in the January-February 1996 issue of this probably not try to enact the magazine.) footing diagrams without competent help near at hand. The Autobiography of Leverett Saltonstall (Rowman & Littlefield, $30). Love the Stranger, by Jay A republication, with a new introduction Deshpande ’06 (YesYes Books, by grandson Richard E. Byrd III ’71, reintro- $16). “The body / cries out when it duces to a new generation the leader (A.B. learns it is here for love/and is the s 1914, LL.B. ’17, LL.D. ’42, Massachusetts stranger for this calling,” writes

governor, U.S. senator, and Harvard Over- the poet in this debut collection. /getty image seer) from that increasingly rare species: His verse spans fields and forests, politicians who govern. boyhood memories and lovers’ agazine

beds—and features cameos by life M From the Great Wall to the Great Miles Davis and Kim Kardashian.

Collider, by Steve Nadis and Shing-Tung yale joel/ Yau, Graustein professor of mathematics America’s War Machine, by James The mambo, danced professionally and professor of physics (International McCartney, NF ’64, with Molly Sinclair in New York City, 1954 Press, $29.50). A meditation on the math- McCartney, NF ’78 (St. Martin’s $26.99). diplomat, examines the transition from ematics and physics of discovering the el- A pair of journalists’ collaborative take empires to the U.S.-U.S.S.R. contest, and emental particles of the universe—along on the “vested interests [and] endless efforts to give life to internationalism, in with a brief for building the next giant conflicts” that have been associated with Aftermath: The Makers of the Post- experimental machine in the People’s Re- the military-industrial complex. As for war World (I.B. Tauris, $35), a group public of China, where Yau has created a the period following, or between, wars, portrait of Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, half-dozen mathematical institutes. Richard Crowder, M.P.A. ’07, himself a de Gaulle, et al.

Harvard Magazine 69 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Montage

“Every semester, there was a undocumented Chinese immigrants. new visitor: Harrison Birtwis- Hearing Landscapes, a multimedia perfor- tle, Magnus Lindberg, Chaya mance in which a series of compositions Czernowin, Lee Hyla,” he accompany high-resolution, multispec- recalls. “So I was able to take tral scans of landscape paintings by lessons from everyone and twentieth-century master Huang Bin- loved it.” hong, allows Liang’s sense of geography Yet the person he consid- to take on physical dimensions. Sound ers his single most impor- moves through a multichannel 360-de-

iang tant teacher was not a com- gree space, taking its direction from the

ei L poser. Ethnomusicologist brush strokes of Huang’s calligraphy. A y of L

s Rulan Chao Pian, an expert new commission based on these paint- on Chinese traditions and ings, titled A Thousand Mountains, A Million ourte c /

s one of Harvard’s first 10 ten- Streams, will be premiered by the Boston ew h ured women faculty mem- Modern Orchestra Project in 2017. bers, housed him for eight While composing Xiaoxiang, Liang found

alex matt years and shared her per- a field recording of a folk melody from the Liang with a scanned painting by Huang sonal treasure house of rare volumes and area of Hunan where the murder and en- Binhong, the basis for a new orchestral work recordings with him. He states unequivo- suing incident took place. He’s not usually cally: “I was reminded by Rulan Pian how one to borrow musical material, but “sto- At NEC, his principal teacher, Robert wide this world is.” ries like these,” he points out, “have been Cogan, instilled in him both thoughtfulness Now Liang’s own breadth of knowl- part of Chinese literature since the Song and a willingness to take his time in study. edge and depth of understanding can dynasty, for over a thousand years.“ Dur- At Harvard for his Ph.D., Liang worked to be felt in each of his compositions. Cu- ing a particularly striking moment in the “build his musical muscle,” developing the atro Corridos, a chamber opera about hu- concerto, that melody bursts forth, offer- skills to materialize his ideas. It was a tran- man trafficking, drew from the stories ing the listener temporary solace from the sitional period for the composition faculty. he heard while waiting tables alongside concerto and its anxious hauntings.

