The Panama Canal a Challenge Met
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Table of Contents 4.0 Description of the Physical
TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT............................................ 41 4.1 Geology ................................................................................................. 41 4.1.1 Methodology ........................................................................................ 41 4.1.2 Regional Geological Formations........................................................... 42 4.1.3 Local Geological Units ......................................................................... 47 4.1.3.1 Atlantic Coast .......................................................................... 47 4.1.3.2 Gatun Locks.............................................................................. 48 4.1.3.3 Gatun Lake ............................................................................... 49 4.1.3.4 Culebra Cut ......................................................................... ...410 4.1.3.5 Pacific Locks ...........................................................................411 4.1.3.6 Pacific Coast............................................................................412 4.1.4 Paleontological Resources ...................................................................413 4.1.5 Geotechnical Characterization .............................................................417 4.1.6 Tectonics.............................................................................................421 4.2 Geomorphology ..............................................................................................422 -
Climate Change: What Have We Already Observed?
Water resources and ecosystem services examples from Panamá, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela Matthew C. Larsen Director Ecosystem services from forested watersheds mainly product and goods - water resources - wood products - biodiversity, genetic resources, enhanced resilience to wildfire, pathogens, invasive species - recreation, ecotourism - reduced peak river flow during storms - increased availability of groundwater and base flow in streams during dry annual dry season & droughts - reduced soil erosion and landslide probability - buffer to storm surge and tsunamis [forested coastlines] Ecosystem service challenges Land use and governance - deforestation - forest fragmentation - increased wildfire frequency - urban encroachment on forest margins Climate-change - temperature & precipitation, both averages & extremes - intensity, frequency, duration of storms & droughts - sea level rise - rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration Climate change: What have we already observed? - 1983 to 2012: warmest 30-year period of last 1400 years northern hemisphere - 1880 to 2012: globally averaged air temps over land & 1928 ocean show warming of 0.85 °C - since 1901: increase in average mid-latitude northern hemisphere land area precipitation - 1979 to 2012: annual mean Arctic sea-ice extent decreased 3.5 to 4.1% per decade 2003 - 1901 to 2010: global mean sea level rose 0.19 m - since mid-19th century: rate of sea level rise has been larger than mean rate during previous 2000 years 2010 Source: IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core South Cascade Glacier, U.S Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. -
Project JYP-1104 SALT INTRUSION in GATUN LAKE a Major Qualifying
Project JYP-1104 SALT INTRUSION IN GATUN LAKE A Major Qualifying Project submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science By Assel Akhmetova Cristina Crespo Edwin Muñiz March 11, 2012 Jeanine D. Plummer, Major Advisor Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering 1. Gatun Lake 2. Salt Intrusion 3. Panama Canal Abstract The expansion of the Panama Canal is adding another lock lane to the canal, allowing passage of larger ships. Increases in the number of transits and the size of the locks may displace more salt from the oceans into the freshwater lake, Gatun Lake, which is a drinking water source for Panama City. This project evaluated future salinity levels in Gatun Lake. Water quality and hydrometeorological data were input into a predictive hydrodynamic software package to project salinity levels in the lake after the new lock system is completed. Modeling results showed that salinity levels are expected to remain in the freshwater range. In the event that the lake becomes brackish, the team designed a water treatment plant using electrodialysis reversal for salt removal and UV light disinfection. ii Executive Summary The Panama Canal runs from the Pacific Ocean in the southeast to the Atlantic Ocean in the northwest over a watershed area containing the freshwater lake, Gatun Lake. The canal facilitates the transit of 36 ships daily using three sets of locks, which displace large volumes of water into and out of Gatun Lake. The displacement of water has the potential to cause salt intrusion into the freshwater Gatun Lake. -
