The Jews: Their Origins, in America, in Connecticut. a Curriculum Guide

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AUTHOR Klitz, Sally Innis TITLE The Jews: Their Origins, in America, in Connecticut. A Curriculum Guide. The Peoples of Connecticut Multicultural Ethnic Heritage Series No. 3. Second Edition. INSTITUTION Connecticut Univ., Storrs. Thut (I.N.) World Education Center. SPONS AGENCY Aetna Life and Casualty, Hartford, Conn.; Office of Education (DREW), Washington, D.C. REPORT NO ISBN-0-918158-08 PUB DATE 80 NOTE 153p.; Original publication costs supported in part by the Hartford Jewish Federation and the Connecticut State Department of Education. Not available in paper copy due to institution's restrictions. For a related document, see ED 160 487._ AVAILABLE FRO), 'lliversity of Connecticut, The I.N. Thut World Education Center, Box U-32, Storrs, CT 06268 ($4.00 plus $0.80 postage).

EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Acculturation; *Cultural Background; European History; Immigrants; Instructional Materials; *Jews; *Judaism; *Political Influences; *Religious Cultural Groups; Secondary Education; *Sociocultural Patterns; United States History IDENTIFIERS Connecticut

ABSTRACT This curriculum guide explores the Jewish ethnic and religious community in the United States generally, and specifically in Connecticut. Intended as a resource tool for studying the Jewish cultural heritage and traditions, the material may be used among Jews and non-Jews. The guide is divided into three parts. Part one is a detailed account of Jewish religious and political history. Part two contains information on the history of Jewish immigration to the United States; the assimilation of Jews into American society; the impact of Jewish culture and religion in American history; and the development of the Jewish cultural community within a pluralistic society. Part three describes the history and organization of the Jews in Connecticut and provides opportunities for students to conduct research on the Jews. Each section of the guide includes a bibliography, a list of instructional media and supplementary teaching aids, and suggested activities and discussion topics. (Author/MJL)

*********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the origiaal document. * *********************************************************************** THE JEWS

Their Origins In America In Connecticut

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCETHIS MATERIAL IN MICROFICHEONLY HAS BEEN GRANTED BY A CURRICULUM GUIDE triev PREPARED BY SALLY INNIS KLITZ to M I . o fCogeafrveZtcrw.,

TO THE EDUCATIONALRESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC):'

U.E. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ILLUSTRATED BY NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION STEPHANIE RABENSTEIN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER IERICI This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality

Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official NIE positron or policy

The Peoples of Connecticut Multicultural Ethnic Heritage Series ri Number Three rl THE I.N. THUT WORLD EDUCATION CENTER 0 U32, SCHOOL OF EDUCATION THE UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT STORRS, CONNECTICUT .04248

2 This guide was originally prepared under a project funded by the United States Office of Education. It may not be further reproduced or distributed without the express written permission of The Uni- versity of Connecticut, The I.N. Thut World Education Center.

Second Edition, 1980 ISBN: 0-918158-68

/Etna Life & Casualty Hartford, Connecticut Printed in U.S.A. CONTENTS

Introduction to the Teacher 5

Part I: ORIGINS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE who is a Jew? 6 Origins of Judaism and the Law 8 Important Dates in Jewish History 13 Holidays and.the Jewish Calendar 15 Rituals 22 Religious and Traditional Articles 24

Part II: AMERICAN JUDAISM Immigration and Assimilation 39 Jews in American History 58 Israel and the American Jew 64 Religion 70 Magic and Superstition 75 The Synagogue 77 Yiddish 79 Jewish American Literature 89 Ethics and Values 98 Social Organizations 106 Jewish Cooking 108

Part III: THE JEWS OF CONNECTICUT History 131 The Jewish Farming Communities 142 Connecticut's Sephardim 143 Social Organizations 143 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This curriculum is the product of the efforts of many people who contributed their time in a variety of waysI especially wish to thank Frank Stone, Director of Curriculum Development of the project, who edited the guide; the Endowment Fund of the Hartford Jewish Federation and the Connecticut State Department of Education which helped us financially with the original publication costs; the /Etna Life and Casualty Company for printing the second edition of this book as a public service; and Stephanie Rabcnstein for generously donating her time and talent to illustrate the curriculum

This curriculum guide could not hacc been produced without the help of a review committee of specialists in Jewish studies and education who read the manuscript for accuracy and appropriateness. They are:

Emanuel S Goldsmith, Professor of Hebrew and Judaic Studies, Dept of Romance and Classical Languages, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Arnold Dashefsky, Professor of Sociology, and former Chairperson of the Committee on Judaic Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs; Alfred Weisel, Educatio9a1 Director of Emanuel Synagogue in West Hartford; Morgan Himmelstem, Director of the Resource Center, Lewis Fox Middle School in Hartford, Esther Gendel, a teacher at Silas Deane Junior High School, Wethersfield

Their comments and suggestions have greatly influenced the text of this guide, however, I take upon myself the responsibility for any misrepresentations or deficiencies

Ialso wish to thank the many people who have supplied me with material and conversation, particularly Charles and Loretta Nightingale, who have reviewed the manuscript and helped with the chore of proofreading, the Anti - Defamation League of B'nai B"rith which has gratuitously supplied us with many of their publications; and Morton Gordon and Bernard Postal for contributing material and information not yet published.

Ph',to Cram. American Jewish Historical &kitty, pagesi I,i7, 58. 66 and 87, Levi Strauss and Company, page i9 clichés that are liable to influence the objectivity of the students. In order to avoid confusion, dates are written using the abbreviations B.C. and A.D. However, INTRODUCTIO"' TO THE TEACHER the teacher should point out the bias of these terms and acquaint the students with the ac- The general aim of this curriculum guide is to cepted alternatives used by Jewish scholars: B.C. explore the Jewish ethnic and religious commu- E. (Before Common Era), and C.E. (Common nity in the United States and specifically in Con- Era). necticutIt is hoped that this guide will help to The Hebrew and Yiddish (a German-Judaic correct many of the shortcomings of existing dialect spoken in Europe) words used in the text American history textbooks with reference to represent only one possibility of the many vari- the Je vs. ations of spelling. In recent years it has become Bytrac'ng the origins and historical back- fashionable to use the traditional or Sephardic ground of the Jews and Jewish contributions to Hebrew, which is the official Hebrew now used American history, it is the aim of this study to in Israel. create an understanding of the great cultural The guide is divided into three parts.Part I. heritage and traditions that have held the Jews winch is a detailed account of Jewish religious together as an ethnic group. and political history, may at times seem labor- Th;., guide is intended for use only as a re- ious and inappropriate for public school use. source tool. A bibliography and a list of instruc- However, as a resource tool it is envisioned that tional media that accompany each section pro- this curriculum will also be of value to those videsupplementalteachingaids.Suggested engaged in religious instruction.I' also felt activities and discussion topics will be of further thatthe foundations of the fevci.,iireligious help to students and teachers. civilizationare of the utmost importance in The material is geared for use among junior understandingtheunique evolution of the high and high school students primarily, but American Jewish socio-cultural scene. most of it can be easily adapted for younger Part 11 contains information ,;11 the history of students. Although manyof the books and Jewish immigration to the United States and the media listed in this guide were originally intend development of arichcultural community, ed for Jewish audiences, they may be effectively fulfillingavitalrolewithinourpluralistic used among non-Jews. The curriculum text has American society. The anecdotes and jokes been written for use among Jews and non-Jews, appearingthroughoutthisiin:i havebeen and the teacher should keep in mind the fact included in order to provide effective insights that die two groups do not have the same into the characteristic Jewish humor, as well as foundations for Jewish studiesIn addition to to illustrate certain points that are made in the the multi-cultural emphasis of the Ethnic Heri- text. tage Studies Series, itis hoped that through this PartIII isspecificto Connecticutand, studs. Jewish students will gam a renewed ap although including information on early Jewish predationfortheirownculturalheritage. settlement in our state, the unitis primarily Before study mg each sec non. it might he use intended to provide students with the means for fill to ask the students questions regarding Jews conducting their own research. in American and world history to generate discussion, of preconceived ideas- 111 this W.1),the teacher will be aide to define specific aims and objecoses for each topic. At the same tune. one should be carviul to avoid the repetition of

5 6 WHO IS A JEW?

Part 1 Coming up with a single definition of who is a Jew that is acceptable to all is not as easy as it ORIGINS OF THE JEWISHPEOPLE was a couple of hundred years ago when Jews were identified as those who observed Jewish religious tradition. Today the great extent of as- inns and Objectirec fur similationinto American culturehas caused Mot I many Jews to accept only one aspect o the historicaldefinition of Judaism. Some have 1. To present the various definitions of what it severed tics with the religious tradition, but have means to be a Jew in order to help non-Jews nevertheless remained within the cultural group. to understand the diversityfound within Judaism has been described as a religious civili- J udaism. zation, a peoplehood. While the religion is the 2. To stimulate non-Jewish students to examine focal point of this ethnicity. the Jews as a people their own attitudes towards Jews. arc held together by their common past and ex- 3. To explore the origins of Judaism and the perience. history of their ethnicity in order to appreciate the significance of the nation Israel to In 1968 the Jerusalem Post conducted a sur- Jews today. vey of fifteen hundred families in Israel. asking 4. To acquaint non-Jewish students with the them to answer the question "Who or what is a various Jewish holidays and their origins so Jew?" The results are very interesting: that they may understand the importance of 23 percent said that a Jew is one who con- these holidays to Jews. siders himself a Jew: 5. To introduce the rituals and traditions of the 19 percent said that according to religious Jews as a folk group as well as a religious law one who is born to a Jewish mother group to non-Jews. or converts to Judaism is .1 Jew. 6. To reawaken interest among Jewish students 13 percent said that a Jew is one who !demi in their rich cultural past. Pies with Israel; 13 percent said that a Jew is one who ob- serves the Jewish religious practices; 12 percent said that a Jew is a person whose father and mother are Jewish or who has a Jewish spouse; 11 percent said Jew is someone raised and educated as a Jew; 9 percent said they did not know. The classical Zionist definition of what it means to be a Jew is based onnationality , and belief in God or adherence to traditional Juda ism is not essential. The Zionists believed that e-te Israel became a Jewish nation,there would no longer be any difficulty indefining, who is a Jew. one rabbi from New York Cityrec ends stated on television that a Jew is any one HI favor of the continuation of the Jewish people. A 67 great many Gentiles would be included in this There is a very tiny group in the United States description. The rabbi further stated that Jewswho are Jewish culturally but who believe that could easily be atheists and still be observant Jesus is the Messiah. They call themselves Jews Jews by reconstructing their own type of Juda- for Jesus or Hebrew Christians and see no con- ism tailored to suit their own personal needs. tradiction between being Jewish by ethnicity Many Jewish phdosophe-s and religious leadersand adopting a Christian theology. They are in- agree that Judaism does nit require faith in thetensely proud of their Jewish heritage and con- all powerful God of the Torah. I tine to celebrate Jewish folk holidays. But For purposes of membership, the B'nai B'rith religious authorities have written that formally states that Jews are persons who call themselves converting to another religion severs ties with Jews by the narrowest or widest of definitions.the peoplehood. In spite of the diversity within Someone jokingly said that a Jew is anyonethe Jewish community, almost all Jews will who will argue about who is a Jew. agree on this point. Although there are many varied possibilities The question of religion determining Jewish- of defining a Jew. basically Jews are members ness came up in a much celebrated case in Israel of the historic Jewish nation or peoplehood in 1958. Oswald Rufeisen was a Polish Jew who which began in Biblical times with Abraham and was a member of a young Zionist movement in Moses. That people, nation or extended family Poland. He had helped to save the lives of a great of Jews continues to exist all over the world. many Jews during the Nazi occupation ofPoland One 11144 be Jewish bs birth or by conversion to in World War II. After the war he converted to the Jewish religion. This definition is the simp-Christianity and changed his name to Brother lest and most easily accepted. but there are some Daniel. In 1958 he was transferred to one of the sub groups that are of interest to the cultural Carmelite monasteries in Israel and applied for anthropologist. an immigrant's certificate under the Lawof Re- There are several thousand Black Jews m the turn. The Law of Return states that any Jew can United States. Some are converts to Judaism, immediately become a citizen of Israel upon en- others claim !image from the Black Ethiopian tering the country as an immigrant. Brother Jews who are believed to be descendants of Daniel was defined citizenship according to the Abraham. Because of this claim they do not go provisions of the Law of Return by the Minister through an official act of conversion and conse- of Interior in a letter which stated that only those quently arc not recognized As being Jewish by immigrants who declared themselves Jewishby mans rabbinical authorities. Reform Jewsand nationality and religion were eligible for citizen- other liberal groups sce no reason for refusing to ship under this law. accept them as Jews if they wish toidentify Brother Daniel appealed to the Israeli Supreme themselves as such .2 Court to reverse the decision, but on December 6, 1962. he was again denied cititenship by a four 1. Tin re arc differing opinions among the Jewish to one vote. This decision did not, however,rule communityregarding theessencei,f cod in out the possibiiity of Brother Daniel becomm:, Judaism The rligion itself requires no de( lar- an Israeli through naturalization. Israeli law re- ation of faith . although it nias be assumed that quires that any person professing a religion other thereis a God. Works .111d obedience to the than Judaism mint live in Israel for three years Tu. Atartofthegreatest importanke. See before becoming eligible for citizenship through l'AtioreEpstein.hit datiti, JUtIMS111: naturalization, which is what Brother Daniel did. Its Faith BaltimorePenguin Bonks. 1959. In addition to all the various definitions of 2. Adescriptionof Eth , ailed who is a Jew. there are different degrees of Jewish Faliskis, is fnmid in the Appendix at the ehd ofaffiliation. Within the religious community there Orthodox, Part 1. are three different denominations: Reform and Conservative. Orthodoxy is a term arc seven major prophets (Joshua, Judges, Sam- that developed in the United States to describe uel. Kings. Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel), and traditional Judaism that maintains a strict and twelve minor prophets (Hosea. Joel. Amos, Oba- literal adherence to Judaic law. Most of the Jew- diah, Jonah. Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zepha- ish immigrant who cametothis country be- niah, Haggai. Zechariah. and Malachi; longed to this category. the exceptions being the The Writing, of the Psalms, Proverbs, job. the German Reform Jews and a very few completely Song of Songs. Ruth. Lamentations, Ecclesiastes. a-religious ones. As the years passed. the new Esther. Daniel. Ezra, Nehemiah and Chronicles, generations seemed to be moving away from tra- were added last.In the first century BC. the dition. The Reform movement appealed to many books of the Laic, the Prophets and the Writing, as a good way to maintain a Jewish religious af- were unified to become the Jewish Holy Scrip- filiation and yet be able to discard many of the tures. religious customs that conflicted with the Ameri- The Jewish Bible is known to Christians as the can culture. The second generation seemed to Old Testament. but the books are arranged in a want to secularize their Jewishness. slightly different order.Although written by Many of the immigrants' children and grand- many authors, some who remain anonymous, children. however, rejected the extreme unor- the Bible has a certain uniformity of style. lan- thodoxy of the Reform movement, and wanted guage and purpose. a noddle-of-the-road interpretation. Conservative The books of the Jewish Bible were or,ginally Judaism developed to serve the needs of those written in Hebrew, but by the middle of the who wished to have a stronger religious tradition third century B.C. the Hellemzed Jews in Egypt than Reform provided, while being permitted a had forgotten Hebrew and needed a Greek trans- certain amount of flexibility in practice. lation of the Scriptures. This translation was The Jews as an ethnic group present a variety completed around 130 B C. and is called the of ways of expressing Jewishness, and their Septuctgmt. By 200 A.D. .t Latin translation of ethnicity is based on a common cultural heritage, the Jewish Bible was completed. religion, or both. At the end of the first century A.D., Palestm Ian Pharisees (Jewish leaders) rejected the Sytn- ORIGINS OF JUDAISM AND THE LAW agint which had become associated with Christi- anity. Seven books of the Septuagint were adopt- The Jewish Bible whit}, was written during the ed by the Christian church as divinely inspired, period between the thirteenth and second Len- but are considered ipoerypha by the Jews. These tunes B C., is probably the best sour _e of Jewish books are the Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasti- history and is the greatest example of Jewish cus. Judith, Tobit. Baruch, and 1 and 11 Mate a literature The Holy Scriptures. also called the bees. The Pharisees' rejection of the iporrypha Sacred Scriptures. the Hebrew Bible or Jewish was based on four erne na of divine revelation: Bible. combine prose. essay s. proverbs, pc,:try (1) the writing had to conform to the Torah, (2) and story tellmg and arc divided into three dis- it could not have been written after the time of tinct parts. The forah or Pentateuch is found in Ezra. (3) it had to he written in Hebrew, and (4) the Five Books of Moses: Genesis, Exodus, Levi- it had to have been written m Palestine. ticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. Accepted as All of the books of the ipoeypha did not divinely inspired, the:Torah was canonized some- meet the four criteria so they were all expunged time between 450 and 350 B.C. The at tual v.ord from the Hebrew Scriptures which were officially Torah means teachings and has conie to express canonized by the Sanhedrin (the political-religi- an entire way of lifefor the Orthodox Jew. ous governing senate in Palestine) sometime in Next in degree of authority Are the books of the second century. Protestant reformers of the the Prophesy. eanomzed around 200 B.0 There sixteenth century adopted the Jewish canon of the old Testament, using the same criteria that It is not the purpose of this curriculum to ex- the Sanhedrin had established. This is why the pound a theology of Judaism, but to present an iiiocrvpha is not included in Protestant versions historical background of the Jews as they devel- of the Bible. oped Into a religious and ethnic group. As the religion was the source of the ethnicity, it is im- Ancient Jewish History According to the Bible possible to exclude it from an historical survey The Jewish Scriptures were never intended to of the Jews. It has only been in recent times, par- be a documentaryhistorical survey, although ticularly m the United States and Israel, that many of the events have been confirmed by secu- Judaism and Jewishiless have taken on different lar historians and archaeologists The authors' connotations. primary concern was to present religious tretlis as they were revealed. using various literary tools. Founding of the Jewish Nation They thought and wrote emotionally. For infor- The Jews or Hebrews are considered the des- mation about the period of historyprior to cendants of Abraham and his wife Sarah, who 1000 B C.. the early historiographers of the Bible were born at Ur of Chaldees, and who had later relied mostly on legends. ins this and folklore migrated to Haran. Fro:a there they went to the handed down bv, word of mouth, or `riven by laud of Canaan where they were to establish a divine inspiration or revelation. The oldest writ nation dedicated to serving one God. All of the tell records available to Biblical historians were other tribes at that 1.1111e were poly theistic. Ac- the codes of laws, such as Moses' Ten Command- cording to Genesis. God had established a cove- ments. Liter 011 diaries and descriptions of es e nant with Abraham "And Iwill give unto thee witness au 0011h were kept. such as the memoirs and to this seed after thee, the land of this so- of NehL1111all. journings, all the land of Canaan for an everlast-

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9 ing possession: and I will-be their God.... I will The remainder of Genesis is a series of narra- make nations of thee and kings shall come out tives about Joseph. Jacob's son, who was sold by of thee.... As for Sarah thy wife. I will give thee his brothers into slavery in Egypt, Ittells of a son of her and she shall be a mother of nationsJoseph's spectacular rise to the position of over- . ." (Genesis 17). This covenant was scaled with seer of all Egypt, and his final reconciliation with the rite of circumcision: 'He that is eight dayshis brothers who went to Egypt to buy grain dur old shall be circumcised among you. every male ing a period of famine in Canaan. When the throughout your generations. ..." (Genesis 17),famine in Canaan became worse, the Hebrews Because the Arabs are also descended from migrated to Egypt and Jacob was reunited with Abraham. through another son. Ishmael, the ori-Joseph. There, as the Hebrews prospered, the gin of the Jews is traced to Abraham throughfinal chapters of Genesis set the scene for the Isaac and Jacob. When Sarah could not bear dramatic story of Moses and the v.vodus children and it seemed impossible that God would When a new Pharaoh became ruler of Egypt, keep his promise to make Abraham the father ofhe was fearful of the power of the Hebrews and a great nation, she gave her Egyptian maid,ordered their enslavement as well as the death of Hagar, to him. Hagar bore Abraham a son, Ish-every newborn male child. One of the Hebrew mael, whose descendants arc considered to bemothers saved her baby by putting him in a bas- progenitors of the Arabs. Several years later Sarahket and floating him in the river. The baby was finally had a son whom they named Isaac. God'sfound by the Pharaoh's daughter who adopted promise was renewed to Isaac and again to hishim and named him Moses Even though Moses son, Jacob. These three are called the foundingwas raised in the Egyptian palace, he was con- fathers of the Jewish people. Jacob had twelvescious of his Jewish identity and was used by sons who became the progenitors of the "twelveGod to lead his people out of slavery into the tribes of Israel." Promised Land of Can.:an. After a series of plagues and a final dramatic escape,the Hebrews wandered about iithe wilderness of the Sinai desert for forty >ears before entering Canaan, This trip coda) from Egypt to Israel. if it were politically feasible, would take about six hours in a car. Ir was during this period of wandering that the Ten Command- ments and various ordinances were revealed to Moses, which formthebasis of the Jewish religion. An ark was built to house the tables of the law which was kept inside an elaborately constructed portable tabernacle.Hereafter the ark was the holiest of all Jewish religious para- phernalia. The ordinancessof Moses are detailed laws concerning murder, theft.so ...idolatry, usury,slander,agricultur_.,diet,andthe observanceof theSabbath, Thelaw,or 1-label:all is the central characteristic of Judaism and applies to all of life. The Lvite tribe was dedicated as the hereditary priesthood. The laws given in the book of Lxodus were supplemented by later laws that appear in the book of Leviticus, which is a sort of handbook "11 r

of ritual matters. Among the laws pertaining toruled by a succession of judges, selected by the social conduct and religious rituals. are the di- people solely on the basis of merit. There was al- etary laws, or Kashrut, that have been an effec-so a senate, later called the Sanhedrin, which tive way of preserving the umqucness of the Jews presided over judicial and legislativematters. throughout the centuries. Most of these laws The book of Joshua describes the Israelites' have been continued to modern times because of conquest and division of Canaan in graphic deth..ir deeply religious significance. in Leviticus tail. Joshua is more of a military epic than a we gee the establishment of some annual Jewish spiritual or religious history. but the point is holidays, such as Your Kippur (The Day of Atone- stressed that as long as the people were obedient ment) and Pesach (Passover celebration). Leviti- to God. God helped them in their battles. One cus also contains one of the most beautiful bless- such example is the battle of Jericho where "the ings in the Bible used by Jews and Chrisnansalike: walls came tumbling down." After Joshua died, The Lord bless thee and keep thee, the people realised the need for a strong central The Lord make los face to shine upon thee. govehment and requested a king. A monarchy and be gracious unto thee: was established under King Saul around 1025 B. The Lord lift up his countenance upon Chet. C. and the history of Israel from then until and give thee peace. (Lev. 6.24-26) around 400 B.C. is related in the rest of the He- The book of Numbers describes the experi- brew Scriptures. ences of the Hebrews from their second year in King Saul succeeded in uniting the people and the wilderness to their arrival on the borders ofin winning many battles. Saul was later rejected Moab near Canaan. The account includes more because of his disobedience to God and was re- laws and rules, a census, many miracles. reports placed by David. who was the greatest of all of internal dissection, and Cod's anger culminat- Israelite kings. Under the rule of David's son. ing in a el -,,Te that none of the generationthat Solomon. the Jewish nation reached its peak of left Egypt would ever enter the Promised Land. prosperity and fame, symbolised by the con- In additionto a religious community, thestruction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem. At Hebrews are also pictured as a military group the end of Solomon's rule, Israel was divided who, with God's help, were the victors of many into two separate kingdomsthe Kingdom of battles against various tribes. At the end of the Israel in the north. and to e of Judah in journey, Joshua became Moses' successor and the south. Two hundred years later. when the the land Was dt tried up between the twelve tribes Kingdom of Israel was defi:ated by the Assyrians. of Israel. the ten tribes of the north were scattered to re- The last book of the Pentateuch is Iku ter- mote parts of the Assyrian empire and from that °nom v, Mull) is essentially a restatementof the time on the history of Israel is traced through Mosaic LaW, written more for the laity than for the southern Kingdom of Judah. the priesthood Deuteronomy deals with matters In 586 B.C. the Kingdom of Judah and the of religious education for eluldren, got d, reliefTemple in Jeru,aiern were destroyed militarily of poverty. eharity. observance of festivals. in- by the Baby Ionians and ten thousand Jewish heritance, divorce, proper treatment of work inhabitants of Judah were deported into slavery animals. and other everyday matters. The Pcitta in Baby Ion. In 538 this captivity came to an end witch ends with the death of Moses after many when King Cyrus of Persia defeated the Baby- x hot talons to ihe Israelites to obey God and lonians and permitted the Jews to return to their keep His laws. land. where they rebuilt the Temple and recom- When the Israelites established their kingdom menced their old ceremonies of worship, Under in Canaan or Israel, militarystate and religious Persian rule, the Jews enjoyed considerable re- leaders were appointed bythe people. Until ligious and economic feedom. With the rebuild- Israel had itsfirst king. Kwg Saul, they were ing of the Temple and the autonomy granted to

11 the Jews, Judah once again became A theocratic were never canonized as part of the Jewish Bible, state. Although it was basically a good era forbut are recognized as a trustworthy sourc4 c the Jews, there were some incidents of persecu- Jewishhistory for that period from 176 to tion such as those described in the book of 135 B.C. During the Maccabean period two rel- Esther when the Persian king's grand vizier,ligious-politicalfactions arose: theSadducces -Haman,planneci=to-deseroy-all the Jews. and the Piutrisers. Tire Sadducces were the Around 450 a scribe named Ezra was grantedwealthy supporters of the Maccabean dynasty. a royal warrant to institute a series of religiousThey were educated, somewhat Hellenized, and reforms throughout the land. Ezra and Nehemiahrejected the traditions and ceremonies of Juda- waged war on backsliding and mixed marriagesism, confining their religion to only the law of which they felt were diluting Jewish teachings. Moses, ThePharisees,on the other hand, were a Ezra began public readings of the Torah, ac- pious group of teachers who stressed the tradi- companied by expositions and discussions, thus tional rabbinical interpretations of the law. It makmg the Torah available to all who desired towas also during this time that belief in the per- know it. Jewish historians believe that thispopu-sonal immortality of the soul was spreading larizing c f the Torah and religion saved Judaismamong Jews. from becoming a mere priestly function and pro- The Maccabean Revolts starting in 168 were vided a safeguard against the disappearance ofsuccessful. The Syrians were expelled from Jeru- the Jewish nation as a people in spite of their de-salem and a free Jewish state was established struction politically. which lasted only until 63 B.C. when the Ro- The Jewish Holy Scriptures end with Ezra's mans under Pompey's leadership advanced to- reforms. The writings do not cover the periodwards Jerusalem, captured it and conquered all from Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia inof Palestine. When Caesar became master of 333 B.C. to the Maccabean Revolts in 167 B.C.,Rome and Herod was made King of Judah, the but many significant events took place duringJewish state was actually in bondage to Rome. that period that affected Jewish history. Herod was a fierce and intolerant leader who When Alexander died in 323, his empire wasreduced the upper classes, most of whom were divided between four of his generals. The Syrian Sadducces, to a low status, while the Pharisees' section to the east went to Seleucus, whose des-influence on the masses increased. The friction cendantsareknown astheSeleucids. Thethat had been growing between the two groups southern or Egyptian area which included Pales- for a number of years caused a necessary separa- tine went to Ptolemy. Itis believed that Ptol-tion of the political and religious administration emy II was responsible for sponsoring the Greekof Judea. The Sadducces, who had traditionally translation of the Hebrew Scriptures called thebeen nationalistic, formed the political Sanhedrin Septuagint.The Jews enjoyed favorable condi- that concerned itself with matters of state. This tions under the rule of the Ptolemies. The tide was presided over by a High Priest. The Pharisees, started to change when the Seleucid generalleaders of the religious Sanhedrin, had full con- AntiochusIIIdefeated the Egyptian generaltrol over religious, civil and domestic affairs. Scopas in the battle of Panias in 198 B.C., after When the Roman goverlor had the Temple about eighty years of constant warfare. Although treasury looted, a new group of nationalists, call- Antiochus III was liberal in his attitude towards edZealots,arose and inspired the people to re- the Jews, his successor, Antiochus IV, tried to volt against Roman rule. The tragic outcome was impose Hellenism on all of his sub.), cts. When he military defeat, the fall of Jerusalem and the de- erected an altar to Zeus in the Jewish Temple,struction of the second Temple in 70 A.D. open rebellion resulted. Thousands of Jews were crucified, sold as slaves The Maccabean Revolts are related in the or put into the arena. Some managed to escape books ofI and II Maccabees. These writingsto Babylonia and Egypt. From this time until 12 13 1948 Jews were generally in exile with no home- troyed; the Jews are sent into slavery land. in Babylon. Several hundredZealotscontinuedtheir 538 BC King Cyrus of Persia defeats the Baby- struggle after escaping to the fortress of M. _Ida. lonians and permits the Jews to return Thellid_dQut for two y_earsagwnst the Romans, to_Judah. but when they reahied the inevitable victory of 516 BC The Jews build a new Temple in Jeru- the Roman soldiers. they , with their wives and salem. children. committed mass suicide. 333 BC Alexander the Great conquers Pales- Thus did the last Jewish state pass out of tine, Egypt. Syria and eventually all history until 1948, but the Jewish nation con- of Asia Minor. tinued to live on in the hearts and minds of the 323 BC -- Alexander dies and his Empire is di- Jews in the diaspora ;lands outside of Palestine vided between his generals. Ptolzmy to which the Jews dispersed). became ruler of Egypt and Palestine; Seleucus took possession of Babylon, Syria and Asia Minor. Tile CreekSe- IMPORTANT DATES IN JEWISH HISTORY leucids attempted to conquer Pales- tine and for Laver a century were at AROUND 1900 BC Abrahamestablishesa war withthePtolemies of Egypt. nationandsettlesinCanaanor 198 BC The Syrian ruler. An tiochus III. defeats Palestine. the Egyptians and the Seleucids rule- AROUND 1600 BC Joseph is sold into slavery Palestine. in Egypt by Ins brothers, but later rises 165 BC The Jews revolt under the leadership to the position of Egyptian Viceroy. of Judas Maccabaeus and defeat the AROUND 1300 BC Muses Lads the Hebrews Syrians. out of Egy pt after they had become 63 BC The Romans conquer Palestine. slavescalled the Exodus. After forty 70 AD The Jews revolt under the leadership sears of wandering in the desert, they of the Zealots They fail, Jerusalem arrive in Canaan. falls, the Temple is destroyed and by AROUND 1025 BC Saul becomes thefirst 135 most of the Jews are dispersed to King of IsraiI. other lands within the Roman Em- AROUND 1000 BC David and then Solomon pire.Some remain and work on rule over Israel during a golden era of studies of the Torah military victories and prosperity. 330 Constantine converts to Christianity AROUND 926 BC Palestine is divided into the and Jerusalem becomes a capital of northern kingdom of Israel and the Christendom. southern kingdom of Judah. 600 The Arabs take over control of Pales- 721 BCThe Assy rians defeat the kingdom of tine. Israel and the population is deported Ttihne.e Seljuks of Turkey conquer Jeru- to remote parts of the Assy flan Em salem. pre. The northern kingdom of Israel 1099 ChristianCrusaders recapture Jeru- ceases to exist and front that time the salem. history of Israel is traced through the 1187 The Muslim ruler of Egypt, Saladin, southern kingdom of Judah. The term conquers Palestine. Israelite is used to identify all the des- 1250 Oppressive military rulers of Egypt cendants of Abraham. Isaac and Jacob. called the Manielukes take Palestine 586 BC Judah is captured by the Babylonians into their E.npire. and the Temple in Jerusalem is des- 13I4 1492 The Jews who had been residing in the Talmud. The Gemara makes up the bulk of 1498 Spain for many centuries are expelled the Talmud and prescribes much of the Jewish from that country and those who flee tradition. The Bablommt Talmud (Mishnah plus to Portugal are also expelled. the Babylonian Gemara) is considered the final 1517 Ottoman Turks defeat the Mame lukes codification of Jewish law. Unsettled political 1654 The first Jews set toot in the Amen- conditions inValestine under Roman rule ma-de can colonies, arriving in New Am- the Palestinian law less organized. sterdam from Brazil. 1897 The first Zionist Congress is held in Switzerland. 1917 The British issue the Balfour Declara- tionsupporting a Jewishnational homelandinPalestine:theBritish forces capture Jerusalem. -- -World -Wart -ends- and Palestmebe comes a British mandate. 1948 The Jews of Palestine proclaim an independent State of Israel.

The Talmud Second in importance to the Jews, after the Torah, is the Talmud, a vast body of literature containing interpretations and discussions of Jewishlife and religion based on the Torah. Two types of writing appear in the Talmud: The 1Ii .:nalt is a collection of legal and ethi- Ilalachab, the legal points themselves; and cal teachmg which was compiled by rabbinical the Havadah, stories used b), the rabbis to ex scholars ni Pai-stme during the Roman occupa- plain or illustrate the law. non. It is arranged into six orders: Some examples of the wisdom of the Talmud 1. Zera.mi;seeds)laws of agriculture and that form the basis for the Jewish Lode of ethics prayers. arc: 2. Mo.ed (appointedtime;lawsofthe First learn. and then think independently. Sabbath and festisals. tic gives much who gives with kindness. 3. Nashim 'women, laws of marriage,d; It is best to give charity secretly so the need> vorce and fanuly relationships will not be ashaiued. 4. Nezikin (damages'civil and minimal laws Whoever does an injury toward a fellow man 4111(1 court procedure. sins more than he who robs the Temple. 5. Kodashim 'sacred matters)laws of sacri- Love peace and follow after it. fice and Temple procedure one ought not to sit down at the table before 6. Tolloratpuritieslaws of ritual and tin seeing that his domestic animals have been cleanliness. provided with food. hn response to the Mishnah. further written Promise little, perform inin h. comments were set down lasthe rabbis in both Th.,friend has afriend. and th)friend's Palestine and Bab Ion, These were called the friend has a friend, guard th!, secrets. eru,ah u: Gemara and the Bab viostrai, Gemara Itis forbidden to he crud to anyti;og that The Mishnah and GL 111411 toge ther eonstitutc has life.

14 15 Wine taken in moderation unfolds the brain. holidays. Others wish to keep tradition alive in He who is a total abstainer is rarely pos- their families and observe only the Passover. sessed of wisdom. Most Jews acknowledge the High Holy Days, The Talmud is voluminous and requires a life Hanukkah and the Passover or Pesach. The fol- -tarne-of-cArefial study -The maul thames_runnmg_lowing deusiptions of the main Jewish holidays through it are the value of studying the Torah areaccordingto a traditionalobservance. and devotion to God Rosh Hashanah It is not known what the exact nature of the holiday was in Biblical times, but it later devel- HOLIDAYS AND THE JEWISH CALENDAR oped through rabbinical teachings into a day of judgement. Itisa time of repentance andof The Jewish calendar is based on a -ronorny. Ithope for improvement. It is believed that on this is a lunar calendar divided into monthsof twenty day God passes judgement on all and decides nine thirty Crays. It talcs the moon twenty. their fate for the coming year. nine and a half days to revolvearound the earth Observant Jews go to the synagogue where and because a calendar month must have an inte-prayers are offered to God for repentance.One gral number of days, some months have more of the important aspects of the Rosh Hashanah days than others. service is that of blowing the Shofar or the ram's Twelve lunar months make up a year of three horn, an ancient wind instrument. The Torah hundred and fifty-four days. In order to makedescribes the first day of Tishrei as "a day of up the difference between the lunar yearand the blowint; the trumpet.- However, the Shofar is solar year that the secular world uses, a thir-not blown if the holiday falls on theSabbath. teenth month is added to the Jewish calendar Rabbis have elaborated greatly on the religious seven times in nineteen years. 1976-77 isthe significance of the Shofar to which many pur- Jewish year 5737. poses have been ascribed,including confusing "he twelve Jewish months and their corres-the Devil, driving away evil spirits, calling the ponding secular months an: Tishrei (October), people to prayer, warning them about impend- Cheshvan (November), Kslev (December), Teveting danger and arousing their conscience. (January), Shevat (February), Adar (March), Nisan (April), lyar (May), Swan (June), Tammuz (July), Av (August), and Elul (September). The thirteenth month is called Adar Sherri (Second Adar). The first day of the new moon is a minor fes- tive day called Roth U odesh. It is an occasion for special prayers ancelebrations. The first day of the Jewish New Year, Roth Hashanah, falls on the first day of Tishrei. Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. the Day of Atone- ment, referred to as the HighHoly Days, are strictly religious in nature. The other five main holidays are folk holidays that have a religious significance. As there arc varying degrees of affiliation with the religious community, there I he Shop,- are varying degrees ofobservance of the holidays, Sonic American Jews don't celebrate any of the

15 CA?endar of lidays

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Serf 3. ItatimbicicAt4 C. r A411 NAN 144i 41 -44.44) iRN 44 c1y 2L 0,61,4p.Pt - 11-15 4c.). S-1L D'ci IC 06, 1. puCte61 moat P. 11 44-1 2. Milzc Pee,Z7 .41(14 34t.tt I eryc )4 ti-2 A y PI+ rtaY s4-,Z5 r VHS joa.Z2 , It -I Yam RoshHashanahre 'dingsaretakenfrom to be inscribed in the Book of Life, and on Genesis 11 and 22 which relate the story of Kippur day the prayer is changed to say sealed Abraham's -war sacrifice of Isaac. The storyis in tLe Book of Life. a lesson of great faith, unquestioning obedience The end of the day brings the chanting in to God and a protest against human sacrifice unison of the Shona. "Hear 0 Israel,the Lord rtnthe home on Rosh Hashanah evening, The our -God, the -Lord is -One Then the -phrase- -- head of the household says the Kiddush blessing "Blessed be the name of His glorious kingdom over a cup of wine and dips slices of sweet apple tint ever and ever" is chanted and finally "The into honey and distributes them to members of Lord He is God" is exclaimed, The blast of the the family. Each family member prays before Shofar declares that the day has come to a close eating the apple, -May it be Thy will. C) Lord, to and the congregation concludes "Next year in grant us a happy and sweet year." Some send Jerusalem Yom Kippur is a day of fasting and New Year'sgreeting cardstotheirfriends after returning from the synagogue afestive meal takes place in the home. Yon' Kippur Yorn Kippur, tine Day of Atonement, comes ten days after Rush Hashanah on Tishrei 10 It is a day of eontession and atonement. There arc three essential steps invoked in repentance the recognition that a sin has been commuted. the confession of the sin ind the determination that a will nut be repeated. It is a basictheological point of Judaism that man t. an confess directls to God. he needs no mediator. un the eye of the Day of Atonement obser Yant Jews gather in the ss nagogue to hearthe Iv,/ Mitr prayer which is generally chanted thret tunes bstilt Ila::au or cantor. Many be- Ileyt that the h, i\On,giginated with the I lar rarto Itisa dee laration of the annulment of Sukkot sows made during the star that arc notkept for Sukkotcelebrated on the fifteenth day of intrl a1U1' or alltidlt The Ildrrano. had been Tishrei. is an agricultural festivity whit h served I, Tee d to openly concert to Catboheisin. while as the basis of our AmericanThanksgiving. The actually remaining Jewish m pny att.0iignially Torah tontains a number of references to the the chant applied to sows made during tile past Feast of Tabernacles or Sukkot. In Biblical times year. but was later thangtol be thelchk( after all the products of the harvest were gathered to re ft r to -.otss ti, he iliade during tilt tooling and stored away the farmer felt happ> and grate- scar The het/ Mali( has a Yen, uniquemelody fulto God for providing for himself andhis that is rather famous. famil%. Almost all ancient cultures had some Itis a custom among Jews throughout thesort of harvest telebrations The Feast of Taber- world to say prayers in memorY of thislead on nacles was also connected with the eOdUS from Yon) KippurIn addition to these prayers and Lgy pt and served as a memorial of the wander- the /so/ \ /doother pryers "lid poems are read, ings Of the Israelites for forty years before enter- After the afternoon reading of the Torah. the ing the Promised Land Its historicalsignificance book of Jonah is read. is given in Leviticus 23 43: -That your genera- During, Rosh Hashanah and the ten days be- tions may know that I made the children of (wet n that and Yom Kippur. those who pray ask Israel to dwell in booths, when I brought them

17 out of the land of Egypt." Sukkot commemo- every day during the first seven days of the festi- rates the long period during which the Israelites val, except for the Sabbath. On the eighth and were gradually welded together into a nation ninth days, the Lulav is discarded and only the and learned to appreciate the liberty which they psalms of praise, the Halle!, are said. One dis- had acquired. The booth, decorated with various tinctive feature of Sukkot is the chanting of the a,04-,cgc,able3, is -a symbol of -the =re-Grsherrr, winch is 2 -spec ia 1p rayer for rain, said when the Jews were shepherds and farmers and on the eighth day of Sukkot. lived in hastily constructed shelters. The last day of the festiv.1 is called Simi:at Construction oc the Suleleah or booth is des- Torah, the rejoicing of the Torah. The first cribed in the Scriptures."Go forth unto the readings of the Torah from Genesis begin on the mount and fetch olive branches, the branches of Sabbath following Kush Hashanah. The last por- the wild olive, and branches of thick trees, to tion from Deuteronomy is read on the last day make booths, as it is written." No special proof Sukkot. The conclusion of the readings is an visions were made for the building except that occasion for rejoicing. Songs of joy and gratitude it have four walls and be of a convenient size. for the gift of the Torah are chanted. In the even- Great importance was attached to the roof. It mg all the scrolls are taken out of the ark and had to be made from branches, sparsely spread carried in procession around the reading desk in so that the stars could be seen from inside of the the middle Gf the synagogue. Each member of booth. Actual construction was to begin immedi- the congregation is given the honor of carrying ately after Yom Kippur. In some houses, special the scrolls and children also participate in the areas were set aside for the Sukkah. The walls of procession. the booth were elaborately decorated with pictures and tapestries, and fruits and flowers hung from the roof. In the poorer areas, several fami-Hanukkah lies together built a large Sukkah that could ac- Thispopularholiday,celebrated onthe commodate them all. twenty-fifth day of Kislev, is of great historical In some American homes the custom has been importance. Hanukkah, which means dedica- continued. A Sukkah is usually put up in thetion, is also called the Festival of Lights and synagogue to s..ve tae needs of the entire com-commemorates the rededication of the Temple munity. MAIN, of the Hasidim of Brooklyn, a by Judah the Maccahee in 165 B.C. very orthodox group of Jews, c instruct their As the Greek etnrre of Alexander the Great booths on their fire escapes. spread throughout the Middle East, many Jews The Bible instructs every Israelite to take intoin Palestine became Hellenved. Although Alex- his hands on the first day of Sukkot, a bouquet under did not try to impose the Greek culture of four species of vegetation. And ye shall takeon the Jews by force, many young people were sou on the first day the fruit of goodly trees impressed with Greek philosophy, beauty and branches of palm trees, and boughs of thick grace. trees and willows of the brook." (Leviticus A gr up of concerned Jews, called Hasidim 23.40). Tradition identifies Cie goodly tree asor Pious Onvs. formed in epposit,on to the the citron and the thick tree as myrtle Hellenization of the Jews. They believed that During the ceremony a dosed palm leaf. a Judaism was threatened by the pagan practices /.14/ar,to which are attached three twigs ofof the Greeks. Biblical ordinances were being myrtle and two willow brandies, tied together neglected. with palm strips, is held in in the right hand. The In 175 B.C. a newruler,theSyrian citrus fruit called the I trod is held in the leftAntiochus IV, came into power. Wanting to hand. Both are waved in four directions as hymns paganize the Jews by force, he forbade them, of praise are chanted. This ceremony takes place under penalty of death, to keep the Sabbath or

18 19 to pertoi at circumcisions. The Temple in Jeru- have commemorated this day ever since by light salem wa, desciratr d and converted to the wor- ii Hanukkah candles each of the eight nights ship of Zeus. Anti 4.11 us was aided in his attempts of the holiday. to destroy Judaism by the high priests who were With the dckat of the Syrians by the Macca- more interested in political gains than religion. bees, peace was established in 163 and the Jews Mans refused- to worship the TIrreek gods arid were given fail freedom -to practice -their refrorr. were martyred. Others sought safety and fled. However, they still remained subservient polar- Soon the passive resistance gave way to open re Lallyto the Syrians. In 143. Simon. the lastof belhon the Maccabees. expelled the Syrians from Jeru- In168 an old priest named Mattathias the salem and a free independent Jewish state was Hasmonean, who livedina small town near formed. This state lasted until 63 B.C. when the Jerusalem, issued a call for followers to defend Romans conquered Palestine. the Torah from the attacks by Anuochus IV. Many responded and joined the rebels who mostly engaged m guerrilla warfare. The Has moncan brothers, the five sons of Mattathias, were motivated hs political as well as religious reasons y wanted to secure the Torah by throw mg off ilk yoke of the foreign oppressors and establishing a self-governing Jewish state. The Hasidim, who also Joined the ranks of the insurgents. wire motivated only by religion. As long as thes went free to worship God as they pleased, tits didn't Lan: who ruled Palestine. But whin the Timple was desecrated and Jews were fort ed to worship Greek gods, the Hasidim tought back one rebel group was attacked by Sv flanfortes on the Sabbath andall were massacred beiauw they refused to hear arms on Hanukkah is a home festival and is very popu- the day of rest.Mattathias then issued a decree lar among Jewish children who often receive that later bet arne a valid Jewish law. making it small gifts each day of the holiday. Among the obligatory for Jiws to defend themselves on the gifts that children receive are sonic coins or Hanukkah t;eit that they use in playing the tirci- Sabbath if attar.- kt d. Whin Mattathias died the rebellion was led b; del game. A drculd is a sort of four-sided die one of his sons. Judah the Mata_ abet:. He is con that is spun like a top. Each of the four sides has snlert d the lien) of the Mack abc, n Revolts, Judah a Hebrew letter The gimme/ represents,on-(all) prayed bcfori evens battle and chanted psalms whit.11 Means that if the dreidel fails with the and songs of gratitude aftert veryvii tor .in commel side up, then the player gets all of the 165. he marched into Jerusalem on the twenty Hanukkah Belt that was anted by all the players. fifth day of Risks, entered the Temple. purified Oil another side of the die is the letter //eh which the altar and established the first Hanukkah eels: stands for bath (half). This means that the player bra tion. Thr Jos ous festival, marked with the gets only half of the pot. 1 he Nunstands for kmd/ing of the lights. lasted for eight days. A nu0; (nothing) and the Shin meatisstell (put in) th,raile is said to have happened. There was only wind) means that the player has to add some- enough oil in the Temple to keep the light in thing to the pot. The Hebrew letters on the drei- frr of the ark burning for one day, but the dcl are also symbolic:Vre, 0(10, liana, +Wm (a 'amp iontmuctl to burn for eight days. Jews great miracle happened there).