Photo: Jo Cush of FotoJOJO

70 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Montage The Elephant in the Cutting Room Tania James weaves “a tapestry of voices” in her latest novel. by aria thaker

ever write from an animal’s entirely on this last character, though perspective,” admonished the fic- James devotes equal space to all. She says tion-writing manual that Tania now that she’s glad she was relatively un- “ N James ’03 read while preparing to aware of the perceived formal difficulties of teach a writing workshop. At that moment, writing an intimate portrait of an animal; she realized the magnitude of the risk she the pressure might have spooked her. She had taken in her then recently completed began the novel while in Delhi on a Ful- novel. In The Tusk That Did the Damage, she bright grant. In search of ideas, she picked braids the perspectives of three narrators: up To the Elephant Graveyard by Tarquin Hall, Manu, an Indian man pulled toward poach- a nonfiction account of a rogue elephant ing by the influence of his brother; Emma, an who buried the humans he killed. “That’s American woman whose attempts to make an interesting and strange personality laden third person. His narration is com- a film about the dangerous trade are equal- quirk,” James recalls thinking. “I wanted to plex, but also clearly non-human, being ly shaped by ambition and naiveté; and the explore the psychology behind it.” largely devoid of the moral reasoning Gravedigger, an elephant who becomes hom- Manu and Emma speak in a conversa- used by the other two narrators. Rather, icidal after suffering years of human cruelty. tional first person, but the Gravedigger’s the elephant’s emotions, intuitions, and Critics and readers have focused almost perspective is presented in an image- memories are conveyed solely through

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Montage vivid sensory experience: The sky above him wild with stars, and Tania James still the Gravedigger could not sleep. He felt a smoldering under his skin, an ache in his tusks, until the breeze brought him the scent of the Old Man. That invisible presence, however brief, was a steady palm to the Gravedigger’s side. “When I was writing the book,” James recalls, “I didn’t feel any one perspective was my favorite. I was trying to create a tapestry of voices.” Yet when she discusses the char- s acters, it becomes clear that the Gravedig- ger’s perspective was the center from which y of jame tania the novel unfurled. About Manu, James says, s

“Once I got into a voice for the Gravedig- ourte ger, I thought, ‘This has to involve a person, c

because one thing that really interests me tewart/ a s

is human-elephant conflict.’” Emma’s per- ss spective came even later, from an interest in meli “a larger context of conservation in India…I guides in a wildlife park, thanks to a gov- tendency to be “relentless about finding wanted the novel to contain conversations ernment-run conservation program. “In the an arc and structure” to her experience of that were grounded in ideas.” news,” James says, poachers are “referred piecing together footage. To locate these ideas, she researched the to as a sort of criminalized nonentity, but She has struggled with an excess of that conditions in which the ivory trade occurs. they’re really the lowest rungs on the lad- impulse, as well. Her undergraduate writ- Forces like rapid urbanization, poverty, and der of a very broad system.” She mentions ing teacher, Gish Jen ’77, RI ’02, once com- population growth compound to put pres- her initial surprise at learning that the mented on a piece: “I can see you at every sure on vulnerable people, some of whom— as illustrated through Manu’s story—be- “That’s when I feel most interested in a come poachers. During the writing process, says James, “My thinking about who’s re- character—when I think I know someone, sponsible was constantly being challenged.” She also traveled to the state of Kerala, but they could actually do something surprising in India—the setting for the novel, and her family’s original home. There she inter- at any moment.” viewed former poachers who now work as United States is the world’s second-largest moment in this story knowing what the importer of ivory products. “Everyone talks next moment is going to be. You should try about China,” she notes, “but we have our to loosen the reins of control a little bit, let Explore More own complicity.” To reflect these intercon- the story discover itself.” James remembers

nected political and economic forces, James the words with fondness: “I didn’t totally For more online-only articles on wrote her multiple nested narrators so that understand her at the time, but in retro- the arts and creativity, see: each represents a small part of a vast social spect, that was a major piece of advice.” context. For her, characters are not only In Tusk, she has taken that counsel to A Grammar individuals who act within the novel— heart. Before she began the rest of the nov- of Pain they are figures balancing and bolstering el, she focused on crafting a voice for the A new film the ideas behind its structure. Gravedigger that remained mysterious even about American This affinity for structure comes, in to her. “That’s when I feel most interested veterans and the part, from her training in film. At Har- in a character,” she says, “when I think I struggle to tell vard, James studied documentary film- know someone, but they could actually do their stories through trauma therapy making in the department of visual and something surprising at any moment.” In harvardmag.com/grammar-15 environmental studies, while also taking the novel, Emma’s voice—as a filmmaker creative writing courses. After gradua- who tries, often in vain, to shape narratives Pound, On the Record tion, she made a film in Mumbai, then beyond her control—plays as counterpoint A Carpenter Center exhibition traces earned an M.F.A. in fiction at Columbia. to the Gravedigger’s unpredictability. These the history of a once-banned poem. “The process of learning how to edit film dueling artistic impulses hold the narrative harvardmag.com/pound-15 informed the way I thought about edit- together and keep it whirling to its tangled ing fiction,” she explains, attributing her conclusion.