Panamax - Wikipedia 4/20/20, 10 18 AM
Panamax - Wikipedia 4/20/20, 1018 AM Panamax Panamax and New Panamax (or Neopanamax) are terms for the size limits for ships travelling through the Panama Canal. General characteristics The limits and requirements are published by the Panama Canal Panamax Authority (ACP) in a publication titled "Vessel Requirements".[1] Tonnage: 52,500 DWT These requirements also describe topics like exceptional dry Length: 289.56 m (950 ft) seasonal limits, propulsion, communications, and detailed ship design. Beam: 32.31 m (106 ft) Height: 57.91 m (190 ft) The allowable size is limited by the width and length of the available lock chambers, by the depth of water in the canal, and Draft: 12.04 m (39.5 ft) by the height of the Bridge of the Americas since that bridge's Capacity: 5,000 TEU construction. These dimensions give clear parameters for ships Notes: Opened 1914 destined to traverse the Panama Canal and have influenced the design of cargo ships, naval vessels, and passenger ships. General characteristics New Panamax specifications have been in effect since the opening of Panamax the canal in 1914. In 2009 the ACP published the New Panamax Tonnage: 120,000 DWT specification[2] which came into effect when the canal's third set of locks, larger than the original two, opened on 26 June 2016. Length: 366 m (1,201 ft) Ships that do not fall within the Panamax-sizes are called post- Beam: 51.25 m (168 ft) Panamax or super-Panamax. Height: 57.91 m (190 ft) The increasing prevalence of vessels of the maximum size is a Draft: 15.2 m (50 ft) problem for the canal, as a Panamax ship is a tight fit that Capacity: 13,000 TEU requires precise control of the vessel in the locks, possibly resulting in longer lock time, and requiring that these ships Notes: Opened 2016 transit in daylight. -
Panama Canal Railway Coordinates: 8.97702°N 79.56773°W from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Panama Canal Railway Coordinates: 8.97702°N 79.56773°W From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Panama Canal Railway is a railway line that runs parallel to the Panama Canal, linking the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean in Central America. The Panama Canal Railway Company route stretches 47.6 miles (76.6 km) across the Isthmus of Panama from Colón (Atlantic) to Balboa (Pacific, near Panama City). It is operated by Panama Canal Railway Company (reporting mark: PCRC), which is jointly owned by Kansas City Southern and Mi-Jack Products. [2] The Panama Canal Railway currently provides both freight and passenger service. The infrastructure of this railroad (formerly named the Panama Railway or Panama Rail Road ) was of vital importance for the construction of the Panama Canal over a parallel route half a century later. The principal incentive for the building of the rail line was the vast increase in traffic to California owing to the 1849 California Gold Rush. Construction on the Panama Railroad began in 1850 and the first revenue train ran over the full length on January 28, 1855. [3] Referred to as an inter-oceanic railroad when it opened, [4] it was later also described by some as representing a "transcontinental" railroad, despite only transversing the narrow isthmus connecting the North and South American continents.[5][6][7][8] Contents 1 History of earlier isthmus crossings and plans 2 1855 Panama Railroad 2.1 Construction Current Panama Canal Railway line 2.2 Financing (interactive version)[1] 2.3 Death toll Legend 2.4 Cadaver -
Essence of Panama
$350 per person off AIRFAREwhen booked by 7/9/2021 SMALL GROUP ADVENTURE Essence of Panama Departure Date: February 3, 2022 Essence of Panama Enjoy a partial transit of the Panama Canal Shop for handmade handicrafts and clothing DAY 1 USA / Panama City, Panama: Depart the USA on View a 3D IMAX movie on the history and construction of the your flight to Panama City. Upon arrival, you’ll be met by a canal and visit the mini-museum, depicting the struggles that Mayflower Cruises & Tours representative and transferred to were encountered. your hotel. The afternoon is at leisure to become acquainted with your new surroundings. This evening, join your Tour From the balcony, you have a chance to see the operation Manager for an orientation meeting at the hotel. of the lock, as you overlook this amazing architectural masterpiece. After the excursion, return to the hotel with free DAY 2 Panama Canal Cruise: Today may well be a highlight time until the included dinner at a local restaurant. Meals: B, D of your trip! Depart for the Gamboa area and embark a ship to begin the partial transit of the Panama Canal, narrated by a DAY 4 Panama City – Azuero Peninsula: Leaving Panama local expert. Cruise through the Gaillard Cut, cross under the City, journey by coach through Panama’s countryside. For the Centennial Bridge and transit the Pedro Miguel Locks. next two days, enjoy the authentic Panamanian countryside, rich in tradition, culture and folklore. Stop for lunch at a local Enjoy lunch onboard while experiencing the operation of the restaurant before a late afternoon arrival at the hotel. -