1920 Purim Passover Purim, on the fourteenth day of Adar, is Passover or Pesach begins on the fifteenth day another widely celebrated holiday. Purim marksof Nisan and continues for eight days. Almost the deliverance of the Persian Jews from Haman all Jews, even those who are not religious, cele- with the aid of Esther. the Jewish queen. Thebrate the Pesach in one way or another. The evert-ts-telatt-d-m--tite- Biblical -book of Esther.-most prominent feature- of the hohclav is-the-- Ahasuerus (Xerxes in Persian), the King ofSeder which is the ritual feast and commemora- Persia. was holding a royal feast and sent for histive service that takes place in the home. The queen, Vashti. When Vashti refused to appear Seder is held on Pesach eve and Pesach night in the King grew very angry and decided to find a traditional homes. Reform Jews usually celebrate new queen. Many different women were brought only the lust Seder. During the entire week of to him. A Jew named Mordecai brought Esther Passover, observant Jews eat no leavened bread. to Xerxes. Esther was a Jewess but at Mordecai's instructions, she had concealed her identity. She was very beautiful and Xerxes chose her as his new queen. Shortly after Esther became queen. Mordecai learned of a plot to kill Xerxes and he told Esther about it. She warned Xerxes and the plotters were hanged. At this time an ambitious man named Haman became grand vizier and adviser to the king. Court protocol required that all bow down to Haman. Mordecai refused because it was contrary to Jewish law. Haman was angered and urged the king to destroy the Jews on the grounds that they were dangerous because their religious laws were in conflict with the civil laws of the land. Xerxes issued an order to kill the Jews. Mordecai told Esther to intercede for her people and to reveal her identty to Xerxes. She prepareda banquetfor Xerxes and invited Haman. She made the king to understand that Haman wanted to destroy the Jews because of Passover commemorates the escape of the hisown ambitions and reminded him that Hebrews fromEgypt. led by Moses around Mordecai had once saved his life. Haman was 1300 B.C., as described in the hook of Exodus, hanged on the same gallows thatlie had pre- chapters 1-14 The Hebrews in Egypt had pros- pared for the Jews. Xerxes also issued an order pered and became so numerous that the Pharaoh perinittiog the Jews to defend themselves against feared them. They were enslaved and an order those who tried to destroy them. was issued to drown all of the Hebrew male in To celebrate this victory and deliverance. a faints One of the mothers hid her son in a basket time was set aside for feasting and joy, sendingand put him in the river among the ruslies. This gifts to one another and aiding the poor. It wasbaby was found by the Pharaoh's daughter who added to the calendar and called Purim. meaningadopted him and named him Moses. Moses was /ors for the lots that Haman cast to de,:, or brought up in the court of Egypt but developed which day to kill the Jews. a strong loyaltyto his own people. One day Moses saw an Egyptian beating one of the He- brew slaves. He hit the Egyptian and killed him.

2`) 21 Moses fled to the hills and became a shepherd. booklet called the Haggadah Members of the Vool»le attending his flock one day, he heard the family may take turns reading from the Haggadah. voice of God coming from a burning bush, say- Certain symbolic items are placed on the Seder ing that he. Muses. would be used by God to table, A large cup of wine is poured for Elijah. deilver the Hebrews from slavers and to lead In Jewish folklore Elijah the Prophet is a great them bade TO 'Canaan hero The book of i'vtalactn, a mirror prophet. Moses returned to the court and asked the connects Elijah with the arrival of the Messiah. The cup of wine symbolizes the welcoming of Pharaoh to set the Hebrews free. The Pharaoh Elijah. A special Seder tray holds certain foods: refused and all of the waters m Egypt were turn- a roasted egg.a lamb shank bone, parsley, ed to blood. The Pharaoh still refused to let the lettuce, bitter herbs (usually horseradish) and a Hebrews go and God sent a series of plagues, mixture of apples and nuts called cliarocet. Each each one worse than the preceding, oneEach time the Pharaoh said he would agree to free the of the foods represents a particular part of the slaves. but then changed hk mind when the Exodus story . KuGluth plagues stopped.- The tenth plague WAS, the scaling The Seder is pre c cded by the regular ofEgyptian sons. Moses was instructed to have prayer and wine. the same benediction that is the Hebrews mark their doorposts with the blood said on the Sabbath and on holidays. But on this of a lamb. The angel of the Lord then went occasion the Kiddush cup is refilled and the ser- from home to home. killing the first-born son ofvice begins when the youngest male at the table each family whose dolor was not marked with asks. ))0/h%is this night different from all other the blood of a lamb Those families who had nightsr As the narrative is read. the symbolic obey ed Moses) instructions were passed over" foods on the Seder tray .1f.: eaten or tasted. After the meal. a gratx is said and a third cup of wine b% the angel. %Wier instruc dons were given to fill: Jews atthin, time. one of which was the is drunk Wine plays a ver), important part in the eating of unleavened breadforseven days service. Two cups are drunk before the actual This was the first Pesach meal. um right after the meal and a fourth cup at the end of the service The Seder ends when a After this last plague. the Pharaoh again agreed portion of the mat all ,the unleavened bread) to set the Hebrcw slaves free. Just as tli:% WCIT that had been set aside earlier. is divided among leasing Egypt. he again changed his mind and allthose at thc table and eaten. The popular sent his soldiers after Most, And his people. lust custom of hiding the matzali was introduced to as dn. Hebrews reac hid the Red Sea. then called keep tini c hildreniitc rested Early in the service Sca of ReLds, a miracle t. said to 11.ke hap- childrc it tot lose their cs wink ,t piece pc lied, The waters parted and a dry passageway 01 matzah is hidden. This is called atiljtkeimen. appeared. All of the Hebrcws crossed safely but St der stir% ice cannot c"il without eating tlic whet) the Egs roan soldiers Weft half way across, Afilsomen. th«1111(1 who finds itis gi%cn a thewaters closed up andall of diem wcrc small rcward dfLiWiled After the meal and Just before the final cup of Each Jt wish father was instrio tid to relate %sine. the toast is mach t year in Jerusalem the story of dn.I \ )(Els t() his sun each %CM, li ylta,/ali halm al, 1,1%rui.11,11,t% tut So. %eral songs

L popular song is Pt.S&Ii11 beanieAMCan important home celebration thin sung um: cspe( lalh, when dn. scsondcinplc was destroyed in Jeru /hid %vlu.h means()Ill'kid salmi in 70 A 1) men could no longer makc their pilgrunagcs a, th.r.empic to offer up the ShaVtiOf Paschal Lamb so the holiday gamed a new signi Sil kkOf. 5hayuutWAs Aharvest ficanceintin home. During the Solemn. the time oelcbrationfile feast as prescribed in Levi narratke of the Eso,dus storyisrt ad from .1 titUS WASto fall rva.tl%ft ft% da%s,ift.rPCSAL 11.

2i 22 the spring which is the time of the harvest of And may the effect of my fulfilling fruit. The Greek Jews later called this festival this commandment be that the stream Pentecost which means fiftieth in Greek. of abundant life and heavenly blessing The celebration gradually developed a religious flow in upon me and mine; significance. In Israel actual harvest festivals are that thou be gracious unto us, and stitthetct %tin the United States Shavuot is pri- cause thy presence to (Ewell among us. marily a day of remembrance and feasting. In Father of mercy, 0 continue thy lovingkind- Reform synagogues confirmations take place on ness unto me and unto my dear ones; make this day. Moses is believed to have received the me worthy to rear my children so that they Ten Commandments on the day that later be- -Walk in the way of the righteous before thee, came Shavuot. Reform Jews accept responsibility loyal to thy law and clinging to good deeds. in Judaism the same day that Israel traditionally received God's law on Mount Sinai. Keep thou far from us all manner of shame, The three folk holidays, Pesach, Sukkot and grief, and care; and grant that peace, light and Shavuot, areall connected with the Exodus. joy ever abide in our home. Pesach m the early spring at the beginning of the For with thee is the fountain of life, harvest nine. commemorates freedom. Shavuot in thy light do we sec light. Amen. in the late spring commemorates the giving of After the mother recites the prayer. the father the law or justice. Sukkot, the autumn harvest fills the Kiddush cup with sweet wine and says celebration, signifies God's protection during the the Kicidush blessing. After that he breaks open wandering in the wilderness. the loaves of hallali or braided bread. A tradi- There are other Jewish holidays, but these are tional meal follows, combined with conversation themost widelycelebrated annual holidays. and singing. Sabbath The Sabhath begins esery Friday as soon as the sun toes down and is observed in tradi- RITUALS tional homes in different ways Many Orthodox Jews will not do anything at all that constitutes Almost from birth, Jews start on a series of work on the Sabbath customs and rituals that will take them through The commandment to observe the Sabbath is each phase of life. The first ritual in the life of a found in Exodus 20 8 10, "Remember the Sab- male is the rite of circumcision called the Brit bath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shallINA, which dates back to God's covenant with labor, and do all your work; but the seventh is a Abraham. Circumcision, the cutting away of the Sabbath to the Lord your God." The Sabbath foreskin of a male child on the eighth day of life. meal is a special occasion in the traditional home has always been a sign of fidelity to Judaism. In The best dishes and silverware are used The ser- the United States toes}11111C out of ten non vite begins when the mother lights the candlesJewish males are circumcised in the hospital as a and thanks God for the Sabbath day of rest- health measure. but to the observant Jew circuit vision is a holy ritual. The service, performed by Lord of the Universe, aIlohel, an expert surgeon and learned Jew, I am about to perform the sacred must be held in the present c of at least three duty of kindling the lights m and usually ten men, either at home, in the hos honor of the Sabbath, even as it pital or in a synagogue The father of the child is written reaffirms his acceptance of the covenant and the And thou shalt call the Sabbath child is placed in a special chair called the chair a delight and the holy day of the of Elijah. After the c ircunicision. the Afobef re- Lord honorable. cites a blessing user the wine and the boy receives 23 his name. It is the custom among man) Ashke- orthodoxy. Confirmation is a sort of pledge to natic Jews to gene a son the name old close de- try to keep the laws of Judaism faithfully. The ceased relative, or a name starting with the same ceremony usually takes place at age fifteenor letter. Sephardim often name their sons after a sixteen during the Shavuot festival. living relative. Felterwing the Rill 118.41,-the guests are Invited v \\ to share a meal during whit II certain prayers may be said The ritual may vary according to Seph- - e ardic,Ashkenane.Reforn,, Conservativeor Orthodox customs. Girls are named shortly after birth, often In the ssnag,ogue where a special prayer is recited in her honor. Serciees for naming a new daughter may also conelude with a special meal.

Bar Mitzvah When a Jewish boy reaches the age of thirteen he is initiated into manhood and religious responsibility through the Bar Mitztah ceremony This means that up until the age of thirteen, a father bears the sins of his son. After the Bat Murtah.a son is directly responsible for his own actions Thr Marrrao Hieppa A boy may starthisreligious trainingas early as age three He is taught Hebrew and the Marriage significance of all the Jewish traditions and le- According to traditional Judaism, the Jewish male is commanded to marry and to protreate. ligious ritualsAtter a boy becomes Bar '1W:- Rabbimeal authorities interpreted the «miniand- tabtradition calls for him to wear le /thin during morning weekday prayers from that merit to %pecanills mean .1 male must beget at time onleplIto or phylacteries are small black least our in,de and umr feln,lie. in the !Wenner]) boxes or straps, containing portions of the To- t t lamstraditions hatet hanged considerably rah, that are worn on the forehead and arm dur-within the letvish tommunitx.howecer,marriage and lanols rClllain 1111pin Lint %Alin's. Percentage ing weekday prayers After the Bar ttlitztah service, a party or re- of illarriagt alining Jews Is much higher than the ception usually follows national t rage. Mal flagttcreliii)11% ,finesat Lording to Girlsin Reform and certain Conservative I lit flit orthodox tt lemony is he far synagogues often have a similar ceremony called denomination the must t laborate. Gent rails .the ritual begins a Bat Mttztah wit II tit cantor sings a short passage. The bride ( t»tfrnnatIon and groom stand midi r ur t anopy 4,1( in addition to the Bar Mit/sail and Rat Mit. the rabbi. who tak,.., a top of Wort and blcssts it torus ss Ilagpgtics !last'Initiated a OM before rt t icing [litnukat I rutin, the betrothal st re it tfor both his s and girls,rills blessing1 his blessing is train the 1...himd. It is Was thefirstdiStlin tise it . supporting a passage of praise to God for the marriage insti the basic Reform principle that men and women ninon. 'Hie groom goo, Ills bride a wedding arc equal in the Jewish religion, that WAS introband Wink.say mg, -Behold, thou art Louse timed by Reform s), nagnglICS after the split with rated unto Inc by this Iing.atcortli ng to the lass,

23 24 of At Vases and Israel." After this, a marriage con- tradition is still observed be mane Jews in addi- tract called the ketubalt is read. This is essenti- tion to a civil divorce. ally a list of obligations of the groom to the bride. By rabbinical law this contract is necessary Burial and Mourning to make a valid marriage and the ceremony must The Importance of burial is witnessed by the -be-rotirnessed-Iry- two people-. Sevenherredletions order ire rich Jewish communities grew in the follow the reading of the Ketubali, along with United States Invariably consecrating a cemetery the blessing of the wine. The last benediction is plot was the first step in establishing a perma- a statement of the joy of wedlock: nent Jewish community, occurring even before a Blessed art thou. 0 Lord our God. King of sy nagogue was built. the Universe, who hast created joy and When a Jew dies, those present say "Blessed gladness, bridegroom and bride, mirth and be the true Judge," (Baruch Dayan Emet) and exultation,pleasureand delight,love, mourners tear a piece of their clothing. A can- brotherhood, peace and fellowship. Soon dle is lighted and kept burning for seven days may there be heard in the cities of Judah. Itis very important to bury the body within and in The streets of Rrusalem, the voice twenty-four hours. Itis not traditional to em- of joyand gladness. the voice of the balm or cremate a body because it is holy For bridegroom and the voice of the bride, this reason some Jews have difficulty accepting the jubilant voice of bridegrooms from the modern trend towards donating organs. their canopies. and of youths from their After the funeral, immediate family observe feasts of song. Blessed art thou, () Lord. the tradition of sitting Shit,:for seven days, who rnakestthe bridegroom to rejoice during which time observant Jews generally do with the bride not leave the house except on the SabbathIt is Traditional wedding songs are sung. Sephardica period of mourning and contemplation. Often and Ashkenaric melodies differ. Sonic times thea mtn)an will come to the home of those sitting old custom of the bride circling the groom sexen Shivaforreligiousservices. Athirty-day times before the ceremony begins isstill ob- mourning period, called Sheloihim, follows the served. Usually after theblessings are said, the funeral during which time immediate family couple drink from the cup of wine and then themembers do not participate in any festivities. groom breaks the glass with his foot. This isTraditionally mourninglastsfor 11 months ss nth ilrc of the destruction of theemple mkadeloh. "May His great name be blessed for Jerusalem. It is also symbolic of the fact that at ever and for all time," is said three times a day. the time of the greatest personal happiness, the The tombstone is usually not uncovered until a couple link their lives with all of suffering hu-year after death, on the anniversary of the mamtsIt is an Orthodox c Liston, for the bride death. This is a special ceremony when the El and groom to have a marriage feast every day Maley Rahamin is sung and Kaddish is said after the ceremony for sewn Bass, during whichEvery year on the anniversary of the death, a trim theses nmarriage benedu von, arcre candle is lit which is kept burning for twenty- fIcatt d four hours and Kaddish is said

Divorce raditional Judaism permitsdivorccorr LC mon RELIGIOUS AND TRADITIONAL ARTICLES ribcd groundsI he woman usually receives a writ of-divorce, called a (.( t, from her hw,bdmi. The tier:cab is a small pane hment sc roll on Get is impart d hs a rabbi or scholar and is which is written serses from Deuteronomy chap- lit cifii d in thtglhic as <1 must for divorce. This tc rs 6 and I I, cuntamcd in a small case made of 2524 wood, metal or glass. On one side of the parch- home, and of the Jewish commitment to study ment is the single word Shaddai (Almighty). On and learning. A Mezuzah is also found on the the other side is the passage from Deuteronomy: right side of the entrance to most Jewish build- Hear 0 Israel, the Lord our God, the ings. Lord is One. And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, with all thy soul, and with all thy might. And these worus which I command thee this day shall be upon thy heart: and thou - shalt teach them dilligently to thy children and shalt talk of them when thou sittestin thy house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down and when thou risest up. And thou halt-hiwd-them-for-a-sigrvepow=thf hand and they shall be frontlets between thine eyes. And thou shalt write them upon the doorposts of thy house and upon thy gates. I i, Tepllin

This text from Deuteronomy also serves as the basis of the traditional custom of wearing Tefillin on the forehead and arm while praying. The Scriptural portions are contained in small black boxes attached to straps. The kiddish cup is a special cup in which wine is poured, used in Jewish ceremonies.A blessing or benediction is mil over the wine before it is tasted. This procedure plays a very

Mturzah important part in the Sabbath meal, folk festivals, weddings and other religious ceremonies. A Tallit is a prayer shawl worn by Jews while praying. Among strictly observant Jews, the Tallitis worn only by married men during morning prayers or special services in the synagogue. It is usually made of wool, has four cor- The Mezuzah is attached to the doorpost of the ners knotted with fringe according to abiblical home. Most Jewish homes, regardless of denomi- passage, "Speak to the sons of Israel and tell nation, have a Mezuzah. It is customary to place them to put tassels on the hems of their one's fingers on the Mezuzah when entering or garments. . . .They will remind you all of my leaving, then touch the fingers to the lips. The Commandments." The Tallit sometimes has Mezuzah serves as a symbol of the spiritual quali- black bands that signify the destruction of the ties that should be found within the Jewish Temple. _ 6 A small Tal lit called a Tzitzit or 4rba Kanfot 7.Conduct a debate. Resolved: The Bible as is worn at all times by Orthodox men. This is a literature may be studied in public schools small undergarment, worn like an apron, that en- without violating the Supreme Court's ban ables the wearer to pray at all times and to be re- on Bible reading. minded of God's Commandments. 8.At the beginning of the study prepare an A Yarmulke, in Hebrew called a Kippa, is a oral quiz with general questions such as: skull cap, worn by men as a sign of humility and How long ago did Jews come to America' respect. Orthodox Jews may wear the Yarmulke Where did they come from' t times; others confine its wearing to the Were Jews always wleome in America and synagogue. did they er.joy freedom of religion' A Kittel, a white cloth that reaches to the Were there any Jewish cowboys? feet,isa ritual garment worn only during What is a synagogue? What is a rabbi? Pesach and on the High Holy Days by Orthodox How many Jews are there in this country and sometimes Conservative men. A groom will and what percentageipf the entire popula- often wear a Kittel at his marriage ceremony, tion do they constitute? What is Hanukkah' and when a person dies the Kittel may become Appoint a student to write down the answers the shroud in which he is buried. given by the class. At the end of the unit give A Shaytl is a wig that Orthodox women wear the same quiz. Compare answers. after marriage when their heads are shaven. The 9.Assign students or committees to prepare re- customisespecially common among Hasidic ports about one of the following topics: women. Holidays The word Menorah means candlestick. The The Talmud most familiar Menorah is the Hanukkah Alenorah The Torah which holds nine candles, one for each night of The Maccakan Revolts Hanukkah and a center hole for the candle used Israel'sfirstthree kings (SauNDavid and to light the others, called the Shamir:as. Solomon) 10.Students may prepare book reports on 1 Name in the Sky by Jean Bothwell (listed Discussion Questions and Activities in Additional Resources attheend of the unit),!:Maltthe Slave by Isaac Bashevis 1. How did the Jewish nation survive without a Singer, or lite Source by James Michener. land? 11.How does assimilation into American society 2.Define ethnicity. Why are the Jews consid- threatenthcsurvival of Judaism and the ered ethnics, while Catholic. Protestant, Ori- Jews as a distinct ethnic group? ental and Orthodox Christians may not be' 3.Would you consider the Jews for Jesus or Brother Daniel Jewish' If not, why not 4.List the various ways of being Jewish and try to conic up with a comprehensive definition GLOSSARY PART I of who is a Jew. 5.Discuss the importance of ethnic studies, in- Afikomenapieceof Mat.:ali that is hidden dur- cludeyourown objectives in studying the ing the Pesach or Passover feast that the child- Jews. ren have to find beforethc service canend. 6.If you have a Reform, Conservative and Apocryphaholy writings of Biblical times that Orthodox Jew in your class. ask each for a were not accepted asdivinely inspiredby the definition of who is a Jew, who is a good Jews, but which were adopted by the Christian Jew. church.

237 Arba Kanfot - a small 'Wit, a four sided cloth Hazzan - the cantor who chants during religious worn as an apron at all times by strict ortho- services. dox men. Huppa - a canopy under whicha bride and Arsk - the housing for the Torah scrolls. groom stand during the marriage ceremony. Ashke,nazim (pl. noun) and Ashkenazic (adj.)- Judahthe southern kingdom of Israel, formed Jews' from central and eastern Europe and when Solomon's empire was divided into a their descendants. northern and southern kingdom. The north- Bar Mitzvahtheofficial initiation of thirteen- ern kingdom called Israel ceased to exist when year-old boys into manhood when they take it was defeated by the Assyrians and the his- on the responsibility for their own deeds be- tory of the Jewish nation from that time was fore God and man. traced through Judah. Bat Mitzvah - a ceremony for girls that is similar Kaddish - "May His great name be blessed for to the Bar Mitzvah. ever and foralltime," the prayer said in Birkat Erusinthe betrothal blessing recited dur- memory of the dead. ing a Jewish wedding ceremony. Kashrut - the Kosher laws pertaining to diet. Brit Milahthe ritual of circumcision when a Ketubah - a marriage contract or agreement that male child is eight days old. The word Brit is read during the wedding ceremony. actually means covenant. Kever Yisraela Jewish grave. Canaanthe ancient name for the land that is Kiddusha blessing said over the wine tha Israel: the land in which Abraham settled precedes a traditional meal. after leaving Haran. Kittel - a ritual garment worn at Passover and on Diasporathe term given to all of the areas out- the High Holy Days by observant Jews. side of Israel where the Jews have been living Kol Nidre -a chant or prayer sung during the since the dispersion from Palestine in the first Yom Kippur service which is a prayer of par- century. don for vows made but not kept during the Dreidel - a top-like die that is used for a game of year. chance among children during Hanukkah. Maccabees leaders of guerrilla groups in open El Maley Rahamin - a special prayer at the grave rebellion against the Hellenized Syrians wha that is recited by the rabbi: means God full of ruled Palestine around the first century B.C. compassion. The revolt under the leadership of Judah the Exodus the term used to describe the escape of Maccabee was successful and Israel became a the Jews fromEgypt around 1300 B.C. free independent state from 165 to 63 B.C. a writ i.f divorLe in Judaism that a woman Marranos Jews in Spain during the time of the :iust obtain trom her husband. Inquisition who openly converted to Christi- Haggadahstories used to clarify certain points: anity, while continuing to practice Judaism the narrative booklet used during Pesach. in private. Halachahthe total written law (Torah) and oral Matzah - unleavened bread eaten during Passover law (Talmud) of traditional Judaism. week. Hallaha special Jewish bread that is braided. Menorah candlestick. HanukkahFestival of the Lights, a folk holiday Mezuzah atinyparchment scroll containing that marks the victory of Judah the Macca- Biblicalpassagis thatisrolled and placed bee's revolt against the Syrians in 165 B.C. in a small container and attached to a door- Hasidim - in ancient times a pious group of way. Jews who opposed the Hellenization of Israel; Minyanthe necessary quorum of ten adult today the name given to an orthodox sect males needed in order to conduct a religious who worship God through the joy of fulfill- serviie. ment of the mitzvot.

27 28 Mohelthe surgeon who circumcises according Shammas - a helper; the Hanukkah candle used to Jewish tradition. to light the other candles on the Hanukkah Pentateuch - the first five books of the Jewish menorah. Bible; the Torah. Shavuot a folk holiday, also called Pentecost, Pesach - Passover, afolkholidaycelebrating that was in ancient times associated with the the release of the Jews from Egyptian slavery harvest. around 1300 B.C. Shay tl - a wig worn by married orthodox women. Pharisees - areligio-political group inBiblical Sheloshim - a thirty-day period of mourning after Palestine who feltthat allaffairs of state the death of a close relative. should be controlled by the laws of the Torah, Shema the prayer "Hear 0 Israel, the Lord our that the God of Israel is a universal God. See God, the Lord is One." also Sadducees. Shiva the seven-day period of intense mourning Ptolemies - rulers of Egypt and Palestine who in- following the death of a close relative during herited-Alie southern portion of Alexander's which time observant Jews do not leave the empire when it was divided among his four house; referred to as "sitting Shiva." generals on his death. Shofar - aram'shorn blownduring certain Purima folk holiday that commemorates the servicesinthe synagogue; originallyused story of Esther and the deliverance of Persian in ancient Israel to call the people to battle Jews from Haman who wished to destroy or to worship, or to warn them of danger. them. Simhat Torahthe last day of Sukkot when the Rosh Chodesha monthly celebration of the last passages of the Torah are read. new moon. Sukkah - a booth constructed for the Sukkot Rosh Hashanahthe Jewish New Year. one of festival. the High Holy Days of Judaism. Sukkot - a folk holiday associated with a har- Sabbaththetraditionalday ofrestwhich vest celebration. begins with sundown Friday and ends with Tachrichin -a white linen or cotton shroud in sundown Saturday . The Sabbath is welcomed which a body is wrapped for burial. by a traditional meal and the lighting of the Tallit - a prayer shawl worn by orthodox or tradi- Sabbath candles. tional Jews while praying. Sadducees - a political party of ancient Israel Talmud an explanation of the Torah written by whichbelievedthat.althoughthe Torah rabbis; made up of the Mishnah. legal material governed the religious life of Israel, it could that interprets the law, and the Gemara, a not be the final word in governmental matters further commentary or explanation of the and foreignrelations. They believedina Mishnahthatclarifies rmy of thelaws. national, rather than a universal God. lefilhnphylact,:ries:smallslack boxes con- Sanhedrinthe senate of ancient Israel that pre- taining portions of the Torah, worn on the sided over legislative and judicial matters. forehead and arm while praying. Seder (pl. Sederim)Passover meal and service. Torahrefers to the teachings or laws given in Seleucids descendantsof Seleucus,oneof the P ntateuch. but has come to mean the Alexander's generals who inherited the Syrian entin. Jewish way of dictated by the law. section of the empire when Alexander died. Yahadut HebrewforJudaism.Jewishness, Sephardim(pl.noun) and Sephardic(adi.) Jewry Jews who settled on the therian peninsula Yarmulkethe skull cap worn by urthodos men after the dispersion from Palestine. atalltimes and Reform Jews only in the Septuagintthe Greek translation of the Holy Temple. Scriptures compl ted in Alexandria, Egypt. Yom Kippurthe Day of Atonement, one of the around 1 3f) R (' 29 28 High Holy Days celebrated ten days after Rosh ,nd monotheism in early Jewish history by Hashanah. means of a display of archeological objects. Zealots - nationalists who revolted against Roman It is most suited to an audience with a back- rule in the first century. They are remembered ground of Jewish history. Suitable for high for holding out in the fortress of Masada and school and adult groups. finally committing suicide when defeat was The Gossamer Thread,color, 201/2minutes, inevitable. 1967, produced by Felix Lazarus. Distributed Zionism - a movement for the formation of aby JACDA Films Inc., 1411 Crescent Street, national homeland for the je'rVi in Palestine Montreal. 107 c,..ebec, Canada. Rental price on or Israel. request. Excellent and interesting film that reviews Jewish history and religion and traces the AUDIO VISUAL RESOURCES development of the synagogue. Recommended for all religious groups, high school and adult. The films and filmstrips have been selected on This film won the 1967 Annual Award of the the basis of technical merit, content and appropri- National Councilon JewishAudio-Visual ateness. Unless otherwise noted, all the materials Materials for the best 16mm film on Jewish can be used with non-Jews and inter-denomina- affairs released during that year. tional Jews. For a complete listing of all Jewish Hezekiah'sWater Tunnel,color, 28 minutes, audio-visuals that are available, see theJewish 1963, produced and distributed by Rang Film audio -I"tsual Review,published by the National Productions, 2100 N. 45th Street, Seattle, Wash- Council on Jewish Audio-Visual Materials of the ington 98103. Rental price 515. American Association for Jewish Education, 114 Educational film of excellent quality about Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10011, 1973, the archeological discoveries of King and the A-V Catalog of B'nai Writh, 315 Lexing- Hezekiah's tunnel built in defense of Jeru- ton Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016. salem in 701 B.C. Interesting and informative. Suitable for secondary students. Not recom- The Bible, Biblical History anFolklore mended for Orthodox audiences. Israel,color, 31 minutes, 1965, produced and Films distributed by International Film Foundation, The Law and the Prophets,Part I, color, 30 min- 475 Fifth Avenue, New York. Rental price $15. utes, 1968, produced by NBC News and dis- Beautiful photography, artwork and music tributed by McGraw Hill Book Co., Text Film make itan excellent production. Film in- Division, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New cludes a 12-minute animated review of Jewish York. Rental price on request. history and a panoramic picture of Israel. A Biblicalhistoryof the Jews presented Suitable for middle, junior and high school through the artof Michelangelo,Rem- students.Film receivedthe1965 Annual brandt. Rubens and others, combined with Award of the National Council on Jewish music and Scriptural reading-. Suitable for Audio-Visual Materials for the best Jewish high school students. Not recommended for film of the year. Orthodox at.dtences. ,4Conversation with James .11h-better,30 minutes, lit Book and the Idol,color,141/2 minutes, 1969, produced by the Jewish Theological Semi- 1954, produced and directed by Samuel Ellen.nary of America in cooperation with NBC, dis- Distributed by the Anti-Defamation League oftributed by the National Academy for Adult B'nai B'rith, 315 Lexington Aver se, New York,Jewish Studies of theUnited Synagogue of 10016. Rental fee S10. America, 218 E. 70th Street, New York. Rental Film traces the conflict between paganism price S10 prepaid plus return postage.

29 30 A kinescope with Edwin Newman interview- through the dispersion and back to the State ing James Michener on the 20th anniversary of Israel.Suitable for secondary and adult of theState of Israel. Michener discusses audiences. Judaism and Israel as they relate to his book, What is Judaism, black and white, 30 minutes, The Source. distributed by the ADL of B'nai B'rith. Rental David the Shepherd Boy, 21 minutes, 1950, pro- price $10. duced by J. Arthur Rank Organization, distri- Rabbi Irving Greenberg, Professor of History buted by tinned World Films, Inc. 445 Park at Yeshiva Universitytraces Judaism from Avenue, New York. Rental price $6. God'scovenant withAbrahamthrough A good animated film about King David from modern times. Jewish law is briefly explained boyhood until the death of Saul. Suitable for in the light of history. Suitable for secondary primary and middle school students. and adult groups. The Moses Story. 28 minutes, 1961, produced lite Life Cycle of the Jew, black and white, 30 and distributed by the Broadcasting Commission minutes. distributed by the ADL of B'nai B'rith. of the Chicago Board of Rabbis, 72 E. 11th Rental price $10. Street, Chicago. Illinois. Rental price upon re- Jewish moral and ethical values are discussed quest. by Rabbi Jules Harlow who illustrates how The story of Moses is related by a slave girl in these values are reflected in rituals related to this commendable kinescope. Use of dancing birth, education, marriage and family, old age and singing is very effective. Suitable for pri- and death. Suitable for secondary and adult mary grades. groups. Shalom of Safed, color, 28 minutes, 1968, pro- Jews and Their Worship, black and white, 30 duced under the auspices of the Jewish Theologi- minutes. distributed by the ADL of B'nai B'rith. cal Seminary of America. available through the Rental price 110. Anti-Defamation League of B'naiB'rith, 315 Rabbi Max Routtenberg describes the basic Lexington Avi_ we. New York 10016. Rental aspects of Jewish prayer and worship as it has price S15. evolved out of historic and religious experi- Through the artwork of Shalom, a Hasidic ences. A cantor chants some passages from Jew borninIsrael,thefilni conveys the the liturgical serviceSuitable for secondary traditional religious beliefs in a contemporary and adult groups. idiom. Suitablefor high school and adult groups. May be of particular interest to art The Anti Defamation League of 13'nal nab students. produces and distributes excellent books. pam- Queen 1.sther, 2 parts. 45 minutes, 1947, pro phlets and audio-visuals on ethnic studies and duced and distributed by Cathedral Films. P.O. multi cultural education. The regional office in Box 1608. 2921 W. Alameda Street. Burbank, Connctitut is located at 1184 Chapel Strec.t. CA. Rental fee S17 per day. Suite 3. New Haven, 06511. Most, but nut all. Considered an authentic account of the story of the films and filmstrips listed in th,s guide arc of Esther, the basis of the Feast Purim. available through this office. Films should be re Good for instructive as well as entertainment served at least dire(' weeks prior to date of use purposes. Suitable for all age groups above and alternative dates or substitute filmtitles primary. should be g,wen. Discussion guides and flyers Icrat'l I,Story ol 'emit People, color. 31 areavailablefor must films andfilmstrips. minutes. distributed by the Anti-Defamation Lague of Icnai icrith. 315 Lexington Avenue, Filinstnps Ncw York. 10006 Rental fee S15. lltr Book of Hook,. color, 35 frames, 1952. pro- Israel's 4000 year history is traced from Egypt, duced and distributed by Gmunission on Jewish 331 Education, Union of American Hebrew Congre- The Story of Ruth, color 34 frames, 1955, dis- gations, 838 FifthAvenue, New York. Sale tributed by Kol R'ee Associates, 1923 Springfield price $7.50 including two copies of teaciicrs' Aver me, Maplewood, New Jersey, 07040. Sale guide. price $7.50, including narrator's script. Excellent photography and script make this Well done, accurate visual aid depicting cus- filmstrip an cff,:ctive instructional tool de- tomsinancientIsrael. Suitablefor inter- scribing the influence the Bible has exerted mediate and junior high school grades. throughout the world. The Tabernacle as Described in the Bible, color, Joseph Sold into Slavery, color. 33 frames. 1951.37 frames, 1960, distributed by CoMmissiorion produced and distributed by Audio-Visual AidsJewish Education, Union of American Hebrew Service, Concordia Publishing House, 3558 So. Congregations, 838 Fifth Avenue, New York. JeffersonAvenue,St.Louis, Missouri.Sale Saleprice17.50,including two copiesof price $5 including text. teachers' guide. Illustrates the life of Joseph in simple language. Vividly illustrated, the filmstrip describes the Suitable for elementary children. structure and contents of the Tabernacle and King Solomon, color, 32 frames, 1953, distri- how it evolved into the synagogue today. buted by Kol R'ce Associates, 1923 Springfield Suitab:c for junior high and high school stu- Avenue, Maplewood, Ncw Jersey 07040. Sale dents. price $7.50, including text. Thus Saith The Lord, color, 35 frames, 1958, Effective filmstrip aboutthelife of Kingdistributed by the United Synagogue Commis- Solomon as recorded in I Kings and Chronicles sion on Jewish Education, 218 E. 70th Street, containing fine photography. Best suited forNew York. Sale r.rice of filmstrip $8.50, includ- classroom use in connection with Bible and ing a teacher's guide and two copies of script. Jewish history studies. Suitable for primaryA 33-1/3 recorded narration also available for through high school students. $1.50. LIP of Joseph in five parts, color, 25 to 31 Superior quality filmstrip that reviews the frames each, distributed by Cathedral Films, lives of the Prophets Elijah, Amos, Isaiah and 2921 W. Alameda Street, Burbank, CA. Sale Jeremiah. Suitable for advanced elementary, prize $5 each, complete set $22.50, with text. intermediate through adult groups. An excellent Bible filmstrip depicting the lifeJudah the Prince: Teacher of Lou', color, 37 of Joseph using simple language that makes it frames, 1960, distributed by Commission on useful for children up through intermediateJewish Education, Union of American Hebrew grades. Congregations, 838 Fifth Avenue, New York. includingtwocopiesof 1. Joseph Sold into Egypt Sale price$7.50 teachers' guide. 2. From Palace to Prison Well-executed filmstrip on the life of Judah, 3. Joseph's Dreams Come True 4. Joseph Makes Himself Known the Prince who was editor of the Mishnah. Suitable for junior high through adult groups. 5. The Family Reunited Masada, A1014ntain of Memorv, color, 54 frames, Queen Lsther, , based on the film "Queen Esther," 1968, distributed by Commission on Jewish 42 frames, distributed by Cathedra, Films, 2921 Education, UAHC, 838 Fifth Avenue, Ncw York. W. Alameda Street, Burbank, CA. Sale price Saleprice$9.50, includingteachers' guide. $2.50, with text. The filmstripis based on slides, taken by Effective and entertaining presentation of the Professor Yadin, of Masada, where Herod story of Esther and Purim. Language is simple built his palace. Archeological treasures are and direct and portrayal is accurate. Suitable used to describe the history of the Zealots' for all age groups. heroic stand against Roman solders in the first