72 January - February 2016 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 alumni

alumni olution: “I really had to just walk the land.” His fieldwork—more than 25,000 photographs, 15 sketchbooks’ worth of drawings, 1,000 journal entries, and 350 original Mapping the Ganges charts—became the first comprehensive survey of the region’s infrastructures, cities, and landscapes in 50 years, and is the A decade spent exploring India’s dynamic sacred river subject of his new book, Ganges Water Ma- chine: Designing New India’s Ancient River (2015). The project is “a huge, historical ex- by Nell Porter brown cavation,” notes Orchard professor in the history of landscape development John R. Stilgoe, Acciavatti’s thesis adviser. “That n the summer of 2005, Anthony is fed by many rivers besides the dominant book would not exist if he had not gone to Acciavatti, M.Arch. ’09, and his local Ganges, which runs from the Gangotri Gla- those places. Anthony has enormous cour- driver were in rural, north-central cier in the Himalayas through northeast- age—and physical courage does not come India, not far from the sacred city of ern India into Bangladesh before emptying up much in the academy anymore.” IVaranasi. They had stopped to watch the into the Bay of Bengal. The enterprising “soupy, brown water” of the Ganges River mapmaker chose to focus on the thousand The Ganges rushes through mountainous gush out of the mammoth, 1970s-era Nara- miles between the river’s source and Patna, tracts and critical animal habitats, including inpur Pump Canal system, which irrigates a stretch with relatively few secondary that of the endangered freshwater dolphin, nearly 300 square miles of prime agricultural streams. His initial goal was to capture the and helps sustain 29 cities, like Varanasi, and land. They followed the canal road until the “fluid choreography” of the basin’s seasonal hundreds of towns and villages. All told, the driver suddenly refused to go any farther, topographical changes in relationship to basin is home to at least a quarter of India’s saying the area was too dangerous. three conditions: population density, the 1.28 billion people who rely on the ice melt Acciavatti, then a year out of the Rhode monsoon, and agricultural demands. “It was (which contributes about 10 or 15 percent of Island School of Design (RISD), left the car an empirical project,” explains Acciavatti, the river flow) and the more abundant mon- and walked ahead for a mile or so, to “see who grew up in Decatur, Illinois, and has al- soonal downpours for drinking water and where the canal went.” Pausing to snap ways been fascinated by rivers and agro-in- crop irrigation. This water is particularly cru- photographs, take notes, sketch, or keep dustrial systems. “I had never been to India cial to the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, an eye out for snakes, he hardly noticed before that first trip, and had no idea what I where Acciavatti was based, and where nearly three women approaching until, at about would find.” There were no recent maps of 20 percent of India’s grains are grown. 12 feet away, “they whipped out machine the area, and satellite and Google Earth im- For Hindus, the Ganges is also a living guns and pointed them at me,” he recalls. agery were at the time too vague or low-res- goddess and the epicenter of spiritual life, “Aapka desh bahut sundar hai (Your country is Anthony Acciavatti very beautiful),” he blurted out in broken beside the lake in Hindi. The women asked if he was part Central Park, a body of of the government. No, he said, he was water closer to home just studying the Ganges, and gestured to the canal. They gestured back, with their guns, toward the pumping station. Accia- vatti turned around and fairly ran to the car, where he and the anxious driver both yammered “Chalo! Chalo! (Hurry!)” “I have no way of knowing if those women were Naxal,” Acciavatti says, refer- ring to members of the Communist guer- rilla groups in India. “But they scared the bejesus out of me.” The young architect nevertheless stayed in India for the year, based at Allahabad University, to complete his Fulbright fellowship, and went on to make more than 15 additional solo trips between 2006 and 2014—traveling by foot, car, and boat—to map the upper por- tions of the Ganges River Basin. The region is a fertile, alluvial plain that extends 1.1 million square kilometers and