PANAMA CANAL PANAMA Connecting Hemispheres in Panama 8 DAYS | Choose Your Dates
MIRAFLORES LOCKS, PANAMA CANAL PANAMA Connecting Hemispheres in Panama 8 DAYS | Choose your dates About this trip Your students will... Connecting the ecosystems and civilizations of two continents, • Visit a coffee farm and discuss the importance of Panama is an ideal classroom for examining topics of biology, pollination and sustainable culture, engineering, and more. Compare rainforest and cloud forest farming. habitats while observing neotropical wildlife. Spend the day with an • Learn about medicinal plants in the rainforest with indigenous tribe to learn about their way of life. Analyze the lasting an Emberá village elder. effects of the country’s early colonial roots, its role in World War II, • Delve into the country’s history on a stroll through and the construction of the famed Panama Canal. Finally, discuss the parks and colorful streets how modern Panamanians are looking ahead to a sustainable future. of Casco Viejo, Panama City’s historical center. • Gain a deeper Educational Connections What’s included? understanding of the engineering marvel that is • Bilingual local guide the Panama Canal during a • Driver visit to the Miraflores Locks • Accommodations Visitor Center. Interdisciplinary Natural Studies History • Activities • Enjoy fun adventure • Private transportation activities, including • Meals whitewater rafting, kayaking, and guided rainforest and • Beverages with meals cloud forest hikes. • Carbon offsetting Cultural Adventure Studies Learning holbrooktravel.com | 800-451-7111 Itinerary BLD = BREAKFAST, LUNCH, DINNER relocation during canal expansion, and meet their animal ambassadors. This afternoon, go kayaking on the Chagres River. After dinner meet with Yaguara Conservation to learn about the plight of the jaguar DAY 1 - PANAMA CITY and measures taken to replenish the wild cat population. -
The Panama Canal Railway Company Since 1855
The Panama Canal Railway Company Since 1855 2020 Overview of the Panama Canal Railway Company ◼ Contract Law awarded on February 17, 1998 ◼ 50-year concession ◼ US$175 million investment to date ◼ 65mph railroad, 47 miles long ◼ Contiguous to all ports ◼ 300 ft right-of-way ◼ In-Bond, Customs Primary Zone 2 Panama Canal Railway Company – Milestones 02/98: PCRC 07/07: First Contract 2019: 300,000 07/01: Passenger Concession Granted; 2005: 100,000 Awarded for Canal Containers Service Begins JV formed Containers Expansion 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2016 2019 02/00: Construction 12/01: Freight Service 10/06: Vote for Canal 6/16: Expanded Canal Begins Begins Expansion Inaugurated Joint Venture Partners 3 Mainline ◼ One Mainline - 75 km length ◼ Maximum Elevation 1.24% ◼ 2 Automated Sidings ◼ 24 Public Crossings ◼ 3 Hot Wheel and Dragging Equipment Detectors ◼ 12 Track side rail lubricators ◼ 2 Bridges ◼ 1 Tunnel 4 Mainline - Build 280,000 tons of granite 11,000 tons of 136lb continuously welded rail 150,000 Concrete Ties 5 Mainline Mainline Mainline – Fully Automated Siding 8 Mainline – Miraflores Tunnel Mainline - Fully Automated Lubricators 10 Locomotives Ten (10) F40 locomotives of 3,000 HP 11 Locomotives Two (2) SD40 locomotives Five (5) SD60 locomotives 12 Double Stack Cars Seventy nine (79) 5-well articulated double stack cars in service. 13 Double-stack Cars 14 Currently: Seven 11-Car Sets of DST Cars Future: Unlimited Availability 15 Reefer Connections • All F40 Locomotives Equipped with Generators • Power: -
The Panama Canal Review 3 Taking on a Small Hitchhiker, This Larger Boat Will Pull It Through the Canal in a Tandem Transit
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA LIBRARIES Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/panamacanalrevie1410pana ON THE INSIDE • Swiftstar Mystery • The Little Fellows • Why It's Wet i/Special Report: 50th Anniversary Stamp Issue Vol. 14, No. 10 MAY 1964 Robert J. Fleming, Jr., Governor-President Robert D. Kerr, Press Officer David S. Parker, Lieutenant Governor Publications Editors fiUJgt^»t Richard D. Peacock and Julio E. Briceno Frank A. Baldwin Panama Canal Information Officer Editorial Assistants Official Panama Canal Publication Eunice Richard, Tobi BnTEL, and Published monthly at Balboa Heights, C.Z. Tomas A. Cupas Printed at the Printing Plant, La Boca, C.Z. Distributed free of charge to all Panama Canal Employees. cTtbout Our Cover THIS MONTH The Review cover blossoms with color. Very soon, these colors, or ones very close to these, will be an every- day sight on the postage stamps that Canal Zone residents will be using during the 50th Anniversary celebration month of August after the stamps go on sale August 15 at the Balboa post office. Postal Director Earl F. Unruh and his staff have designed a special official souvenir stamp folder commemorating the 50th Anniversary. These will be available and specific instruc- tions on how to get one are included in a story in this Review. E.xtra Review copies will be printed and sent to philatelic societies over the world. Including the regular printing of The Review, more than 35,000 copies of this issue will be distributed, a record for this publication. -