31 32 ce.itury.Filmstrip won the1968 Annual Mirimar Film Library, 19 Cornell Street, New- Award of the National Council on Jewish townLower Falls, Mass. Rentalprice $10. Audio-Visual Materials for the best filmstrip Informative and interesting film depicting of Jewish interest released that year. Suitable family and communal customs formerly ob- for high school and adult groups. served by Jews in Diaspora. Rituals connected The Past Comes to Life,color and black and with birth, marriage and worship are shown. white, 58 frames, 1965, distributed by Publica- Itspurposeisto introduce the viewer to tions _Department Jewish Agency, 515 Park unfamiliar folklore. Suitable for students in- Avenue, New York. Sale price 57.50 including terested in Jewish folklore, high school and two copies of narration. adult groups. An informative filmstrip that explores Biblical Museum Means People,30 minutes. 1964, distri- historythrough recent archeologicalfinds. buted by the National Academy for Adult Jew- Suitable for junior high and high school and ishEducation of the United Synagogue of adult audiences. America, 218 E. 70th Street, New York. Rental People of the Book,color, 85 frames, 1966, pro- price $8.50 prepaid. duced and distributed by United Church Press, :Cinescope presenting some outstanding Jew- Boston, Mass.Sale price of $12.50 includes ishceremonialobjectsfromtheJewish 33 1/3 record of the script. Leader's gutde is also Museum in New York, such as a mezuzah, included. Torah curtain, tefillin case, haggadah, etrog Objective presentation of Jewish history from box. The film is unorganized but is useful for the time of the invasion of Nebuchadnezzar describing ritual objects and customs. Sirtable the Babylonian to the return of Ezra to Jeru- for secondary and adult groups. salem. Suitable for those interested in Bible The Brolu.ioabbatli of Rabbi Asher,30 minutes, history, high school and adult. 1958, distributed by the National Acadamy for Torah m Jewish Life,color. 49 frames. 1953, Adult Jewish Studies of the United Synagogue produced and distributed by the Jewish Educa-of America, 218 E. 70th Street. Ncw York. tion Committee of New York. 426 W. 58th Rental price $8. 50 prepaid. Street, New York. Sale price $7.50 including Kinescope that beautifullytells the moving two copies of teachers' guide. story of a rabbi who accidentally lost a Sab- Excellent artwork and script portraying the bath day, but in the process taught his com- values and social ideals found in the Torah munity a valuable le,,son. Suitable for second- and how these ideals affected Jewish life in ."yand adult groups historySuitable for intermediate, secondary Ilolidayc iti Israel Series.color. 14 minutes each. and adult groups. available from Alden Films. 5113 Fifth Avenue, Thisis Judaism.color. 45 frames. 1969, pro- Brooklyn, N.Y. Rental price $2.50 ach. The duced and distributed by Union of American films on Hanukkah. Succoth, and Ilislievat Hebrew Congregations. 838 Fifth Avenue. New arc also available from United Israel Appeal, York. Sale price of S12 includes a 33 1/3 record 515 Park Avenue. New York, at a free rental. of the script. Suitable for all ages. Presents highlights of Judaism. history. basic Films review the historkal background of the beliefs, and ethics from a Reform perspcc tivc. holidays and show how they are observed in Suitable for high school and adult groups. Israel today. Photographyis excellent and quality of the films is good. However, the Rituals and Holidays teacher should be careful to point out that the films pertain only to Israel's manner of Films celebration. /t ll'as cuctorti. 16 mmutcs, 1969, distributed by Hanukkah 323 Passover holidays. Most of the film was photographed Punrn in a Conservative synagogue, but one scene, a Shavuoth confirmation scene, takes place in a Reform Succoth synagogue. Suitable for all age levels. Tu Bislivat In The Beginning, 30 minutes, 1956, distributed by theNational Academy for Adult Jewish Filmstrips Studies of the United Synagogue of America,Chanukah:Festival of Lights, color. 41 frames, 218 E. 70th Street, New York. Rental price 1957, distributed by Union of American Hebrew $8.50 prepaid. Congregations, 838 Fifth Avenue. New York. Well-acted and well-written film about Jews in Sale price $7.50 including two copies of teachers' the Warsaw ghetto who celebrate the festival guide. of Simhat Torah. A teachers' guide with back- Filmstrip shows children engaged in prepara- ground material is available. Suitable for junior tions for Chanukah. Intended as a child par- high. high school and adult groups. ticipation filmstrip and can be used as an ef- The Omer Festival,color, 10 minutes, distri- fective teaching aid. Suitable for children in buted by the Jewish National Fund, 42 E. 69th lower primary grades. Street, New York. Rental free. Our Festival of Passover, color. 40 frames, 1951, Beautiful music, color and dancing are useddistributed by Kol R'ee Associates, 1923 Spring- to effectively present the festival of Omer as field Avenue, Maplewood, New Jersey 07040. itis celebrated inIsrael. Again the teacherSale price $7.50 plus mailing costs, including should stress the Israeli aspect of the film.guide. Suitable forallage groups above primary. The emphasis is on the historical background Shabbat Sh iorri l'inevoraeh, 3 minutes. 1953, of the holiday. Suitable for primary and inter- distributed by the Center for Mass Communica- mediate age groups. tion. 562 W. 113th Street, New York. Sale price 7he Story of Hanukkah. 30 frames, distributed S13.50. by the Jewish Education Committee of New Beautiful visualization of the Sabbath, a songYork, 426 W. 58th Street. New York. Sale price film showing the rituals of the Sabbath cele-$3.50, including two copies of script. bration. Artistic and well done. Suitable for Very good filmstrip with informative nar- all age groups above primary. ration. The historical background of the Jewish Dietary Law. 7 minutes, color, distri- festival,itscustoms and observancesare buted bytheSyracuse Film Rental Center. presented. Suitable for children's groups and 1455 E. Calvin Street. Syracuse, N.Y. 13210. junior high and high school groups. Rental price on request. Stoly of Pascoi'rr. 52 frames. distributed by Gives examples of dietary law in daily prac- the Jewish Education Committee of New York. tices and traces origins to rabbinical interpre-426 W. 58th Street. New York. Sale price $3.50. tations of Old Testament. Suitable for juniorincluding two copies of script. high, senior high and adult audiences. Passover celebration is shown using live photo- Your Neighbor Celebrates, color, and black and graphs of seder in a home and illustrations of white, 27 minutes. 1949, distributed by the Anti- historical background of feast. Defamatic, League of B'nai FCrith 315 Lexing-The Story of Purim, 49 frames, distributed by ton Avenue. New York 10016. Rental price $15.the Jewish Education Committee of New York, A rabbi speaks to a high school group and ex-426 W. 58th Street, New York. Sale price S3.50, plains the holidays- -Rosh Hashanah, Yom including two copies of script. Kippur, Succoth, Passover, and Shavuot. The Filmstripconveys gaietyof theholiday film shows ceremonies associated with these through scenes in the home and in the s)na-

33 3 gogue. The presentation is effective and enter- Judiasm in the home and Judaism in the syna- taining. Suitable for all ages and particularly gogue. Suitable for all age groups above pri- for children 6-13. mary grades. The Story of the Sabbath, 59 frames, distributed kashnith:The Jewish Dietary Laws, color, 37 by the Jewish Education Committee of New frames, 1968,distributed by Kol R'ee Associates, York, 426 W. 58th Street, New York. Sale price 1923 Springfield Avenue, Maplewood, New jer- $3.50. including two copies of script. sey, 07040. Sale price $7.50. Very good filmstrip portraying the spirit of Excellentfilmstripthatusescartoon-like the Sabbath as a day ofrest. Sabbath songs drawings to charmingly describe the origin, are included. From a Conservative or Orthodox observance and rationale of the dietary laws. point of view. Suitable for all age groups. Captions are too small and the text is some- Tice Story of Shavuot, 59 frames, distributed by times tedious, but the filmstrip is useful in the Jewish Education Committee of New York, explaining the Kashruth laws. 426 W. 58th Street, New York. Sale price $3.50, Additional Instructional Aids including two copies of script. Filmstrip covers Shavuot festivities in modern A Kit of Ceremonial ObjectsIncludes prayer presentsBiblical back- and ancientIsrael. shawl and skull cap, mezuzah, miniature Torah ground for the present-day celebration and scroll,prayerbook, Hanukkah menorah and shows observance of the holiday in a modern candles, dreidel, Sabbath spicebox and havdalah American home and in the synagogue. Rather candle, Passover matzos and Haggadah and three ambitious in scope and somewhat lengthy. pamphlets:Your Neighbor Celebrates, Your Suitable for all age groups. Neighbor Worships. and The Sabbath. Instruc- The Story of Snecot and Sunhat Torah, 60 tion guide included. Available from Anti-Defama- frames. 1951. distributed by Jewish Education League of B'ilaiB'rith, 315 Lexington Committee of New York, 426 W. 58th Street, tion Avenue, New York, 10016. for $10. New York.Saleprice$3.50, including two The Jews of Connecticut Resource Kit-- Devel- copies of script. oped as part of the Ethnic Heritage Studies Pro Portrays a family celebration of the two festi- ject. "The Peoples of Connecticut." available on vals at home and in the synagogue.Enter- loan from the Learning Resources Area, U-32, taming and effective.Suitable for all ages School of Education, University of Connecticut, above kindergarten. Storrs, 06268. The kit contains ceremonial and Dice Stor), of Yarn Kippur, 45 frames, 1952. ritual objects, books, slides, records, a tape, cata- distributed by the Jewish Education Cr nimniee logs and other ir, MS pertaining to the curriculum. of New York, 426 W. 58th Street, NI:w York. Sale price $3.50, including two copies of script. Recordings A moving filmstrip describing the Yom Kippur'lime call of the Shofar andi.riptural Cantina- observance in the home and synagogue. Art- non,. Folkways FR8922, 12 in., 33 1/3 rpm. work and script arc outstanding. Suitable for Recorded by David Hausclroff. all age groups above pre-school. Rissover Seder Pectival Columbia ML 5736, ceremonial ethic,is ofJudaism, color, 42 frames, 12in., 33 1/3 rpm. S. Secunda, composer 1953,distributed by Alexander Arkatov, and conductor. sung by R. Tucker, narrated Ale xark and Norsim.Inc., through Kol R'ee by B. Irving. Associates.1923 Springfield Avenue. Maple- ShabbatIt Home. National Women's League of wood, New Jersey 07040. Sale price 37.50 plus theUnited Synagogue of America. 3080 madmg costs, including script. Broadway. New York, 10027. Depicts in song An informative and interesting filmstrip clearly and story the traditional Sabbath in a Jewish presenting ceremonial objects associated with home. A guide book is included. 3435 BIBLIOGRAPHY A dramatic account of Israel's history from Part I a Zionist point of view. Very readable. and Toby K urz band. '11w Story of the Adler, Rabbi Morris. Jewish Heritage Reader. Jewish Way of Life. The Jewish Heritage New York: Tap linger Publishing Co ,1965. Studies Series. New York: Behrman House, A rather detailed book on the history and Inc., 1959. practice of Judaism. An interesting well illustrated children's book Borowiti. et al. linage of the Jews, a teachers' on the Jewish culture and religion. Guide to Jews and their Religion. New York. Purdy,Susan Gold. Jewish Holidays,I-acts. Anti-Defamation League of B'n ii B'rith, 1970. -Ictivities and CraftsPhiladelphia: Lippen- Excellent lecture series on Judaism with a cott. 1969. corresponding teachers' guide by Ruth Seldin. A children's book on the Jewish holidays, Presents religion, values and eth les of Judaism. why and how they are celebrated, crafts and Dashcfsky, Arnold and Howard M. Shapiro. activitiesrelatedtotheholidays.Also Ethnic Identification .4inong American Jews. includes basic information on the Hebrew Lexington. MA. LexingtonBooks,1974. calendar and ancient origins of Judaism. A book about American Jews from a sociolo-Schweitzer, Frederick. History of the Jews Since gist's point of view, very clearly written and the I irst Century -I.D. New York. Macmillan, well organized. 1971. Dumont, Max I. Jews, God and History. New A readable volume of Jewish history written York. Simon and Schuster, 1962. by a Catholic historian. Soft cover, available A very readable history of the Jews that will from ADL of B'naiB'rith. 315 Lexington provide a good general background. Also con- Avenue, New York. tains a chapter on American Jewish history. Simon, Nina. Hanukkah. New York. Crowell, Availablein paperback from Signet Books. 1965. New York. A children's book on Hanukkah, whatit Epstein. Isidore. JudaismBaltimore: Penguin means and how it is celebrated. Books. 1959. A comprehensive account of the . Passover, New York.Crowell. 1965. Jews' 4000 year history by a noted rabbi and The story of events leading up to the flight scholar. from Egypt and how the holiday is celebrated Fruchtenbaum. Arnold G. Hebrew Chrictianity. in Jewish homes today, written for small Washington, D.C,: Canon Press. 1974. children. Interesting opinions of the Jews for JesusTrowel:, Buckner B. The Bible as Literature. movement regarding Jewishness and Jesus. New York: Barnes and Noble. 1963. Gilbert. Rabbi Arthur and Oscar Tarcov. Your A comprehensive survey of the old Testament .swit:hbor Celebrates. New York. ADL of as a great work of literature. B'nai B'rith. 1972. A clear and concise explanation of the major Additional Publications Recommended for holidays giving historical origins and obser Classroom Use vance today, with 42 photographs. Greenstonc, Julius H. Jewish I edsts and I ats The B'nai B'nth publishes reasonably priced New York Block Publishing Co.. 1946. pamphlets that deal with holidays. religion and Detailed descriptions of the Jewish holidays Jewish customs. They arc available from the and how they are celebrated, however tend B'nai B'nth office. 315 Lexington Avenue, New to be outdated and is of limited value. York, and are recommended for secondary stu- Levin, Meyer. /lie Story of (cruel New York: dents. Berkley Publishing Corp., 1967. "Your Neighbor Celebrates." a 39-page version

36 of the book with the same title by Rabbi discovery of America.Contains suggested Arthur Gilbert and 0. Tarcov. readings and activities for students. Good for "The Sabbath" by David Greenberg. 15 pages grades 6-8. discussing the meaning of the Sabbath. Kane, Michael P.Minorities in Textbooks.4 "The Living Heritage of Passover." by Solo- Study of Their Treatment in Social Studies mon S. Bernards, ed., 40-page anthology of Texts.Chicago: Quadrangle. 1970. selections which explain the Passover. A study showing the neglect and distortion in "The Living Heritage of Hanukkah," by David minorityhistoryinAmericantextbooks. Greenberg and Solomon S. Bernards. an illus- Good for an introduction to ethnic studies. trated 47-page booklet on Hanukkah and its Suitable for teachers and secondary students. meaning throughout the ages. Includes a bibli- Kertzer, M.What is a Jeer'New York: Macmillan. ography. 1953. "The Living Heritage of the High Holy Days," An attempt to present some of the basic char- by Solomon S. Bernards, ed., a 31-page an- acteristics of the Jewish religion and the Jew- thology of selections and background informa- ish people. Suitable for high school and ,dolt tion- about Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. groups. "The Judaism Pamphlet Series:" Levi, S.B. and S.R. Kaplan.-h rocs the Thresh- The Emerging -Iniencan Jewby S. Rabinowitz. old. Guide for the Jewish HomemakerNew -I Jewish*ie of Love and Marriageby S. York: Schocken Books. Rabinowitz. Written for Jewish women, explaining holi- Ritual in Jewish Lifeby Robert Gordis and days and customs, the book would be helpful David Feldman. in classroom demonstrations of home customs. Itliatis a Jewby Ira Eisenstein. Good reading for secondary students. TheJewish Teenager and theFamilyby Michener, James.The Source.New York: Ran, S. Glustrom. dom House, 1965. Judaism and Christianityby S. Sandmel, An epic novel based on the history of Israel. Modern Trends to Jewish Religionby Emanuel Very lengthy. but masterfully written. Suit- Goldsmith. able for high school students and adults. Judaism and Ethicsby Norman Frimer, Plant, G.Your \eighbor a.; a JewPhiladelphia. 71ic Jewish ConceptofAkin by William B. Pilgrim Press, 1968. Silverstein. A collection of articles by a Reform rabbi -1 JewishI few of God by RolandB.Catch dealing with aspects of Jewish beliefs. holi- sohn. days. and customs. Suitable for high school Israel, /ionicm and the -line ncau Jensby Jack students and adults. Cohen. Singer. IsaacBasliesis.ili,ah the Shirr New Bothwell. Jean.dameofthe SkyNew York York. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1970 Vanguard, 1954. The story of the legend of Elijah, the mes- A story of the days of Elijah. Young Jonathan senger of God who is sent to help Tobias. a is sent to live in the palace of King Ahab whose poor but faithful scribe. Grades from Kinder- queen. Jezebel. worships Baal, a foreign god. garten through intermediate. Jonathan must choose between the king andZelig,s. Dorothy. IChildHistoryof 1ewi lm the God of Israel. Grades 6-10. Life.New York. Bloch Publishing Co , 1948. Gamoran, Mamie G. the New Jcidi /booty An elementary book for children about the New York The Union of American Hebrew history of the Jews, told inthe form of a Congregations. 196 3. story. Good for grades above primary . An elementary textbook, in three volumes. on the history of the Jews from origins to the 3637 APPENDIX about 200 in Cochin. The men wear yarmulkes, have earlocks and wear a loincloth. Interesting Jewish Communities in Other There is a larger Jewish community in Bombay _Areas of the World called the Beni-Israel, a brown-skinned group who are believed to have settled in India in the Falashas of Ethiopia or Abyssinia second century B.C. They have followed the tra- The origin of the Black Jews of Ethiopia is ditional Jewish calendar, adding to it various clouded in legend. Both Jewish and Christian Hindu customs. While the British ruled India, Abyssinian tradition trace the Falashas to a the Beni-Israel took advantage of the increased liaison between the black Queen of Sheba and educational opportunities offered to them and King Solomon of Israel. A son named Menilek many became professional people. There arealso was instructed in the ways ofJudaism and was artisans, farmers and common laborers among crowned King of Abyssinia by Solomon in Jeru- the Beni-Israel. salem. He returned to Abyssinia with an entour- age of Israelites and, according to onelegend, Jews of the Maghreb the Ark of the Covenant from Jerusalem. There The indigenous Berbers of North Africa are arc other theories that the Falashas(the word believed to have been descendants of Palestinian means "exile" in the Ethiopianlanguage) are tribes. When the first Jews migrated to North descended from the ten tribes of Israel tl at were Africa, perhaps as early as 586 B.C., they found expelled from Palestine in 721 when the Assyr the inhabitants to have a similar Semite culture tans conquered the northernkingdom of Israel. and language. The Punic language of the North Others believethatthey are descendants of Africans was easily understood by the Hebrew- exiles after the first destruction of the Temple in speakingJews. Many oftheBerbertribes 586 B.C., or even after the Romansdestroyed acceptedJudaismandthereligionspread the second Temple in 70 A.D. They are very throughout North Africa. After the fall of the strict in morals and observanceof the Torah Temple in Jerusalem in 70 A.D., many Israelites laws, but know nothing of the Talmud or the settled in the North African areas and the Jewish Hebrew language. They worship in synagogues communities began to flourish. WhenChristian- but practice certain rituals that are completely ity became the official religion ofthe Empire. alien to Jews elsewhere and they hold curious the Jews were forbidden to proselytize or accept from civic beliefs inevil shadows, soothsayers, raisers ofconverts and were generally excluded the dead and rain doctors. For more information rights. This was the beginning of a slump in their history that continued through Vandal, Byzan- refertoJ. J.Williams'Hebreteisnic of West Ijriea (Biblo and Tannen, New York. 1967). tine, and Muslim domination untilthe French occupied North Africa in the Pmeteenth century. Indian Jews of Cochin and Bombay Most of the Berber tribes converted to Islam. The Jewish community on the Malabar coastThe Jews who remained faithfulto Judaism of the twelfth of SouthIndia was establishedin 1523 by were persecuted. By the middle Sephardic Jews who immigrated there. The century, most of the Christians haddisappeared "White" Jews of Cochin, descended from Syrian from North Africa and the Jews remained the and Turkish immigrants, were the elite of the only distinct minority group. They were con- community. A strict caste system developed fined to ghettos, had to wear distinctive clothing after the process of symbiosis with the Hindus, and were no permitted to own or work the land. and their skin colors ranged from light brown to They remained isolated in squalor and misery. almost black. The Cochin Jews used a Sephardic The Jewish North African communities received liturgy and maintained Kosher practices. Most somewhat of an intellectual and cultural revival of them have immigrated to Israel, leaving only when Spain's Sephardim settled in Morocco,

37 Tunisia, Algeria and Libya after the es pusionsin route between the Roman Empire and China 1492 and 1498 but conditions never ameliorated was established. Local K'al-ft:inglegend dates to any great extent. Only a few areas, particular- the Twuchin Cluao (literally the sect which ly the island of D;erba and areas bordering the plucks out the sinew, referring to Kosher slaugh- Sahara in southern Tunisia, remained uninflu- wring ritual) around 800 A.D. when the Moors, enced by the Sephardim. Here the Jews retained Christians and Jews all immigrated to China. their own unique brand of oriental Judaism Other legends claim that Jews were present in which included a long list of Jewish saints. Cluna,eenturies before Iannan times. -su-perstittem -arid-unusual codes of dress. Sometime betweenthe 1600'sand 1850 When the French established their dominance when two Protestant missionariesvisited over Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. the Jews of K th.i Jewish community had disinte- North Africa were emancipated from their almost grated, Th_ synagogue lay in ruins, there were two-thousand-year history of isolation and dev- none left who understood Hebrew, all religious astating discrimination. Again the Jewish com- observance had ceased and themissionaries re- munities began to grow and prosper. In the ported thatthe only difference between the 1940's two happenings occurred that caused Chinese Jews and other Chinese was that they over 75 percent of all North African Jews to emi- did not eat pork or worship idols, implying that grate, most of them fleeing to Israel. The first the Chinese Jews now physicallyresembled was the rising tide of nationalism and obvious other Chinese. In1900a Society for the Rescue end of French control. The second was the estab- of Chinese Jews was formed in an effort to re- lishment of a Jewish national homeland in Israel. vitalize Judaism m bs teaching the reli- Since 1950 almost all of the North African Jews gion and Hebrew and rebuilding the synagogue. have disappeared from what remained of their Unfortunatelythe remnant of the community communities when the French left. Sec Andr' had bythenlostallinterest intheir Jewish Chouraqui's Between1 oataild West, a fitstorr heritage and Judaism has totally disappeared in of the Jews of N;orfli 4Pu-a (Jewish Publication Kai-fiing. Interest in Chinese Jews has been Society of America.I968for more information stimulated in recent years mostly through the work of such scholars as R. Lowenthal and Chinese Jews of Kai-feng W.C. White, but inure research needs to be done The western world was unaware of the exis- before a complete and accurate history of the tence of the Chinese Jews until1605when one K'ai-fCing Jews t an be compiled. More informa of their community visited a Jesuit monastery in non may be found inW.White's Chows(' /env Peking. He had heard that the Jesuits worship- (University of Toronto Press,1966). ped one God and that they were not Muslims. so "Pearl Buck wrote a fictionalized versionof he assumed that they must be of the same reli- how the Chinese Jews assimilated, entitled Pe- soon, that is, Jewish. Jesuit scholars further in- (John Day. NY, 1948) vestigatcd the K'ai king communits and reported their findings to Rome. The Chinese Jews were described .is being ph y sically like Jews elsewhere in the world, and at that time they practiced all of the religious traditions of Judaism. They had a beautiful s), iragopic seemed to he prosperoltS were rather substantial in number. There are several theories and legends regarding the historical roots of the IC.ing Jews Scholars believe that Ilk} Ma} have settled ni 39 China during, Roman times when asilk trade

38 American Judaism from an Part II Historical Perspective AMERICAN JUDAISM IMMIGRATION AND ASSIMILATION The Jews as a cultural, religious and ethnic 4 ims and Objectives for community trace their origins to the land of Part 11 Palestine or Israel, as itis called today. Tra- ditionally,theirfirstticsdevelopedwhen 1.-ro eltamine the historical beginnings of theAbraham settled in- that land -four Thousand- American Jewish community in order to en- years ago. The Jews maintained a sovereign ablestudentsto understand thediversity nation until 586 B.C., when the Babylonians among American Jews. destroyed their kingdom and took them to 2. To point out differences as well asstmilsr- Babylonia as slaves. The Babylonian captivity ities in the major denominations of Judaism. ended, but from that time on the Jews remained 3. To present contributio is that Jews have made subservient to a succession of foreign rulers, inAmerican history so that students will first to the Persians and Alexander the Great, realize the impact of these contributions on and then, after a brief period of independence the development of our country. under the leadership of the Maccabees, to the 4. To explore the development of the Reform Romans. and Conservative movements in the United The revolt of the Jews against Roman rule in States and other philosophies that emerged 70 A.D. and in 132 to 135, resulted in the world- from these movements. wide dispersion of the bulk of the Jewish nation 5. To learn about the synagogue and its his- and the destruction of their homeland. It wasn't toricaldevelopment, thefunction of the until 1948 that this homeland was restored. rabbi, and the worship service, so that stu-Throughout the centuries the Promised Land dents can relatethis information to their continued to dominate the thoughts and prayers own religious affiliations. of the Jews in the diaspora. It is said that in 6. To examine the attitudes of American Jews every Jew's heart is a longing for Israel. The link towards Israel: to trace the history of that between the American Jews and Israel will be country, and discuss currentconflicts be- discussed later. tween Arabs and Jews. Generally speaking, the Jews of the diaspora 7. To become familiar with Yiddish, the lan-are divided Into two groups: theSephardim, guage of the eastern Europeans, in order to originally of the Iberian peninsula, and the Ash- understand ch. development of the vast array kenazim, originallyfrom central and eastern of Jewish American literature. Europe. The Sephardim are considered the first 8. To learn about Jewish ethics and values that identifiable Jews in North America, however, re- play such avitalrolein American Jewish cent archeological discoveries have produced a attitudestowards education, social justice theory that Hebrews may have come to America and charity. three thousand years ago. Stone inscriptions that have been unearthed in Georgia and Tennessee have been cited as evidence that they may have travelled here from Palestine as early as 1000 B.C. Specialists in American Indian history say that 'Teri a lesson with a humorous illustration" the Yuehi tribe of Georgia had customs, language and appearance that would imply a Hebrew From the Talmud

39 40 heritage)All of thisisstill-nly speculation bringing . . them their great Islamic culture, and has not n..en validated. loveof learning and scientific achievements. Indoor plumbing systems, previously unknown The Sephardim inSpam, wereintroduced. Thc Arabrule The name Sephardim is derived fromSep h- brought about a "golden age" for the Spanish ank' where the Jews are believed to have settled Jews. Brought together by their mutual love of afterthe Babylonians captured Jerusalem in learning and their shared backgrounds of a Semi- 586 B.C. The exact location of this area is un- ticpast, the Jews and the Moors developed a known but over the years the name became as long and meaningful relationship. Under Moor- sociated with the Iberian peninsula. Sepharail ish rule the Jews were no longer restricted pro- is Ae Hebrew word for Spain. There is evidence fessionally and they soon became able physi- that Jews were present in Iberia since pre-Chris- cians, financiers and philosophers. Jews were en tian times. The Iberian Jews were assimilated couraged to Lcorne artisans, judges. inventors, into Spanish society to the fullest degree. They soldiers and scientists, unheard of in other parts were deeply attached to their country and lived of the diaspora. The great philosopher Moses there happily, participating in every phase of lifeMaimonides was one product of this happy until the time of the Inquisition. period in Jewish history. Maimonides was born Prior to the arrival of the Moors at the begin- in Spain in 1135 and moved to Cairo where he ning of the eighth century, Spain was governed wrote his Gtiol.for the Perplexedand thirteen by a number of kings. each having his own tiny articles of faith that he considered essential to kingdom, vying for power against the Church. Judaism. During this period. the Jews experienced some Unfortunately, the Moorish influence began discrimination in the form of taxes, but it was to wane and, as the Christian Church took over token taxation and was nothing like the severe control of more and more territory, this golden taxation and persecution faced by Jews else- age began to diminish. isolated outbreaks of anti where in Europe. Instead of ghettos or pogroms Semitism occurred. Many Jewish families left that existed in central and eastern Europe, the Spain and settled in North AF -ica. A few of the Sephardim often occupied the best quarters ofChristian kings were decul o-Jewish. how- Spanish cities. They were, however, restricted to ever, having observed tht ..,eat Jewish contribu- certain occupations such as moneylending and tions to civilization under Moorish rule. Ferdi- tax collecting. nand III and his successor nrotected the rights In 711 the Moorsonquered the peninsula, of the Jews. The tide started to cha 1,e drastically around 1300 when Pope Innocent .11 initiated the "Jew- 1. Gwynne,Peter, "Hi Columbus!Likethe ish yellow badge" that every Jew was ordered to Trip' Netesueek. May 26, 1975 wear in order to distinguish Jews from Christians. This theory was advanced as early as 1585 by False rumors of blood sacrifice in the synagogues Father Dwan in his history of New Spain, were spread bhuse who were jealous of Jew- based on a resemblance of religious rites of is'asuccess and wealth. Jews were blamed for Jews and American Indians.Several years being the cause of the Black Plague. Because of later Rev Thomas Thorowgood wrote Jews In theirstrict Kosher dietary laws and rules of Aineri,ait.Or Probabditio that The Americans cli..lincss, very few Jews fellvictim to the AreofThat RateAn Amsterdam rabbi plague, so they were blamed for being the cause. named Menasseh ben Israel published a pam- Anti-Semitism flourished. Many Jews and the re. phlet inLatin, "The Hope of Israel,"in maining Moors conve tcd to Christianity out of which he declared the American Indians are fear. In 1391 mobs invaded Jewish communities descended from the ten lost tribes of Israel. an homes, offering the Jews a choice between

40 41 death or baptismFour thousand were massa- It was during this period of expulsion from cred. Many were baptizedThese new Chris- Iberia that Columbus was opening up the way tians were called (anterior. There were many to the New World which offered freedom and who converted outwardly but still practiced Ju- hope to the Jews. On August 3, 1492, the day daism in private. These Jews were called ,ilar- atter all Jews had to he out of Spam, Columbus ramo.meaning pigsTo combat thissecret set sail for the eastFrom the very first, Jews Judaism, the Spanish Inquisition was estab- have played an important role in the settlement lished in1478. Jews were forbidden to carry of the New World A Jew had prepared Co- arms and Marranos were turned in to the In- lumbus' navigational charts and Jewish bankers quisitors who tortured them to extract confes- had helped to finance the trip when Isabella's sionsThose who confessed were then labelled coffers were empty of funds. There is also a the- heretics and were burned publicly. Thousands orythat Columbus himself was a Marrano. of Jews perished in this way. In 1492 the King Many believe that Columbus' parents escaped and Queen of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, is- from a pogrom in Spain and settled in Italy. sued an edict ordering the Jews to leave the The signature on his letters reads Cristobal Co- country within four months All of their wealth hin, a name that was later to become Cohn or and property was confiscated by the crown Cohen when the Colons migrated to Germany Many fled to Portugal only to find the same after the expulsion in 1492 conditions thereSome went to Turkey and The first known European settler in the New Palestine where they were welcomed by the Ot- World was Lois de Torres, a Marrano, who was toman Sultan Others went to North Africa or the official interpreter on Columbus' ship. Be- Europe Holland became a haven for all the re- cause of de Torres' knowledge of Hebrew, Ara- ligiously oppressed Some went to the West In- maic and Arabic, he was expected to he able to dies, Mexico, Central and South America. By communicate with the Asians, for Columbus 1500 the largest and most prosperous Jewish was trying to find a new route to the east. community in Europe was extinct and there Some of the Spanish Jews migrated to Portu- were no professing Jews left in Spain or Portu- guese Brazil, trying to escape the horrors of the gal Inquisition, only to find that the Inquisition had followed them thereIn 1624, when the Dutch conquered Brazil and uttered protection and religious freedom toall who supported them, the Marranos openly returned ti. Juda- ismA synagogue svas established in Recite, the capital, whose population by that time was thirty percent Jewish In 1651 the Portuguese reconquered Brazil and again the Jews were fimed to either leave or be baptized They chose exile. Sixteen ships carried Recifc's Jews from Brazil, hound for the Netherlands One of the ships was blown off course and was set upon by Spanish pirates. The passengers were taken prisoner and the cargo was confiscated. A while later another Yom= --- ship on its way to New Amsterdam, ;aptained azi by a Frenchman named Jacques de la Mattli2, arrived on the sceneHe defeated the pirates \'z ter am tr rt Isabel tehtd the pril jett r armed froI h5-0and rescued the prisoners However, Captain do

4 1 la Matthe demanded payment from these now mortalized in a poem by Longfellow. Much Jew- penniless refugees When they arrived in New ish-American history can be traced through their Amsterdam, de la Matthe refused to release any cemeteries, as tt was usually the first step towards of their remaining goods until every cent of the theestablishment of aJewishcommunity. passage money was paid. The case was taken to Most of the trading engaged in by the shippers court and finally the money was raised by auc- toNewport from 1700 until the Revolution was tioning off the refugees' property and de la theruin, slave and sugar triangle. Rum was Mot the wassatisfied.2 loaded into vessels in Newport, sent to Africa to The governor of Dutch New Amsterdam, be traded for a shipload of slaves who were then Pero- Stuyvesant, wanted to expel the Jews. The carried to the West Indies to be traded for sugar. colonists of New Amsterdam were extremely in- The sugar was brought back to Newport to be tolerant of anyone of any faith other than the turned into ruin and the cycle was repeated. At Dutch Reformed Church. There was a ban on each corner of the triangle great profits were public religious gatherings and Stuyvesant re- made. Many shopscarriedother goods for quested permission from the Dutch West India trading, but the slaves produced the highest Company in Amsterdam to expel the Jews. But yield. When the Revolution came, destroying the colony had been founded as a profit-making Newport's tradingactivities, many Jews and venture of tl e Dutch West India Company and Christiansleftthecity. The synagogue was Stuyvesant ,sas ordered to Tolerate them. This closed.Itremained closed until 1322 when he did, but only after imposing many restric- Abraham Touro died and bequeathed E10,000 tions. Jews were denied the right to build a syna- to a fund for the care and preservation of the gogue. own property or serve in the military. In- Newport synagogue. Judah, his brother, also stead, they had to pay a tax. The Jewish settlers left E10,000 to the synagogue when lie died formed Congregation Shearith Israel in 1655, in 1854. From that time on, the synagogue came but it wasn't until 1730 that the congregation to be called the Touro Synagogue and once again was permitted to build a synagogue. it became the house of worship for Newport's In 1664 when the British took over the rule Jewish community as new immigration from of New Amsterdam, renaming it New York, central and eastern Europe brought more and many of Stuyvesant's restrictions were relaxed. more Jews to that city. Even though the later Certain civil rights were granted, such as owning arrivals were Ash kenazic, the entire Jewish popu property and doing business. The Sephardic Loon united as one congregation and followed Jews of New York were on the road to pros- Sephardic tradition. Today the Tour° Sy nagogue perity .The names Levy. de Lucena, Conic/, is the oldest surviving synagogue in the United de Leon, Nunes and Hendricks became sy nony- States mid has become a national historic shrine. mous with wealth and prominence. The Seph- ardim also settled in other states that offered religious liberty such as Rhode Island. Pennsyl- vania, Ceorgia, South Carolina and Louisiana. rh, second largest Jewish community during this carts period was Newport, Rhode Island. It is bclicscd that there were Sephardim in New port as earls as 1'inihes 11).1, haVe only from New York. South America or Holland. in 1677 a Jewish c elm ter% plot was purchased, later mi

2. Birmingham. Stephen, /otandce, Ncw )nitroS3nappif York, I)ehl Publishing Co., 1971. pp. 42 47. :Stu portRhoda Nand

42 43 South Carolina, Georgia and Peinsylvania also The earlyaristocratic Sephardim formed a offered religious freedom, or. it not complete very elite group in the United States. They be- freedom, at least tolerance, to colonists. In 1703came extremely wealthy and were characterized the Jews in Charleston were permitted to vote in bytheir reserve and dignity. Their religious a general election. They erected i synagogue in rituals differed from those of the Jews in other 1759 and fifteen y ears later Francis Salvador be- parts of Europe. The Marranos had gradually Lame one of the first Jews in American history altered the old Jewish practices, because for to be elected to a public office when he wasmany years they had been forced to outwardly chosen to serve in the First Provincial Congress, adhere to Christianity and to attend mass. This Moses Levy of New York had been elected Con- resulted in the absorption of sonic Catholic cus- stable of the South Ward in the late 1600's, but toms into the Marrano form of Judaism. Prayers had declined to serve. were recited rather than chanted and no prayer Savannah became an important Jewish center books were used duringthis period as they also There Jews enjoyed all the privileges of the could have served as evidence against the Mar- ether Loloinsts. Unlike the Jews of New York. ranos. The tunes and melodies of certain wor- they were permitted to bear arm, When forty-ship songs also differed from those of the three Jews from England arrived '733, they Ashkenazim. were given land grants by the governor, James Many of the differences between Sephardic Oglethorpe That same year, forty more Jews and Ashkenazic customs have disappeared as the from Spain and Portugal arrived. A congregation two groups have had more contact, but there was established in 1735 when a charter gave re- still remains a distinctly Sephardic way of wor- ligious liberty to all except Catholics. In 1801 ship. The chants differ, there is more individual David Emmanuel became the first Jewish gover- participation and less of an emphasis on the nor in the United St,...s when he became the liazzan. The Sephardim use the same traditional governor of Georgia. pronunciation of Hebrew that is used in Israel A few Jews settled in Plidadeip1tia in 1726. today which is unlike Aslikenaiii. Hebrew. The William Penn offered residence r- ad who be-Sephardim remain strictly orthodox in their in- lieved "the One Almighty and Et( -nal God to be terpretation of Judaism, the Creator. Upholder, and Ruler of the World." As civil rights laws were established in the The Jews LILL:lifted and were admitted. butUnited States, the Sephardim settled in other Penn's successors passed a law restricting voting areas. Thereis one Sephardic communityin and office holding to Protestants. By 1740 theConnecticut that will be discussed in Part III, Jews had their own cernett. ryind had estab- The Jews of Connecticut. shed the congregation Mtk.vell Israel. although The Sephardim were extremely prolific and a synagogue wasn"t built in Philadelphia untilit was not unioninion for them to have a dozen after the RevAtion. Soon there were "...ws set- children. However. the original Sephardic Jews tling in the country side surroundin6 Philadelphia. have left very few descendants in the United Some Jews ttletl in Massacht etts, but be- States who are recognizable as Sephardic. There cause of di .intolerance and discrimination by are two reasons for this. Those who were very the Puritans tcwards people of differing beliefs, ligions refused to marry outside of their small there were not many Jews I ving in that state community , As the female population diminished during, Colonial times. Judah Monis from Italy they did not marry at all. Later on, those who (lid settle in Bosto,i and was the first Jew to re-were left married the German Ashkenazim and ceive adegree from an American university the old Spanish names like Mehdes. Lopez and when Harvard .warded loin an honorary Master Gonie/ sloe ily disappeared and were replaced by of Arts degree in 1720. Two years later, however, German names. The second reason is that those he converted to Christianity. who were less religious in the early days inter

43 "17.1 rrq!' Tie? DICKDOOK LISBON GNI! 'ABU: A

GRAMMAROF Till Vebret lit opt, An ESSAYBEING To bring the IMMO .1411111111r into (Mak INSTRUCTIONhalm the ze.0 sh O. .0 banes d smirks a Jest Ina el this Primitive Tongue by their own Studies; Inorder to thek mole dant* Acquintence with theSaca so Oa acmesor the Old Taiment. scolding to the Wend.And PehlillioI test's ericcially In raelith et the STUDENT S ef fidardat&COLLEGE is Cseifeige,is lisw.lnesene. 7 1kt VYF DI? an. larii wpm ITT: Conapoted and accurately Corralled, By JunAttMorits, M. A

aoltroMN. Er45401/44 Printed by Jonas Guam, mad are to be Sold by the AUTHOR. at his Hoofs in Crishilp. MDCCXXXV. 41=i .1

Title page from JudahMonis' Hebrew Grammar Harvard, 1735

4445 married with other early settlers and converted and was written in Hebrew-like characters This to Christianity. The Sephardimof this period language is called Ladino or Judesmo. who do remain, form an elite tightly knit group The Sephardim in these Mediterranean coun- their that has become quite inconspicuous. tries did not abandon their language or Although the term Sephardic does refer tech- faith. in their minds the expulsion from Spain nically to all those Jews from Spain and Portugal was only temporary and soonthey would return and their descendants, it came also to include to their homeland. When theyleft Spain, they those Colonial Jews from Germany who were took with them the keys to their houses. As the generations passed, a ritual was made of passing absorbed bythe Sephardic community and down the key to "la casa vieja" from father to adoptedSephardicreligious customs. These expulsion German Jews of the pre-Revolutionary period son. Many were convinced that the because they had not are referred to as SephardizedAshkenazim. By was God's punishment observed Jewish law as strictly as they should 1720 the original Sephardim were actually in the have. As the other European Jews were trying to minority. modernize the Jewish religion, the Sephardim of As the Jews of New York prospered, they left southern Europe were moving in the opposite di- the Lower East Side and moved to the Upper rection, becoming ultra-orthodox. These Se- West Side, wanting to have nothing to do with phardic communities were so cloistered that the ever increasing numbers of German Jewish outside cultural influences had relatively little immigrants whom they considered tobe upstarts. Soon the Ashkenazim also left the ghetto of the effect on them and for four hundred years they Lower East Side and moved to the Upper West retained their old customs and language. The early part of the 1900's brought some of Side. Once again the Sephardim moved on, this these Greek and Turkish Sephardim to America. time to the suburbs and to other states. Sephardic immigration to the United States The accounts which they sent back home of the America brought about a did not stop in the 1600's. Sephardic Jewslater Jewish came from North Africa, Turkey,Greece, Italy small flow of immigration. The Turkish Revolu- triggered a more and parts of the Middle East. In addition to the tion at the end of World War I substantial wave of immigration. The new Se- wealthy Jews descended from the philosophers, phardic immigrants brought with them their physicians, judges and poets who could afford to of pay bribes necessary toenable them to take language, their ultra-orthodox interpretation their property with them to northern EuropeanJudaism and their poverty. The old aristocratic ports during the expulsionsfrom Spain andSephardim were horrified by these underprivi- hedged brothers who were an embarrassment to Portend! in1492 and 1498, there were also the synagogues resulted many poor less educatedSephardim who had to them. A conflictin surrender all of their property and flee to other between the old Sephardim and the new. But, Mediterranean tountries. Many went to Turkey, like other Jewish immigrants before them, this N-)rth Africa and parts of Greece that were still new group prosperedand did not remain in the the under Muslim rule. Here the Jews lived in closed New York ghetto for long. Many went to communities, making a living byfishing and suburbs, or to surrounding states, and many mov- trading, devoting all of their free time to the ed westward. Although New York City has the study of the Talmud. The language that these largest Sephardic population, Los Angeles is sec- people spoke was not the Castilhan of the ond and Seattle is third. The Sephardic communi- made up of Greek wealthy Spanish Jes who had migrated to ty of Seattle is almost entirely been northern Europe and South America; it was a Jews from the island of Rhodes who had fishermen in the old country and were drawn to dialect, and almost pure medieval Spanishthat. Seattle because of the fishing industry. Many contained many Hebrew words and expressions started out as fishermen, became canners and a