Photograph by Robert Adam Mayer Harvard Magazine 73 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Montage

transform their fields into wet- the push to cultivate and process soybeans lands and bioswales instead. Not “for animal feed, and eventually, into mate- only would the farmers earn more rials for plastics and imitation meats,” Ac- caring for this infrastructure ciavatti says. Growing up about six miles than they make from their crops, from the then-headquarters of the Archer Acciavatti says, but the system Daniels Midland Company (now ADM, would cost far less than treat- based in Chicago), he didn’t pass it every iavatti ment plants and help decrease day, but he could smell it: “Acrid. Like Mc- Donald’s French fries, but they also pro-

ony Acc ony pollution from sewage and fertil- Trekking in the foothills h izer runoff from farmlands. cessed high-fructose corn syrup, so there of the Himalayas in 2006, en

y of A nt of y About 65 percent of India’s ru- were other smells mixed in.” When com- route to the Gangotri Glacier, s the source of the Ganges ral population defecates outside, pleted in 1939, Midland’s was world’s larg- ourte

c according to the World Health est solvent-extraction plant; the company even though it is also one of the most pol- Organization, and that material accounts went on to develop crude soybean oil into luted natural resources in the world. A for at least 80 percent of the river’s pollu- hundreds of new products. (Acciavatti ex- groundwater crisis exists, and pollution tion. That issue is not directly addressed in plores these endeavors elsewhere. A 2013 threatens food supplies and is linked to the book, he says, because the people he’s Cabinet magazine article, “Ingestion: The diseases like cholera and hepatitis. Previ- met, from villagers to academics to govern- Pyschorheology of Everyday Life,” covered ous efforts to clean up the waterway have ment officials, “cared more about access to the development of early scientific methods failed. Acciavatti’s book, a technical tome water than water quality”; for them, espe- for measuring “chew texture” in foods like geared to engineers, architects, environ- cially if they are devout, “the river is always soy protein. “It’s interesting to think about mentalists, and urban planners, is a poten- clean,” he adds. “I had people with Ph.D.s how you objectify subjective sensations in tial guide to renewed restoration efforts by tell me there is no way you can get sick from the mouth,” he says. He’s also contributed the government of India, funded through a drinking the water, because it is pure.” a chapter on the development of soy-based $1.5-billion loan from the World Bank. He is drawn to this “layering of the meats to a pending anthology, “New Mate- “Right now there is a lot of focus on what Ganges, both as a lifeline and a mosaic of rials: Their Social and Cultural Meanings,” I call nineteenth-century hard infrastruc- sacred geographies.” He first thought of edited by historian Amy E. Slaton of Drexel.) ture: channeling water into pipes treated mapping it while studying architecture at Midland and other emerging agricultur- as plumbing, building sewage-treatment RISD. He had already spent a year in Rome al companies, he explains, needed greater plants that run on electricity in a context (2002-2003) mapping the Tiber River and access to water (for processing) and rail- where electricity is not available 24 hours its influence on that city’s architecture ways (for distribution), so they and the a day,” Acciavatti reports. His maps, on the and infrastructure, and as a freshman at municipalities affected hired architects other hand, lay a foundation for “soft infra- Tulane (before transferring to RISD), his and engineers to “reconfigure existing structure” solutions that are more sustain- class projects had often focused on water cities in the 1920s and 1930s: rivers were able environmentally and better integrate management along the Mississippi. But he dammed, new lakes were constructed, and the cultural and practical ways people actu- never expected, when he received a Ful- city grids were re-aligned to increase pro- ally use the river basin. The maps, for exam- bright, that his Ganges research would duction,” Acciavatti explains. “In Decatur, ple, include transects, visual cross-sections last more than a year—much less take him the largest manmade lake was constructed of the landscape that capture six “layers of through Harvard and then on to Princ- for soy processing, but it was pitched to the super-structure”—rivers, holding tanks eton, where he is finishing his dissertation the community as a great lake and park. and lakes, canals and drains, settlements, on nation-building in Indian villages dur- There was a coupling of municipal recre- railways and roads, and tube-wells—and ing the Cold War and expects to receive ation with industrial infrastructure.” how they coexist and overlap, especially his doctorate in the history of science in Those large-scale agricultural ventures throughout the seasonal changes. June. (He is also an adjunct professor at share similarities with the historic trans- The six-foot-tall transects (reduced to fit Columbia’s school of architecture and formation of the Ganges River Basin into into the book) chart the territory from the runs a Manhattan design firm, Somatic a “machine,” Acciavatti asserts. That be- northern city of Allahabad and eastward Collaborative, with Felipe Correa, M.A.U. gan with the British-built Ganges Canal to Varanasi, Acciavatti explains, and show ’03, an associate professor of urban design in 1854, which is still being extended and how it would be possible to develop effi- at the Graduate School of Design.) now encompasses multiple methods, pub- cient wetlands and bioswales (landscape lic and private, to redirect, extract, and design features, such as pathways to drain As Stilgoe notes, Acciavatti “is more consume the river’s water. One urgent and filter water), especially in less densely of a polymath than most design students, concern is the proliferation and overuse populated areas where sewage-treatment and has a much greater regard for the his- of private tube-wells. More than two mil- plants would be overkill. He envisions a tory of what’s already on the ground.” His lion of these metal or plastic pipes, fueled system that would pay the subsistence master’s thesis focused primarily on how by diesel or electricity, have been installed farmers who live adjacent to the ineffective his own hometown was transformed dur- by individuals, especially since the 1980s, “nalahs,” or drains, where most raw waste ing the latter half of the twentieth century he reports, yet the system is unregulated enters the groundwater and the river, to into an agro-industrial complex as part of and the water is not monitored or paid