Synopsis Sheets CANAL DE PANAMA UK
Synopsis sheets Rivers of the World THE PANAMA CANAL Initiatives pour l’Avenir des Grands Fleuves The Panama Canal 80 km long, the Panama Canal links the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, forming a faster transoceanic route for merchant shipping than by passing via Cape Horn, at the southernmost tip of South America. A strategic hub for the world’s maritime trade, 15,000 ships pass through it every year. In 2016, a huge project of Canal’s enlargement was completed to double its capacity and accommodate the new generation ships, larger and longer, the Post Panamax. Now it has to face new challenges: competing projects are emerging and new shipping routes can be opened that would reduce the supremacy of the Panama Canal. A strategic route The origins Océan Atlantique The first attempt to build the canal dates back to 1880. France entrusted Ferdinand de Lesseps with the responsibility of its design and amassed considerable funds. However, the technical difficulties and above all a major financial scandal revealed in 1889 led to the bankruptcy of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Inter-océanique du Panamá. The new Panama Canal Company took over but met the same fate, and in 1903 the treaty of Hay- Bunau-Varilla officialised the transfer of the operating and building rights to the canal to the United States. Built under the direction of G.W. Goethals, at the head of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the canal opened in 1914 and was finally handed over to Panama in 1999 by virtue of the Torrijos-Carter Treaty. -
The Panama Canal 75Th Anniversary
Nr/ PANAMA CANAL U-i-^ ^^^^ ^w ^r"'-*- - • «:'• 1! --a""'"!' "lt#;"l ii^'?:^, ^ L«^ riS^x- <t^mi a^ «t29) TP f-« RUlUiWiiIiT?;!!ive AiDum -T'te. 1914-1989 ; PANAIVii^ CANAL COMMISSION i /; BALBOA, REPUBLIC OF PANA^4A ADMINISTRATOR DEJ>UTY ADMINISTRATOR DP. McAuliffe Fernando Manfredo, Jr. DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS :: : Wniic K. Friar The preparation of this special publication by the Office of Public Affairs involved the efforts of many people. Deserving special mention arc the photo lab technicians of the Graphic Branch, the Printing Office, the ?W Technical Resources Center, the Language Services Branch, and the Office of Executive Planning. Photographs are by Arthur Pollack, Kevin Jenkins, Armando DeGracia and Don Goode, who also shot the photo of Miraflores Locks that appears on the cover. Kaye Richey created the 75th Anniversary slogan and adapted the album text from the work of Gil Williams and of Richard Wainio of the Office of Executive Planning. Melvin D. Kennedy, Jr., designed the album and served as photo editor. Jaime Gutierrez created the 75th Anniversary logo and did the album layout. James J. Reid and Jos6 S. Alegria Ch. of the Printing Office were invaluable in the layout and typesetting process. An Official publication of the Panama Canal Commission, April 1989 <«•-!*»'•* J-V-y I m epuTu Administrator on the 75th Anniversary of the Panasr '\ eventy-five years ago, the world hailed the monumental engineeriiip^^^?x'emi3nt of the V> century. The opening of the Panama Canal on August 15, 1914, fulfillecJ ih»; ccnturies-olH . .^gjWEFt^" dream of uniting the world's two great oceans and established a new li.'k 'n the v;orld . -
The Panama Canal Review Our Cover
COLLECTIOM Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/panamacanalrevie1976pana Of JL« CANAL EVIE CENTENNIAI EDITION 1976 I -.''• V From the Governor of the fanal Zone on the 200th anniversary of the United States Governor Harold R. Parfitt IN 1976, AS WE CELEBRATE nental Divide; constructing the largest This outstanding record was made the Bicentennial of the United earth dam ever built up to that time; possible by a dedicated work force States, the construction of the Panama designing and building the most of Americans and Panamanians, who - Canal stands out as one of the greatest massive canal locks ever envisioned; continue today, as the} have done milestones in the history of the nation. constructing the largest gates ever in the past, to operate this vital swung; conquering devastating utility for the benefit of all the It not only opened the way for landslides; and solving environmental nations of the world. westward expansion, it also gave the and health problems of enormous maritime world one of its most proportions. important links in the lanes of international commerce. As we look back over 200 years of history, it is fitting that we pay tribute Among the great peaceful endeavors to the builders of the Canal, to those of mankind that have contributed men and women of many nationalities significantly to progress in the world, whose initiative, determination, and the construction of the Canal stands devotion to duty were responsible for as an awe-inspiring achievement. its successful completion.