45 46 generation later they were the owners of some America came from Germany via London and of the largest canneries in Seattle and Portland. Amsterdam inthe1700's. They were shoe- For almost four hundred ~ears the Sephardim makers, bakers, butchers, soap makers and of Turkes and Greece remainedapart and clung watch makers. Some of the more prosperous to their old was S. Stetsy ears in the United ones were engaged in shipping and commerce. States have sufficed to produce almost totalas- By 1770 there were approximately two thous- similation with no desire to return to Spain. and Jews in the Colonies and tiles were MOStk even though in 1968 Franco remosed the ban on absorbed by the Sephardiccommunities.3 Jews and invited them back to Spain. On Decem- Mans of the German Jewish colonials were ber 17. 1968. the following item appearedin the adventurous and spirited and were not particu \e it 1 Or!,' /me" datelined Madrid. larly educated in secular or even religiousmat- Four hundred and so ems -sixsears after ters. Letters written by mans of them show a King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ordered very limitedknowledge of Hebrew Their the Jews expelled from Spain. the Spanish mother tongue was1 niiity/c, aI udeo-German gosernment declared tonieht that the order mixed with many Hebrew words and phrases, was sold. which they used III daily life and in correspon- The cost of assimilation has also been the grad- dence Yiddish was spoken in Germans until the ual disappearance of Ladino Although the Se- middle of the 19th century when the trendto- phardim base had only a minor influence on ward" secularizing Judaism des eloped and Ger American Jewry, their rich and distinctive cul- man was adopted by the Jews. ture should he preservedThe American Se- For centuries the G man Jewish emunitini- phardic Federation and Yeshis a Unisersityin ties had been isolated from the non-Jewish pop- New York are sponsoring programs in an at- ulation. the Goyim. Anti Semitic sly-dentewas tempt to do so not unLoimnim. Then IIIthe last half of the The German Ashkenazim 1700's forces were at work to change the u1.1 In Hebrew the Biblical word Ashkenaz came way of life. A nail named Moses Mendelssol.n. torefer to Germany andc was later used to although orthodox in his interpretation. bell se d identifyallthose Jews descended from the that Jews should modermze themsels es tofit Franco-German Jews who migrated to northern. inwith the German socictsand culture. He central and eastern Europe after the expulsion preached Judaism as an ethic. encouraged the from Francein1394 and so bseel uent perseeu use of German rather than Yiddish in the home. nom in Franco-Germansinthe fifteenth and and told the Jews to go out into the secular sixteenth centuries. world and studs the German y ulture along with The Jews migrated to Frame and the Whine the Talmud Vallesarea during theri 'go of Charlemagne Together with the se nos ideas of set ularizing around 800Thousands poured into the Hots the Jewish faithLamy the liberal recorin pen R0111,111 Empire from Islamic t.,,ontricstmlike grams initiated hs Napoleon. Jews wer,.. gran t theii -sus ni Spain and Portugalmost of the nfien,,Ifm and Lquai status under the law. tiles European laws lised apart from the Gi nixie were 110 longer cunhncd to ghettos and took an world. eindined to ghettos and restrictedto ay Me part in the lal and kultural life of Ger occupations. Their in es we re centered around man ,In .t short time tiles (011,011.1M thum,t, hes the studs of the Torah and Talmud and thes de fulls assMillated into German soliet%, Rut when sy loped their own liturgs and lite style ditto rent from that of the Sephardim rim' the sixteenth centersthe Sephardic Jews made up half the 1. There are 111,1115 dist Cpdllt. ICS in the actual worlds Jewrs. Now user nnicts per, cot of all figuies, some sources estimate about One thou _Jew. arc Ashkenazi, sand. others say from tweets Ilse hundred to Elle firstAshkenany Jewstotometo three thousand

46 4 7 Napoleon was defeated in 1814, all of these almost everywhere in the country. The majority liberal reforms were abolished and the old dis- of the German Jews settled in the midwest and criminatory laws were reinstated. Anti Jewish Cincinnati became a great center for the Jewish propaganda was spread. community of America. The peddlers dealt in Maximillian Joseph IV ruled that the Jewish ribbons, lace, thread, jewelry and cutlery. Ped- population should "not be increased in the dling was attractive to the new immigrants be- places where they were, and should be decreased cause it required little capital and was a good if it were too large." Restrictive marriage laws way to learnthe language and customs of were imposed in Bavaria. Those Jews who did America. They would often start out on foot, hot possess the proper certificate could not carrying their goods in a bag or basket. Then marry or have children. they would graduate to a wagon and the success- These restrictions, increasing anti-Semitism ful ones soon had enough money to buy a small and the poor economic conditions in southern shop. Germany caused mass emigration in the early 1800's. The German Jews came to America in large numbers from small villages in Bavaria and Austria.They camealso fromHungary, Rumania and Bohemia. By 1830 there were well over five thousand Jews in America and the Ash- kenazim outnumbered the Sephardim. They were no longer being absorbed into the Sephardic synagogues and started to establish their own congregations in the Ashkenazic style of worship. Many of ..tese German immigrants were poor and did not have a high degree of secular education. They were mostly young unmarried men with a desire to make a better life for themselves in America. Many were craftsmen. In 1848, with thefailureof the Revolution in Germany, another type of German Jew began to arrive. They were intellectuals, highly educated. and came from urban areas. Above all, they were very definitely German in culture. Among these "forty-eighters" were some Reform rabbis who came to America and pioneered the Reform movement. When anti-Jewish laws were relaxed in the last half of the 1800's in Germany, emigration slowed down quite a bit. But the thousands of Julius Meyerof Omaha, Nebraska, an Indian trader in German Jews who came to this country were to the 1870's, with some Indian friends. make a tremendous impact on American econ- omy and on American Jewry. From peddling and small dry goods shops, While the Sephardim remained mostly in Newfollowed the establishment of department stores. York City and other urban areas on the East Such successful peddlers founded Macy's, Alt- Coast, the German Jews spread out. Many fol. man's, Bloomingdale's. Filene's, Gimbel's, Barn- lowedthefrontierswestward, trading andberger's, and Saks Fifth Avenue. By the end of peddling and establishing Jewish communitiesthe 1800's the ready-made garment industry

47 = 4 was almost entirely in the hands of German Jews. turnedtomusic. The Oscar Hammersteins, Two successfulChicago businessmen, Aaron father and son, and Jerome Kern played key Nugsbaum and Julius Rosenwald, went into part- roles in the development of the musical. Among nership with Richard W. Sears, whose former the great conductors who emerged from the Ger- partner had been Alvah C. Roebuck. Together man Jewish Immigrations are Fritz Reiner al,cl they built up the greatest mad order businessOtto Klemperer. Singing societies formed by America has ever known. German Jews appearedinthelarger United One Jewish peddler who moved west in search States cities. of gold became s. famous that there. are probably The new Immigrants remained loyal to the very few Americans today who have not heard Germanculture.Theycontinuedtospeak of him. His name was Levi Strauss. One day aGerman and even to teach it to their American- miner told Strauss that instead of peddling bur- born children, who were often sent to Germany lap he should try to find a good strong pair of to study. trousers to sell. With the help of a Jewish tailor The Sephardim disapproved of these German Levi Strauss made a pair of denim pants with Immigrants and were fearful that the Reform riveted pockets. strong enough to withstand the movement that they brought with them would wear and tear of prospecting. Levi's denim trou- threaten the entire Jewish community that had sers have been a huge success for over one hun- been held togc.her throughout the centuries by dred years. adherence to the traditions. The Reform move- Not all of the German Jews remained in mer- ment began to spreadinthe United States chandising. The Seligmans, Loebs and Lehmans, around 1850. although it had made earlier ap- to mention only a few, made their fortunes in pearances in the Sephardic synagogues. This had the Investment banking business. Others built up become a source of division for many years until meat packing plants and feed and grain busi- the Reform Jews could establishtheir own nesses in the mid-west. Many went further west temples. and helped to settle new frontiers. In Galveston, Reform Judaism, designed to make the reli- Texas, a large Jewish community sprang ind gion more flexible and conforming to various a Jewish mayor was elected in 1850. Jews were social conditions and stages of civih7ation, ap- traders with the Indians,newspapermen, pealed to many of the German immigrants and it ranchers, miners, prospectors. ructo heroes. and was particularly successful in the West. By the generally participatAl in every phase of frontier beginning of the greatRussianimmigration life. period, the vast majority of America's 250,000 Meyer Guggenheim, an immigrantfrom Jews were German and Reform. They were Switzerland, started his career in America as a rapidly being acculturated. and by the turn of notions peddler. He was later joined by his the century seemed to be almost totally assimi- parents and together the Guggenheim family lated. Although they reached the top of the eto- achieved a small degree of success in the mer- nomic ladder, most of the s;ernian Jews did not chandising busiess. Meyer's father, Simon, then lose their interest ina Jewish identity. These sold out all of his interests in the family business Jews made contributionstoallphasesof and bought some flooded copper mines in Colo- American development thatwillbefeltfor rado. It proved to be a successful venture and many years to conic. the Guggenheims amassid a fortune in the min ins; of copper and other domestic metals. Eastern European Immigration German Jews also participated in the literary The greatest wave of Jewish nionwation and scientific and artistic aspects of American life. thatwhichhas made the most impact on Some opcncd publishing houses suili as Viking, American Jewry and on the Amer( an public in Random House. and Simon and Schuster. Many general. calm: (tutu Russia and eastern Europc

48 49 ","'"'"1'11""111111"11110'111111'111'h1'1111'"11":11"1"11"11''' ' gr,

'- o:',mommom '1I11111011 II" 111'.1711:111 Poland, Lithuania, Rumania and Hungary. From treated them as outsiders, a disruptive element around 1880 1.*) 1920 approximately two and aand a national threat. Special taxes were levied half millioneasternEuropean Jews arrived and the Jews were confined to certain areas in the United States. called Pales of Settlement. The Jewish Pales of The eastern European Jews differed from the Settlement were located in fifteen provinces of German Jews and the Sephardim. Although they western Russia and Russian Poland. Jews were shared a common Ashkenazic past with the Ger- not allowed to live in other parts of Russia, ex- man Jews, their customs and life styles had e-cept for certain doctors and merchants who volved quite differently. The eastern Europeanwere permitted to livein some cities of the Jews came from isolated villages with dense Jew- interior. The Pales of Settlement were not abol- ish populations. Most were poor. They came in ished until the 1917 Revolution. unprecedented numbers, dressed in long black Life in the Ater!, a Jewish village within the orthodox-style clothes and stood out conspicu- Palc of Settlement, was somewhat like life in the ously. They were regarded as undesirables by theearlier ghettos of Germany, France and Italy, ex- prosperous American Jews who considered them cept that there were no physical walls enclosing a threat to their own status. They feared thatit.The shred was a closed Yiddish community this lower class of Jew would create anti-Semit-of rigid orthodoxy, isolated from the Goyim ism. Nevertheless. the American Jewish popula- (non-Jews) where all were mutually responsible tion felt an obligation to help their co-religionists forthewell-being of the group. In eastern and many social agencies were set up to helpEurope to be Jewish meant to spend one's life alleviate some of the problems faced by the newfollowing the teachings of the Torah, with little immigrants. time left for other activities. idleness was a sin Most of the eastern European Jews came fromand there was no social and little business inter- Russia where blatant anti-Semitism flourished inaction with the Gentile world. The shred Jews the latter half of the nineteenth century. In spitewere vituallyunaware of America untilthe of the fact that Jews had lived in Russia for 1860's. hundreds of rears,theRussian government

RUSSIA

GEI,:1,AN FRANCE

_ -

AUSTRIA 14UNGAWY

5051 Families were large and sometimes up to three To His Excellency generations lived in the same house. Most were U.S. Grant, President of the U.S.: very poor. but on Friday night. wnen the Sab- We your humble petitioners, beg to re- bath candles were lighted, there was usually presentto your Excellency, that the meat on the table and joy in the home. melancholy news by Cable, has reached Marriages were arranged by a matchmaker, us, that recently, by the enforcement of the Shadchan. Women, though respected in the aharsh, inhuman and sectarianlaw, home, had no say in community affairs. They some two thousand Jewish families have did not participate in spiritual matters in the been eypatnated from their homes into synagogue and had to sit apart from the men the interior of primitive Russia. They during services. have been banished for no crime or fault. The play and movie. Fiddler on the Roof. either of omission or commission, but very well describes life in a shtetl. The play was simply because they adhere steadfastly adapted from stories by Sholom Aleichem, the and heroically to the faith in which they pen name of Solomon Rabinowitz, a famous were born, and with the historical firm- Yiddish writer who immigrated to the United ness of the Hebrew. remain faithful to States in 1914. the traditions and truths of their people. to live and die for the freedom of conscience. It can scarcely be credited that in this enlightened age, for no other Sin than worshipping God according to the dic- tates of conscience, such cruel persecution can be practiced. We have for years -, admired the growing tendency on the part of the Czar to liberal and enlightened views, and are impressed that this edict Towards the latter half of the 1800's. certain has not his sanction, but that it has been, laws were enacted in Russia that made life in the if at all, wrung train him to appease an siltedintolerable. A decree prohibited Jews ignorant and cruel peasantry. from owning or renting farms or from living We appear before your Excellency to within seven and a half miles of Russia's borders. plead the cause of these unfortunates. As a result of this decree, thousands of innocent and although we live in, and are citizens Jews were uprooted from their homes and sent of thisfree and tolerant land, where to the interior of Russia. American newspapers every man can pursue his religious con- started to carry stories of the cruel and unfair victions, without let or hindrance, still treatment of Russian Jews. we cannot help but feel the woes of our In 1869 the B'nai Writh sent a petition to co-religionists.andsympathizewith President Grant. requesting some action on be- them in their affliction. half of the Russian Jews. MayitpleaseyourExcellency,although we well know. that it is against the policy of this Government to inter- 4 4 * * *4* 4 ** fere with the internal affairs of any other people, yet there are crimes committed It is said that when pious Jews left the old coun- inthe name of municipal jurisdiction. try. they would address God thusly: "And now, that by their nature and magnitude be- goodbye. 0 Lord.I am going to America." come offences against humanity. and

51 52 thus are violations and infractions of the much to ask the United States to pro- law of nations. claim that henceforth it shall be an inte- We are confident that the instance we gral part of her intercourse with the na- bring to your honored notice, although tions, that international law recognizes it may not call for the active interposi- only, as members of the family of nation of the United States, still we deem =slot's, those people who are guided by it a proper subject of friendly interposi. the unchangeable laws of a common tion from this Government to a friendly humanity. and faithful ally, and we most respect- Therefore we most humbly and re- fully request that instructions may be spectfully ask that a copy of this appeal sent to our honored representative at St. be forwarded to the representative of the Petersburgh, asking him to represent to United States near the Russian govern- the Russian Government that this sub- ment, with such other instructions as ject has been brought to the notice of may be thought proper by your Excel- the President of the United States, with lency in order to afford relief to the the suggestion that he use whatever in- people so harshly dealt with. fluence he can within the limits of diplo- S. Wolf macic duty to have the ukase revoked or N. Adler modified, and as the matter is of the Jacob S. Jacobson most pressing character, (for)inthe A.S. Solomons middle of a Russian winter helpless fami- Lewis Abraham lies are being dragged from their firesides, we respectfully urge a Cable telegram to Itis not known with certainty whether this be forwarded, for time in this case is the petition did any good, but shortly afterwards, essence of our appeal. the Jews of St. Petersburg received permission to Your Excellency needs no suggestion build a synagogue, the first ever built in Russia. of ours to reflect that while all nations At the same time the Czar gave the Jews permis- are striving to facilitate the means of sion to build this synagogue, he urged them to intercommunication by liberal and giveuptheirreligionand become Russian friendly commercial treatiesby subject. citizens and be baptized. ing all the appliances of modern science Meanwhile, in Bessarabia near Kiev, newspaper to break down the estrangements that reports indicated that thirty thousand Jewish have by narrow policies divided peoples families were deported from the city of Kishinev, created in the image of that Deity, who placed on tarts and transported to sotne interior is father of allit will be a hopeless task place far from the border aad there left on the to endeavor to permanently unite the road. American Jews responded with indigna- nations of the Earth in bonds of amity, tion and in 1870 the following article appeared unless one universal law of humanity is in the Jewish runes: recognized. Itis exacted in time of war St. Petersburg TheGovernor-Generalof of an ene.ay is it foreign to the genius New RussiaandBessarabia,Baronvon of our enlightened institutions to urge it Kotzebue, has postponedthe expatriation on a friendly power m nine of peace' of Jews from Kishinev during the winter The equality of all men before the law. season.Itissaid that the governor has re- the divine rights expressed in our match- ceivedinstructionsfromthe government less Declaration, are the watchwords of to that effect, and it is hoped that the emperor ourpolicy. Theseprinciples arethe may be induced to annul the obnoxious law birthrights of the human family. Is it too altogether.

52 When Czar Alexander II was assassinated m orphanages, hospita's and old age homes were 1881, the Jews became the scapegoatsAlex- built. ander III, fearing an uprising by his oppressed TheeasternEuropeansfacedtremendous subjects, redirected their anger from the govern- problems. Half arrived with no money and his- ment towards the Jews. He blamed them for the tory books describe one-fourth of them as being poverty of the peasants. accusations were eve . illiterate.4 They came in such great numbers made that Jews were responsible for the Czar's that it was impossible for them to be absorbed assassination. Pogroms, the mass slaughter of into the custing socitty with the speed that pre- a Jewish community, were part of a plan to ceeding Jewish immigrants had been absorbed. solve Russia's "Jewish question.- The plan was So they remained within their own Yiddish com- to kill one-third of-Russia's Jews, to exile and munities and had little chance to learn English. starve to death one-third, and baptize the re- Furthermore, the eastern European Jews came maining third. Pogroms became frequent occur- from an eastern culture and had a difficult time rences that continued until the 1920's. understanding the westernvalues and social In 1882 new legis:ation against the Jews sent ways of the Americans. thousands from their villages into crowded cities where they could find no housing or employment because of discrimination. Wild rumors of blood sacrifices were spread. The Jews began to seek a way out of Russia and the United States seemed to be a good answer. Between 1880 and 1920 between two and one-half and three million eastern European Jews immigrated to the United States where they were met with ambiguous feelings. On the one hand, American Jews did not want to associate with their underpriviledged brethern who enibar rasscd them: on the other hand, they felt a moral obligation to help these poor oppressed people. Emma Lazarus, a New York Sephardic Jewish poetess, expressed it well when the life and propevy of a Jew in the uttermost provinces of the Caucasus are attackedtlic dignity of the Jew in Believing that education was the answer to all free America is humiliated. .. Until we of the immigrant's problems, the German Jews are all free, none of us is free. foundedtheEducationalAlliancetoteach English, industrial arts, civics, engineering and Several philanthropic organvations were set other practical subjects. The German-American up to help transport the refugees to Palestine orJews wanted to recreate their co-religionists in America. In 1891 the Baron de Hirsch Fund set their own image. However, the new nming,rants aside 32 5 million to aid the emigrants. Ameri-resisted western ideals and clung to their old- can Jews formed the Hebrew Immigrant Aidfashioned way s. This caused some friction be- Society in 1902 to help the immigrants to find tween the two groups. jobs and learn English. The Hebrew Sheltering House Association and Hebrew Free Loan Soci-4. it is riot clear what is meant by illiterate, or if ety helped to shelter and give financial aid to the their Illiteracy was only in the context of the Russian,Polishand Rumanian Jews.Later non-Jewish culture. 54 arrived during the full swing of the industrial era, they congregated in large cities in definite Jew- ishneighborhoods such as New York City's Lower East Side. The Lower East Side has been called a ghetto and it was indeed crowd. I and dingy, but the Jewish tenements are often remembered with fond nostalgia by many who eventually moved to other areas.One woman described the Lower East Side as "friendly with delicious smells floating out of the doorways and windows, where crime was rare." With the eastern European Jews came the idea of creating a Jewish national homeland in Pales- tine. The movement which is called Zionism attracted many American followers who were sympathetic to the plight of Soviet Jewry. Judah Touro of Newport gave $60,000 to the Relief Society for Indigent Jews in Jerusalem. Because of the indignities suffered under the Czar, the Russian immigrants brought with them Child delivering cut garments to a "shop." to America many socialist ideas and they were importantinthe development of the labor The antagonism was further int....ased due to unions. When conditions in the garment industry conditions in the garment industry which em- became unbearable, the workers organized them- ployed the large majority of the new immigrants. selves under the leadership of an English AshItt- Practicallyallof the shops were owned by nazic Jew named Samuel Gompers, the head of German Jews who hired masses of the eastern the American Federation of Labor. The garment Europeans to cut and sew the garmerts. A high workers staged a strike in 1910 and were success percentage of Russian Jews were tailors and the ful in their bargaining. Tins strike had historic e' ',increasing demand for ready-made clothing implications for the Ar. ..,,can labor movement created abundant jobs. The garment industry as a whole. It very nearly ruined the owners as was a natural place for the immigrants to start. well as the strikers, but the garment industry A heavy steel cutting knife was int xluced that emerged from this stike as the most progressive made itpossible to cut several thicknesses at example of employer-employee relationships. once, so large groups of cutters were employed The negotiations proved that industrial conflic s to cut the garments in one place and then the could be s, tied with brains instead of brawn. "contractor" or shop owner would ,ieliver the During the strike, German and Sephardic Jews cut garments to another group of sewers in his raised $250,000 for the relief of the striking own shop where they were completed. Entire workers. families often worked together making as little The Lower East Side and the garment indus- as $10 a week between them. It was common to try were the first steps on the ladder to eco- work from welve to fourteen hours a day in a nomic prosperity. Very quickly the eastern small, poor.), ventilated, unclean, dark room. European Jews followed the same pattern as the Disease ran rampant. These unhealthy working Sephardicand German Jews beforethem, conditions led the shops to be called "sweat leaving the etl.mc neighborhoods and ultimately shops." For maiq the living conditions were no moving to th.t suburbs or uptown. Differences better than the working conditons. Because they between the .3erman an.: eastern European Jews 54 35 stillexist but gradually the two groups are position at the Institute of Advanced Studies at merging, due to intermarriage and social inter- Princeton which he accepted. It is coincidental course within the Ashkenane synagogues. thattheInstitute of Advanced Studies was starteei by a several million dollar grant from de- Recent Immigration partmentstoremc,gnatc Bomberger, another From 1933 to 1950 about 140,000 Jews from German Jew. Although few people actu_dy Germany immigrated to the United States, most understandEinstein'sadvancedtheories of of them going to New York or Chicago, These physics, all will acknowledge that he was one of newcomers were greeted with some resentment the most notable geniuses of modern times. by the eastern European Jews for several reasons. N , During the Depression years, unemployment was high. Some felt that the immigrants would take ihirforftri away jobs from the native Americans. Resent- ment was also felt because some eastern Euro- pean Jews had passed through Germany en route to America and were allegedly treated with dis- tam by the German Jews. The eastern Europeans were also somewhat jealous of the aid received by the newcomers from Jewish organizations that had not been available to them a half cen tury earhei One such fund-raising Jewish organization created during this period was the United Jewish Appeal, which has raised millions of dol- larsto help needy Jews around the world. Al/rtEtntem The twentle IIcentury German Jews were mainly middle and upper class people who, in many instances, brought sonic fmaneial means with them. A high pereentage were professionals. When World WarIIbrokeout,the new They were highly edut.ated. cultured and cosine) arrivals were elasmited as enemy aliens because polttan. Often the newcomers were critical ofthey had nut yet been naturalized They were America. They had enjoyed a very high eco- prevented from earning a living in war industries nomic level in pre-war Germany and now had to and had to endure other hardships such as travel overcome acertain loss of status. This made restrictions, fingerprnoing and FBI investiga- the in even less popular with the American Jewstions. who found them ungrateful and proud. Those The close of World War 11 brought about who brought a certain amount of capital opened another ripple of German Jewish immigration. up new factories. that actuallyprovided more These Jews were the survivors of Nazi Germany jobs for Americans. Most of the new factoriesand differed from their predecessors. The er- produced goods not previously-flack m the centage of professionals was much lower. ..iese United States. New process:s, new patents andwere the Jews who had not been able to leave ne w skills wile introduced. Europe during the Hitler years. Among these One German Jewish immigrant who came to ma immigrants were the Ilantint, a group of theUnited States prior to World War II was devout Jews who have established a unique set Albert Einstein. who was born in Wurttenburg.of traditions, customs, literature and mores Germany.In 1933, while vi Eagland and within the framework of orthodoxy. the United States, the Nazis confiscated all of his property in Germany. Einstein was offered a the HersieGmi TheHasidicmovement was

55 56 founded in the mid-eighteenth century by the inevitably is contingent upon man's relationship Baal Shem Tov from the Carpathian mountain to God. region of Poland, and spread rapidly throughout Many of the Hasidim in Europe were destroyed eastern Europe. The mystical or fundamental by Hitler; the remainder migrated to either Israel teachings of the Rebbaim, Hasidic leaders, ap-or the United States. The Williamsburg area of pealed to many because of the joyous form of Brooklyntoday istheheartof American worship. The Baal Shem Tov taught that all are Hasidism. equal before God, that a pure heart and good Some Hasidim had migrated to America dur- intentions are more pleasing to God than study ing the early 1900's and had become so accul- or legalistic doctrine. God permeates every phase turated into American society that the children of a Hasid's life and cannot be separated from of the immigrants no longer wore a Yarmulke work, eating or social activities. The Hasidim and the women had discarded their Sliaytl (a wig believe that only through a personal relation- that an orthodox woman always wears after sti.p with God and the resulting effect of such a marriage). When the post World War II Hasidim relationship can one find meaning and joy in life. arrived and saw their backsliding brethren, they Dancing was introduced into the services and wanted to prevent the same thing from happen- the Hazzan was disposed of. Every righteous ing to them, so they isolated themselves from man could be called on to lead the services, as all the non-Hasidic American society. They did not were equal. The Orthodox Jewish leaders con- want to take any chance of the slightest accul- sidered the Hasidim as heretical and dangerous turation that would turn them away from their because they did not conform to the standard strict adherence to the Law. Jewish community structure. Hasidic communities were centered around a court or Hoyf and were composed of the Rebbe and his followers. The courts were self-sufficient villages with their own trusts. store-keepers, and ritual slaughterers. The house of study and prayer. called the Besmedresh, and the Rebbe's home were the centers of Hasidic life. Each court had a corpus of ortradition testifying to the power and holiness of the Rebbe. Martin Buber, a great Jewish philosopher, describes a Hasidic court that he visited as a child in Ha sidem and iludern Here is no separation between faith and work. between truth and verification, or. in the language of today. between moral ay and politics; here all is one kingdom, one spirit. one reaiity. Although Buber is often associated with the Ha whin, his influence on the Hasidim has not been as profound as his influence on American Juda Williamsburg contains a forty block area of ismBuber was a philosopher whose teachings Hasidic- culture. The men wear long beards and were universal and relevant to all, and. though oarlocks ("Ye shall not round the corners of inspired by the Hasidim. these teachings found your heads. neither shalt thou mar the corners their application in wher areas. Bober was con of thy beards," 1.evnit 19-27). They dress in ccrlicd with man's relationship to man, which black and are never without.1 head covering. 56 57 even when sleeping. The women dress more The Hasidim modernly, but still conform to the tradition of On instruments not of this world concealing their hair from men's eyes by wearing the Hasidim are playing a 5;.aytl. The children are taught Yiddishand in temporal eternity English is seldom heard on these Williamsburg ai streets. the dust trembles The bulk of a Hasid's life is spent observing in t - to stars and studying the hundreds of different nutzrot ai or laws that are found in the Torah. The Ha- ai sidim represent a true religious community in ai every sense. Many men are employed within the pyramids are melting, Aim the religious context of Hasidic life right in the sunbeams Williamsburg. Others take outside Jobs that do streaming not interfere with the keeping of the Law. They out have even established their own bus service to of take those who work in Manhattan to their Egypt Jobs. Hall! The Hasidim have their own schools. The "We would ye dance with us, brothers boys attend a Yeshiva or academy where they "the soul is as an orb spend most of the day studying the Talmud. To "the heart a far and splendid field conform to New York state education require- "ai r.,nts, a certain amount of English, math, his- brothers, tory and social studies is taught. Already at the "come out age of three, the boys begintheir life-long re- "from silence: lationship with the Torah and the Talmud. A dance!" dab of honey is placed on the first letter of the Chayym Zeldis6 Hebrew ..!phabet; then the boy's finger is placed on this and put to his mouth to showhim that the study of the Torah is sweet. Girls get a much more rounded education in the girls' schools. They are not encouraged to study the Talmud and learn only what is necessary to run a Kosher home. Some Hasidim arc anti-Zionists who believe that the State of Israel cannot exist until the Messiah comes. There is. in fact, a small sect of Hasidim called the Netting Karta who have written to Vasil. Arafat proposing negotiations with the Palestine Liberation Organization. The sect has refused to recognize the State of Israel. The Neturei Karta in Israel accept no benefits, refuse to pay taxes or even to handle currencybearing the pictures of Zionist heroes like Herz1.5 They believe that Israel must be founded by 6.7 Mes- siah Himself and that as long as the present State of IsraelCA BLS, the Messiah will not come. 6. Zeldis, Chayym, Seek Haven New York: Re- 5. "Religion," NeuNiveele August 4, 1975. constructionist Press. 1968. 57 58 Emigration from Israel and Latin America:Other JEWS IN AMERICAN HISTORY twentieth-century immigration has come from The impact of Jewish culture on American Israel and Latin America, with Latin America history can hardly be measured in terms of indi- currently providing the largest source of Jewish vidual contributions. It was the Jewish heritage immigration to the United States.? Some immi- as a whole that so greatly influenced our history. grate because of the increasing instability of the A list of outstanding American Jews, in addition Latin American governments, others because the to being endless, would also seem trivial. United States was always their ultimate destina- tion when they left Europe and could not obtain a U.S. visa. For them Latin America was just a stopping-off point. During the decade between1950and 1960, over twenty thousand Israelis immigrated to the United States and in 1960 these immigrants made up seventy percent of the total Jewish immigration to the United States for that year. Since the annual U.S. immigration quota for Israel was only one hundred, it car. be deduced that the major portion of the Israeli immigrants had been born in other countries and were wait- ing in Israel until they could immigrate to the UnitedStates.8Israeli immigration reached a peak figurein1974when twenty thousand Israeli Jews arrived in the United States, due to economic and political problems that Israel has been facing in the1970's.The Israeli immigrants arc unique in that they are the first Jewish immigrants in this country who feel a need to justify their presence. They are leaving a Jewish land Chicago'sMemorialto GeorgeWashington, Haym where they arc in the majority, and are coming Salomon and RobertMorris. to a countryi order to assume a minority The Eve of the Revolution found most of status. America's two thousand Jews engaged in trading On November 8, 1943, Instruction No.177 with the Indians, often back-packing into the was added to the U.S. immigration laws, stating wilderness to peddle their goods for skins and that Jewish immigrants entering the United pelts. Some Colonial Jews became rather affluent States should not be classified as Hebrews, but in the shipping business. The Jews during this only by their country of origin. This law hasperiod formed only a tiny minority, being onii made it quite difficult to measure Jewish immi-about one-tenth of a percent of the total popula- gration from that time on. The most reliable in- tion in the Colonies, but they were a significant formation on recent Jewish immigration may be minuoty. They took part m the struggIc for in- found in the American Jewish Year Book and in dependence fromthe very beginning. having records kept by the many Jewish organirations.much to gain by living in a democratic country. Only a handful remained loyal to England. Jew- ishsoldiers losttheir livesin the Revolution 7.Sklare, Marshall. Itttmedc (rive.New York: along side of their non-Jewish compatriots. Jew- Random House,1971. ish officers like Solomon Bush. Isaac Franks and 8.The fmerican Jewish Yearbook,1961, pp.66, Benjamin Norio, were cited for bravery in action

58 59 and those Jews who did not fight helped by thatallstates were officially directed by the loaning interest free money to the Congress in federal government to allow the free practice of order to feed, clothe and pay the Continental all religions. Army. Haym Salomon, who served during the The American Revolution was of great conse- Revolution as broker for the Office of Finance, quence to the Jews. as to all minority groups,be- raised thousands of dollars for food and clothing causeitlaid the foundations of freedom and for the Continental Army and personally guar. equalityand ultimatelyproduced a country anteed all debts incurred by the Revolutionary where all are free to worship as they please. live forces.When he died in 1785, his estate was where they please. and choose any profession mostly in the form of depreciated certificates of they want. indebtednessandworthless Continentalcur- rency,leavinghiswife andfourchildren The War of 1812 penniless. His son petitioned Congress several During the War of 1812 with England, Jewish times for some compensation foi the Americans again fought to protect their country. contributionshisfatherhad made tothe One of the most colorful military characters was Revolutionary cause and over the years a dozen Uriah Phillips Levy, a Lieutenant in the U.S. were introduced in Congress to in sonic way Navy, who repeatedly got himself into scrapes honor the work of Hay m Salomon, but none because of his hot temper. Levy was responsible were ever end fed. for having the common punishment of flogging 'Flee Constitution of the United States provid- outlawed in the Navy Many of the participants ed freedom of religion and equality on a nat.onal in the War of 1812 were the sons of those Jews level onlyIn some instances it was many years who had participated in the 12( volution. before state laws granted complete religious freedom to Jews. Virginia in 1786 led the rest of the Colonies in establishing civil rights laws by adopting a statute of religious freedom declaring that no one "shall suffer on account of his religious opinions or beliefs, but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge or affect their civil capacities New York. Georgia. Penns)] vama and South Carolina soon passedsimilar laws But the struggle for equality regardless of religion was of longer duration in many states. In 1845 the Supreme Court ruled that the Con- stitittme did not guarantee certain civil rights sot h as religious liberty to c aliens of states In maw, states only Christians couldhold office. In Westward Expansion 1868, in an effort to protect freed slaves, the The German Jewish immigrations that pre- Fourteenth Amendment was passed by Congress ceded the Civil War brought about mans changes that extended the Bill of Rights to the states. in AmericanJewry.A,theJewishpop- But five years later the Supreme Court again ulation grew. the number of synagogues and ruled in favor of state jurisdiction over certain societies also grew. By 1880 there were .111110SI are is of the Bill of Rights. includingreligion. BY two hundred(sy nagogues in Amerlea to serve this time, however. most discriminatory laws the Jewish communitywhich bythattime were not actually enforced, It wasn'tLimit 1923 numbered around 250,000.

5') GO As the Jews dispersedgeographically, Brown'sRaiders who foughtinKansas for munities developed in all parts of the country,abolition. particularly in the Midwest. The Reform move- During the period of civil war and chaos, as ment gathered momentum inCincinnati and usual, a scapegoat was needed. The historical appealed to many Jews who were endeavoring definition of a scapegoat was the goat upon which tO assimilate as quickly as possible. the sins of the people were symbolically placed As they spread west, the German Jewish and which was then led into the wilderness dur- peddlers often founded towns that bore their ing Biblical Yom Kippur. It later came to mean names. such as Altman. Colorado. Roseburg. anyone who is blamed for the problems of Oregon. Weiss Bluffs, Texas. and many more. another Trading with the Indians, prospecting or build- A certain amount of contraband was sold by ing the railroad, they fully participated in pionet:r northern states to the South during the war, at a life. One rabbi in New Mexico named Jim Har- greatprofit to both dealers. The transactions per. earned a hying as a bronco buster in a k-ild tookplaceinTennessee and the Jews were west show Otto Meers was a gold prospector blamed for the illegal profiteering. General Grant Indianfighter.horsetrainerand Talmudic issued Ins notorious General Order No. 11 which scholar, who spokeIndian languages witha called for the expulsion of all Jews from Tennes- Yiddishaccent. He founded asy nagoguein see within twenty-four hours. Jews were again Colorado. faced with the age-old threat of expulsion from A lot of Jews settled in Texas. serving in their homes. When President Lincoln heard of the legislature and fighting under Sam Houston. the order, he immediately cancelled it. but the During the Mexican War, fifty six known Jews point had already been Newspapers picked fought inthedinted States Army. In1849. up on the slander and were publishing anti-Semi- when r 21X,,f the pH dist ovenes spread. Jews tic articles. Sc tpcgoating is a e)lienomenon that flockedto California along with other pros- appears to arise mils during times of stress but pectors and their were soon enough Jews in San the damage islong lasting. As Jewish soldiers Francisco to build a synagogue. were dying inconspicuously on the battlefields, a When the Civil War started, the Jews were just Jewish stereotype was being accused of making a as diversified in occupation and econonne status profitonwar time contraband. These same as other Americans. They were also Just as diver activities were engaged in by non-Jews. who !te- shied ut their views of slavery emed no publicity .Anti-Semitism appeared thatwas pre% touslyunparalleled in American history. It eontintied into the post-war years in The Cis tl War the form of Job arid housing discrimination. Fell thousand Jews fought to the Civil War,social segregation and educational quotas 'ilk the great majority of them sersmg 10 the Union Reconstructionsears also produ( edthe Ku ArmsAlthough the re was no tate talJewish Klutt Klan stand on sloa. rsitit,t were oppose d to any kind When eastern Furopecin immigrants started of oppress:on ofa minority group. int hidingarriving inthe 1880's. Anti Jewishsocial dis- slayers One rabbi to an Nt. sy York, howcser, dc crimination bet ante even NWA'f Ise ncm. wont fended slay( itsas bung in a« ordance w nth Bibli grants were coning in huge numbers and dies taiit...011111,s 1, long .1, Ilk s were treated were strange.es en to the Jews alreads in Amen( a. kindlyA ft w age, with him. bin most Jews re fleeted Rabbi David Linhorn's stand when he well Ca. rictus stated that no inu1orit y group could be free tin In 1921 President Harding sign( d a law setting ulall we retree Mans Jews in the South freed a quota on nim»gration, It stated that the annual their slay, srher, we rt.thee,Jews among John immigrationgier a country could not exceed

Mi three percent of the number of nationals from securitythan ever before, paralleled perhaps the same country already residing in America in only by Spain's "golden age." The high value 1910; it also stated that the total immigration placed on education has resulted in a large per- from all countries could not exceed 357,000 an- centage of Jews in the professions. Most Jews nually. In 1924 another law reduced the quotaare middle class; some are extremely wealthy. to two percent of the 1890 statistics. This cut in Others are extremely poor. Jews, like all other half the total of immigrants permitted to entergroups, are found at every economic level. Re- the United States. The eastern Europeans were cent studies suggest that New York City has at hit the hardest by this ruling. Our quota system least 250,000 Jews living below the poverty line. continues, but it has since been amended to be The Jewish population in this country is the less discriminatoryIn 1965 the limit was set at highest in the world, but the six million Jews twenty thousand people from any one country comprise only around three percent of our total annually. population. Nevertheless, inspite of being a As the eastern European Jews were settling small minority, the Jews as a whole have had a into American life. Jewish eitizens of the United tremendous influence on American culture and States were joining the military ranks to fight in history. World War I. Although forming only three percent of the total population. they actually contri- Jews in the Civil Rights Movement buted around five percent of America's total Soci:1 justice ha:, always been an integral part drilled furies. A great mans American Jews also of Judaism. The Jcws' own history has also fought fur freedom dgdmst Franco in the Spanish served to influence their attitudes toward civil Civil War. rights. Long denied the basic rights of citizen- Viler! the Hitler sears approached and rumors ship in other countries, the American Jews realize of Nazi persecutions spredd to the United States, the importance of equality fur all. the Jews in this country set up ageneies to help When the National Association fenthe Ad- refugees. But one of the tragedies of the Holo- vancement of Colored People was founded in caust was the seeming indifference on the part 1909, Rabbi Stephen Wise was among as original of the United States government. When it was incorporators. He served the group for over still possible for European Jews to escape. the fortyyears.Inthe earlier years many Jews United States quota laws prohibited the immi- served on the Board of Trustees of the NAACP. gration of more than a ',anthill of them Israel two were presidents. and other helped by rais- WdS not S et.t Jewish state. su the refugees had ing financial support. In Liter years the Blacks no place to go One of the problems was the fail-themselves have taken complete charge of the ure of the rest of the free world to fully compre- movement anJews have play ed only minor hend what was actually happening in Germany roles. and Poland. Even the Gerindn citizens themselves Beforedesegregation laws were passedin refused to belleVe Wh.lt was going on in the ex the South. Julius Rosenwald, a Jewish phil- ternu nation c amps anthropist and one of the original partners of MAI-tin.war when theat teal horrors of Scats and Roebuck. donated a large part of his Hitler's-finalsolution" wererevealed.the personal fortune towards improving schools for is ral Atiil ricdu punlit . Jew and Christian alike, Blacks in the South. He believed that the only realized the need fur a national homeland when way of achieving equality was through education. lives wouldIR safeThe Zionist movement The Ann-Defamation League of B'nai Writh, gathered moment: no and their dream became although originally formed to protect Jews from reality on lids 14. 1948. when the B. itish gave anti-Semme discrimination, later turned its ef- up their illatidatl ni Palestine forts towards protecting the rights of all minori- Jews tidalIIIthe United St.ltcs CtIjOS more ty groups