74 January - February 2016 www.alumni.harvard.edu Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 alumni for. “If the Ganges groundwater crisis is by an elaborate system of hydrological and “Mother Ganges,” but little has been done to be reversed,” Acciavatti wrote last year transportation infrastructures….that ri- since his election in 2014. The previous in a New York Times op-ed, “the tube-well valed that of the most densely populated government, which initiated the project in economy must be reformed.” blocks of Manhattan or Tokyo.” 2010, also struggled to effect any changes. Trekking throughout the region, often Acciavatti launched his book in Delhi in “To undertake a sustainable approach re- for four to six days at a stretch, Acciavatti October, at the CMS Vatavaran Environ- quires one to see beyond the next election documented areas of tube-well satura- ment and Wildlife Film Festival and Forum. cycle,” Acciavatti notes. “It took a long tion. He traveled light—a backpack, cam- While there he also met with the secretary time to get the way it did, and it will take a era, hand-held GPS device, potable water, of the Ministry of Water Resources, River long time to fix it.” and pens and paper—and stayed with Development, and Ganga Rejuvenation. Within hours of arriving in Allahabad villagers, sleeping on straw mattresses or When asked for proposals to help clean up that first time in 2005, Acciavatti took a dung floors, or on the boats that carried the river and basin, he reiterated the need rickshaw ride to the Triveni Sangam—the him along canals, lakes, and tributaries. to address tube-wells, encouraged the con- confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and “People were always worried about get- struction of several experimental wetlands the mythical Sarasvati rivers, and one of ting robbed, and there were crocodiles,” and bioswales, and also suggested a cam- four rotating sites of Kumbh Mela, the mas- he says, “so you don’t want to sleep on the paign to educate government officials and sive triennial Hindu pilgrimage. “The ce- banks if you don’t have to.” (His lifelong basin residents about the links among the rulean blue Yamuna River meets the kind fear of snakes didn’t help.) He was amazed monsoons, infrastructure, and waste man- of gray-brown Ganges—you can actually to learn that even in areas dubbed “rural,” agement. Having had similar meetings in the see the line,” he reports. “Hindus believe “between the clusters of villages and mo- past with other Indian officials, World Bank that when the gods were making the soma, saic of fields watered by canals and lift ir- representatives, and organizations long- the nectar of life, that’s one of the places it rigation, there was not a single space not invested in the future of the country’s water spilled. That this ever-changing line, some- shaped by infrastructure,” he writes. “My supply, though, he is not surprised that he thing that is never fixed, is the most sacred photographs and drawings framed a vola- has yet to hear back about those ideas. site where Hindus come to bathe in the tile meeting of religious and cultural heri- Indian prime minister Narendra Modi, river to cleanse themselves of all sins, just tage, agricultural cultivation, and diffuse leader of the Hindu nationalist Bharati- blew my mind.” Now the question is, can urban settlements—the whole supported ya Janata Party, has vowed to clean up humans save the river from themselves?