61 62 When southern rabbis supported the 1954 isement was granted to Jews in New Hampshire Supreme Court desegregation decision, white as late as 1876. citizens' groups like the Ku Klux Klan bombed a That the Puritans of New England discrimi- number of synagogues in Charlotte, Nashville,nated against the Jews. not allowing them to be- Jacksonville, Miami, Atlanta and in Gadsden, come citizens. is a paradox since their entire life Alabama, but the Jews continued to speak outstyle and values were patterned after Judaic for civilrights. A great many Jewish people teachings. The Hebrew Bible was quoted gener- marched in the 1960's. Two.of- the three civil ously in the legal codes of the New England rights workers murdered in-Mississippi duringcolonies. The Puritan churches were organized in that time were Jewish. much the same way that synagogues are organ- In addition to those who gave of their time, ized, with the minister, believed to have no money, and in some cases their lives, Jewish supernatural powers, being elected democratic- writers took up the cause of freedom and socialally just as rabbis are. The Sabbath lasted from justice with their pens. sundown to sundown and the entire day was spent in prayer and religious contempLtion. The Fragment from a Poem, first Thanksgiving was patterned after the Jewish "Another Late Edition" harvest festival of Sukkot. Hebrew names were used for children and towns, such as Hebron, I saw the enemy , a seven-year-old boy. New Canaan and Lebanon. Iheard him screaming for his cooked At the age of twelve Cotton-Mather began the eyeballs. study of Hebrew and the Talmud. He later wrote I saw the granny blazing like a bundle of reeds, a six-volume history of the Jews. In order to heard the infant wailing in a winding-sheet of graduatefrom Harvard, proficiency in reading flame the cr.tire Old Testament in Hebrew was re- in a village of thatched huts quired. Until 1817 Harvad commencement cere- hit by napalm. monies always included an oration in Hebrew. The Hebrew language was a required subject in The stones hate us. New Haven's firstpublic school. Ezra Stiles, The eves are bitter. Yak's fifth president, said that "Hebrew was Every tree is out to strangle us. essential to a gentleman's education" and that The grass mistrusts us It would be shameful "for any Yale graduate to We arc strangers here at a million bucks be emirely ignorant of the holy language when a day.... he got to heaven." Unfortunately it appears that by Olga Cabral the Puritans felt more kindly disposed towards the ancient Israelites than to their tangible con- temporaries, for Jews were not very welcome in ANTI-SEMITISM the New England colonies. The Jews who settled in America suffered Gradually the Jews gamed sonic rights under discrimination from the beginning of their his- the law. Extreme anti-Semitism did not begin tory in this country.In 1654 Peter Stuyvesant until the Civil War years. Rumors were started tried to have them banned from N .w Amster- that Jews were trafficking between the North dam. Their fight for equality continued for the and South, making a profit on smuggled goods. next three hundred years. A federal law fol- General Grant's General Order No. 11 evicting lowing the Constitution of 1789 established a allJews from border areas was cancelled by de jure right to hold office for all, but somePresident Lincoln, but the spark of prejudice states still practiced discrimination on the basis had ignited into out-and-out anti-Semitism. One of religion for many years afterwards. Enfranch- article in the Associat,l Press stated that "the

62 63 Jews in New Orleans and all the South ought to STENO. 23-27 ring, small of- Ace, rapid, uture X21 be exterminated. They run the blockade, and are LEGAL Steno. mo., 5 dayX: 5 always to be found at the bottom of every new MONITor Board - Recep Ms Yp1: t, steno help., 21-25. aurae.. .$25 villainy." Jews to the South were accused of SWITCHboard-Typ1 eception s , V- 28 yrs., single, .....Jo $25 counterfeiting Confederate money, dodging mili- EDIPHotte-Swbd.. 0 yrs. Lctr$23 tary service, causing inflation and creating short- STENO, recent shipping expr 323 ASST. Bkpr-T1st20-22 yrs, account- ages of goods. ingfuture, ristian... .320-23 In the early twentieth century books were COMPTom, yng, exp;tui St. 300 STENO. 20.25, Insurance, 122 published in the United States expounding the JR.EEGs's-Stenos,excel tfirms, theory of the superiority of the Aryan and bright begin. or expd., 111.21 STENO, statemt. typ; yng,.. GEL714 A2iy Nordic races. The Populists, a political party sup- STENO, expd. monitor board NA? x2ii STENO, to 23, lnsur. 1. r. .$20 ported by the farmers, believed that the Jewish STENO. expd.biller. MiamEt s2,i and English bankers had hatched a conspiracy EDIPHone. to 28. exp e_qmmilia $29 ED/PHone Operators severs openings. against them. William Jennings Bryan, in his leading firms, 1.411Hailla) 3.:0 1896 campaign speeches, linked the crucifixion TYPIST, good at es. (Ra17 .$18-29 ACCTS. Rec. Clerk. 5. SY wk.Slx withthe betrayal of the farmer by the big ASST. Bkpr-Typist. rist rani...Lin-1X STENO, young. ediph.e.p: 117 money interestsInthe 1920's anti-Semitism STENO. machinery' exp. pid..11MR.$116 flourished in this country and Jews were barred TYPISt, good penman, young DIGINeer Dictaphone Opr. atTiP$13 from countryclubs, jobs and neighborhoods. Wklyn-Queens-N. J. Area Universities set up quota systems limiting the STENO, 25-32, acctg. pfd., 5 d. summer. Jersey City, $135 number of Jews admitted. The Ku Klux Klan, STENO-Secy. 27-32. c e, nancIal. first started in the Reconstruction years, was re- Ridgewood, Bklyn to $35 MOON Hop. Biller, o..3$225 vived and aimeditshatredtowards Blacks, ASST. Bkpr, Benson urst, $23 WYENO-Asst. Blum, Jersey y....$23 Catholics and Jews. Local Nazi groups appeared CLERK-Typist, Bayonne. 3 d conven- all over the United States. ient C. R. R. of N. J..(0) .$18-22 LEGAL Steno,2Yea ./..fence, downtown BrooklYn, hristia.$29 Help Wanted WomenAgencies JR. TYPist-Clerk, know!. o1in 1se ter4 future. Hoboken.. day. ADDREssog. OpOre (An .. day.$19 ASST. Bkkpr-Steno.'C m1'1703.118 NATIONAL TYPIST-Clerk, Astoria, EMPOYMENT EXCHANGE 30 Church 8t.,. 7th Floor Hudson Terminal Building "SpecializinginOutstanding Personnel" INTERVIEWS After WorldWarII when the American people Moo .2-2; Sat .0-12 appo1ntmsnt for those saw the results of Hitler's extreme anu-Semitum, now employed there was a general feeling of revulsion against Radio City-42nd St. Area Nazi teachings and anti Senutism declined. But MUYTIC kn. mineoc-address 23 anti Jewishfeelings have not disappeared. A STENO r smalloffice. o27 CoiAlr14117),5 day week...$20 1969 study by the Survey Research Center of STyears.ENO -'cept;to 36 nice appear.$20 theUniversity of California showed thatal- DICT. Op, 2 yr. exp. pleas off ..112o ASST. Bkpt., Mt. Vernon, ...520 though one out of everythree Americans is RECEP-Stenc, roonto .$20 STENO. knowl. bkpg, Ch is-20 virtually free of anti-Semitic beliefs. one in three STENO. will teach swcbd.hr .$18 has a negative image of the Jews and the other TYPIST-Clk, bright begin. cod.379 STENO. know!. bkpg,beg. eonslJ ie 17 third is indifferent to the problem of anti Semi Lower Manhattan Area tisni. The study also showed that greater antt- P.C. BXPr. knowledge typing, West Side. 5 day week....$80 Seminsin existed among older people, and was ISPANIsh-Eng tenos 325-39 typically low among college graduates. The entire problem, one could reasonably as- the importance of Israel to the American Jew sume, will disappear in time, as the nation iswould be the millions of dollars that flow into constantly achieving higher degrees of educa- Israelfor defense and humanitarian purposes. tion. This unfortunately doesn't seem to be true. Another i< the large number of Jewish American A Nazi group in Milwaukee has recently beentourists who visit Israel each year. organized and reports a growing membership. The relationship of the American Jew with Rabbi Zev Segal of the Rabbinical Council ofIsrael is deep-rooted and nostalgic. The Jewish America in 1969 described "a new wave of anti people left their homeland almost two thousand Semitism dressed in the garb of anti-Zionism."years ago and it ceased to exist politically until He further went on to say that "the classic anti- 1948. Nevertheless. the hope for an independent Semite has put on a new uniform more in keep-Jewish country in Palestine was never far from ing with modern times and the present situation. the thoughts and prayers of Jews everywhere. He refuses to be identified as an anti-Semite and The establishment of a national homeland for declaresferventlythathe has no prejudice the Jews has had a significant effect on their against Jews. Instead he has become an anti- own feelings towards their status as Jews. Until Zionist." 1948, when Israel became a free state, the Jews Anti-Semitism is a topic that should be seri-as an ethnic group had no homeland like the ously discussed and dealt with. Itis only by other immigrants who came to America. They breaking down the barriers of hate and pre- had been denied citizenship in the lands of the judice through education, that the golden age of diasporaA nation for the Jews has meant that America will'be assured, not just for livws but they are no longer wanderers in exile.Israel's for all of us. existence has also created a new image of the Jews as soldiers and farmers. It has been explained by one second generation Russian Jew that "un,1 1948 we were bastard Jews. The restoration of the Jewish nation has given us a new dignity. It is our duty to support this homeland because the dignity of the American Jew is dependent on the survival of Israel." The Jew is first and foremost a loyal American and finds support of Israel completely compatible with being a good American. In the minds of many American Jews itis an obligation to support Israel financially. This idea of financial respons bilityis passed on from generation to gcnera- non even as the Jew becomes ,dillost totally aS. Slitillated mitt, American societs. As Israel is de- ISRAEL. AND TIIE AMERICANJEW pendent on American money for survival, so the It Would btdiff ieult to atletjUately measure American Jew is dependent on Israel for his self the Importance of Israel to the American Jews. unage and identity as .1 Jew. Purt of the difficult).tics nl tht fact that Amin One of the most poifound significances of the (an J, w. arc' not a holilogt ncuuti gtotip. sonic It establishmint of the State of Israel. particularly I IR Jtwishntcs to tht rt1Q1on, to others itis to the More religious it sv,9 has been the proof merulsin _dime hat kground Some tit) not relate to ,Ins thing Jewish. But most Jt ws by MIN (101111'10D will,ic kitoWIt(Igk the importance of 9. Not .111 eclegu,n. Jews agree. see page of tint ontintiationofIsrael atorof this guide,iht ila,/t/l/n

64 65 that God has not forgotten his covenant with the sale of Israeli bonds tripled the yearly average Abraham, "for all the land that thou seest, to for the period from 1951 to 1966. In addition to donations, an increased num- thee willIgive it, and to thy seed forever.. . ber of American Jews emigrated to Israel. Prior And I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee, throughout to 1967 only a tiny percentage of America's their generations for an everlasting covenant, to Jews went to Israel and most of these were ei- be a God unto thee and to the seed after thee ther young Zionists who went to live the kib- And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after butz life, or old people fulfilling a dream to thee, the land of thy sojournings, all the land of return to the Promised Land. After 1967 a new Canaan, for an everlasting possession ind I will group of middle aged successful business and betheir God. (Genesis 13 15, 17.7-8.) This professional people started to emigrate How- promise made to Abraham almost four thousand ever, as Israel has been experiencing tremen- sears ago fur a land belonging to the Jews was dous economic problems with an inflation rate withoutstringsor provision. Two thousand of forty percent a year in recent years, emigra- sears of Jewish ede culminated in the forma tion to Israel has declined and even gone in the Lion of the State of Israel in 1948. Israel also has opposite direction.In1974 twenty thousand a special significance to the non-religious JewJews leftIsrael, a record figure, and most of who has no religious identityas a Jew. The them emigrated to the United States. i StahhS11111i. 11 t of Israel has vcritied Ins ethnicity It would appear that tradition is on the decline by giv ing him a 110111, land. among American Jews as they become more Theimpactof a national homeland on deeply assimilated into American society, ind American lk ws was also seen in another was. Be- thatreligion,once such a cohesivefactor fore 1948, Jcws were reticent about their Jew- throughout their long and turbulent history ,is ishniss.flics taught their thildnn to he incon no longer necessary 45 a source of identity, This spit. units,_Jew !sillies.,was something onlyti phenomenon also occurred in Israel itself where serst d for home and 5\ 11.9/gill' The \ ears of the vast maiinity ofming Israelis ,arc not reli- persecution ni ()Mei lands had taught the Jews gious by traditional standards because they are not to si t thcmselyis apart Atte' 1948 the JewsJews by nationality.In the thaspora Jews need- telt a new podi ur the It ant lellt haikg1-01111d. Iii ed their religion to keep then identity in a Gen- 196, the firstIsrael Indk pi ndk e Day parade tile world. However, now that there is a physical in No.% \ City 100k pled, similar to the St. county, it series that the relyions aspect of the Patrics Das paiade of the It ish and the Cohim-jcwish heritage has lost much of its unpin tance Ims parade of the ItaliansF111 isistence of to some Jews. thet tyk State 01 Israel seems to 11.1l:11, C11 the One second generation Ikl1tSlall Jewish Annmin woman who went to Israel on vaia- kW" d 11, \VrS \hologIL.11 freedom to appear I,ish m pis; R (ion yyith het husband, had raver considered her- Hu, Aim Ran ivws .atnutditowai d Israel self.itallieligious or thought she had arty inatuteNtrai itself tilt clearlyin 1967. the Sis lechngs towards Israel. When she disem- War nisi .1 the it WS 111this Lountr to re barked from the plane and set foot on Israeli said`'Ichbin do.- (in ass, Stii c n kihogs about Israel. as for Wall% 111 soil, she msoluntaids am het e," or .nn home ). The 111, 11AL P ui th i c MU! v, Americahad become the Yiddish. 1)101111`,.... band11i tArl ell 1948 anti 1967, iontri link of the Jew throughout the world to Israel is htithIns tffil Ann tlowid intosr,t. h, but it solongstanding and so deep Tootedthatit was In rinkfur humanitarian purposes, used to ri mains inthe subconscious of even the most help r. 'IL:, LS. 11111111 tads ankh I Ult1 \ ate the 1,111d. itberai Jew, Art, rchi1967 war ivory mont vthan Byer hr ork w.r, sent to !star. Ihit dt 1111s, and that year

6566 When Isee the name of Israel high in Jerusalem remaining its capital. It is from Judah punt that the ethnic group called the Jews arc des- The fences crumble in my flesh:Isink cended, because in 721 the Kingdom of Israel Deep in a Western chair and rest my soul. disappeared when it was conquered by the Assyr- Ilook the stranger clear to the blue ians.The independence of Judah endedin depths 586 B.C. Of his unclouded eye, Isay my name For the next 2500 years. except for a brief Aloud for the first time unconsciously. period of independence under the Maccabees Karl Shapiro from 145 to 63 B.C., Israel (Judah) was ruled June, 1948 by a succession of invaders Assyrians, Baby- lonians, Persians, Alexan..:er the Great, the Ro- mans, the Arabs and the Turks, who ruled from 1517 until after World War 1It was during the Roman rule that most of the Jews fled from Palestine and settled in the draspora. Under the rule of the Ottoman Turks the Jews enjoyed some political and economic influence in many parts of the Ottoman Empire. They were allowed to practice their religion and were starting to think in terms of a return to the Pro- mised Land. Many European Jews began to settle The draft of the statement, signed and approved by in Palestine, by 1880 there were about twenty- President Truman, officially recognizing the provisional five thousand Jews living there. In 1897 a move- government of Israel ment called Zionism, seeking to make Israel an A Brief History of Israel, The Hebrews who set-independent Jewish state, developed in eastern tledinthe land called Canaan, later called Europe becauseif the oppression that Jews suf Palestine and now Israel, were led there byfered in those countries. By 1941, eighty-five Abraham sometime between 1900 and 1300 thousand Jews had returned to Palestine. at the B C Divided into twelve tribes, the Hebrews same time the Arab population was growing and became a nation, and after a period of residencethey started to protect the large Jewish influx. and slaveryin Egypt, they established their The Jews trace their claim to the land of Israel own Kingdom of Israel under the rule of King to God's promise to Abiaham to give Palestine SaulThis kingdom became e ,owerfl.: un- to his heirs through Isaac. as well as to their two- der the rule of Israel's second kihta,, David, whothousand-year historyinIsraelas a sovereign established his capital in JerusalemIt was dur- nation and their continuous presence there, The ing the rule of David's son, Solomon, that the Arabs, who also trace their lineage to Abraham first Temple in Jerusalem was builtThe He- through Ishmael who was Isaac's half brother. brews were distinguished by their belief in one claim Israel on the basis of the Arab conquest in God. while neighboringtribes,with whom 600 and because of the fact that for over a thous- they were almost constantly at war, believed inand years Arabs folined the majority of the many gods population. Today ten percent of Israel's popu- The Kingdom of Isla.] remained united until lation is Arab. Arabic and Hebrew together are Solomon's tkatli aroui,i1 930 B.(' At that tune the official national languages and allpeople, the ten tribes of the north split from do two including Arabs and Christians. have equal civil southern trilks and forlikd a scparait kingdom status under the law. calledIsrac I The soutlii_rn tribes of Benjamin When World War I started, Palestine was still and Judah loom d flitKiip4iltini of Judah with ruled by the Turk, who sided with Germany

66 67 and Austria. When they lost the war, Palestine peopleas areligio-cultural group. Theodore became a British mandate. In 1917, hoping toHerzl is considered the father of Zionism, but gain the support of the Jews in the war effort, almost seventy years before Herzl organized the the British issued the Balfour Declaration whichfirstZionist CongressinBaselin1897, an stated that the British were in favor of a JewishAmerican Jew named Mordecai Manuel Noah national homeland in Palestine as long as it did triedtocstahlish a Jewish homelandin not violate the rights of non-Jews living there.America. After the war, inure and more Jewish refugees were arriving and the Arabs felt threatened. They rejected the mandate and revolted against the Jews. For the next twenty years the Zionist movement gained in strength and, during Hitler's rise to power, large numbers of Jews settled in Israel From 1936 to 1939, Arabs were in open conflict with the British, and in an effort to appease them, the British stopped Jewish immigra- non altogether for five years. After World War II resistance movements began to emerge in Palestine and the Br, ish asked the U.N to step tn. In 1947 the U.N. General \ //a h AsstinblY adoptedplan to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, a plan which Ntiah, the son of .t Revithationary War soldier, the Jews accepted but the Arabs rejected. Fight- was flamboyant New York politician, news- ing broke out. paper editor and playwright. He became the first When the Jews proclaimed an independentJew to hold a high office in the American diplo- State of Israel in May, 1948, the British with-matic corps when he was appointed Consul to drew and Palestinian Arabs joined with surround- Tunis. While m North Africa, Noah became coning Arab nations to try to destroy the Jewish cerned withthe deplorable conditions of the state, but they were defeated and Israelis gainedJews who lived theft and he began to dream of sonic territory. Many of the Arabs who lived ina Jewish refuge where allcould live a decent the territory that became part of Israel fled and life. Palestine was out of the question because becamerefugees insurroundingcountoes. it was part of the unshakable Ottoman Empire. Since 1948, the Israelis, whose population isWhen Noah returned to America, he negotiated approximately 3,000.000, and the Arabs havethe purchase of 17,000 acres on Grand Island been struggling for possession of Israel, a land in the Niagara Rivet near Buffalo. Although his that is just slightly larger than Connecticut andconcept was indeed visionary, Noah was sonic Rhode Island together War broke out in 1956, what eccentric and unpractical. He declared him- 1967 and 1973 Each tone Israel has been the self .Governor and Judgof Israel'' and issued victorU.N. efforts to establish cease fires have an invitation toall the Jews of the world to been semi- successful but guerilla warfare con-come settle on the island that he named Ararat. unties. The Arab countries refuse to recognize In addition to the Jews, all the persecuted of the the Jewish state in Palestine, while Israel struggles world were invited Not a single Jew showed up for survival. for the dedication service on September 15, 1825. which for some unknown reason took tioni.tm. Zionism, a movement dedicated to theplace in an Fpiscopal church in Buffalo. Noah establishment of,thomeland for the Jews, is scentedunbothered by the lack of interest based onthe uniquehistoryof the Jewish among his Jewish brothers and proceeded with

67 68 the peis and festivities for the benefit of the which he stated that the Jews' only hope for sur- huge crowd of Christians thattuned out. First vival was to have a country of their own. In came the Grand Marshal, then a brass band, fol- 1897 Herzl organized the world's first Zionist .owed by a militars unit. a citizens' delegation.Congress, attended by Jewish leaders from all town officials and a corps of Army officers in overEurope. Herzlforesaw the approaching full dress uniforms. The cortege ended inside the disaster for European Jewry and in his haste to church where Ararat's corner, tone w is displaced found a Jewish national homeland, he toyed for dedication. It read with the idea of Argentina and even the highlands Hear. 0 Israel,the Lord is Our God. of Uganda which the British government offered The Lord is One. him in 1903. That the homeland should be lo- ARARAT cated m the land of the Jews' ethnic origins is A cit, of Refuge for the Jews. mostlogical.In1917 when James Balfour Founded bs Mordecai Manuel Noah agreed to establish a Jewish state in Palestine, In the month Tizii, 3586, Sept. 1825 Zionists front eastern Europe started to immi- and in the 30th sear of Americari lode grate to the Promised Land in increasing num- pendence. bers. After Noah delivered an address in which he When the United States severely limited mum described his Utopia. discussed the theory of the gratiunquotas andtheHolocaust of World American Indians' descendancy from the Ten -'ar II was revealed. a national homeland for the Lost Tribes of Israel, And called on Christians to Jews was even more urgently needed. Although show tolerance and good will towards Jews. the the Balfour Declaration had recognized the right cornerstone was ceremomonsls placed on the of the Jews to a lumieland in Palestine through Episcopal altar. Everyone lowed Noah's entire historical connections, and the Arab leadership settlement project Nothing was ever erected on at the time approved the declaration, the years the island. The ,ornerstonc lies in the Buffalo between the World Wars brought increased Historical Societ. all that remains of his dream between Jews and Arabs 111 Palestine. The th 't was realized 123 scars latet. Jews had to fight for their independence when the British Mandate ended in 1948 and Egypt- ian, Jordanian, Syrian, Lebanese, Iraqi and Saudi Arabian forces marched across Israel's borders. Zionism took many forms m the earls scars, Some believed that the Jews' !mini to Israel would set the scene for the fulfillment of Bibli- cal prophecy. Atheistic and agnostic Jews be- lievedin a homelandfc,ipoliticalreasons. Some of the earls Zionists wt. it.Audis who believedthat all Jews. no imam where tiny were hying, should return to Isiael. Most Ameri- can Jews who had long h1a n riosperotis here and oche patliotkAnirilc,ui caliens, had no intelitiiin of going toIsla( I.In additiOn. C't 0401.14,1- lh, I feared that dust. larlical Zionists would lleate flicudiite H,rzl, a Vic nticsc pia% wr:;iit and anti Semitisin bs ialsing the question of prurnaltst. while Lovering thcDreN,lits affairin to AnicricaIn the sears lust 'nett:ding World iris.1.), Larne alaritivd at farropt.'s 011riasiilg WarII the Zionist and anti Zaiinist groups were anti Sc Malian,thatIlipuhllsliid ,1 pamphlet open conflict. After World War II ended and 011114 41 r /ml, theIt wish Storein theentireworld realizedtheniiissitsofa

68 69 country where Jews would be safe, the conflictledge or abide by Ir. The implications of the subsidedAmerican Jews gave Israel their full U.N. passing such an act are critical. Hopes for support. peace in the Middle East have been damaged Most Zionist groups in the U.S. are now severely, for the resolution has afforded the engaged in raising financial support for Israel. Arab nations a new basis for threatening the The Hadassah, a woolen's Zionist organization existence of a Jewish state in Israel. At the same founded byHenrietta Szold in1912, isthe time, Zionism, strongest in times of danger, has largest volunteer organization in the world. It gained new support from western democracies supports many educational philanthropic that believe in the right of a group held together institutio"s !oath in Israel and the Unit States. by a common past and cultural affinities to a On November 10, 1975, Zionism suffered a homeland of their own. severe blow when the General Assembly of the This resolution has also given Russia a good I. ratedNations adopted a resolutionthat excuse for limiting Jewish emigration to Israel. branded Zionism a form of racism. This resolu-and has laid the groundwork for the emergence tion, in itself a racist act, was adamantly oppos- of anti-Semitism, makingitsomehow more ed by the United States. which does not acknow- respectable.

Zionism Censure Offends History

George F.Will Washingto In the mid -17th cen-of U N members, there are very fewrally- achieve personal fulfillment in tury. Oliver Ciomwell contemplatednations meaning people - repre-a nation state that embodies their exterminating the Irish and settlingsented there The vote censuring Zion-"ommon culture. IrelandwithEurope's persecutedism was a vote by numerous regimes. And Zionism is supported by many Jews Regarding the Irish. the planrepresenting nothing but themselves,non-Zionist Jews who are not anti-Zi- appea'ed to Cromwell's passionateagainst a single nation Israel onist,but who believethat Jews side Regarding the Jews. the plan ao- The U N majority of dictatorial re-everywhere will be more secure, cul- pea'sed to his common sense gimes is guilty of many things. but notturally and physically, if a Jewish it acknowledged that the Jewishof sincerity Those regimes know thatstate exists as an embodiment of cul- people were, Indeed. a "people Pos-Zionism. far from being racism. is antural values, and as a potential ref- sessing a common past and crlture,especially defensible form of nation-uge. they lacked only land, which is not thealism To call Zionism racism is to assert essence of a nation The Jews were a Zionism- .he word was first used that Jews are held together, where nation ri .*.c.cl of a home publicly in 1892 is the belief that the they are held together. by "racial af- More than J00 years later the Jew-Jewish people, having come this far finity." whatever that means. And it ish peorte and the legitimacy of theirthrough a uniquely hazardous history, is to assert that Israel is an expres- deserve a common future. And it is nationalism, are under attack in the sion of racial, as opposed to cultural organization misleadingly amed thethe belief that a natio Al homeland isand especially religiouscohesion In United Nations A U N committeeimportant to that future. fact, Israel is a religious state in Zionism appeals to Jews who be- has voted 70-29 to declare that Zion- somewhat the same sense that Spain. ism is a form of racism This movelieve that, since emancipation in the after a series of concordats with 19th century. a Jewish state is the was sponsored by Arab regimes and Rome. is 2 Catholic state Every na- only alternative to assimilation and was supported primarily by dictatori- tion's laws are to some extent author- al regimesChina and Chile, the Sovi-loss of identity Zionism also appeals to Jews who feel that they. like Ital- itative expressions of values, and Is- et Union and Spain rael's laws are anchored if, a particu- ians and Germans and Americans and I refer to regimes. not nations. be- lar religious expression of values. cause given the nature of the regimesothers, can more easily, more "natu-

69 Zionismlike the [Ulm Risorgi-as "a nation within the nation sources of Israel's nationhood mento like German nationalism, like The original Zionists completely as- Israel became a nation after the a lot of other thingsis a product ofsimilated the great obsession of theU N was born. But in a sense Israel is the French Revolution. which inject-19th centurynationalism And todayone of the oldest nations (with Egypt ed into European history the idea of aIsrael is. arguably, the dearest exam-and China) represented there One people attaining true fulfillment onlyple of cultural affinities, as opposed tohundred years hence.if historians through a revived nation Zionism be-racial principles or coercion, as thebother to remember the U N at all, came, as it were, self-conscious. ac-basis of national organization they may remember u as a mob of re- quiring a name a literature and a Most U N members are police re-gimes representing force without le- leadership at the end of the 19th cen-gimes Many of these regimes rulegitimacy, all power and no authority. tury in the heyday of philosophic na-over ersatz nations Many use theirventing their rage against one of the tionalism energies to pound together human ele-new nations truly represented there Zionism became a fighting faith inments that lack cultural affinities To George F. Wilt Trinity graduate and response to resurgent anti-Semitismsuch regimes Israel, a real nation. isWashington-based connereatire,taught especialli. the Oretfus affair thateither unintelligibleor a reproachpal:twat w'i'nce Wore becoming a na- was one manitestation of militant na-Regimes resting on force are bound totional writer in January, 1974. tionalism Nationalists attacked Jewsfind fault with the rich legitimizing

Hartford Courant, pope'10, N.OVeMber4,1975

ulturdllair' et, 01 the However, nut /linkman Jews ,'greed with 1, ,rtlionItnnitit the lack of tradition in the Relot mo.ement and a split developcti between the Reform Jews RE 1,1(,1()N and the Orthodox Sephardim who clung to tra- E. tun the art0/rd t the Carman lets, in 1840. dition M,my of the (;crinati Jews did not accept most of the jcwidi lintiii:;rant, who had «,inetothe [(chitin tntetpretation Those who favored w, rtt .ken Into tilt( )rtilirtirrs, Seititrirdlc the continuation of tradition, though identilkd to the ,tact as German hetinst. thev had [Wellt tilltrited III 11,1%"1114 to rt.R11(1,01,11Jtwlsh'UMW, often Lame from Poland and Austria- r11,1iewiii, ,114tiltrrt)NetkMktrt all of the Hungarf . The\ had not Lone through the same tri in.,tot,,,,t duch ,1 111,t,q IL Judaism. acculturation prod that the GetIlltillJCW`, Hi A, .ht_ttlt_tekr >41ttest(ste roan jlAt hi]LOH] fet111.111 had undergone and were not v et read.

Hattl'tsitilt\r ti.it a nit 1to ,tal)11',11 to throw off their raligions traditions'I he Lon '11c1r A,hke.lap, Thera was a servatise mu.cnient of the Lireeighteen _h. athtf, r, nit ht twt tie Si. phardic and Ash Bred, had gic,it appeal to man. of the immi- ',nap( ,,,-,-1(LL ( wrman Jews were not at rants train eastern f mop, because it provided a a an, mt`ir ria4ocal,s. rial !mans Of tetaming .1 Jewish tdentitt while Hite- ;man tabbi parnatilar a it, Jot in 4rating into Aim rit.11, sotIt't

h t '1,1111r rir r \kis,[nought a flistortcallfJudaism ha, ht en aikligion that 1, w),11 rch:pki,connit str, ssed holotship and T.,1,11,1,ist11,1,, T11,

1 Rc torn) Judaism1, that H."1,11,1,I,,v, nn zitif C,1%t titirtltrrpL raised the i as) ;,r r, lazionthrall a. trall% of tiltr r1111111)11pt rrrIe itipha,Inn4 an".,,nt t It clic impot tam e of scholarship and h\ tc.itailling

",1to In1,'Fr- iml)h,M .1a Racoon IIIr.ttilt aimils folk w.ns of the rclwion uI

r r Ji, t TrWrrrIlritilt rtthetit t waidi all could paint Tat( f hrf fasidito are ad

rt A'IP r' I 11, harp, -:Ift,1111;h_ ,rII d ulna orthodox, but illtime

1, , zit ,1 the th t, rni orthodo\ takis on a new in) ailing lelioaaii, Judaism is a I ;. IPFl. hr w (r11:tr. W In acichttun to ER in:, ,r.1 t.amrd,In olh coon oft c nttlnt szitfolkf usion), 01tea

71) dition. These folk customs provide the non- nationalhome.Furthermore,thatthe religious Jew with a link to his or her ethnic restoration to Zion is the legitimate aspira- identity. Hanukkah, Passover, Purim and Sukkot tion of scattered Israel, in no way conflict- are celebrated as folk holidays even though they ing with our loyalty to the land in which havereligiousconnotations. To theOrtho- we dwell, or may dwell,atany time. dox Jew, a" aspects of Judaism are essential and The Orthodox Jews interpret the Torah liter- cannot be separated. ally and their lives are centered around following every duty and law found thereinThe orthodoxy The Orthodox point of view is that duties begin as soon as the person opens his the Torah is the divinely revealed law that God eyes in the morning and thanks Gol for restor- gave to the Hebrews, and the Talmud is the ing and refreshing his soulAs cleanliness is authoritative word of the rabbis and no extrane- next to godliness, a ritual is made of washing ous factors can change this. This is the crucial the hands before mealsBefore and after every concept of Orthodoxy. that man has no right to meal a grace is saidEverything that an Ortho- change laws that Clod Himself gave to Moses. dox Jew eats must he koiher (correct according Orthodoxy in the United States is composed to law)The specific Kosher dietary laws are mainly of the eastern European Jews, their off- calledthe KaihrutMeat must he properly spring, and the Sephardim. In 1898 the Ortho slaughtered bya chothrt under the conditions dox Jewish Congregational Union was estab- prescribed in the Talmud, a minimum of pain lishedby a Sephardic rabbi, HenryPereira to the animal and the elimination of blood The Mendes, and the following basic principles of meat must also be Lee of disease and is usually Orthodoxy wt re st t down well saltedShellfish and pork are forbidden. We believe in the divine revelation of the Milk products are not to he served with meat And we declare that the Prophets Bible products, nor are the same dishes to be used for In no waydiscountenanced ceremonial both Many Jews who keep Kosher are now us- duties but only condemny d the personal ing non-dairy (reamers on the same table where life of those who observed ceremonial Law meatis servedKeeping a Kosher home re- butthsregardettthemorals. Ceremonial quires two sets of dishes, one for meat, one for Law is not optative, it is obligative. We af- dairy, and two special sets that are used only firm our adherence to the acknowledged during Passover codes of our Rabbis and the 13 principles

of Mannomdes. We believe . . that we are Then in many outward sy mbols worn by to be united with our brethren of alien Orthodox Jews, A tonged garment called a faiths in .111 that devolves upon men as cm /:it-itoritha kaidotformerlyworn ex- zcnsbutthatreligiously. 1.c.,in rights. teriorly, is wool as undergarment to remind ci nmonics. ideals and dc..trille.,, we are the Jew that ht. a consicratcd to serving God Si pat-att. and !Mistrt. Warn separate in at with his whole being. le /ahoy are worn on the ordain I.withtiltdivinedc tiara forcht ad and on the arm or hand during morn hay, Si paratid you troll' the nations, to be mg may crs, which must be recited before eating inn,.' And further, to Ft st n t nusunik r or working In addition to till Tefillm, a prayer standiti_ tont, mini Judaism, W.' reaffirm shawl orIgirtis worn duimg morning prayers oui 1)110intilttowing of the Mt ssiali, whit 11',nay he ret itt d m priyatc but it is prefer- and weProt, ,yainst the admission of ible for the worshipper to go to the synagogue proselytestcs into the fold of Judaism without 'tmeet with a I'M ,7// of at least tell Males °VC(' k_irLutlitision and imincisionWe protest the age of thu NAIL Prayers are recited three

,wains!the Nit I thatwe are rCIN tunes a dayni Hebtew, timing which time the rcloons sett and maintain that 151arc a head must bt towed. Belme retiring, the ob- nation,thoughtemporarilywithout a servant Jew plays for peaceful and undisturbed

71 72 rest and repeats the Thema, "Hear 0 Israel, the instead of Hebrew in the synagogue service. This Lord our God, the Lord is One." attempt to conf, n to a more "Christianized" Women do not usually participate in the reli- way of worship aroused a conflict between the gious services and are seated separately from the Orthodox Jews and the new reformers. Ortho- men in the synagogue. Their main duties are run-dox rabbis even turned to the civil government ning a Kosher home and raising the children. to help them stamp out Reform Judaism by pre- ContemporaryAmer:canlifeposesnew ferring charges against them.But the spirit of threats to Orthodox Judaism which has beenreform was in the air, both in religious and gov- outnumbered by the Reform and Conservativeernmental matters and it continued to grow. By denominations. Studies have shown that :here the mid 1800's the movement was well estab- areless than one million Orthodox-affiliatedlished and had spread to England as well. When Jews in America out of the six-million Jewish the German immigrants brought their Reform population of the United States. Approximately Judaism to the United States, it was able to one million belong to Reform temples and a fully flourish. slightlyhigher number to Conservative synagogues.10 Half the Jews in this country arc not affiliated with any convegation. Most of the Orthodox Jews, including the Hasidim, are found in large urban areas like New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago, and Los Angeles.

Reform Judaism: Due to various civil reforms in Germany in the eighteenth century and the resulting opportunity for acculturation, the Jew- ish population of that country dropped much of their Yiddishkeit (Jewish ways) and adopted the German language and way of life. A new interpretation of the Judaic religion was needed in order to keep pace with the new life style of Germany's prospering Jews. Moses Mendelssohn is often called the father of the Reform movement in Germany. He was, however, a strict observer of the Mosaic laws and was not himself a reformer. But Mendelssohn Isaac M. Wise, (1811-1900) did pave the way for the movement by advocat- As more and more German Jews mut: to ing a secular education. A school for the secularAmerica, they could no longer be absorbed by education of Jewish children was founded inthe Sephardic synagogues, and the rift between Berlin in 1778 by David Friedlander, a leader inOrthodoxy and Reform Judaism increased. Dis- the development of Reform Judaism. tinguished German Reform rabbis arrived with From the late eighteenth century on in Ger-the immigrants to help them establish their own many and Holland a series of reforms were intro-temples. One such rabbi was Isaac Mayer Wise duced into Judaism, including the use of Germa- who is considered the father of the Reform movement in the United States. When he first 10. Membershipinaparticular congregation arrived in 1846, Wise became rabbi of an Ortho- should not be equated with adherence to dox congregation in Albany, New York. When tradition or to aspecificset of rituals.he started to modify the service along Reform 72 73 lines, opposition arose, the congregation split, conduct. The Ethical Culture is not considered a and a Reform temple was soon established.Jewish denomination and does not adhere to Eight years later, Wise moved to another Ortho-Judaism, even though the founder and many dox synagogue in Cincinnati and gradually intro- members are Jewish. duced reforms there this time without causing a Reform's liberal platform aroused a negative schism. This congregation soon became one of reaction from many Jews who believed that the leading Reform temples in the United States. Judaism indeed needed to change somewhat Wise went on to organize two Reform news- to conform to a new environment, but who also papers inEnglish and German, and laid the believed that the total disregard of tradition and foundation for the Hebrew Union College which ritual would endanger the entire Jewish identity. is the main Reform seminary in this country. Servicesin Reform temples resembled Pro-Comserrattre Judaism: One of the most out- testant church services. Women were allowed to spoken opponents of Reform Judaism was Isaac sit with the men and have since those early years Leeser, a German rabbi of the old Sephardic achieved total equality. Organs were introduced, synagogue in Philadelphia. In an effort to devel- Hebrew was replaced by English and mixed op a conservative form of Judaism that was flex- choirs of men and women were formed. Men ible and yet loyal to authentic traditions, Leeser were no longer obliged to cover their heads in and his successor, Sabato Morais, founded the the synagogue. JewishTheological SeminaryAssociationin The basic belief of Reform Judaism is that, 1885. Elc en synagogues signed the original whilethemoral doctrines of the Torah are Conservative charter but the movement had divinels given. the ritual laws are man made. Re- only a few supporters and by 1900 six out of form Jews. therefore, disregard most, if not all the eleven had gone over to Reform. Then some- of the %ht :rot Judaism has become a code ofthing happened to change the tide for the Con- ethics rather than a religion in the traditional servativecausethegreateasternEuropean sense of the word. migrations. One of the main departures in theology from The eastern European Jews faced many prob- Orthodoxy isthe statement that"the belieflems thattheir earlier co-religionists had not in bodily resurrenon has no religious founda experienced. They came in huge numbers from non. Jews have traditionally believed that our the closed society of the silted and faced the physical bodies will Ix resurrected. This b lief dilemma of having to choose between the discip- accounts for the fact that ' ix Je vs do not lined life of Orthodoxy on the one hand, or the permit autopsies or organ 'ants or any almost total rejection of their Jewish identity as other kind of mutilation of the bo_y they perceived it. To be Orthodox would have Ar even more liberal offspring of Reform meant being cut off from the mainstream of Judaism. called Ethical Culture, was developed American culture, and these new immigrants by Felix Adler in 1876 at New York City . Adler were anxious to assimilate. Yet, Reform Judaism said that Christian ethics and the moral teachdid not offer much in terms of the traditions ings of Jesus had supplanted the Torah and that thatthey had left behind in eastern Europe. a new philosophybased onthese teachings German Jews did not have this problem because s;iould be formed that would dispense with the they were German by culture: being d Reform other teachings of the Gospels as well as with German Jew was much like being a German JudaismThe Ethical Culture emphasized the Lutheran. But the eastern European Jew was fact that the question of the existence of God Jewish by culture and if his nidichkeit disap- was only secondarythat the chief A1111 Of life peared, there would be nothing left as d basis of was a lofts ethical philosophy, and that man's This was the fate of mary of the immi- divine nature could be exposed dirough ethical grants. In order to meet the challenge faced by

73 74 the immigrants, rejection of tradition and the contribution to the perpetuation of Judaism. subsequentloss of faith and identity, CyrusOthers stated that they attend the synagogue Adler decided to try to revive Conservatism. The closest to their home and that it makes no dif- Jewish Theological Seminary was restored and in ference if it is Reform or Conservative. 1913 another Conservative organization was One woman, a second-generation Russian Jew, establishedcalledtheUnited Synagogue ofexplained the progression from the Orthodox America. Conservatism is based on the premise congregation of her parents to the Reform that Judaismisthe development of a divine temple they now attend: revelation throughout a changing human history. My parents and those of my husband, who Therefore, Judaism must also change visa -vis the came from a small village in Russia, were dominant society, but must still maintain certain Orthodox. We kept Kosher whenIwas oasic Torah laws. Conservatism is, therefore, still small,butgraduallythe Kosher eating in the process of changing. }.obits were discarded when we were out- Thisflexible,middle-of-the-road brand of side the home. After my husband and I Judaism appealed to the new immigrants, as it were married we never kept a Kosher home offered them the chance to be Jewish in the at all and ve joined a Conservative syna- home and synagogue, and American in public. gogue because it was more to our taste than Many Conservative Jews keep Kosher at home, an Orthodox one. When we moved to but eat Trefah (non-Kosher foods) out. another city, we joined a Reform temple One of the most disruptive forces in American because most of our friends belonged and it Orthodoxy has been the change in women's was more convenient. We celebrate Passover status. Conservatism offers women a chance. not and go to the temple on the High Holy only to sit with the men, but to also participate Days, but I stopped lighting the Sabbath activelyin the service. Although in most Con- candles as soon as our youngest son became servative congregations women still do not read Bar Mitzvah. from the Torah, there is a growing trend to per- Many third-generation Jews feel a need for a mit them to do so. Jewish identity that would be endangered by the The woman pia} s a vital role in the preserva- loss of traditionalism, and are turning to Con- non of folk customs and religion in Western cul-servatism. There is also a growing trend in Re- ture, soitis reasonable to assume that the form temples to return to a more conservative equality Conservatism offers to women will be approach, thus lessening the gap between the an important factor in the continuation of the two denominations. Reform synagogues arc Jewish religion in this country. opening all-day Jewish schools of their own, and In talking with various people during this the use of Hebrew in worship services is reap- study, seveial different reasons for joining a pearing. Conservativesynagoguehave emerged. One woman, highly educated and independent, feels lite iteconstructiortist.s: The Conservative move- that she has as good a knowledge of the Torah ment h., given birth to an offspring that, because and of Hebrew as any man, and, therefore.of its liberal theology. cannot be identified with should be allowed to participate in the service. theConservativedenomination.Startedby At the same time, she understands the impor- Mordecai Kaplan in the 1930's, Reconstruction- tance of continuing the traditions and customs ism was built on two main principles: one, that that are an essential part of her culture. Judaism is a civilization, not just a religion, and, Another man indicated that he joined a Con- two, that the survival of Judaism is contingent servative synagogue because he needed to prac- upon its continuous reassessment of the religion tice the religious traditions as well as the ethics in terms of the here and now. The Jews were for his own peace of mind. This was his on unique, said Kaplan, in making ethical conduct 7475 an essential part of their national ethos. The pro- MAGIC AND SUPERSTITION phets made ethical behavior a condition for the When discussing superstition, itis important nation's corporate c xistencc, and the teaching of to remember that It is often difficult to exactly ethical values to others was Israel's great mission distinguish between superstitious beliefs and re- to the rest of the world. Historically the Jews ligion. The belief in supernatural beings and believed in and practiced ethics because it was a demons isas old as Judaism itself. Certainly God givencommandment. Inthetwentieth magic and folk practices associated with such Lemurs, vas the Reconstructionists, man is find-beliefs were not unique to the Jews. Every cul- in-:it increasingly< ifficult to believe in a per- turedevelopedits own set of superstitious sonal supernatural being who looks down (ruin beliefs and folk customs. The ancient Jewish abuse and judges each human heart. Therefore, folk beliefs were a combination of contempo- man needs to re-define his inotisations and his rarysecular customs of their cultural environ- pc ri.c. prior: of Cod ment and biblical teachings. Some of these folk Wlicn a Re.. OUSE r th )nistSabbathprayer beliefs and customs were sanctioned bythe book which included modified versions of tradi-rabbis and gradually became religious tradition. tional prasers and new liturgical material was With regard ro superstitious use of charms. published in 1945, Kaplan was excommunicated talismans and incantations the sages had bsone organization of Orthodox rabbis In one general rule. if it is used as d practical 1454 tuunded the Federation of ReConStrili- cure or remedy, it is permissible, but if that tionist and Fellowships. which Is not tlic intention, it is forbidden. &es% Lonsuis table mcInbcrslop. ['here is now a The 'Talmud Shabbat 67a kecoostrui ttonistRabbinical CollegeillPhila- Jewish msstics placed great emphasis on the dclphia. asso(Litcd with [comic University, and powers of the God of Israel The use of amulets there artsk cr,d Rtconstroctionistft. Ilowsh ips to protect against the powers of evil was wide- ttiruughnutthe Lomat ,.that conduct scisices spread and became traditional in some cases inwill, h rcatisitsandc \ sir. ',sea Almost every people has had uneasy ideas of demons or spirits that operate through the "evil (-se. Jewish mothers were no different from non-Jewish mothers intheir desire to protect the.,children from the evil 0.e. The phrase kern' bora, !mailing against the evil es e," was utteredtrequendsto ward off evilspirits. RCM //Ma Way alw.i S said Miniediatelt after a compinnd titwas glVen. TIOS Meant that the coMplunents were genuine and were not given envyfor it was believed that the evil ese was caused bs jealous). In order to protect .1 child front the eil C. Jewish Mothers would often tIC d red ribbon On the crib, or put salt and a crumb into pocket to placate any goblin that might conic along. The Scphardic women tinparticular adopted man!, of the folk customs concerting the spirit world of the surrounding culture. Wise old women who were %ullinioned to he 1p cure thesick were called Pa. or aunties. TheOaioll«,ited

75 76 various herbal teas, chanted incantations, and Exorcism became one form of Jewish magic helped ward off the evil spirits. According to inthe sixteenth century, after the Kabbalists legend, a barren woman could be cured by eat- launchedtheidea of thetransmigration of ing sugar from the Rosh Hashanah table. Oreg-souls.11 There were two types of Jewish magi- ano tea cured insomnia or fear. The evil eye cians: the folk magician who was a person deal- could be dealt with by casting cloves of garlic ing with therapeutic cures, love potions and into a fire. or throwing salt into the air while charms, and the male scholar who dealt with offering chants in the names of Abraham, Isaac words and texts used in amulets. The latter was and Jacob. A child's room was strung sometimes called on for exorcism. This man had to be with a garland of garlic. Maimonides claimed morally blameless, and a skilled mystic. thatspit was effectiveagainst the evil eye. In Jewish folklore, the Dybbuk was the soul As the world became more sophisticated, the of one wandering in limbo to atone for his sins, belief in evil spirits or demons decreased. How- which sought refuge in the body of a living per- ever, there are certain customs related to such son. Possession by a Dybbuk usually lasted only beliefs that have continued among the Jews. until the deceased person's sins vere atoned for The term "God forbid" (Chasvesholemin by a good deed by the Dybbuk. It then left Yiddish) isstill repeated to ward off any evilvoluntarily. Exorcism was needed only if the spirit or undesired happenstance. "Be careful, or Dybbuk was evil, or if it refused to leave after you'll fall and break a leg, God forbid." Some- performing a good deed. A formal procedure one once said that you can tell a Jew by how he was followed by the mystic to cast out the answers the question, "How are you." If he says Dybbuk. Once accomplished, the victim then "Fine," or "Couldn't be better," he is not a Jew.had to wear an amulet to prevent repossession. It is an old belief that evil spirits were attracted A magical symbol that was common in Jewish by good luck or good health. The typical reply folklore is the hand or Hamsa, symbolic of the was "Not bad," or "So, so." intervention of the universe in human history Other customs that continued until fairly re-The Hamsa is still popular today in the Middle cent times .v ere associated with death, such as Fast. It usually appears with palm outward, all covering the mirrors in a home after a funeral to five fingers extended pointing to the heavens. prevent the ghost of the dead from snatching It was used to banish the forces of evil. It is said away one's soul from the image in the mirror. that when a husband or wife "gave the evil eye" Many times the name of a person near death was changed in an effort to deceive the spirits and 11. The Kabbalahrefers to the esoteric and save the life. Yankel, which is the Yiddish equiv-mystical teachings of Judaism. including ideas of alent of John Doe, was the name commonly cosmology, angclology and magic . The Kabbalists adopted by the dying person. believed that every aspect of Judaism has a ***** ,44 symbolic mysticism surroundingit and they were constantly try mg to interpret the symbols. When an Israeliplane leaves New York, the The Kabbalists were most active from Talmudic pilot greetsthe passengers with these words: times through medieval times, trying to manipu- "Sholom aleichem, ladies and gentlemen, and late the physical and spiritual worlds through welcome toElAl airlines.Iam your pilot, the medium of the sacred names of God and of Yankel Mandelbaum, wishing you a happy trip angels. They adapted many of the customs of which we certainly expect to have, God willing, the surrounding environment to include in their And if by some remote chance we do run intoown "white magic." The activities of these Kab- trouble, God forbid, do not panic. keep calm. balists inpart attributed to the Christians' ac- Your life belt is under your seat, God willing.cusations thatthe Jews were sorcerers who Wear it in the best of health caused much grief and bloodshed 76 77 to his or her spouse, the victim would merely Each synagogue had its own set of Torah raisea hand, palm outward, saythe word scrolls, kept in a niche in the east wall of the "hamesh" (five) and the evil eye would be building. A lamp was kept burning at all times in removed. front of the ark that contained the scrolls. No The study of folk beliefs of any culture is specialpriesthood was required. Community fascinating, particularly when they are so inter- leaders bore the responsibility of supervising the twined with religious customs. In the case of the affairs of the synagogue. These leaders. elected Jewish religion, though often denied or dis- by the community, were called Parma or Gablh.., approved of. traditions in st.perstition and magic and their orders were carried out by the Sham- constitute an interesting aspect of this multi- Inas. a sort of caretaker. faceted heritage. The synagogue soon became the nucleus of each community, serving as a facility for worship. Talmudic study, education, social affairs and as a shelter for strangers. In the middle ages it became customary to perform marriage ceremonies and funeral services in the synagogue courtyard. Services were coordinated by a liazzan, a functionary who decided who should read from the Torah; and a Cantor, who chanted the prayers. Gradually the Hatzan took over the duties of the Cantor and in time the two offices roteHams:I__ merged. Today the terms areused synony- mously. In 1975, America's first woman Cantor THE SYNAGOGUE received her diploma from the Hebrew Union Before the first Temple was built by King College of Sacred Music. Solomon, Jews worshiped before the "Ark of In the United States the synagogue has con- the Covenant." which housed thescrolls oftinued to be a very important part of Jewish Moses' laws The ark was kept in a :ent or taber-community life. As times have changed,the nacle and a special hereditary priesthood offici- synagogue has had to expand to keep pace with atedduringtheworshiprituals. When the these changes. Facilities were needed in order Temple was build in Jerusalem, the ark found a to teach Hebrew to the children and toprovide permanent home. them with a Jewish education, so classrooms After the Babylonians destro,,,i the Temple were added and became an important partof the and sent thousands of Jews as slaves to Babylon. structure. In the twentieth century social halls, they continued to observe their religion but in a gyms and nurseries were added to provide any different manner They met in one another's service that might be needed by the community. homes to study the law. sing songs. observe tra- Synagogues are independent institutions ditions and pray. Jewish worship took on an formed by a voluntary association of members, entirely different aspect. from one of ritual to usuallyincorporated as a religious body. Each one of study. has its own by-laws, officers and procedures for When the Hebrews returned to Jerusalem, rasing funds. they rebuilt the Temple, but continued to gather Architecturallythe szructwes representall in order to study the Torah. sospecial meeting different forms. from classical o, Gothic to the places were builtthroughoutPalestine. The ultra-modern. Whatever the style of architeeture. word tiaj!t)in classical Greek means an as-all synagogues display a .11,Ncn Do; d, the six- mbl% place sided star that has been the symbol of Judaism 77 78 Temple AliSisal Beth Shalom.EthIPLIPark. Pa El Pam7ruil 1959. Frank 1..9d Wright 14)62 Etanitat

for centuries. The facade is usually inscribed There are eight seminaries for training rabbis with the name of the congregation, and mayin the United States affiliated with the three sometimes display the two tables of Moses' law. main denominations, as well as a Reconstruc- tionist seminary in Philadelphia. After gradua- "Iliv Rabbi: The rabbi, teacher-scholar, is the tion from college, a rabbinical student attends religious leader of the Jewish community, de-seminary, usually for five years of intensive voting much or all of his time to serve the needs study. Orthodox synagogues may accept stu- of his congregation. Although most of the syna-dents with an equivalent advanced Yeshiva edu- gogues in the United States have full-time rabbis, cationA Yeshiva is a Hebrew school where there are some. especially in small towns, that Talmudic studies are stressed. can't afford to hire a full-time rabbi. In order to Although a few women now attend semi- conduct a worship service, there need be only a naries, there were no women rabbis until 1972. (te4 qualified Jews over the age of thir- when Sally J. Priesand became the first woman teen;. the rabbi has no sacramental or inter-rabbi in the history of Judaism. As women mediaryfunction and sois not essential toachieve more and more equality in the syna- services. gogue, there is every reason to expect this trend Just as there are s,,nagogues without rabbis. to continue. there are also a great many rabbis without syna- The ServiceThe form of the worship service gogues. An ordained rabbi inav teach .1 a um- does not vary appreciably in Orthodox practice. yersitsor seminary, administer Mlle] >ulula- However, in Reform and Conservative groups it tion, on (Alt ge campus>. s. or work fur a national may vary from synagogue to synagogue. In Re- Jewish of-gain/anon. Many rabbis work in totally form and most Conservative services men and unrelated fields, but may be tailed on to per- women sit together. There may he organ music form ten monies such as a marriage or funeral and sometimes a mixed choir Reform mer, usu-

78 79 ally do not wear the traditional larmulkr or bells on one end of each of the rollers. Each lallitIn Orthodox synagogues instrumental week at the Sabbath service the Torah is read, music is not permitted on the Sabbath or Holy and the congregation stands as the Torah is re- Days and the sexes are seated in separate areas moved for the reading The last reading of the The one tradition that remains the same in all yearisa special day of rejoicing calledthe sersiyes is the central prayer. the Skew,' , "Hear Stmhath Torah 0 Israel. the Lord our God, the Lord is One In traditional synagogues the Torah reading During t.te Friday evening Sabbath Senile in is chanted in an ancient melody that has been Retorm synagogues, there are Scriptural and re- preserved through a special note system called sponsise re.dings, prayers, songs and a sermon "trope," which are symbols written above and In the sanctuary, usually on the eastern wall, below the Hebrew wordsEach symbol has a is a door or curtain behind which is theark musical value The trope, however, do not ap- Instructions for housing the Torah were given pear on the Torah scroll, so must he memorized to Moses And thou shalt make a sell of blue from another source A pointer or lad is used and purple. and scarlet and fine twined linen by the reader so he will not lose his place or and the sell shall dist& unto you between touch the Torah the hob, place and the must holy (Exodus The Torahscrolls,preparedbyspecially ;1-ii trained scribes called Soltrtmtre handwritten During the sersikc. the curtain is drawn aside on Kosher parchment, anti although there are a and the Torah scrolls are exposedEach is cos- tew scribes in the United States, most scrolls ered wirh a Cloth and has a silver crown with now come trom Israel

I ,,rah s roll; arid 1,4,1 YIDDISH The Asliktnazim produckd then own unique eights-five percent of the votabulars, The Jews languagi.. just as tht.St phardun had developed whohadsettledinCharlemagne'sempire Lidtno or /itch studYiddish deriskd from four du 'loped a vernacular that was a Mil tuft' of main clernt ntstkInkw, SlavitLuez is Jewish Lot r and Hebrew. The Jews of t entral Europe st !stun of UId Frtnch Old Italian), and continued to use Hebrew in pray TS, religious inkdicai Gcrmanft diak( t,that supply about ceremonies and when wading the Torah,but

79 they spoke their own vernacular This vernacular World War I, New York City became the most was written using Hebrew letters, from right to Important Yiddish literary center in the world, left. and the Vivo Institute for Jewish Research was During the pogroms of the First Crusade at foundedtheretopreserveanddisseminate the end of the eleventh century, the Jews fled Yiddish literature. from France and the Rhineland to southern Much of this literature deals humorously with Germany, Austria and northernItalyThere contemporary Jewish situations. The short story, and in eastern Europe where the Jews settled inanecdote and joke arc prevalent. The Jewish the fifteenth century, many Slavic words and philosophy of life is summed up in Yiddish pro- expressions of local origin were incorporated. verbs and epigrams. Y.ddish flourished in the ghetto and shut/ envi- Better ruined ten times than dead once. ronment of Europe and became the expression Man strives and God laughs. of the Jewish soul and culture God gives food to the rich and a good appetite to the poor. Many people considered Yiddish, linguistical- A fool grows without ram. lyspeaking, avulgar tongue.the barbarous If God were living on earth, people would language of the ghetto. It was not understood at break His windows. allbythe Scphardun, vas ridiculed by the A job is fine but it interferes with your time. sophisticated German Jews, and has been reject- God loves the poor and helps the rich. ed by Hebraists in the cliaspora and in Israel, Fools generally have pretty wives. where Hebrew is the offieial language. Second andthirdgenerationAmericanJewshave regarded Yiddish as reminiscent of a medieval religion and considered it un-Anterlean. However, in recent years there has been a renewed interest inthe Yiddish language and culture. To the eastern European Jewish immigrants. l iddish was an essential part of their Jewishness. it was the "language whose preemus jewels ,ire undricd, uncongealcd Jewish tears.- IL. Pcretz, A distinctive Yiddish literature grew out of the medieval Jewish ghetto. Great Leiner., of Yiddish eultia, sprang up .11 eastern Europe in 8 haw+, the fifteenth Lemurs and later in the United States when the eastern European jews import- Yiddish writers like Sholom Asch, I.JSinger. ed their -Yiddish keit- to New York Citv. After I B. Singer, and Sholom Aleichem have become %cry popularintheUnitedStates. Sholom Ale lehern, the pen name of Solomon Rabinowitz, wrote a series of short stories about a laughable In Tel Acre tin a ,tn.ct (,)rner a Muth( was talk harac ter named Tevye, who be Lame known to mg, !uu,i1",t., bkr The boy kept the ssorld 'igh the film I uhtier ou tin Roo/ answ, ringit r lb hr. w. Eal h time the mother Musk was an Oki nye Lspresston cif the Yid ans%A.r r nu in Yiddish. A dish culture. Folksongs are emotional. tender, jaa,,serh,sir, and ',lid. "Lade, 111 di) distine tive and often humorous. Even the most IIISISt that the biiNtad, Yiddish instead t 10) ful Yiddish SoilgS are in a minor kks .

She rephiJ.MAnisi ManyYiddishsongs were 'nun 111 World bun t hr rs a ji \i War II ghettos. S'DREMLIN FEIGLE their sorrow and their suffering and of their Words and Must( by Leah Rudnitzky hope for freedom.This is one of the many songs that came out of the ghettos inPoland. It In Nazi occupied Poland, the Germans he-ded is a haunting lull-a-bye sung by a young woman hundreds of thousands of Jews into ghettos. to a child that is not her own. She has seenboth People sing under any conditions, and the Jews its parents slaughtered by the Nazis. but she in the ghettos were no exception.They sang of continues to sing it to slcep.12 Ben simbrearomeA 11mil Izremx. lomm, molmw mmr mwm. im.mr rdreen-inn tel-gteoil di tzvet-gen, shlot meth tel-er-eh Em A rim Em rim

Bei deinvi- (le,oil dein no'tleh, attar afreiq- eh con A Em Bin Ern Am

Bet dein ri gteoil dein n reh, :Use a frem.-di con Em A Em

singe. Loo - too- Loo- too- bro.

S'iz dein vigle von geshtanen, Oisgeflochten foon glick. Oon dein mamch, of dein marnch, Koomt shorn kay n-mil nit tzurik. Translation Lulu

Ch'ob gezehn dein uteri loifen, Birds are dozing on the branches, Oonter hogel loon shtain Sleep my dear little one. lber folder a gelloigen, At your cob on an old wooden bench. A stranger sings to S ou Zen] far-yosemter gebain. Lu - lu There was a Mlle when Sour crib Was woven out of happiness But now your mother. oh. Sour mother. Will never return,

I have seen S our lather runtnn4. Under a hail of stones. And his far and lonely wail Flew over the fields.

12 All of the songs appearing in this curriculum guide are reprinted courtesy ofSi,,' iOut,The Folk Sung Magazim, Oak Publ., New York.

81 82 ZOG NIT KEYNMOL Jews in l'ayse rake were brought to the Vilna We Survive! Ghetto and Glik paned the partisans. At that Text by Hirsh Glik time, inspired by the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, t- nglish text by Ruth Rubin he wrote this song. It was nnmediately chosen as Arrangement by Robert DeCortnue the official hymn of the Jewish underground Parmabrigades. When the ghetto washyui- Hirsh Glikpoet and partisan, was born in d GU was caught by the Gestapo and sent Vilna in 1920. During the German occupation. to a concentration camp in Est!:^nia. During the while confined to the concentration camp i"vse Red Army's offensive in the Baltic area, Glik Iake. he wrote several poems which won hima escaped from the camp to nearby woods, where prize from the Vilna Ghetto. In 1943, all the he died fighting the Germans. INS Weep lM1.r 07

. -_=. - # - # 0 e; 2.4 nit kiln motas riu ivy st demiris - In =t y ______

Et-._ _;:_____F7D7...... r...... 2___r..,.....r.,.., Gt.._ :* i -:I_ I --:- r.i 0 Ch,KYA him- to blay- t JO tar shit -In blob It Vail ku -.wit

Imo.---1 1 r in e, ;

F .^-7,-...^...4 I,7 4 44-i,r 7-4.--L - _ :", / "71---P-77- 7-'-7:- 1 r.4-1 DE. i u r ,,t i k` 4_4' 4 i; jti ,-..A ,et e It h tdri t ,,s -Fr .F. r,t It At, F. ,.1 a p .k Ion .1.1-21.111,1 nil, lent.

e r r - .... - 4 4A 07 AI . ,,pr 4 - Fm

-.1 Va.1 ku - men vet n -,t A ..ndr. r Y, ;.'- Li not It 51- Fsi .1 a

,11,T -4.1:-$2-2: :**1- ----7- --Tir7 ,4 ,----ir-v . --7 :. 4 1 e, r7"-- ..7,t_Li. ------,..-- 1, ws,' # Voss inn rr -, ter Ira nor a - non do. run 14rt-nelii mut.

Fun grmcm pailfu] land birvas toland fun Zug ml IsLsnrnol ar kin st dLin letstu vig shncy, Chotsh hunks bla,y cm' talshtiin blow 11g. Mir Lumen on tuft umber pan, not umber vey, Kumtn vt t 1101h undrer 'igibtnktt sho. Lin vu gefaln s'iz a s:,prits fun undrcr blur, S'sct a pov1 ton undrir trot Ina /as/ (IL n dol Shpr-Asn vet dort umbergvurcundzer Hint. 83 S'vet di morgn-zun bagddn undz dem haynt, From land of palm trees to the land of distant Un der nechtn vet farshvindil mitt, faynt, snow, N"r oyb farzamen vet di zun un der kayor We hate come with our deep sorrow and our a parol zol geyn dos lid fun dor t;i1 dor. woe, And everywhere our blood was innocently shed, Dos iid geshribn iz mit blut un nit mit blay, Our fighting spirits will again avenge the dead. S'iz nit kayo Id fun a foygl oyf der fray, Dos hot a folk tsvishn calndike vent The golden rays of morning sun will dry our Dos lid gezungen mit naganes in di hent. tears, Dispelling bitter agony of yesteryears. To zog nit keynmol az du geyst dem Ictstn veg, But if the sun and dawn with us will be delayed, Chotsh himlcn blayene farshteln bloye teg, Let this song ring out to you, the call instead. Kumen vet noch undzer oysgebenkte sho S'vet a poyk ton undzer trot our zaynen do! Not lead but blood inscribed this song which- now we sing, It's not a caroling of birds upon the wing, Translation But a people midst the crashing fires of hell, Sang this song and ..,ught courageous till it fell!

We must Myer itPour coUage in the fight, Though skies ot lead turn days of sunshine into night. So we mus ,iever lose our courage in the fight, Because the hour for which we've yearned will Though skit, of lead turn days of N unshme into yet amyl.. night, And our matching stepswillthunder: we Because the hour for w;lich we've yearnedwill surt we' yet arrive. And our marchidg steps will thunder: we survive!

83 84 VI AZOY TRINKT A KEYSER TEY? (How Does A Czar Drink Tea?)

Much of the folklore of 19th century Russia dealt with the satiric zttitudes on the part of the peasants towards the mysteries of the private life of Royalty.Out or that heritage of Yiddish humor comes this folk song.

iir tr it I fta - boy-say, ra-ty y-say,cha - cho-mim un abregf Chvel aych m Am 137 Em Am E

freg-n,chvel aych freg -n!Frcg shoyn, frog shoyn,fregfEnttert al - is Am Em Am 137 Em

oyf mayn shay-le vitrinki a key - serley? Me nernt ahi -le - le Am 1m

tsu-ker, un me cnacht in dem a lechele, un me gista - rayr.heysevass:.r,uri me 87 n m Em

misht,un me misht. Oy et a-aoy,uy ot a-zoy,trtnkt a k y - see teyt

2. Raboysay, raboysay, 3. Raboysay, raboysay, Chachomim un a brcgt Chachomim un a breg! Chvel aych fregn, chvel aych fregni Chvel aych fregn, chvel aych fregn! Freg shoyn, freg shoyn, freg! Freg shoyn, freg shoyn, freg! Ettfert alle oyf mayn shayle: Entfert alle oyf mayn shayle: Vi est a keyser bulbes? Vi shlaft a keyser bay nacht? Me sh telt avek a vant mit puter, Me shitt un afuln cheyder mit feydern, Un a soldatl mit a harmatl Un me shlaydcrt arayn ahintsu dem keyser, Shift durchdiputer mit a heyserbulbe, Un dray rutes soldatn shteyen un shrayen: Un deft dem keyser glaych in moylarayn. Sha! Sha! SHA! Oy, ot azoy, oy, at azoy Oy, ot azoy, oy, ot azoy, Est a keyser bulbcs. Shluft a keyser bay nacht!

84 85 1. Masters,maste-s, sages beyond compare, 500 Yiddishwords commonly usedinthe I Want to ask A &Ilk short, Go ahead and ask. Englishlanguage, such as shmaltz, shleintel, All of you answer my question. How does a shlcp, chu tzpa, yen La,kvetch. Czar drink tea' The following ire terms that are in frequent You take a loaf of sugar and Lou make a hole usage today. Me ,t spellings are phonetic, but in it. there are a few things to keep in mind regarding And sou pour init hot water, and you mix pronunciation, The ehcombination ispro- and viiu nounced as if you were trying to dislodge a fish- Arid that's the was a czar drinks tea' bone from your throat while exhaling with your mouth open. (Those who speak Swiss German 2 Same as 1st; up to. will have no trouble), The er ending of Yiddish words is pronounced air, an ei is like a long i How does a czar eat potatoes' in English. and ieis pronounced as a long e in You raise up a wall of butte-, English. And a soldier with a Lannon Shoots ahotpotato throughthebutter And right into the mouth of the czar. lia/eboosteii (pronounced bald-bus-Ea)an excel- And that'stillWA!,a c,ar eats potatoes' lent homemaker. a female manager, a bossy woman. 3 Sinic Al 1st and 2nd) up to: Bisbee(rhy mes with goody )a term of endearment, usuallyused between members of a !low dins a czar sleep at night' fainds You till his bedroom full of feathers ilubeich (rhymes with good-a-la)literally mean- And you throw the czar into it, ing grandmother, used as a term of endearment, And three diLisions of soldiers stand outside luit2:pa gall, brazen nerve, The classic defini- and Leh tionisthe qaality of a person who, having Sha' SHA' killedhisparents, throws himself on the Arid that'stine ratsitps .itnight mercy of the court because he is an orphan. Jrbkmdie(pronounced far-blawnipt)-lost, mixed up, off the track arpot,hk( t unounced fan potch-kit) -sloppy, A Short Glossary of Commonly Used messed up. Yiddish Words* ,1\gl ,/n frhy mes with -Bella) means little bird, sweet little girl, also used to describe a There arc mans Yiddish words that have been homose xual incorporated into our own Amer( inEnglish Giltmoney. rh,, are he aryl mostly In the urban areas, but Gemmilu it Gout. health isuttered after a Aunt titantt. to.tsion and literature. dotted with sm. Lye, Yiddishexpressions.is rapidlymakingthe Gernit an exclamation, a trs of fear as in Loeabulais accessible to allIt has bet n quoted "GL\r.dt, what happened' ". a cry for help. or thin WebstLr's Cliabodged Dictionary contains a cry of r1(,C'sr as in -GeLalt, Lord, enough dre,t4." All of thus( difuntions and the anecdotes ap- G014, Gone/. (;urineduel: a clever person, in pearing throughout the Lurru ulum were derived ingenious child, a dishoncit businessman: a from Leo Rosten's ibi of 1 uhirsh, a de mischievous, fun losing prankster. The lightful and humorous dictionaryof Yiddish tiouary of ~lane mid I ticotuvntional 1.11,%;- viii abulary and pikes, ibb. Macmillan, 1961, states that ,oriff has 86 been used in Eng 'and since 1835. Its mans Piot: to burst, explode; to be outraged. (Past meanings depend on the context m which itis tense is plotst.) "I'm so a' gry I could plotz." used. "She laugheds;) hard she almost plotst." Goy Goyim (plural)anyone who is not a Jew Schlemtehl, schlemiel, Alcune! - a fool, a born A young male goy is called a shaygets, a fe- loser, a clumsy person. male is a shrkseh Schlimazel a ver, unlucky person for whom Kibitz- to comment while watching a game, to nothing goes right. It is said that a schlemiehl joke around: to tease: to carry on a running spills soup down the back of a silihmazel; or commentary while another is working. that when a schlimazel sells umbrellas, the sun Klutz trlimes with nuts)a clod, or clumsy per- conies out. son:a bungler. Schmaltz cooking fat:good luck, luxury , corny ; keetch to squeeze, pinch. to fuss around, to excessive or overdone. "He fell into a tub of fret or complain. Also used as a noun, some- schmaltz, he's so lucky." "She certainly g', one who kvetches isa kvetch, kretcher or tn for the schmaltz." "His speech had a little kvetcherkeh (a female ksetill). too much schmaltz in it." .Hazel - luck, good luck. Mazel toecongratula- Slitksaa non-Jewish girl or woman. tions or thanks to God. Ship to drag or carry ;to move slowly or Moult a human being. an honorable person. lazily, a slow-moving nebbish. "I shlepped all ,thohugge craze .absurd. A crazyn anis a these packages home from the store." "Hurry mushuggenera crazy woman is a mush ug- up, don't shlep along so slowly."

genet', that's a crazy idea or a mushuteneh Slmook - timid salt:mu:ht. a pathetic but idea. likable person. bechNebbth as an interjection, Sh/to:-. - a nose; a large unattractive nose. means alas, poor thing, unfortunately. As ochis, tuchts, sometimes abbreviated I'()/ a noun, means a nothing of a person, a loser. an vulgar expression for rear end, posterior, but unfortunate person. is so coin money used 'it is beionung accept- Noshv snack, a tidbit, a bite. A nosher is one able. ToT isa more }..211teel way of saying who noshes or eats between meals. "let's get down to brass tacks." the most frequently used Ytddisi Tchotchke, t,atske - a mi., stack, a trinket; a no- word, an interjection, interrogation, expletive. body ;d loose woman. a problem. a wound. No well, how are th,,,gs with You, what's Irk! a stupid person, a greenhorn, a yokel a new' need the money ... nu'" (how about newL oilier to the United States who is taken a'. "I'm going to the dentist.- "Nu" (what's advantage of. the hurry 71. Nu is such a common expressior rota a woman of low origins o, vulgar man that itis sometimes used to identify Jewish- nc I'S, a shrew. d :_tosSipy woman ness. Instead of asking "arc ou Jewish" ontaihJiday, a celebration. Good y omit' to one can simply say "NJ" %yawl: a peat, a,lag. a bore. an obnoxious tattri,, pronounced /Muglure }.a plump, Well nuisance rounded W0111.111 is described t, r iftig rzx ' ' -a lament, an interjection of dismay or delight."Oy say'" oh, woe, oh pain. oh my goodness. 0, i did't expect Theater you." surprise . geealt, how you're Equal's impurtant to the eastern European changed." ;astoffislonent,. it hurts..' Jews Was the Yiddish theater Minh helped them moderate pain) to bridge the gap bets,. col the shtet/ and life m l'tshera young mexpenumed person, still wet America. Ehe most popular presentations were behind the cars operettas and musicals that dealt with life m the

86 87 te nem tits and sweatshopsthic ofthe nmst The) also provided an outlet for the flourishing idolized actors ot Yiddishtheater was Boris Journalism and intellectual act]) icy among the Thomashefske who t,tten app. ark d with his immigrants, Mane of the Jewish American poets wife In musicals. Described as dark, handsome andnovelistsbegan theircareerwiththe andhew.)set.Thomashefsks pee George Yiddish press. English words were mixed in Gershwinhisfirst Job.isa composer inthe with Yiddish eocabular)creating an even richer Yiddish National TheaterFhe audience loced language thc at tots. music and drama, and participated In1916 then. were five Yiddish dailies in with enthusiasm. laughing. hissing, cheering and xistence, the largest and most influential of applatAing. which was the /en 1,/1 DatIc 1 orard, founded in LI 1887 there weresixfull time Yiddish 1897 and editedhe Abraham Calian. The theater ensembles in New York Cat).plus seceral urn on! was Owned hethe Forward Ass.ici- road c.impanies, which dramatized the writings a t ion w host.IIICIllhetS were unpaid. Profits of European pia) wrights like Sholom Aleichem sere channeled back into the paper and later and Abraham Goldtaden, and other writers such into a Yiddish radio station which toda) sup AS I.L. Peretz, Pertz Hirshbrin, David Puiski ports the paper.At its pi ak in 1917 the I lit- and Sholem Asch. Yiddish versions of Harsh t ordi socialist orientednewspaper, had a and Othello were also presented Jacob Adler circulation of about 237.000.'today most of was a faci an as a Jewish King Lear its sectintc thousand it adcrs are elderl) and its The YiddishArt Theater was founded be futureistimer-EMI. The other two Yiddish Maunee Schwartz in 1918, That tear Austrian- ss spa per,'stillin existence are Ihe liormin? bor.riPaul Mum joined Schwartz's troupe and I terbeit, aprogressieepaper. and ten stars later lie went to Hollywood where he /newer /outii,i/an or thodox ntws Diurnal.All beon popidar film star.I heater entertain- time oftilt 51lic Wspipt IS in rrititeii in;NCI:: ment was so popular among tin wish tits York tits gains that be1928 there wiretwenty four Tin litan secetal hook puhhshcrk that',pc Yiddish thcatcr, in the L'inti. d Statics, eleven ,it ,ail/, alYiddishlit, !atm, I IRmostiiii- whit. h were in Ne w Y.irk Cate . riortaiit ut th, nt arttint uni,il Yiddish Culture The eastern Lir, ifican Jtws' assirmlati,in , how organization and th. Y I PubliNliers both in t.r:vas ,witt proc,ss and as the useit Yid Ytlj( its 1)i,/,11/H//1IS the w theati.r disappearedTAItie it R 111.1;a/ilk thi rt main ilka hw Yiddishtheatrical the pros has di nil&win, h iodic alk . A, the dined de ceish iniblnionsin LooJish

Yiddishtlicatt t ofitsimportance, te .ea d 1 .11111.,St tw d JewishAtticrk an ,turn, I theirtalc nts uithi li..stilt Anti publish. d nt Atka .111tI di,t hhffni.1 the trink Stars IlkYiddish pn Int ti I/1.3 Istt; .4.1,c bird,i ar, inarkahlk non of p., try drama assn'At [It 1111str lAitt d the sath,iOlt The ' iddish Press Itch 111.111I\ Wish hit (AMR {ILO Yiddi pr. s" t "it Cit Ain, db,Wi tl ,t tit. rn Fur, iriL an monii2tatitIii idf , .ds p . Am, IR An

1.1411, A rp I , aboutIII I "1.C iL,i,rSid, IIii pni)d ti r1( S on Am ri. h 'IAA !MIR tIttiin our j1, ^r 0,1,1;:;,,t1T I ram, 1p in nit attattN Van JEWISH AMERICAN LITERATURE short stories about the eastern European Jews. TwentiethcenturyJewish Americanliter- Novelsand Short Stories ature concerns Jewish-Gentile relationships, the The thematic content of Jewish literature hasproblems of success and identity, intermarriage changed over the scars as the Jewish situation and assimilation, In 1917 Edna Ferber pub- America has changed.In 1867 Nathan Mayer lished hinny /term*,the storyc f a Jewish wrote itifkrencs, a novel about the Civil War business woman named Fanny Brandeis, who, and Jewish participation on the side of the Con- afterbeing acceptedinto a totallyGentile fedracy Among the best novels dealing with community, suffers with the dilemma of iden- Jewish characters of the 1880's were those bytity.In 1925 Ferber's novel .So Mg won the Him Harland who wrote under the pseudony Pulitzer Prize for fiction, making her the first of Sidnes Luska. Harland was not a Jew, but his Jew to receive that honor.Ezra Selig Brudnc work was aniong the most interesting dealing wrote about Jew - Gentile relations in The I us; with the hie of the German Jews ni America Is i:11%, Ow of 1 c, VieI ether In Littleott- Ithas truth nisalove stors of a German script, Brudnc describes the suffering of a Jewish Jewishmusicianandliy1 rick1 lorimoritl soldier in the Russian arms /he island Within describes thphilanthropic character of some by Ludwig Lewisolmportraystheconflict New York Jews who protected an orphan/he between the generations because of accultur- oke of flit is considered Hai land's most ation and the ultimate loss of Jewish traditions. signif !cam workthe hero is a German Jew who In 1017 Abraham Callan, author of 1 cid and ni lose a Christian girl, but Is forced by imported ;roolti editor of the his Londe to main, a Jewish womanHe dies Yiddish newspaper Ow It is ear flatlyI orivard, soon afterward of a broken heatt wrote//a,Rise ol 0,and Lurio,kt, a classic cis bull.4. literature deals lion el!bunt R us,a n.,11 mumgrant's rise a,:t!1lifein du Last;rn suit, partiaularis New from posirty to wealth in New York's garment York, there ai solo, authores in/ rote about ,i,dustrs and the hy,l, Jt ins success. the westward i spansion Elias-rotcnktn wrote With the sham,,nl them 1.11111the gradual about ji..ssi.n [MI-nitration in the smiling of the introduction of the type of Jewish humor that is West inunit,arrive., Hon./of ( °wad, And so much apart of contempotars jissish Amer- r,o,l rlUr let TI1 struggles ofthe4. asterli ican hteratini ine of thefirst wracts to use EuropianI LA,.in other cities were also poi humor was Mon taguktdass who created the tia .ed nosels ',Leh as Isaac Kahn Friedman's characters of andMalAruss. urn's 001 lick, r about the ( Inc ago ghetto of volume, user a period ears. So As dinRussian itillingratitS started to pour of the most successful women writers who used slit,Nees York's I ow er Last Side. new problems the kdrop oftiltLower List Side Were an, and the themes of tin JewishAnuncan Fannie Hurst, primarily.1 short story writ( r, and no mud sa/rii s !any,. d "the conflict bi Anita Yein rska, also a short stop, writer who twii n ,yeti rn culprit !yam's tradition and product d two nosi is of sittnificanci, Sidome OIL w social status of theJr Vss in Ami rn tin/, /// nu Ills and fiu ( ur( pn,suie,l food suhiL inattLr for Jewish urn, rs Sot ai was a popular subject for the at ticturn of tits demurs.Mars, Antin wrob to non wrters uithe ark Irm-

/ art,/ .111 Jilt( rbltrgr aphis ,11at ,./upp/ o. beHenri. RCriliall Is about the hues of L.111[ i,t the burins of Russian lesss to Ann r Russian n tii1ittualsniN, w York On, ,and Ica W rot,/ r1,( 1'01014 t,. Bogen) and onoadi 11,1 pot tam. s Jewess %silo started in ta /, »o/ Itiur t.ah sboth about the sweatshop and rust to lead, rship m the labor weal nwine,rationi sp. nine/. Gat/. of unions, 1,r u 1hslit rill itP,rnsti_ a (la( (lolltit

89 Gintemporary Jewish writers such as Philip the1920's and930's who have contributed Roth.Bernard N1.'1.'1111.1,1, LI).Salinger, and immeasurably to_he American theater,The Herbert Cold continue to deal with few nil' iden- playwrights followed the same pattern as the tity and interrelations. often in a comical way. novelists,writing about economicstruggles, The Jewish mother is frequently the dominating socialprotest, and general themes of secular charaeterIII the home and she became the America. subjectofagreat dell of Jewish Anti rte an Clifford Octets was one of the first of the literature.In Roth's Porn:cr\ omp/amt andJewish playwrights to receive national acclaim. Goociket .I oiumb,u. ut I lerbert Gold's I atItr,Golden Boy was the story of an Italian youth anti BrucelayEriednian's 1 . II I /skirl,forced by poverty to abandon-a musical career the Jewish mother is eposcil in all her my s--for prizefighting.in -brake and Mug. a Jewish tique. Dan Gruenburg, wrotea humorousfamily is caught in the economic struggles of the training manual on Hou to Pc a 1(14'011 Ilother Depression.Others who wrote about suffering The stories of Isaac Bashevis Singer, written in in the Depression Era were Ben Hecht, Irwin YiddishandtrarlatedintoEnglish,reflect Shaw and PulitzerPrize winner Elmer Rice Jewish life in the 4itett dS well as in America. Street Scent' ' His stories.titterssteeped in Jewish folklore, Some of the plays became musicals such as hate appeared in/Ile } urker,I :quat those of George S. Kaufman, another Pulitzer lar1,1. OttifItt titatv aa maga/111es. Prize winner.of !Bee 1 Sow, written with stun,. SitIIsishl life tn Nev, York are Morris Rs skind, set to music by George Gcrsh- uliet to dItstitre,books. i Iru ikidkit, wm. received a Pulitzer Prize for the best mu- short I rata /:i sical play 011932. InEh, f'q in',whenJ, y,l,himmigration Hellman. whose Little I oxe:, received subsided, theIt wish Amcnean writers took their much atICIIUuIi,rote one of the best tragedies subieet matter troin cans other than New York,of the century, /he children y HourS. N. caul Bellow's 1,/rt liturt01 itro \latd, isBehrman. author of /.nil of Summer, Wine of about a Jewish but tieing to make it throughChou e and [lit' Set 011/ Ira, became a popular the Ikpression tears in Me run Brintg comedyplay wright of the1930Es. In 1934 wrote three !toed.- dealing with a Jewish famtle Sidney Kingsley won the Pulitzer Prize for the inminitatia. sun., -mew, NoFIN .at .11,:;( rota,, ; best drama of the year for Wit ter tame Ilitl irt nook 01Iliclut INtil,r( ?Irian There have been other Jewish playwrights renec Drake in Ikm t ( all II,( H r ee rot, about since that time, such as Arthur Miller and David iIteisli tamile ill 111wailkee, Belaseu, but itis bet and the s' ope of this unit tuber writers whits nut n about It wish to include them all. Americanliteintheteeentit illientti-eart Ili tom Finkles an attractiee approach to the N ormanMader iu Iti ( ',tail 11r('4111 I lit studs of ethmeite anditcan also torn' the ,1 111 HitPrf suitNtt.11Pap, r, basis of an inquiry that uses the tools of the I ti Pro,,,,,f11 Jail P,,tk Ili, 111i sociology of literature.Study units for second- \aim 1.h, r I .itId n, i arestudents may be organized from the fol- R.n1,t all Matinee Samuel Henry it \I lowinglistof %oils, whichartavailablein Li I. N.1..Illant Ilit It out/ Edward inexpensive paperback editions. iibit,41 r I lit .1.'n anti tit tail

,tilt{ I . ,i t I t At 'ill11 Saul Billow.. /h utur, st >l luot Vardi New York.Viking Press, Compass Books, The Dramatists 1961, lit tradition t,i tin Yiddish theater provided Augie Nardi is a Jewish boy using Its wits to t.Itco.hini, wish playwrights make ittl rough the Depression in Chicago. HIS