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Harvard Magazine 75 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 The College Pump Sea Sex

ed, they warrant use of a GPS.” And some met the late J. Woodland “Woody” Hastings, sharks “can become pregnant nearly four Mangelsdorf professor of natural sciences years after they last had sex.” emeritus in the department of molecular Turning her attention to urine, Hardt and cellular biology, who died at 87 in 2014. writes that “In the world of lobster sex, That’s a pity, because he was a briny savant nothing says ‘let’s get it on’ like peeing in with a sense of humor, and they might have your lover’s face.” Males and females rely enjoyed each other’s company. “Your wooden arm you hold outstretched on the golden shower to set the mood and Hastings was an expert on biolumines- to shake with passers-by.” keep potential rivals at bay until a couple cence, and was one of the founders of the has completed their crustacean consumma- field of circadian biology, based on insights ust in time for Valentine’s Day, the tion. Lobsters smell through their anten- from studying a single-celled marine biolu- publisher advises, St. Martin’s Press nules, the smaller of two sets of antennae. minescent dinoflagellate. In a memorial min- will publish Sex in the Sea: Our Intimate A female uses her antennules to smell her ute about him, read to the Faculty of Arts and JConnection with Sex-Changing Fish, Roman- way to her male of choice and then seduces Sciences on November 3, colleagues noted tic Lobsters, Kinky Squid, and Other Salty Erotica of him with her own intoxicating pee. During that he was a mentor who served as co-mas- the Deep, by marine biologist Marah J. Hardt mating season, big males become “complete ter of North (now Pforzheimer) House for 20 ’00, of Boulder, Colorado. “Forget the Kama brutes,” Hardt judges. “Approaching another Sutra,” write the book’s promoters. “When lobster’s den, the big male will stop and fire it comes to inventive sex acts, just look to a stream of urine in the front door....By con- the sea.” tinually bullying his neighbors, a male never Hardt leads an excursion into seduction, lets anyone forget who’s in charge.” sex, and reproduction in the place where it Hardt’s assessment is that “for a fe- began—the ocean. She reveals the mating male, seducing a dominant male lob- rituals of the Maine lobster, shows us gi- ster is...a bit like trying to woo the In- ant right whales engaging in a threesome credible Hulk when he’s in a full rage.” while holding their breath, and points to It involves caution, patience, and a lot full-moon sex parties of groupers. of peeing in each other’s faces. Her underlying purpose is to promote We will step aside now, readers, sustainable oceans, to mitigate the over- and give the lobsters a bit of privacy, fishing, climate change, and ocean pollu- which anyone may invade by reading tion that disrupt the creative procreation Hardt’s book. Suffice to say that the female she celebrates here. Hardt dispenses much molts, they snuggle up, and what ensues, “sex-sea trivia” along the way. Some grou- Hardt believes, “may be the most tender act pers can start life as female and then morph of lovemaking in the invertebrate kingdom.” years, and was active in the summer teaching to male, for instance. Some oysters can do program at the Woods Hole (Massachusetts) the opposite. In one shrimp species, becom- Marine Biological Laboratory. ing male or female depends on how much “Hastings famously led late-night swim- seaweed you eat. Skinny-dipping under lights: When Hardt ming excursions at Woods Hole during de- In “The Penis Chapter,” Hardt reports was at Harvard, the closest she got to the partmental retreats,” his colleagues report- that “the longest penis (proportionally) is ocean was the shell collection at the Muse- ed, “where efforts at modesty were defeated eight times the length of the male’s body.” It um of Comparative Zoology, one of the larg- by his beloved dinoflagellates who lit up belongs to—wait for it—the barnacle. Some est and best collections of shells outside of the waters as the swimmers jumped into whale vaginas, she writes, “are so convolut- Davy Jones’s locker (see page 17). She never the sea.” vprimus v