DI90 experiences could be compared with those of oung orphaned Roman Catholic boy. The theIrish youth, Studs Lomgan, at about the storytracesthe boy srelationship with the same time and with other accounts of immigrantgrocer andhisfinalconversion to Judaism. life in Chicago. Two other hooks by Bellow are Another of Malamud',. books, The Tenants, Herzoi: New Y.yrk Fawcett. 1965. and Mr New York. Pocket Books, 1972, is also an Xi/inn-der aPlanet New York.Viking. 1973.excellent study of the ethnic and racial conflicts on Manhattan's Lower East Side. Abraham Cahan. Ilse Rt..e of Awn, Lerne:les New York. Harper and how 1966 RobertNathan,I hereisAnother Hearer:, This classic. first published in 1917, was the IndianapolisBobbs-Merrill, 1929. first major novel written by an Amercan im- This is a rather humorous novel about a than migrant m English.Set inthe Lower East namedLewis, bornLevy, who converts to Side of Manhattan. tit book contains examplesChristianity, then dies and is conducted through of Jewish values and social customs during thea comical heaven. Other novels by Nathan that early1900rs. Another of Cahan's works,cid describe Jewish life and ideals arc The Bishop's Isale of the, \e ork Ghetto, New York. It'ifeRoad of1,c es and line More Spring. Dover, 1970, deals with the tarnishing of an immigrant's dreams o: prosperity and Samuel B. (klutz, Haunch. Paunch and jowl in-1PIOPly MOW: IntobiographyNew York: Herbert (cid)./ .:tile o Nt. w York.Fawcett, Pocket Books, 1968. 1972 First published in 1923, this novel is about Three gcnt rationsit.a Russian familyare the rise of Meyer Hirsch from a member of a examined in this novel. The father struggles tostreet gang to becoming a crooked lawyer at the assimilateand become completek American,win of thecentury. whilehissondisappoints him bypr. ferring iany traditional Jewish values. Chaim Potok, the ChosenNew York Faw- cett, 1968. Michael Gold. len ,c Pith out Moth yNew York. The contrast between German Jews o1 the Avon. 19-'3 European enlightenment and the Jews from This novelfirst came out in 1931) and is aeastern Europe devoted to a my stical sect is collection of sketches Jcws in New York inconveyed inthis study of two boys and their the 192o'sIt plates a naturalism Oh, basis onfathers.It explore', the values c onnected with crinc, prostitution and tenenu Iltconditions Haskala and Ha ,ddie traditions in the Williams- burg section cif Brooklyn in the 1940's.I lu ( host itTwo recent Meyeri 1, I lime Ruin h New York Proms(is a sequel to I ht Avon. novels by Potok arc in Hu and %I 1 his is a rather lengthy hi cols in which tper- Ninth t.Islet r l ti letIL es of agroup ofJewish young people growing up in Chicago in the 1920's art traced overa twelve -year penou The processes ofLe() CRuston;Leonard t, Ross.pseud.' abandoning traditional Jewish sal es for those he I (hit awl, of111 man Kaplan New oftheAinc man middleclassarestressed. York HarcourtBrace Jiwanovit h.1937. Humorous sketches originally published in the Bernard Malimud, theIsso Lint New York Nc tr1 orke, about a night school Amencain- WI, 1911. ration class Ruston IS also the aathor of The A j,wish grocer and his family struggling toReturn cit isiipicio and nuillCrou,, non surcive in their orb in Sluing are robbed by a fit non books.

ti Henry Roth, Call It SleepNew York Avon, creativelearning activities may be developed 1934. from a study of some of these plays. Thisisa rather long and socially sophisti- catednovelaboutDavid Schearl, a JewishS.N. Behrman, Wine of Choice New York, immigrantboy, thatdescribesthepoverty, 1938. parental conflicts and street gang violence of Binkie Niebuhr's family escaped massacre in a life among Jewish immigrants. The language and Russian pogrom becausehis mother was an style are difficult. excellent cook. He becomes the darling of the Long Island "horsey set" and concerns himself PhilipRoth, Goodbye, Columbus and Otherw'th only food and his friends' love affairs. Stones New York. Bantam, 1973. A novella and several short stories comprise Ben Hecht, and Charles MacArthur, Twentieth this bestseller which is concerned with aspects of Century, New York. contemporary Jewish Itfe in America.One of The uproarious story of the attempts of Oscar the stories is "Eli, the Fanatic".Eh Peck, an Jaffe, a Ne, York Jewish producer, to prevent assimilated Jewish lawyer, is hired by a Jewish his star actress from joining up with any other communityin a New York suburb to try to producer. evict an orthodox school for refugees from their community. In the process Ell becomes in-Howard Sidney, }clime jack, New York, 1933. volved with the moral issue and tries to help Busch, a young Chicago Jewish soldier in the the refugees and rediscovers his own lost Jew- Spanish American War, offers to assist in the ishness. experiment to discover the cause of yellow fever. I J. Singer,rhe1 anal' CantorskyNew York. Harper and Row, 1969. Th inte.,sting novelisabout a German Arthur Kober, Hamm; Wonderful Tune, New Jewish family who had originally come from York, 1937. Poland. Gram.Father Carnovsky shed his native Jewishgirlsand boys ontheirvacation Yiddish and adopted the German language and provide the material for this comedy culture He aod the next two generations of Carnovskv 's considered themselves totally Ger-John Howard Lawson,.curt eccStory, New man.Irkhcn Nazism threatened Jewish survival York, 1932. in Germany, the Carnovsky family immigrated Ginsberg, a young mar from New York's to New York Singer also wnte o.Lire Kalb East Side, rises in his firm until he ousts his a huh is an interesting studs of Jewish culture former employer.He is accidentally killed by his former sweetheart

Edward 1. V, allan t . hr l'alei,blokcr Ncw Y.rkNianor boots*, 1969 Clifford (Acts, flatting forlafry,New York, noo..1 concerns a Jewish pawnbroker in 1935 Harkin Ls.liosLaL adL mu. career in Poland was A ore -actplay about Dr. Bemamin, a New ,k,,troycci b;tineHolocaust After an act of York cad driver whose father read Spinoza, but theh ro,Si,1 N termati, rc, iptureswho had to peddle neckties to make a living. los purposc 111 Limo. Rio , the Peop/New York, 1933 Inaddition to the nave Is and short stories, A Jewish professor isriuic to feel that anti

a great many play. s that deal with the scinitisin may find .1 place in college adminis-

It M1,:',11 xperic inflitLilac(' Stan., Many trationinthisplayabouttheDepression. 33 Irwin Shaw, The Gentle People, New York, AdahIsaacs Menken, poetess and noted 1939. actress, was outspoken and dedicated to the The trials and tribulations of the GoodmanJewish cause,She had a rather turbulent life, family and their friend Lammonowitz who getwhich included three marriages, and was one involved with a small time racketeer. of the first Americans to appreciate the work of Walt Whitman.Her poem "Light for the Augusta Thomas, is a Alan Thinks, New York,Soul" shows her frustration over the sufferings 1911. of Jews in other parts of the world. This is one of the first plays about upper class Jews. The ',lay deals with the household of a Light for the Soul Jewish physician and their relations with their Do we not live in those blest days, Cnrist tan neighbors. So long foretold, When Thou shouldst come John W2xley, They Shall Not Die, Ncw York, to bring us light? 1934. And yet I sit in darkness as of old, A Jewish attorney goes tothe South to Pining to see defend a group of blacks who are wrongly That light, but thou art still far from me. accused of a crime. If thus in darkness ever left Can I fulfil The works of light, while of light bereft? How shall I learn in love and gentleness still Poetry To follow thee? Poetry has always been an important expres- And all the sinful works sion of Jewish thought. The Psalms, the Songof of darkness flee' Songs and the prayers of the Jewish liturgy are Adah Isaacs Mcnken prime examples of Jewish prose. Counties; Shortly after Mcnken's death in 1868, a book of poems about the Promised Land, the Bible. the her poetry entitled ltifelicta was published which Sabbath and God have been composed by the was dedicated to Charles Dickens. Jews in the dtaspora. Emma Lazarusisdescribedas the most In the United States, most of the Jewish lit- outstandingAmericanJewishpoetofthe erature was in th- form of a novel or a short nineteenth century. Shc was decended from an storybut there have also been many notable old Sephardic New York family and published poets. her first collection of poems, Poems and Trans- Penina Moise, a Sephardic Jew from Charles-lations, in 1866, at the age of seventeen. Her ton. South Carolina, wrote poems that appcared next book of poems, 4dmetus and Other Poems, magarines and newspapers in the early 1880's. published several years later, was dedicated to Many of her poems dealt with American history, hit friend Ralph Waldo Emerson. but fIsmt,ft!titttnfor the( se of Hebrew Emma Lazarus' early poems were romantic, Con4reotioncisusuallyconsidered her bestbut later works reflect her reaction to the mas- work. sacres of Russia', Jews.

Hallcluia' May our race Heirs of promise and of grace, The Banner of the Jew Enter Hear'', beyond Life's goal, oh, for Jerusalem's trumpet now Blessed Canaan of the Soul To blow a blast of chattering power Penina Moise To wake the sleepers high and low

93 94 And rouse them to the urgent hour Since the time of Emma Lazarus, there have No hand for vengeance but to save been a great many Jewish American poets. A million naked swords should wave. Some of the immigrants of the late nineteenth c,tury limited their poetry to Jewish topics. Miss Lazarusismost famous for the poem Others wrote about both Jewish and secular inscribed on the base of the Sta:ue of Liberty, subjects. The development of Jewish poetry is a "The New Colossus." very interesting study. There is little change in theme between Biblical poetry written before tile second century B.C., and the early twentieth century poetry of Jessie Samptcr, Alter Brody or Philip M. Raskin.

Hark! my beloved' behold, he cometh, Leaping upon the mountains, skipping upon the hills. My beloved is like a gazelle or a young hart; Behold, he standeth behind our wall. He looketh in through the windows, He peereth through the lattice. My beloved spoke, and said unto me: Risc up, my love, my fair one, and come away. For, lo, the winter is past, The rain is over and gone; The flowers appear on the earth; The New Colossus The time of singing is conic, Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame. And the voice of the turtle is heard With conquering limbs astride from land to in our land; land. The fig-tree puttcth forth her green figs, Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall And the vines in blossom give forth their fragrance. stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Arise, my love, my fair one, and Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name conic: away. Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Song of Songs 2.8-13 Glows world-wide welLorne, her mild eyes command The air bridged harbor that twin cities frame. The Mornmg Prayer "Keep, ancient lands. your stories pomp'" When I get up in the morning cries she And rub my eyes in bed With silent lips. "Give me y our tired, y our I see my father standing poor. With a talk over his head Your huddled masses yearning to breathe He stands by the old brown bureau free. In the folds of the talk draped, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. And he looks like sonic wonderful statue Send these, the homeless, tempesttost to MC. of snow-white marble shaped. 1 lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Alter Brody

94 95 Homeward Who inspired those infinite truths) 0, Mother, in the street today Who spoke through the mouth I saw an old, old man, of the prophet? His eyes were sad; I stopped my play, Who mapped out the highways of ages, And to his side I ran; The glorious lines of the Scriptures? Upon his back a heavy sack; His b-rd was white, his eyes were black. Who planted the flowers of wisdom In this sacred soil of the angels? I couched this traveler's staff, 1 said: 0 dream of eternityBible- "What have you in your bag?" 0 Light that is all and for ever. The old man smiled and shook his head; Morris Rosenfeld "My people's load I drag; (translated from the Yiddish) The staff of faith is in my hand; My son,1 seek the Holy Land." Morris Rosenfeld also used Iris pen to protest social injustice. "And who is King," I wondering said, The old man smiled and shook his head; "His name 1 dare not speak- Shoot the Beast! But there my sack and staff shall fall, for the holly Alaguires shot down And I'll grow soting and straight and tall." duang rh l'ennsylvwna coal straw Don't spare the bullets! load your gun With agi hi troubled as he spoke. and shoot the hungry miner dead! A miner's life is seldom done And said-I shall not die." Though worn and ragged was his cloak, the same ac other fink!: bed. He said. "A prince and 1. A miner's lifewhat is it worth? Ms son, this wonder y ou will se:," This year or next---Lt it be finished! He said, "lotwall be there wit:i me." He is a creature of the earth, Jessie E. Sampter Nott kill a corpse; y ou won't be punished,

As the sears passed and the frame of ref- y should a miner fear the tomb? erence ofthejcAish writers was broadened, Ha daY11,4ht ever glowed 1-or him? mud' of the poetry then wrote dealt with the A man who toils in total gloom _Jewish experienceinAmerica. An excellent and hears the great walk _av,ng in! example would be Morris Rosenfeld, a Yiddish A limner flni, 11 at .lying? not writer who (migrated from Poland in the 1880's. Just load 1, Our gun Ind shoot away ! He earned a king working in New York's sweat The ground's his countrylet him go, tshopN. oteasmilalls touring to chant his poems not bother us another day like a troubadourIn 1897 his Book of translatedby Professor Wiener ofHarvard. What does he need, down in the none, hro ugh t him world-wide tante.Rosenfeld died diis slaw whom sunlight never knows? :921 A home In which the sun can shine? A higher wage' A suit of clothes? the Bible 0:1 shoot away, don't spare the lead! Is it a book, a world, a hiaYin? It's safe to shoot a miner dead. Are tin(st words, or liana's, of diming stars, Oh shoot agam, in case you missed him! Or burning ton lies, or clouds of fire No man will hear, no god assist him. What is it, 1 ask 1,1thl Morris Rosenfeld 96 The sweat Shop where he once r,:ad aloud the holy books, Corner of Pain and Anguish, better thin the linage there's a worn old house: in which he dickered in the market-place. tavern on the street-floor, I do not know this fog, Bible-room upstairs. this sun, this soil, this desert; Drunkards sit below, and all day long but the starling that at home they souse. skips about the lawns Overhead, the pious chant their how jauntily it rides a palm leaf here! daily prayers. Charles Reznikoff

Higher, on the third floor, David Berenberg wrote a long narrative poem there's another room: about a Jewish prize-fighter entitled "The Kid" not a single window welcomes in the sun. which reveals much about the Jewish character. Seldom does it know the blessing of a broom. Excerpts from "The Kid" Rottenness and filth are blended into one. A lion was Judah, A lion was Judah, Toiling without let-up in that sunless den: Oh, Judah was a lion nimble - fingered and (or so it seems) And he battled for the Lord. content, sit some thirty blighted women, "The Kid's a wonder, blighted men, Boy what a left. with their spirits broke, and their A couple years bodies spent. And he'll put on heft.

Scurfhead struts among them: always with A couple of years, a frown, We'll be walking proud, brandishing his scepter like a mighty king; The Kid's too good for the shop is his, and here he wears To linger with the crowd. the crown, A couple of years, and they must obey hun, bow to You can bet your hat, everything. The Kid's a corner. Morris Rosenfeld Watch us knock them flat." .... The poetry of Charles Reznikoff, a Russiar. immigrant, often contrasts the Russian civili- Here comes Bennet zation and the American culture. In a bath robe, green; Smiling, cool Autobiography: Hollywood And white and lean. I like the streets of New York City, (But the wise men whispered where I was born, "Look at his belly. better than these streets of palms. That roll of fat, No doubt, my father liked his village in It quivers like jelly." Ukrainia And they smiled to each other better than the streets of New York City; Because they knew and my grandfather the city and That Bennet had nothing its synagogue, On the Jew.) 96 97 He walks like a King they drink to Bennet, In his own domain They drink to the Kid. Like the King at the height They say: "He can fight, Of a long, long reign. The Yid." And all who have come To bid adieu Now it is silent, To the passing King Still as death. And crown the Jew; No single sound, All who hope No panting breath. He will lick the Kid There or. the floor And save the ring Lean, thin and brown From another Yid; The fallen King Fox and Wolf Has lain him down. And foe and friend, Slim in the light Hester Street Of mastery And Mulberry Bend, There stands the Kid Riverside Drive For all to see And Rutgers Square White for a King Rise with a shout And proud as Saul To see him there. When he was King Rise with a cheer Over soldiers tall. That echoes far From Helsingfors David P. Berenberg To Alcalar.

And Bennet smiles And waves his hands. His eyes embrace The frenzied stands.

In Padua, In Tunbuctoo, In London Town And Kalamazoo. Fat men yawn; "Let's go to dinner. It's a one-sided scrap, The Kid's a winner. Louis Untermcyer, who has published num- Bennet is finished. erous anthologies, children's fiction and critical The tale is old. essays, did much to make poetry an integral part Bennet most have made of the English curriculum. He was born in New A pile of gold." York in 1885, wrote the novel Aioses and many

97 98 volumes of poetry dealing withlove, social rules are charity, deeds of love, peace, truth and justice and the welfare of the common man. humility. The evils to be avoided are falsehood, Roast Leviathanis his only collection of verse robbery, unchastity and murder. Hillel summed that is particularly Jewish in subject. up the six hundred and thirteenAlitzvotof the Law when he is reported to have replied to a Caliban in the Coal Mine.; Gentile who asked to be taught the entire Torah, God, we don't like to complain What is hateful to yourself, do not do to We know that the mule is no lark your fellow man. That is the entire Torah, Butthere's the pools from the rain; the rest is explanation. Butthere's the cold and the dark. When_ asked which were the most important commandments, Jesus replied, God, You don't know what it is Love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, You, in Your well-lighted sky, and with all thy soul and with all thy mind. Watching the meteors whizz; The secondisto love thy neighbor as Warm, with the sun always by. thyself (Matt. 22:36). The Jews of thefirst century gave so much God, if You had but the moon, charity to their "neighbors" that a rabbinical Stuck in Your cap for a lamp, council issued a decree limiting philanthropy to Even You'd tire of it soon, one-fifth of their income, for fear that they Down in the dark and the damp. themselves would become needy.

Nothing but blackness above, And nothing that moves but the cars God, if You wish for our love, Fling us a handful of stars! Louis Unterineyer

Two other Jewish poets of recent years who should be mentioned are Karl Shapiro and Allen Ginsberg, bothnationally famous.In 1961 Ginsbergpublished a collectionofpoetry entitledKaddish and Other Poems,and Shapiro wrote several poems about his heritage, but both of these poets write almost exclusively about secular matters. In addition to this brief sketch of Jewish poets, there are countless others of lesser fame who should be investigated if one were to pursue Love is abstract and needs defining. Jewish further the topic of Jewish poetry. . Justice, on the other hand, which is said to be the cornerstone of Judaism, has all been set ETHICS AND VALUES down explicitly through the many prescriptions found in the Torah and Talmud. Such Justice is Judiism and Ethics pragmatic and rational and is concerned with the 'ne Biblc contains all of the behavioral codes here and now.The result of following these needed to achieve a moral and ethical life. The prescriptions is ethical conduct at all times in positivevirtues associated with Jewish social all things. 98 99 One of the basic differences between the In the twelfth century, Maimonides defined morality of the Hebrew Scriptures and the New eight different degrees of giving: Testament isthe process by which faith and "The first and lowest degree is to give, good deeds are interchanged.Judaism states but with reluctance or regret.This is the that faith is important only insofar as it leads to gift of the hand, but not of the heart. the proper actions.If one's conduct is ethical, "The second is, to give cheerfully, but then one approaches the holiness that God not proportionately, to the distress of the commands. Salvation is accomplished through a sufferer. moral life and good deeds. The New Testament "The third is, to give cheerfully and pro- doctrineisthat salvation is achieved through portionately,butnotuntilsolicited. faith, and that good works are the result of "The fourth is, to give cheerfully, pro- faith.In both instances holiness and good deeds portionately, and even unsolicited, but to are inseparable. Paul. a Jewish leader who putitinthe poor man's hand, thereby became a follower of Jesus, wrote, "Do we make excitingin him the painful emotion of void the law through faith' God forbid, yea, we shame. establish the law." (Romans 3:31) "The fifth is. to give charity in -uch a Although the majority of America's Jews do way that ,ne distressed may receive the not practice all of the rituals of the law per- bounty, and know their benefactor, with- taining to diet, dress and religion, ethical con- out their being known to him. Such was duct remains foremostin importance. One the conduct of some of our ancestors, who of the most tangible of all the Jewish ethical used to tie up money in the corners of their virtues is Zedakaii or charity. cloaks so thatthe poor might takeit unperceived. Charity "The sixth, which rises still higher is to "He that is gracious unto the poor lendeth know theobjectsof our bounty, but unto the Lord, and his good dee1 will He repay remain unknown to th, m. Such was the unto him." (Proverbs 19:17).The Bible is conduct of those of our ancestors, who full of instructions and proverbs about giving. used to convey their charitable gifts into The Talmud contains specificdirections on poor people's dwellings, taking care that when and how to give. "Do not give in public their ownpersonsand namesshould so that you do not embarrass the recipient:" remain unknown. "What you do not give in charity voluntarily, "The seventh isstill more mentor ous, the heathen will take from vou forcibly.' The namely to bestow charity in such o way Talmud alsodirectedthatGentiles not be thatthe benefactor may not know the di..criminated against in the giving of clarity. relieved persons, nor they the name of their Inancient tunesall Jews were expected to benefactors. as was done by our charitable contribute one-tenth of their incomes to the forefathers during the existence of the needy. Even the recipients of charity wcrc Temple. For there was in that holy build- taught to share with those who were in even ing aplacecalled the Chamber of the greater need. Silent, wherein the good deposited secretly whatever their generous hearts suggested, * ** * tit tt****t4 and from which the poor wcrc maintained with equal secrecy. "Our tiaddik (a learned community leader) "Lastly, the eighth, and the most meri- prayed that the rich should give more to the torious of all. is to anticipate charity. by poor- andalready God answeredhalfthe preventing poverty; namely, to assist the prayer: the poor have agreed to' accept." reduced fellowman. either by a consider-

99 100 able gift, or a loan of money, or by teach- be clothed, fed and sheltered by those who are ing him a trade, or by putting him in tl-e more fortunate than they. way of business; so that he may earn an As the number of charities grew, a more honest livelihood; and may not be forced efficient way of collecting funds and distributing to the dreadful alternative of holding out them became necessary.The concept of the his hand for charity.To this Scripture CharityEstablishmentorfederatedJewish alludes when it says: And if thy brother be charity organization was born. In 1895 the Jews waxen poor, and fallen in decay with thee, of Boston formed the Boston Federated Jewish then thou shalt relieve him, ; ea, though he Charities, which raised money to support five be a stranger or a sojourner; that he may separate endeavors: a free burial society, a live with thee. This is the highest step and children's orphanage, a free employment bureau, the summit of charity's golden ladder." a women's sewing circle and a general relief The methods and perhaps the motivations for fund.In 1900 the first national Jewish charity giving have changedasthe American Jews conference was held and the idea of federated prospered andleftthe ghetto environment. fund raising had spread throughout the country. When the first Jewish settlers arrived in New Local volunteer groups raise money that is then Amsterdam, they pledged to care for their poor alloted to national organizations like the Anti- and bury their dead.As Jewish communities DefamationLeague,theAmericanJewish were established around the country, a Hebrew Congress, or the UJA, United Jewish Appeal, Benevolent Societyusuallyappeared almost which is the largest single recipient of federated immediately to collect and distribute charity to money. There are twenty-three of these local the needy.In the mid 1800's the Jews started federated groups around thecountry, each to build their own hospitals to serve a twofold belonging to the Council of Jewish Federation purpose:to care for the sick who were impov- and Welfare Funds.This has proved such an erished, and to make itpossiblefor those efficient way of administering charity that only religious Jews who kept Kosher to avoid havingabout four per cent of the funds collected are to eatforbidden food insecular hospitals. used for operating costs. Also figuring into this Among the hospitals that were built by Jewish low percentage of overhead are the extremely philanthropy are Mt. Sinai in New York, Michael large amounts Jf money that are raised in one Reese in Chicago, Mt. Zion in San Francisco, campaign. Beth Israel in Boston and the Cedars of Lebanon We mentioned earlier that motivations and in Los Angeles. All are now important medical methods of giving have changed over the years. centers that serve the entire community, Jews Maimonides' ideals of anonymous giving have and non-Jews. been all but forgotten.It is estimated that less After the hospitals came the orphanages, then than one per cent of all contributors to Jewish old age homes, homes for Juvenile delinquents, charities arc anonymous. Those who are fam- impoverished travellers, or anyone in need. As iliar with Jewish public fund raising techniques the Eastern European Jews poured into New may be appalled.Community pressure is so York and other ports of entry, more and more great that those who are able to give are urged to organizationswerefoundedto help them. pledge a sum commensurate with their income. Money was generouslycontributed by the One effective way of stimulating philanthropy is Sephardim and German Jews who resented the the card calling system which is used at virtually newcomers because of their lack of education all fund raising dinners.After the dinner and and strange customs, but who, nevertheless, speeches, the name of each male guest is read recognized a duty to help them.The term from a card. As his name is read, he must stand zedakaltactually means righteousness in He- and state how much he intends to give. He brew.Itis considered the right of the poor to usually has to hand in this signed pledge card 4)1 then and there. Many times the names of the Eventhepoor immigrantspracticedthe largest givers are called first in the hopes that the Jewish custom of giving to those less fortunate smaller givers will be encouraged to raise their than themselves. Each family would have a set contributions. Some people condemn the cardof pushke set out on a shelf, The Pushke is a calling system.However, it has proved to be small container distributed by various charity very effective and brings in about sixty per cent organizations in which coins are collected. The of all money raised for charity.Furthermore, organizations' collectms would visit the Jewish most American Jews do not object to this homes at regular intervals to collect the money method as publicpledging has become so from the PuslikeSome of the pushke labels of common. the early 1900's. were, One young Jewish woman who typified the For Orphans sp rit of zedakais was Lillian Wald who worked For Widows with the poor of the East Side of New York for For Victims of Persecution forty years,In 1893 she and a Christian friend For the Blind with whom she had attended nursing school, For MeetingstoProtest eogroms inthe Mary Brewster, moved into the slum area of the Ukraine Lower East Side, financially backed by Jacob For the Galician Brotherhood Schiff, a Jewish philanthropist, and began a For the Training of Newly Arrived Immi- ministry of love to the impoverished immigrants. grants 1w Henry Street Settlement House that these For Machinery and Farm Equipment to be two women startedgained aninternational Sent to Jewish Farmers in Indiana reputation as elsocial work center.Its doors For the Jewish Chicken Raist rs in Kankakee were open to people of all ethnic background-, Recently Bankrupted bs le Ravages of andit received support from both Jews and Red Tick among Rhode Islam' Roosters non-Jews,Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster did There were many many more. much toalleviatethe health and economic Jews haveconscientiouslyfollowedthe problems in the crowded tenements of New commandment to be as generous with lion-Jews York. Waid was instrumental in convincing the as they are with their coreligionists, Judah city to appoint school doctors and public health Touro'scharityextendedtoCatholicAnd nurses. Protestant causes,la 1823 the following article appeared in a New Orleans newspaper: A Congregational Church w.=s lately sold by off the 4, 4, auction at New Orleans ro pay debts of the trustees and was purchased for S20,000 by Mr, Judah Touru, a native of New England and a Jew, that it might not be converted to ails' other use than that for which it was intend, d, and the society still worships in it When Touro died he lefthis one-half inilliost dollar estate equallyto Jewish and Christian charities. Inthe early1900's, Julius Rosenwald, a wealthy German Jew, established a fund to be used for the "benefit of mankind," in 11,11-tilular for the benefit of those people who were restricted million dollars of the Rosenwald fund were spent on Black It is estimated that around ninety per cent of welfare and education in the South.Libraries all Jews of college age are in fact in college at forBlackchildrenwerebuilt and Howard the present time.This compares with approx- University was partiallyfunded through this imately forty-five per cent of the same age group fund.Fellowships were awarded to one thou- of the general population. The figure for Jewish sand promising young Blacks to help sponsor graduation from high school is approaching one their careers. Marion Anderson received tae of hundred per cent.Itis Jokingly said that a these scholarships. Five hundred pror whiteJewish dropout is one who has not gone on to students received similar support. get a doctorate. The increase in college attend- These are Just a few examples of the Jewish ance has also been steadily growing among all commitment to helping others.It is estimated ethnic groups. but it has in no case been so rapid that at least one quarter of all charity given by or so greatapercentage as with the Jews. Jews goes to non-sectarian organizations. There are several reaso.,s for this high percentage of Je vs m colleges and universities. What would bmore natural than for "the Education people of the Book'' (so identified by Mo- -Happy is the man that findeth wisdom and hammed), with whom atraditional love of the man that getteth understanding.- Proverbs learning is endemic, to spend a considerable part 3.3. of their lives study mg? Wisdom. a highly prized salue, is not only the product of knowledge, which enables men to enter Into a state of grace whereby good deeds can be practiced, but wisdom also involves a basic morality.Justice and lovinglondness are the highest of all ethical values. To the Jews of earlier times the essence of wisdom was the knowledge of God's word and the Talmud. The scholar was cared for by the community and was respected above all other men. The Pharisees had democratized education among children during the second Common- wealth of Israel, before the Roman conquest. Self education continued in the dia./tom as Jews were restrictedfrom secular education. In Spain. and laterin Germany ,England and Holland, there were Ilitreased opportunities for secular learning and the Jews. accustomed to intensive study, excelled in the fields of learning that they pursued. A large percentage of nineteenth century German Jews attended college and went on to studs medicine, science and law.

The German Jewish immigrants started the trend # 31 # among Jews in America toward secular learning, and this new trend included women as well as men. TodasJewish women graduate from IX table is not blessed if it has fed no ,k college at a rate double that of the total white ars.- female population, 103 Proverb 102 Thefirstnon-sectarianuniversityinthe very opportunity that enables Jews to prosper in W,sterii Hemisphere to be sponsored by Jews is America also poses the greatest threat to the Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, survival of Judaism in this country. which opened :ts doors in 1948.Brandeis is named after Louis Dembitz Brandeis, a Boston and St. Louis laws r and an associate justice of A Jewish Education the United States Supreme Court from 1916 to Study of the Torah in ancient times was 1 939. required so that the spiritual leaders would be knowledgeable about God's commandments and later the common people studied the Torah to find out what their religion required of them. During Talmudic timesa moreintellectual approach was taken. The Talmudists wanted to examine the reasons for such laws. They spent most of the day pouring over the Talmud in the Bet Midrash, a place of study where men met to discuss the Torah and Talmud. During Roman times thefirstYeshiva, an academy for higher studies of the Talmud, was established in Yavneli, Palestine, which attracted Jewish scholars from even the most remote corners of the country.It was there that the Palestinian Talmud was written.Soon there .vere t Chil'Ot (plural of Yeshiva) throughout Palestine and Babylonia and eventually in all of the iountries of the (import; Fsv of the 17 1eshiva students wished to become rabbis. The main filiation of these academies was to pro. duce learned Jewish men who were will versed Brander. Supretti a Dirt /u, nee',imerican in the Talmud and who would perpetuate the No secular subjects were /iotaist trader and la;,or unit" negotiator laws of the Torah. taught until the nineteenth Lemur), when a shira in Poland introduced a secular curric- ohms. Set ular education nitinUnited States has The eastern European Jews brought with them to America the tradition of the Yeihna. t.ikinitstillntterm.,ifnits gratis'', and tam Itmss ,mt !dimity,Illr,n And moe Jewish Etz Chayim Talmudical Academy. the first Ye sulcurs nin.r111.10 nig iihith, 111 the Mart shivain the United States, was organ.2ed in IR of ias,s. resultsintheLeek of aJewish New York City in 1886 This academy later (hit AP '11 .nin mg tintr iiilitlrinTin is too.. tin merged with the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Yeshiva and eventually became Yeshiva University of New York which includes a rabbinical seminary ,,,,,,,,, and a medical school called the Albert Einstein Medical College. This medical college is the not dim nioncs si es lung good.first in the history of the dialliora to be under 's that it, mons sits thing Jewish auspices and has become one of the fin- Volk s.is nig est medical schools in the United States. Other ")104 Yeshiror were established, but Yeshiva Univer- Today alargepercentage of the almost sity is the largest and most important. 250,000 children who attend Hebrew schools in As Jews settled in various parts of the coun- theUnited States come from Conservative try, they built Talmud Torah schools for their homes. A great many Jewish American children childrc. In addition to religious training, the attend Sunday School in Reform vInples. Talmud Torah schools provided the children with secular studies. A, more and more Jewish children attended public school. the Talmud Torah schools became an afternoon religious training session in the synagogue. Today there are about four hundred Jewish Day Schools, most of which are Orthodox. About fifty of the day schools are Conservative and in the past few years Reform temples have rlso established several day schools. The casterr Europeans also brought with them the Chet ler system.The Cheder was a room in which Jewish boys received their early Hebrew education.It was sometimes located in the home of the itelatned or teacher.The curriculum was limited to Hebrew studies and the result was that there was hardly a male over the age of five who could not read and write Hebrew. On his first day of ChM( r. at age three, the buy's parents stood over him as the teacher The Family pointed to the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Judaism has traditionally regarded marriage as The boyrepeatedthe names of the letters theideal state and the family as the perfect altph, bayz,gimet and Lialed, and for each letter social group. Children arc considered God's that was pronounced lie would dip his finger greatest gift to man, Marriage and children were into a hit of honey and place it In his mouth to not just recommended; they were Alitzvot and show how sweet learning is. When the exercise celebacy was looked on as some sort of religious ended the boy's mother would embrace him and crime. The Talmud states that "any Jew who praythat his life would be filled with good has no wife is no man.- and "four are con- deeds. Torah study and a good marriage. sidered as dead' the poor, the blind, the leper. and he who has no children." In ancient times time were three ways of * * * * * * * * *** * acquiring a wife; by capture (Deut. 21:10-14): by contractbetweenspousesand/ortheir families: and by purchase. Marriage by contract continued to be a common method of acquiring a spouse up through the nineteenth century. The fath_r was the guardian and instructor of the family.The children and wife were under the strict control of the head of the household to whom all respect was due. Although the wife was indeed at the mercy of her husband and he had power over her life and death, the Jewish modern times has affected Jewish social pat- man has always been portrayed as entirely terns. An arranged marriage would be pre- devoted to his wife and children. posterous to most Jewish Americans today. In ancient society women were considered Contemporary Jewish American literature and chattel (the Talmud states that "the testimony television reveal a great deal about Jewish family of one hundred women is equal to the evidence and parent-children relationships.The Jewish of one man."), However, there is much evidence mother, stereotyped as a balcbotvteli, is seen as that women wielded sufficient authority.The the authoritativefigure. demandingand over- family life centered around the mother who ran protective, but at the same time loving and the home, lit the Sabbath candles and raised the intensely proud of her offspring. The Jewish children. The mother played the lead role in the familyis close knit and loyal.Children are education of both boys and girlsuntil they expected to spend holidays such as Passover reached the age of five, at which tune boys were with their families, and if that is not practical, instructed bythefatherinJudaic law and then a telephone communication is desirable. If occupational training.It was the mother's duty at allpossible, children are given the best of to teach her daughters how to cook according to everything; generous allowances, summer camp kahriir laws, how to sew, and how to maintain and even, when the time conies, a car. In return, a proper Kosher home. parents expect l'achas, a Hebrew word meaning Children also had a role in the traditional pleasure or gratification, but in parent-children Jewishfamilvstructurethat of strict obd- relationships,itmeans consideration, respect, mac. The consequences in Biblical times for attention,Itispossible to receive NM:ay in disobedience were severe. many ways, but that received from children is If any man have a stubborn and rebellious the only meaningful was.Often children are

son . that, when they have chastened under tremendous pressure caused by intense hun, will not hearken unto them:then affection and day to-day demands. Statistics shallhis father and mother layhold on show thatthereisafar greater percentage him. and bringIi in out unto the elders of Jews suffering from neuroses than any other ethnic group) 3 There are, however, fewer Jews . . . And all the men of his city shall with serious crippling mental disorders.This stone him with stones, that he die. ff3eut. would suggest that Jewish family life seldom 21:18-19, 211 includesbrutallyshoLking childhoodexp.:r- iences that result in psychosis. The Talmud states that this law was given as Studies have shown that Jewish parents arc an obiect lesson. not to he implemented Chil- far more pronethan others to praise their dren were commanded to honor and love their children and far more tolerant of their faults, parents. as wel: as to obey them. Jewish parents rarely hit their children.How- ever, thereis a much more effective weapon The traditional values of familylife among used in the Jewish home to impose degree of theJisss have remain,. d, althimgh behavioral disciplineguilt.Right and wrong arcoften pat, rns haw been Lonsid,rabl), alten.d.Until the and 1700's and the era of the Enlight- i. time lit, man: igt was anangkd I a Nhadkliaii 1 /attics Yattc, Or(1mt tit dit h Italubmi :marriage broke sn.al attraction 54.15 lint I hffise, 1068.l'hcst statisticsills be based on as important ,ms the suitability offan links, themimber no, recklmg ps+,holt 1.z1c.ii l was 11111.1loikli. The idea of nimantu (Si tin:tart as Lompoikti with of herI maps mai mat k lunging anti malt asmgihborai soeuty of sotyli. mean Mat J.yvs are more unlined than others to sl e is tin:rapt:um help.

1"5 106 misplaced by the words, "Look what you're Jews are marrying later in life than non-Jews doing to your mother," or "\ou're killing yourbecause of the number of years they spend mother." acquiring an education. The Jewish family There is an old saying, "Vie es Chrism It sich, seemsfated to move toward the American so Jude It es sich," meaning as the Christian. go, middle class family model. so go the Jews.As the Jews have assimilated into a liberal and permissive American society, the Jewish family has emulated many of the SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS behavioral patterns of the secular society. The cohesiveness of the family unitis gradually For the Jews to establish social and welfare unravellingas traditionaldomesticroles are organizations in America was a natural develop- changing.More Jewish women than ever are ment.In Europe, although Jews paid taxes to being educated and emancipated.Divorce and thestate,theyreceived no socialbenefits. juvenile delinquency areincreasing, although So in order to survive as a community, they had they remain much lower than among other to provide their own mutual aid societiesIt was ethnic groups. Only the Chinese have a lower also part of their religion to be mutually respon juvenile delinquency rate than the Jews. The sible for one another. Jewish family is also being threatened by the The first recorded social clubin America was ever increasingnumber ofintermarriages. established by Newport's Jews in 1781. They Recent studies have shown that seventy per cent met every Wednesday evening to play cards.It of all children from intermarriages are not raised was purely a social gathering and the bylaws as Jews.' 4 statedthat no synagogue business could he Traditionallythe Jews had largefamilies, discussed under penalty of a fine of four wine having from six to a dozen children. Today the bottles. As Jewish communitiesgrew, member- average number of children in Jewish homes is ship in social organizations increased. Butmost two. In addition to the decrease in family size, were not purely social. h.any of the benefit *************** societies, or Cherras. had only one function aiding the elderly, sick, or needy. Orphans were cared for and eventually orphanages were built. Many of the societies were mutual burial or insurance groups. Members paid a small weekly fee and in return were guaranteed a burial plot or the services of a doctor if they got sick. Later,afterorganizationsforthe essentials had been established, the Jews formed literary societies or choral clubs.The YMHA (Young Men'sHebrewAssociation)was eventually founded from one of the early literary societies. In 1843 a group of twelve German immigrants founded a mutual aid society called Bundcs Bruder.The name was later changed to the Hebrew Writh,meaning Sons of the Covenant. Today this group is the most active Jewish organization to the United States, with 14. Gilbert S. Rosenthal (ed.), over 400,000 members, and lodges in some I wilily Iii1 (.11aiNint; it'urIti, Thomas Yoseloffforty-five countries around the world. From the Publ.. 197'p. 28. beginning of its inception, B'nai B'rith has been 07 dedicated to helping humanity and aiding Jews own hospitals, where the immigrants would feel indistress. The group is engaged in welfare at home among their own people, and observant work. education, philanthropy. Americanism. Jews could observe the Kashrut laws. The first interfaith gi.md will and civil rights. No qualifi- Kosher hospital in the United States was Mt. canons have been imposed for membership. Sinai in New York City, which was at first called either financial, social or religious.The Anti-Jews' Hospital. The institution was established Defamation League of B'nai B'rith also sponsors in 1852 through the efforts of Sampson Smison. the KIM foundations on nearly 250 college andThe originalstaff was made up primarily of university campuses. where all religious services Gentiles. but the hospital accepted r oil-Jewish are free to an one who wishes tc attend. patients only in cases of emergency. The name Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization was changed to Mt. Sinai in 1866 and during the of America. founded by Henrietta Szold in 1912 Civil War the hospital became non-sectarian.. for thepurpose of raising the standards of Today its twenty-six buildings containsomeof health and public medicine inPalestine and the best facilities and physicians in the world, increasing awareness among American Jews of The Jewish communities have sincebuilt Jewish ideals and traditions. today has 1300 somesixty-threehospitalsinthiscountry. chapters in the United States with more than including hospitals for the mentally ill, chronic- 300,000 members.While other Zionist organi- allyillandthosespecializinginparticular zations have been steadily losing members, the diseases, Jewish hospitals exist in virtually every Hadassah has been growing.The women who U,S.citywith a Jewish population of over belong tothe Hadassah chapters are mostly 40.000 (except for Washington, D.C.) and in half involvedinraising money(over10 million of the cities that have a Jewish population of dollars a sear) for the support of the Hadassah between 15.000 and 40,000. Howe il and schools in Israel that the national organization has built. There are many other national and local The Jewish Community Center Jewish organizations. The Pioneer Women and Found inall major Jew ish population areas Marachi. National Council of Jewish Women, and in many cities having on!v a small Jewish Jewish War Veterans. American Jewish Com-population, Jev%isi. Commw ay Centers pros ide mittee and United Jewish Appeal arc only a few Jews who do not wish to affiliate with a syna- of the largest. gogue with some kind of tie with the Jewish Inadditiontothe social and mutual aid community. .The centers offer membership and organizations, old age homes, orphanages, andthe use of their facilities to all residents of the philanthropic societies, the Jews also built their community ,Jewish or non-Jewish The ./CC, coordinatedby a national bodycalledthe National Jewish Welfare Board, grew out of the YMHA (Young Men's Hebrew Association) movements started by the German Jews. In the 1940's. Mordecai Kapl..n suggested that the Vs be called Jew ish Community Centers, indicating a culturalratherthawreligious approach to Judaism.Those semces offered to the community include pre-school activities and nursery A A school. hobby clubs. lecture and film series, recreationandgy innasticsprograms.music workshops, adultand seniorcitizenclasses. discussion groups and perhaps a theatre program.