76 January - February 2016 Illustration by Missy Chimovitz, from the book Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 LETTERS (continued from page 10) www.harvard.edu/president/news/2013/ fossil-fuel-divestment-statement) for be- Make a donation dialogue. She dismissed those calling for lieving that Harvard’s proper approach open meetings as merely seeking “public to confronting climate change should fo- relations.” She’d entertain “other formats,” cus on research, education, smart use of Your donation Daniel Aaron • Max Beckmann’s Modernity • Sexual Assault apparently not open ones. our convening power, creative efforts to NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2015 • helps us to: $4.95 On this issue hundreds of faculty and reduce our own carbon footprint, and en- thousands of alumni and students feel pas- gagement with key players toward genu- Keep you sionately. inely effective solutions. connected to The decision of the Corporation not Faculty, students, and staff across Har- to discuss divestment openly is a severe vard are making extraordinary contribu- the Harvard disappointment. Such discussion is what tions (www.harvard.edu/tackling-climate- community Consummate Coach Tim Murphy’s formidable game a university stands for, and the more a change) toward the search for climate change and your question is controversial, the more it in- solutions, through scientific, technological, fellow alumni volves the missions and values of the Uni- and policy efforts. Our Climate Change So- versity, then the more such open discus- lutions Fund is supporting innovative proj- harvardmagazine.com/donate sion should occur. We benefitted from it ects of particular promise. Our new Harvard when wrestling with divestment regard- Global Institute has directed its inaugural ing South Africa. Whatever one’s view on major grant to a multiyear climate change STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION. divestment from fossil fuels, the refusal of initiative focused on China. Our Center for Publication title: Harvard Magazine. Publication no. 0095-2427. Filing date: 10/1/2015. Issue frequency: bi-monthly. Number of the Corporation and President to engage the Environment is a crossroads for work on issues published annually: 6. Annual subscription price: $30. Complete mailing address of known office of publication and with faculty, students, and alumni in an energy and environment. Faculty are deeply headquarters or general business office of the publisher: 7 Ware Street, Cambridge MA 02138. Contact person: Felecia Carter, open forum regarding the matter should engaged in the Paris talks. And on our own 617-496-6694. Publisher: Irina Kuksin, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, Cambridge MA 02138. Editor: John Rosenberg, be regarded as contrary to fundamental campus, greenhouse gas emissions have fall- Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, Cambridge MA 02138. Man- aging Editor: Jonathan Shaw, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, principles of the University. en by 21 percent since 2006. Across Harvard’s Cambridge MA 02138. Owner: Harvard Magazine Inc., 7 Ware Street, Cambridge MA 02138. Known bondholders, mortgag- Professors James Anderson, Janet Beizer, Joyce schools, faculty, students, and staff are ris- ees, or other security holders: none. The purpose, function, and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt sta- Chaplin, Eric Chivian, Harvey Cox, James Engell, ing to the climate challenge with the will tus for federal income tax purposes have not changed during Alice Jardine, Brue Hay, Nancy Krieger, Jane Mans and resourcefulness it demands, and we look the preceding 12 months. Issue date for circulation data below: September-October 2015. Avg. no. copies Single issue bridge, Stephen Marglin, James Recht, Nancy forward to continuing that work. each issue nearest to Rosenblum, Richard Thomas, Nicholas Watson, preced. 12 mos filing date A. Total no. of copies Shoshana Zuboff, among faculty urging divestment Errata (Net press run) ...... 259,724 261,946 B. Paid and/or requested (www.harvardfacultydivest.com/communication) In the Brevia section of the September- circulation 1. Paid/req. outside-county From the Harvard Chan School of Public October 2015 issue (page 21), you misspell mail subscriptions stated on Form 3541...... 256,828 259,184 Health, Harvard Paulson School of Engineering the last name of Arthur Levine, the founding 2. Paid in-county subs ...... 0 0 3. Sales through dealers and and Applied Sciences, Business, Law, Medical, Di head of the new education school at MIT. carriers, street vendors, counter sales, and other vinity, and Kennedy Schools, and the Faculty of And before becoming president of Teach- non-USPS paid distribution ...... 949 922 4. Other classes mailed Arts and Sciences ers College at Columbia University, he was through the USPS ...... 0 0 a professor at the Harvard Graduate School C. Total paid and/or requested circulation ...... 257,777 260,106 President Drew Faust and William F. Lee, Senior of Education. D. Free or nominal rate distribution by mail 1. Outside-county as Fellow of the Harvard Corporation, respond: We Donald E. Heller, Ed.M. ’92, Ed.D. ’97 stated on Form 3541 ...... 157 144 2. In-county as stated on share the concern of divestment advocates Dean, College of Education Form 3541 ...... 0 0 3. Other classes mailed about the grave risks posed by climate Michigan State University through the USPS ...... 0 0 4. Free or nominal distribution change. We have listened carefully and East Lansing, Mich. outside the mail ...... 282 0 E. Total free or nominal distribution...... 439 144 repeatedly to their arguments in various F. Total distribution...... 258,216 260,250 G. Copies not distributed...... 1,508 1,696 contexts. The President and other mem- In the November-December 2015 issue, in H. Total...... 259,724 261,946 Percent paid and/or bers of the Corporation have met on at “ ‘Once Upon a Time’ in Translation ” (page requested circulation...... 99.83% 99.94% least a dozen occasions with student and 72), the name of Adam Freudenheim’s older I certify that the information above is true and complete. faculty proponents of divestment, and daughter should be Suzanna, not Nina. The Irina Kuksin, Publisher addressed related questions in a range of full names of the publishing company and public settings. Indeed, we have created imprint covered in the article are “Pushkin Harvard Magazine (ISSN 0095-2427) is pub- numerous such settings for discussion Press” and “Pushkin Children’s Books.” And lished bimonthly by Harvard Magazine Inc., of approaches to climate change, most U.K. bookseller Waterstone’s chose Pushkin’s a nonprofit corporation, 7 Ware Street, Cam- bridge, Mass. 02138-4037, phone 617-495-5746; recently last month with a panel on the first Oksa Pollock novel as its “Children’s Book fax 617-495-0324. Periodicals postage paid at United Nations Conference on Climate of the Month,” not for its book club. Boston, Mass., and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Circula- Change in Paris, at which a number of di- In “Murphy Time” (page 39), the correct tion Department, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware vestment advocates contributed excellent title of the book cited is Third H Book of Har Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037. Subscrip- questions. We have publicly stated our vard Athletics, and defensive end Tim Fleiszer’s tion rate $30 a year in U.S. and possessions, $55 Canada and Mexico, $75 other foreign. (Allow rationale (statement of October 3, 2013, name was misspelled. We regret the errors. up to 10 weeks for first delivery.)

Harvard Magazine 83 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Treasure

A Treasure Way Up High In Sanders Theatre, a “constellation” of a chandelier

he ceiling of Sanders Theatre of 1854 (who designed soars so high, it makes you look every detail of the up, says Raymond Traietti, assis- building, down to its tant director of Memorial Hall. doorknobs) intended. TThat’s when the grandest antique chande- Majestic chandelier in all of Boston—a 1,040-pound, glow- liers graced many ing dewdrop of nineteenth-century iron churches and lec- and brass—meets the eyes. The chande- ture halls in the late lier, he adds, “acts as the constellation for 1800s, when Memo- that space.” rial Hall was built, With 72 individual lamps, ribbon-like Traietti says. (New- brass tubing and fixtures, and concentric bury Street’s Church wheels of light, the Sanders chandelier is a of The Covenant, for functioning work of art—just as Memorial instance, is home to a Hall’s architects, William Robert Ware, famous Tiffany exam- Class of 1852, and Henry Van Brunt, Class ple from 1893.) But the Sanders chandelier is especially noteworthy because it has with- stood the test of time, providing the auditorium’s primary light source throughout the building’s 138-year history. Originally fitted with gas lamps, the chandelier went elec- tric in the 1920s. In May 2015, Traietti’s staff lowered it some 35 feet to the floor to replace its 40-watt light bulbs with super efficient, 4.5-watt LED lighting. “That was the final step that got me thinking, by day, and we’re cleaning three to four ‘Now we’ve brought it to the modern hours a night—that the energy savings age,’” he says. “We have lost a little bit of is tremendous.” With LEDs, and a totally that warm glow you have with incandes- revamped support cable system, the chan- cent lights. But Sanders is used so much— delier is poised to light the way for further there are performances and rehearsals generations of Sanders-goers. All they just about every evening, there are classes need do is look up. vpeter demarco

84 January - February 2016 Photographs by Jim Harrison Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Real World ADVANTAGE

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