107 108 JEWISI1 COOKING

Jewish cuisine is a product of many centuries Additional Resources of Jewish residenceincentral and eastern Europe., Dishes typal ofPoland. Russia You may write to the following agencies for Hungary, Germany and Czechoslovakia were additional resource material on American Jewry. modified to conform to Kosher dietary laws. What evolved is a distinctly Jewish cuisine with American Association Jor Jewish lahication names like Piroshki, Blintzes, Kugel and Strudel 114 Fifth Ave. reflecting their countries of origin. A great New York, NY 10011 emphasis was placed on noodles and dough. The following recipes are typical and delicious.17' American Jewish Committee 165 East 56th St. New York ,1Y- 10c322 KNISHES (popular as a party snack) 4n:et-kat:Jewish Congres.s 15 East 84th St. Dough New York. NY 10028 1! cups sifted flour I teaspoon bakinv ponder inti-befarnation League of B'Hai B'ritli teaspoon salt 315 Lexington Ave. 1 eggs New York. NY 10016 2/3 cup salad oil 2 tablespoons water National -leadenly for 1dult Jewish Studies into a 218 East 70th St. Sift the flour, baking powder and salt New York. NY 10021 bowl. Make a well in the center and drop the eggs, oil and water into it, Work into theflour \atioual Con crew(' 4(3u-onto's and tries mixture with the hand and knead until smooth. There are two wAys to fill the knishes. In 43 West 26th St. New York, NY 10019 either case, divide the dough in two and roll as thin as possible.Brush with oil, Now you can \ational Jewish Welfare floard spread the filling ononeside of the dough and roll.Cut into 11/2-inch 15 East 26th St. rollit up like a Jelly Place in an oiled baking sheet cut side New York, NY 10010 slices. down. Press down lightly to flatten. Or you can cut the rolled dough in 3 -inch circles.Place a Jewishit!ency tablespoon of the filling on each; draw the edges Department of Education and Culture together and pinch firmly.Place on an oiled 515 ParkAvenue In either case. New York, NY 10022 baking sheet, pinched edges up. bakeina375° oven 35 minutes or until Jewish \animal t and browned, Makes about 2z1 Department of Education and Youth 42 East 69th St. New York, NY 10021 15.All recipes are .fromThe4rt of Jewish CookinN byJennie Grossinger, listedin the bibliography. 10109 Fillings for Knishes Beat the eggs, milk, salt and salad oil together. Stir in the flour. Potato: Heat a little butter or oil in a 6-inch skillet. 1 cup chopped onions Pour about 2 tablespoons of the batter into it, 6 tablespoons chicken fat or butter tilting the pan to coat the bottom.Use just 2 cups mashed potatoes enough batter to make a very thin pancake. Let 1 egg the bottom brown, then carefully turn out onto 1 teaspoon salt a napkin, browned side up. Make the rest of the ki teaspoon pepper pancakes. Spread 1heaping tablespoon of any of the Brown the onions in the fat or butter. Beat in fillings along one side of the pancake.Turn the potatoes, egg. salt and pepper until fluffy. opposite sides in and roll up like a jelly roll. You can fry the blintzes in butter or oil or Cheese: bake them in a 425° oven until browned. Makes 1Steltps-threti-srallions- er-onronir about-1B. 4tablespoonsbutter Serve dairy blintzes with sour cream. 2 cups pot cheese 1 egg 11/2 teaspoons salt 118 teaspoon pepper 2 tablespoons sour cream Fillings for Blintzes

Scallions are better than onions for the:, so try Apple: to get them. Brown the scallions in the butter egg white and beat in the cheese, egg, salt, pepper and sour 11/2 cups finely chopped apples cream until smirch. 4 tablespoons sugar nl teaspoon cinnamon 3 tablespoons brown sugar 3 tablespoons melted butter

Beatthe egg white untilit begins to stiffen. Fold in the apples, sugar and cinnamon. Fill the pal -akes and arrange in a buttered baking pan. Sprinklewiththe brown sugar and butter. Bake in a 400' oven 20 minutes. Makes about 18.

BLINTZES (similar to cri5pes, great for brunches)

Blintz(' Batter: Blueberry: 3 r.q.0 cups blueberries 1rup milk or warm 3 tablespoons stivr teacpoonsalt 1tablespoon eorn.stareb 2tablespoons salad oil 118 teapot», suftruei; '--i cup sifts /flour nutter or oilfor frying Toss all the ingredients together. Vegetable: PIROSHKI (often served with soup in place of 1/2 cup shredded cabbage crackers or bread) 1/2 cup grated carrots 1/2 cup finely sliced green pepper Dough : % cup diced onions 2 cups sifted flour 3 tablespoons butter or oil 1/2 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon salt cup shortening Dash cayenne pepper 1 egg yolk 4 tablespoons ice water Cook the cabbage, carrots, green pepper and onions inthe butter or oil for -10 minutes,Sift the flour and salt together.Work in the stirring occasionally.Season with the salt andshortening with the hand.Beat the yolk and cayenne. water together and add to the previous mixture. Toss lightly and form into a ball. Cheese: X11 -nut tba_daugh 118 inch thick and __cut 2 cups drained cottage cheese into 3-inch circles. Use a tablespoon of one of 1 egg yolk the following fillings for each. Chill. Fold over teaspoon salt into a half-moon and press the edges together 1 tablespoon melted butter with a little water. Arrange on a greased baking 1 tablespoons sugar (optional) sheet. 1 teaspoon lemon juice (optional) Bake ina 400° oven 15 minutes or until browned. Makes about 24. &at the cheese, egg yolk, salt and butter to. gether.Add the sugar or lemon Juice if you like -- some people like them sweet, some don't. rulings for Piroshki

So ...Cream Batter for Blintzes Potato: 1/2 cup minced onions 1 egg 4 tablespoons chicken fat or butter N cup milk 2 cups mashed potatoes ,4 cup sour cream 1 egg yolk 118 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon salt 1 cup sifted flour Dash cayenne pepper Butter for frying Lightly brown the onions m the fat or butter. Beat together the egg, milk, sour cream and salt. Stir in the potatoes, egg yolk, salt and cayenne Stir in the flour, mixing until smooth. pepper. Cool 10 minutes. Heat some butter in a 7-inch skillet.Pour about 2 tablespoons of the batter into it, tilting the pan to spread the batter evenly. Fry until Liver: browned and turn to brown other side. 1/2 cup minced onions Place a heaping tablespoon of one of the V+ pound mushrooms, chopped fillings on each pancake. Tuck in the opposite 6 tablespoons chicken fat sides and roll up. Arrange in a buttered baking 1/2 pound chicken liners dish and bake in a 450' oven 10 minutes. 2 tablespoons minced parsley This batter makes a rich pancake, and is more 11/2 teaspoons salt suitable for sweet fillings.Makes about 16. 14 teaspoon pepper

110 Brown onions and mushrooms in half the fat, minutes or until browned. remove and set aside.Melt remaining fat in Serve with meat or poultry dishes or as a same pan, add liversnd cook ten minutes. dessert with a sweet fruit sauce. Serves 6-8. Combine all ingredients and chop finely. Cool. STUFFED BREAST OF VEAL Cheese: pound pot cheese 5 pounds breast of veal !'s pound cream cheese teaspoons salt 2 tablespoons sour cream 1,i teaspoon pepper I ev yolk 1 teaspoon paprika 1 teaspoon salt teaspoon garlic powder 1 tablespoon sugar (optional) 3 tablespoons fat

Beat all the ingredients until smooth. Use the Have the butcher make a pocket in the veal. -sugar or not, depemintg oir-whether you-hike -a S-prtnkle--with-the- salt, pepper,-paprika and -garlic sweet filling. Serve with sour cream. powder.Fill the pocket with one of the following stuffings and fasten the opening with Prune; skewers or thread. cup honey Melt the fat in a roasting pan and place the cup orange mice veal in it.Roast in a 325 oven 3 hours or until 2 teaspoons lemon Juice meat is tender. Baste frequently and add a little 1 pound unsweetened patted prunes water if pan becomes dry. Serves 6-8. 1 tablespoon grated orange rand

Cook the honey, orange juice and lemon juice for 5 minutes.Add the prunes and cook over Fillings for Veal lowheat15 minutes. stirringoccasionally. Drain and chop the prunes.Add the orange Potato Stuffing rind. Cool bef .)re fdlutg the squares. 2 ritpv grated potato, drained 2 Clip InMetli NOODLE K UG EL 4 tablcpoott,; potato liour I txg 3etc I'2 tpcalf 4 tablespoon, brown .siigar 11 NI) Tepper 118tedApoott nutmeg 4 (-iv coot.(1 broad ttoodle the ingredient~ and stuff the veal.

1.1 (1Iccs white rai,ittA z clip almond, I table Toot, ;color, tot( < 4 tableipoott, melted butter or chit ken /at 2 tabh.poott; bread ertemb Bread Stuffing I onum, minced Beat thi. eggs and brown sugar until fluffy. Add 1 green pepper, diced the nutmeg. noodles,. raisins. almonds, lemon :talkA(derv. 41t-t.(1 luta and melted butter or fatTurn into a well- 6 ,,licuc bread greased ring mold or baking dish. Sprinkle with I tsp. salt the bread crumbs. Bake in a 375° oven 50 1/8tsp. pepper 1/8 tsp. thyme 1 tsp. paprika 1 egg

Cook the onion, green pepper and celery in the fat for 10 minutes, stirring occasionally. Soak the bread in water. squeeze dry and pull into small pieces.Add to the vegetables with the salt, pepper, thyme, paprika and egg. Mix well and stuff veal. CHALLAH (Egg Bread)

1 cake or package yeast NOODLE-APPLE PUDDING 2 teaspoons sugar T'4 cups brkeivarm water 2 eggs 4V2 cups sifted flour 4 tablespoons sugar 2 teaspoons salt '4 'i'aspoon salt 2 eggs 1z teaspoon cinnarr :)n 2 tablespoons salad oil 1 cup grated apples 1 egg yolk cup seedless raisins 4 tablespoons poppy seeds 4 cups cooked fine noodles, drained 3 tablespoons melted butter or fat Combine the yeast, sugar and 1/4 cup lukewarm water. Let stand 5 minutes. Beat the egg-, sugar, salt and cinnamon together. Sift the flour and salt into a bowl. Make a Stir in the apples, raisins, noodles and butter or well in the center and drop the eggs, oil, re- fat. Turn into a greased baking dish. maining water and the yeast mixture into it. Bake ina 400° oven 40 minutes or until Work into the flour. Knead on a floured sarface browned. Serves 6.8. until smooth and elastic.Place in a bowl and brush the top with alittleoil.Cover with a towel, set in a warm place and let rise 1 hour. SWEET-AND-SOUR RED CABBAGE Punch down, cover again andletriseuntil double in bulk.Divide the dough into three 6cups shredded red cabbage equal parts.Between lightly floured hands roll the dough into three strips of even length. Braid 1 cup grated apple .!4 cup water them together and place in a baking pan. Cover 1 teaspoon ,alt with a towel and let rise until double in bulk. 1 tablespoon flour Brush with the egg yolk and sprinkle with the 4 tablespoon,- einegar poppy seeds. 112 tabirgpoOlb ,-agar Bake ina 375. oven 50 minutes or until 2 tablespoons butter or fat browned.

Makes 1 verylargechallah. If you wish, Cook the cabbage. apple. water and salt over low divide the dough in six parts and make two large heat 15 minutes. Mix du flour and vinegar until loaves, or make one loaf and many small rolls. smooth and add to the cabbage with the sugar You may also bake the bread m a loaf pan. and butter or fat.Cook 15 minutes longer. Nore 1/8 teaspoon saffron can be dissolved Serves 6. the water if you like additional flavor and color.

112

L_ 1 3 Some foods are traditional for certain Jewishdairy soup.Fold in e:4 whites and chill 30 holidays. Knaidlach and Latkes are eaten duringminutes. Moisten hands, form mixture into Passover. 2-inch balls.Cook in boiling salted water 20 minutes or until they rise to the top.Drain. PAREVE kNAIDLACH Ser -ein soup or as a dessert with sugar, cinnamon and sour cream.Makes about 18. 2 egg yolks J/ teaspoon salt POTATO LATKES 2 egg whites, stiffly beaten 1/2 cup matzo meal 2 eggs 3 cups grated, drained potatoes Beat thee yolks and salt until thick.Fold 4 tablespoons grated onion into the e whites, then gradually fold in the 1 teaspoon salt matzo meal. Chill 1 hour.Moisten hands, Y teaspoon pepper shape mixture into Winch balls. Cook in -boiling 2 tablespoons cracker or matzo meal salted wager 20 minutes. Serve in dairy or meat q cup fat or butter soups. Makes about 16. Beat theeggs and add the potatoes, onion, salt, MATZO BRIE pepper and meal. Heat half the fat or butter in a frying pan and 2 eggs drop the potato mixture into it by the table- ti teaspoon salt spoon.Fry until browned on botl sides. Keep 2 teaspoons grated onion (optional) pancakes hot until all are fried and add more fat 2 matzos or butter as required. Serves 8. Butter or fat for frying

Beatthe eggs, salt and onion together. Hold the matzos under running water, drain. Then HAMENTASCHEN crumble them into the eggs. Mix well. Heat the butter or fat in a 9-inch skillet andHamentaschen cakesaretraditionalforthe turn the matzo mixture intoit. Fry until Purim celebration. lightly browned on both sides.Serves 1or 2. Honey Dough for Ha mentaschen: CHEESE KNAIDLACH 4 cups sifted flour txr: teaspoon salt 2 cups pot cheese 1 teaspoon baking powder 2 egg yolks, beaten i/i cup shortening, softened '. i teaspoon salt 4 eggs 4tablespoons matzo meal 1 cup honey 3 tablespoons melted butter 2 tablespoons sugar (optional) Sift the flour, salt and baking powder into a 2 egg whites, stiffly beaten bowl. Make a well in the center and place the shortening, eggs and honey in it. Work together Force the cheese through a food null. Stir in thewith the hand until a dough is formed. Roll out egg yolks, salt, matzo meal and butter. Add theand cut into 4-inch squares.Place a heaping sugar if you want to serve the knaidlach as atablespoon of filling on each and fold over into a dessert, but omit if they are to be served in a triangle, scaling the edges. 113114 Bake in a 350 oven 20 minutes or until 6. What were the reasons underlying German browned. Makes about 3 dozen. Jewish immigration to the United States? the eastern European Jewish immigration? Preparedfillingsfor Hamentaschen may be In what ways were they similar? different? purchased in special food stores or delicatessens. 7. Why was demographic distribution of the German Jews different from that of the Fillings for Hamentaschen Sephardim? 8.Discuss the reasons IL: antagonism between Poppy &ad: the Sephardim and the German Ashkenazim. Write a short story about a child living in a 2 cups puppy seeds 9. 1 cup milk shtetl in Russia. onthe development of -34 cup honey 10. Write a report teaspoon grated lemon rind Reform and ConservativeJudaism in the !2. cup seedless raisins United States. 11.7S the letter -from die IV-nal-13'6thto Pres- Have the poppy seeds ground or put through ident Grant still applicable today? your food chopper. Combine with themilk and 12. If you have a grandparent or older relative honey. Cook over low heat, stirring frequently, who was a Jewish immigrant. Interview her until thick.Stir in the lemon rind and raisins. or him.Ask about life in the old country, Cool and fill the dough. problems faced in the United States, occupation, customs and traditions. How is your of the immi- Prune: own life different from that 1 cups lackwa ;"prane butter i grant? cup ground almonds 13. Why were the eastern European Jews so very 1 tablespoon grated orange rind different from the German Jews? 14. Write an essay about three generations of Mix ingredients together and fill dough. Jews in the United States and discuss the assimilation process. 15. Would Jewish immigrants who moved west in the 1880's have assimilated more orless quickly than those who remained in large Discussion Questions and Activities cities in the East?Give reasons for your Write an essay about life in a Jewish famly answer. 1. to American Jews? in Spain in the year 800.Write another 16. Why is Israel important essay about life in a Jewish family in Spain to Christians? to Arabs? 17. Follow current events in the Middle East. in1480. What happened to bring about changes in their way of life? Discuss the reasons for the tensions and 2. What was the difference between a Conyers° offer possible solutions. and a Maisano' 18. Why arethe American Jews assimilated 3. How would you expect the physical eharac- American citizens, when in eastern Europe ,eristies of the.Sephardim and the Ashkena- the were considered a foreign element? zim to differ? To what would yoiattribute 19. Visit a Reform, Conservative and Orthodox synagogue. How do they differ?In what these differences? churches? Write 4. Have Jews always enjoyed religious freedom ways do they resemble in the United States? short reports of their histories. 20. Choose a famous Jewish immigrant to the 5.Read a book about life in the Lower Easy Side and make a report to the class. United States. Read a oiography about that

114 115.a. person and write a report to present to the 29. Try some of the recipes incleded in the class. guide or in The Art of Jewish Cooking by 21. Do :: research project on Columbus. Try to Jennie Grossinger. find information to substantiate the belief30. The Hasidic dance record, Tikva Records, that Columbus was a Marrano. distributed by International Record Indus- 22. ReadLongfellow'spoem, "The Jewish tries, P.O. Box 593, Radio City Station, New Cemetery at Newport." York, 10019, includes a booklet with dance 23. Write to American Sephardi Federation, 515 instructions.Try some of these dances in Park Ave., New York, NY 10022 for infor- your class. The record is available as part of mation about the Sephardic Jews inthis the resource kit on "The Jews of Connect- country. icut" from the Learning Resources Area, 24. Choose one of the following Zionist leaders U-32, School of Education, University of and write a short biography: Connecticut, Storrs 06268. Stephen S. Wise touisLips4 GLOSSARY PART 11 Louis D. Brandeis Rabbi Hillel Silver Ark of the Covenant the housing for the Henrietta Szold Torah scrolls kept in the synagogue. 25. Find out about some of the Jewish organiza- Arba Kan fot a small Tallit worn as an under- tions in your area. What community needs garment; also called a Tzitzit. do they serve? How did they get started? Ashkenazim (pl. noun) Jews who settied in 26. Write a short biography of Hillel, a Jewish central, northern and eastern Europe and philosopher born around 30 B.C. whose their descendants. teachings were similar to those of Jesus. Baal Shem Tov a spiritual leader of the 27. A great many Jews have made contributions Hasidim. to the field of music, in composing and Babylonian Captivity the period in Jewish performing. The lives of some of these history from the f.II of Jeri ,a!em and the people makefascinatingstudies. The destruction of Solomon's Temple in 586 B.C. following are just a few of the many names when thousands of Jews were deported to from which one could choose: Babylon, until their return and the rebuilding Irving Berlin Leonard Bernstein of the Temple in 516 B.C. Jerome Kern Vladimir Horowitz Baleboosteh an efficient Jewish mother and Richard Rodgers and Yehudi Menuhin housewife. Oscar Hammerstein Arthur Rubenst,:in Bet-Midrash a house of study and prayer that Kurt Weill Bob Dylan was the center of the Hasidic communities in Simon and Garfunkel eastern Europe. 28. Do as much research as possible on one of Chas vcsholem a Yiddish term meaning God thefollowing AmericanJewishsettlers. forbid uttered to help ward off evil spirits. Write a biographical essay. Cheder a school room where Jewish bays Asser Levy Hayman Levy received early Hebrew education. Jacob Lumbrozo Rebecca Gratz Chevras _Jewish benefit or mutual aid societies. Abraham Campenelli Ephraim Hart Conservative movement the middle-of-the- Judah Monis Dr. Isaac Jacobi road denomination in Judaism that is flexible Myer Myers Dr. Jail Hart in terms of tradition and interpretation of the Mordecai Sheftall David Einhorn Torah. Haym Salomon Uriah P Levy contractor inthe garment industry, the Moses Levy Captain Mordecai Myers contractor bought cut garments from the

115116 cutters, finished them in his own shop and Sephardicandoriental(Forastero)Jews delivered them to the merchandiser. settled,i.e.Libya,Algeria,Tunisia and Converso - the Spanish name for a Jew who Morocco. converted to Christianity. Marrano - the name given to Spanish Jews who diaspora - the term given to all of the areas outwardly converted to Christianity while outside of lsiael where the Jews have been continuing to practice Judaism in private. living since the dispersion from Palestine in Melamed - a teacher. the first century. Mezuzah - a small wood or metal case con- Dybbuk - the soul of a dead person who taining a scroll on which is written a scriptural occupied the body of a living person for a text from Deuteronomy that is attached to short time in order to atone for some past the door frame of a house. sin, according to folklore. Minyan - the necessary quorum of ten that is Ethical Culture - an offshoot of Reform Jud- needed in order to conduct a religious service. aism that stressed an ethical philosophy where Mitzvah (pl. Mitzvot) - a religious ordinance or belief in-God was secondary. duty. Gabbai - a synagogue leader also calleda Magen David - the six-sided shield or star of Parnas. David that has been the symbol of the Jews ghetto - a section of a city where European since ancient times. Jews were required to live. Moors - Muslim inhabitants of Northwestern Goyim - non -Jews (in Hebrew Goyim literally Africa of mixed Arab and Berber origin who means people) invaded Spain in the eighth century. Hamsa - a magical symbol of Jewish folklore in Nachas - Hebrew word for pleasure or grati- the form of an open hand. fication, meaning respect and attention that Hasidim - a fundamental or "mystical" sect of parents receive from their children. orthodoxyoriginatingineasternEuropc; Orthodoxy - traditional Judaism;strict ad- literally means "pious." herence to the Torah laws. Hazzan - the cantor or one who chants prayers Pales of Settlement - certain areas in Russia during services in the synagogue. where Jews were required to live. Hoyf - Hasidic court composed of a Rebbe and Parnas a synagogue leader; the president of his followers. the synagogue. Inquisition established in Spain in 1478 to pogrom - the mass slaughter of a community. seek out insincere converts among the Jews Pushkc - small contairers or banks that were and Moors; it developed into a secret police kept in Jewish homes for coins that were force that used torture and terror to extract given to charities. confessions. Rabbi - a religious leader and teacher. Kabbalah - mysticalteachings of Judaism. Rebbe (pl. Rebbann) an Hasidic leader; a Kabbalists were "white magicians" who were respected and learned man of the Jewish active until medieval times. community. Kashrut - Kosher laws pertaining to diet. Reconstructionists- averyliberalJewish Kene Hora - phrase meaning "against the evil philosophy that stressed the importance' of eye." the Jewish ethos while continually redefining Kosher - correct according to traditional Judaic the nature of God. law. Reform movement - a liberal denomination of Ladino - a medieval form of Spanish, combined Judaismthat beganin Germany and de- with Hebrew words and written in Hebrew- veloped fully in the United States. like characters; also called Judesmo. scapegoat - one who is blamed for no reason for Maghreb - NorthAfricancountries where the problems of another.

1161 I ow, Sephardim (pl. noun) Jews who settled in Yiddishkeit old world Jewishness; the life of Spain and Portugal after the dispersion in 70 tradition and mitzvot. A.D., and their descendants. Zedakah charity Shadkhan a marriage broker. Zionism a nineteenth century movement for Shammas one who carries out the orders of the establishment of Israel as a Jewish home- the synagogue president; a caretaker. land. Shaytl a wig worn by Orthodox women. AUDIO VISUAL RESOURCES Shema the prayer "Hear 0 Israel. the Lord Our God, the Lord is One." American Jews Shochet a specially trained animal slaughterer Films who kills the animal according to Kosher laws. The American Jew: A Tribute to Freedom,44Ya Shtetl a small village in eastern Europe that minutes. 1958, produced by CBS for television, was almost entirely Jewish. distributed by ADL of B'nai B'rith, 315 Lex- Simhat_ Trirah the_ da.y_on _which the-last_ ington Ave., New York 10016.Rental price portion of the Torah is read. 315.00 Soler (pl. Soferim) a scribe who hand prepares Shows the contributions of American Jews to the Torah scrolls for synagogues. democracy, but over exaggerates the exceptional sweat shop a small shop of the contractor in Jewishpersonalitieswithout portraying the thegarmentindustrywhereimmigrants ordinary American Jew. The film also does not labored under terrible conditions for up to 15 dwell on many of the important cultural aspects hours a day. of the community such as education and philan- synagogue an assembly place that became the thropy, butit can be effectively used as an center of Jewish worship and community introduction to a study of the historical Amer- affairs. ican Jew.Suitable for high school and adult Talk a prayer shawl. groups. Tefillin phylacteries or small black boxes AnAmerican Girl,29 minutes, 1958, produced containing a scriptural text that arc worn by Dynamic Films, Inc., distributed by ADL LA- during prayers on the arm and head. B'nal B'rith, 315 Lexington Ave., New York Tia a wise old Sephardic woman who was 10016. Rental price 510.00 called upon to help cure the sick by admin- Based on a true incident, this film tells the istering folk remedies. story of an American teenager who wears a Touro SynagogLe the oldest surviving syn- bracelet with a star of David and is mistakenly agogue in North America, located in Newport, believed to be Jewish with the result that she is Rhode Island. ostraci7ed by her friends and neighbors.The Trefah nonKosher or forbidden foods. filni is an excellent introduction to a discussion Trope system of symbols used in Hebrew of irrational prejudice and anti-Semitism. Good writings that give musical values to the letters. for secondary and adult groups. Tzitzit afringedundergarment; a small Tallit. Stormof Stranom27 minutes, 1969, pro- Yad a pointer used to follow the 11 ading in duced by Saul Rubin, National Communications the Torah. Foundation, distributed by ACI Modern Yarmulke a scull cap. Film Rentals, 2323 New Hyde Park Rd., New Yeshiva an all-day Hebrew school or a Hebrew Hyde Park, New York. Rental fee $35.00. university. A well-done and beautift'lly photographed Yiddish a mixture of medieval German and film of immigrant life in New York's Lower East Hebrew spoken by eastern European Jews. Side.The film concludes with scenes of life 117 118 there today.This film does, however, contain of Louis D. Brandeis.Suitable for secondary some uncomplimentary subtle comparisons of students. culture and aspirations of the Black and Jewish communities.Suitable for secondary students. The Pugnacious Sailing Master, 30 minutes, 1954, ibid. Black Jews,color, 20 minutes, 1972, produced A dramatic and effective story of Uriah P, by Avraharn Goren and Chaim Zeldis, distrib- Levy who was instrumental in the abolition of uted by New Line Cinema, 121 University Place, corporal punishment in the United States Navy. New York, 10003. Rental fee $25.00. Suitable for secondary levels. Highly recommended for mixed audiences, this film presents a look at the black Jewish'1 oyag to America, 12 minutes, 1964, produced community near Atlantic City, its religious and for the U.S. Pavilion at the New York World's cultural life and the unique form of prejudice Fair, distributed by the APL of B'nai that they experience. Good for secondary and 315 Lexington Ave., New York 10016. Rental attult-grottps. price4.114041-request. A well done film that contains good back- Hand in Hand, 90 minutes, distributed by AUL ground material for teaching American Jewish of B'nai B'rith, 315 Lexington Ave., New York history on the high school level.Film portrays 10016. Rental fee $25.00. contributions made by each immigrant group to A full-length motion picture which combines the building of the U.S. Good for secondary the qualities of dramatic entertainment with the groups. importance of brotherhood and inter-cultural understanding. Mystery, intrigue and adventure l'oung Sam Gomprs, 30 minutes, 1962, pro- are used to tell the story of a sensitive anddeep duced for television by the Jewish Theological friendship between a Catholic boy and a Jewish Seminary in cooperation with NBC, distributed girl.The film has won numerous awards in- bytheNational Academy for Adult Jewish cluding the Venice Festival, first prize in cultural Studies of the United Synagogue of America, divisionfor picture best suited for children; 218 E. 70th St., New York. Rental price $8.50, Parent's Magazine Gold Medal Award for family prepaid. entertainment: and Motion Picture Association A professional production of Samuel Dum- Special Citation. Good for all ages. pers' earlylift: and his role ni the founding of the AF of L.The film provides a look at the The Gift,30minutes, 1956, produced for labor situation in the early 1900's and is suitable television by the Jewish Theological Seminary of for high school and adult groups. America incooperationwiththe NBC, distributed by the National Academy for Adult lheImrican lewc', 30 minutes, Jewish Studies of the United Synagogue ofdistributed by the AUL of B'nai B'rith, 315 America, 218 E. 70th St., New York.Rental Lexington Ave., New York 10016, Rental price price $8,50, prepaid. S10.00 A kinescope that depicts the life of Judah A lecture by Dore Schary, playwright-pro- Touro, highlighting the liberation of his slave. ducer-director, that presents aprofile of the The conflicting points of view on slavery provide American Jewish community, its growth and a basis for discussion. Suitable i'or allsecondary development over 300 years. Schary surveys the and adult levels. diversityinAmerican Jewi y,andanalyzes Jewish involvement in every phase of American Lawyer from Boffin!, 30 minutes, 1956, ibid.life and its relationship to Israel.Suitable for Warm and interesting presentation of the life high school and adult groups. 11113 `l lie -Imencatt Jewish Writer, 30 minutes, 1969, Rental price S8.50 prepaid, plus return postage. produced and distributed by ADL of B'nai Althoughthiskinescopeisnot very well B'rith, 315 Lexington Ave., New York, 10016. executed, it can be a useful tool for introducing Rental price upon request. students to the work of LB. Singer, who des- Discusses the emergence of several Jewish cribes the various influences in his development authors during the past two or three decades. as a writer.Suitable for high school and adult The narrator draws on the works of Malamud, audiences. Bellow and Roth.Good for high school age. Jewish Legends and Tales, 60 minutes, distrib- Sometime Before Morning, 30 minutes, color,uted by ADL of B'nai B'rith, 315 Lexington 1973, produced and distributed by the ADL ofAve., New York, 10016.Rental price upon B'nai null. 315 Lexington Ave., New York, request. 10016. Rental price upon request. Elie Wiese], Jewish novelist, recounts tales and This film shows the work of the ADL in legends from Hasidic literature and the Midrash. erturation,irtpromoting- better -intergroupSuirable for high school and adult audiences. relations andinprotecting minority groups. Good for high school audiences. The Lift. Cycle of the lett), 30 minutes, distributed by ADL of B'nai B'rith, 315 Lexington he Work of Mv Hands, 15 minutes, color,Ave., New York, 10016.Rental price $10.00 1959, produced byAllen d'Or Productions, Jewish moral and ethical values are discussed distributed by the Commission on Social Action by Rabbi Jules Harlow. Hi' illustrates how these of Reform Judaism, 838 Fifth Ave., New York, values are reflected in Jewish rituals. 10021. Rental price upon request. Thisfilmrelates Jewish ethical values toGrant Ifs Peace. 29 minutes, 1961, distributed urgent social issues such as civil liberties, Rec- by the Jewish Chautaqua Society, 838 Fifth ommended for high school audiences. Ave., New York. NY. Free rental. A stimulating film on ethics, this production hasrdevka oil the Mtsstssipm, 30 minutes, 1955, aims to demonstrate the importance of personal produced by the Jewish Theological Seminary ofinsolvement m behalf of peace.The direction America in cooperation with NBC, distributed and photography are excellert. Recommended bytheNational Academy for Adult Jewish for junior high to adult groups. Studies of the United Synagogue of America, 218 E. 70th St,. New York, NY. Rental price Ow Hut I and the ildnount, 30 minutes, 1952, $8.50 prepaid, plus return postage. distributed bsr the National Academy for Adult This kinescope features a conversation be- JewishStudies of the United Synagogue of tweenMark Twain and Sholoin Alm hem.America, 218 E. 70th St., New York, N.Y. highlighting the similarities of their literary sty le Rental price $8.50 prepaid, plus return postage. and of theirattitudes towards basic values. This ecellent kinescope explores the ethical Recommended for high school and adult aud- question as to who Ina\ administer Justice in a iences %mien, %here everyone I% rec- ormnended for lunuir high to adult groups of all ourepotion With Isade liashevt .`titter, 30 religious leanings minutes. 1967, produced by the Jewish Theo- logical Senlinan, of America ml cooperation with Filmstrips NBC. distributed b the National Academy for Adult Jewish Stutht s of the United SI, thigostle 1iberti botem, 47 Ira-Ines, color, 1956. proof America, 218 E. 70th St., New York. N.Y. duced and distributed by JewishEducation Committee of New York. 426 W, 58th St., New The Baal Shern Tor The Teachings of the York. Sale price $7.50 including two copies of Hasidim,66 frames, color, 1962, distributed accompanying script. Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 838 A good biographicalfilmstripof Albert FifthAve., New York. Sale price $11.50, Einstein's involvement with the Jewish com-including 12-inch LP recording and two copies munity as well as his contributions to science. of a teacher's guide. Suitableforhighschool and adult groups. A superb production on the historical Hasidic movement anditsfounder. Highlyreconv- American Jewry in the CivilWar, 49 frames, mendedforhighschool and adult groups. color, 1961, produced and distributed by Jewish Education Committee of New York, 426 W. Damd Eitiliorti. The lather of the Union 58th St., New York. Sale price $7.50, including Prayerbook,41 frames, color, 1960, distributed two copies of script. by Union of American Hebrew Congregations, Covers the social, religious and fraternal life 838 Fifth Ave., New York.Sale price $7.50, of y nefican Jewry. It -301-Ors effort-to-including- two -copies of -a --teaelmesguidc.- organize synagogues and organizations and the A colorful filmstrip that portrays the life of roles played in the Civil War. Tht filmstrip is an outstanding leader of the Reform movement weak in some areas but can serve a definite need, in the U.S. Suitable for high school and adult used in conjunction with information supplied groups. by the teacher. Suitable for secondary students.

Haym Salomon I inancter of the Revolution. 30frames,color,1953. distributed bythe Anti- SeniitismandWorld War 11 Filmstrip House, 432 Park Ave. South, New York. Sale price $4.00. Films A visual account of the life of Haym Salomon and his patriotic endeavors during the American The Chosen People,30 minutes,1961,dis- Revolution. Suitable for secondary students. tributed by ADL of B'nai B'rith, 315 Lexington Ave., New York 10016.Rental price $10.00. Call I-or The Question: The Synagogue In The A kinescope produced by NBC about a group Community.53 frames, color, 1957, distributed of teenagers who discover that the Community by Union of American Hebrew Congregations,Club they have selected for the Senior Prom will 838 Fifth Ave., New York.Sale price $6.00, not admit Jews. A good script and goodphoto- including teacher's guide. graphy make it an important film on the subject A thought provoking filmstrip that portrays of Anti-Semitism. However the subject of the role of the synagogue in the field of social inter-dating maybe objectionable to Orthodox action. Recommended for high school and adult audiences. Suitableforsecondaryschool groups. students.

Martin Huber The Life in Dialogue,47 frames, 4nAct of Pauli,30 minutes, 1961, distributed color, 1966, distributed by Union of Americanby ADL of B'nai B'rith, 315 Lexington Ave., Hebrew Congregations, 838 Fifth Ave., NewNew York 10016. Rental price upon request. York Sale price $10.00, with accompanying A kinescope in two parts, 30 minutes each, recording and two copies of a teacher's guide. that eloquently dramatizes the nobility of .he A first rate production that depicts the life Danish people during World War 11 and their role of the famous Jewish philosopher. Suitable for in rescuing Jews from the handsof the Gestapo. secondary and adult groups. Suitableforsecondary students and aduits.

120 121 I Never Saw Another Butterfly,30 minutes, The filmstrip, based on the publication of the 1966, distributed by the National Academy for same title, is an informative presentation of the Adult Jewish Studies of the United Synagogue social, cultural, economic and political workings of America, 218 E. 70th St., New York. Rentalof Nazism.Suitable for high school and adult price $8.50, prepaid. groups. A moving film based on the book with the same title that contains drawings and poemsofAnne Prank and the Holocaust,47 frames, children at the Terezm concentration camp in 1972, distributed by Union of American Hebrew Czechoslovakia during 1942-44. The script and Congregations, 838 Fifth Ave., New York. Sale acting are just mediocre but it can be used ef- price $9.50 including narrative. fectivelyalong withthebook togenerate Using photosofAnne and of the people and discussionsof the Holocaust. Suitable for high places in Amsterdam during the years of Nazi school or adult groups. occupation,thisfilmstrip effectively presents the story of Anne Frank,.Suitable for young 44,1,0.twey 4 30- minutes, 1968, eluldren_through uuddle_school_groups._ availableincolor from ContemporaryFilms, McCraw-Hill, 1221 Ave. of the Americas, New York. Rental price upon request. World Jewry Filmed in Holland, the kinescope features the story of Anne Frank.Appearing in the film is Films Anne's father, the only surviving member of the family.Though it deals with a brutal subject,Let Aly People Go.26 minutes, 1971, dis- the viewcr can absorbit without flinching in tributed by ADL of 13'nal 13'rith, 315 Lexington revulsion to man's inhumanity to man. Highly Ave., New York. Rental price $1 5.00. recommendedforsecondary studentsand A documentaryshowing thesituation of adults. Soviet Jews from a personal view. Filmed after the Leningrad Trials. the film depicts the hard- ttd morandum,58 minutes. 1966, distributed by shipssufferedby the Jews seeking exit visas, Contemporary Films, Mc -Craw -Hill. 1221 Ave. Suitable for high school or adult groups. of theAmericas. New York. Rental price $25.00. /lie /Ayrhurter.also in 35 min.. 90 minutes, Tasteful narration and music make this film 1965, distributed by Ben-Lar Productions, 311 excellent program material for the study ofW. 24th St., New York.Rental price upon history,ethics and the Jewish Community . The request. memory of the Holocaust is contrasted with the A soiling documentary on Jewish history in placidlifeand attitudesin Germany today. Poland. An excellent historicalresource on Suitableforsecondary students and adults. Polish Jewry,showing life in a sliced and in the large centers of Poland. Also deals with the Nazi Holocaust. Suitable for high school or adult Filmstrips audiences

theInatomv of \azism, color. 50 text - frames, the (Attu Milos, ,color, 21 mmutes. 1960, 1962, distributed by AD1. of Iniai nab. 315 distributed by Contemporary Films,fm., Lexington Ave,. New York 10016.Sale price McCraw-Hill. 1221 Ave. of the Americas. New $5.00 includingteacherkit containing copies of York. Rental price S12.50. "The Anatomy of Nazism" and "The Third A warns and vivid story of Jewish life in the Ruch in Pc rspective," books. sliced of eastern Europe, based on watei color 121 122 paintings of Samuel Rithbort. Background A good film about the life of the Sholom information is recommended before showing the Aleichem character Tevye and his seven daught- film.Suitable for high school or adult groups. ers. Good artwork and music make it an excellent film that would appeal to sophisticated He Who Saves A Single Life, 27 minutes, 1964, audiences, high school and adult. distributed by United Hias Service, 200 Park Ave. So., New York. Rental is free. Filmstrips A dramatic and graphic account of Hias' effort in rescuing three million Jewish refugees Turkey Jews in Distant Lands Series, Section I and resettling them in free lands around the (55 frames) on Life in Istanbul, and Section II world. A documentary showing Jews fleeing(50 frames) on the Jewish communities in Izmir, from oppression during thelastfiftyyears. Ankara and Edirne.In color, 1966, distributed Suitableforhighschool and adult groups. by Commission on Jewish Education, Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 838Fifth Jews of Moror-o, color, 16 minutes, 1964,Ave., New York Sale price $12.00 for both distributed by United Jewish Appeal, 1290 sections, including two copies of teacher's guide. Avenue of the Americas, New York, Free An interesting and informative filmstrip on rental. Turkish Jewry thatissuitablefor secondary A moving and well presented documentary students and adult groups. that provides an interesting glimpse into the life and culture of North African Jewry. The film is highlyrecommendedforsecondaryschool students and adults. Israel and Zionism

The Making of a Man, color, 29 minutes, 1969,A Conversation with Golda Meir, 27 minutes, distributed by Women's American ORT, 1250color, distributed by the ADL of B'nai B'rith, Broadway. New York.Rental price $25.00. 315 Lexington Ave., New York, 10016, A documentary, impressive and informative, A look at Israel through a conversation with that deals with the Jewish community in Iran,former Prime Minister Golda Meir. Suitable for its history and present day life.Suitable for secondarystudents. Rentalprice$10.00. high school and adult groups. The Nine Years of Theodor Herzl, 20 minutes, The Price of Silence. 29 minutes, 1964, narratedcolor,1954, distributed by Theodor Herzl by Edward G. Robinson. distributed by Chau-Institute, 515 Park Ave., New York,Rental tauqua Society, 838 Fifth Avenue, New York. price $5.00. Rental price $15.00 for one day, $20.00 for two A documentary film of Herzl's travels on days. $30.00 for one week. behalf of Jewry and Israel and his impact of Russ discrimination toward Jews is pre-Zionism. Suitableforsecondarystudents. sented inthis superb film which stresses the need to alert world conscience to Anti-Semitism A Wail In Jerusalem, 95 minutes, distributed by in Russia.Suitable for high school and adult EYR Films, 78 E. 56th St., New York 100Z2. groups. Rental information upon request. An inspiring and well-made film, narrated by levya, color, 18 minutes, 1968, distributed by Richard Burton, dealing with the establishment Contemporary Films, McGraw -Hill, 1221 Ave. of Israel, from Herzl's time until the present. of theAmericas, New York. Rental price Highlyrecommendedforsecondaryschool $12.00. students and adults. 1 e Shall Plant Tne.. color, 18 minutes.Israel. IProfile,28 minutes. rental price 1967. distributed by Jewish National Fund, 42 S10.00. E. 69th St.. New York.Rental information News commentator David Schoenorun dis- upon request. cusses the significance of Israel for Americans. Beautiful scenery and music make this film Pulitzer Prize winner Theodore White traces the entertaining as well as informative. Depicts the spiritual and historicroots of contemporary agriculturalprograms inIsrael and includesJewry to biblical Israel and defines attitudes of scenes of children and young people partic-American Jews towardIsrael. Suitablefor ipating in Tu Bishevat tree-planting Festivities. advanced high schoolstudents and adults. Good for high school and adult groups. Jeri salmi.City of David, color, 21 minutes, is Lori IsI Live, color. 17 minutes. 1960,rental price 317.50. distributed by United Israel Appeal, 515 Park A kinescope treating the ancientcity of Ave., New York. Rental price $3.50. Jerusalem that combines its history and con- An excellent production with good music andtemporary life, The film shows the importance script describing Orthodox religious life in Israel. of Jerusalem to Jews, Christians and Moslems. Shows celebrations andreligious ceremonies. Suitablefor .advanced high school and adult Suitablefor secondary students and adults.groups.

Beyond the Wilderness. color, 30 minutes. 1961, Filmstrips distributed by National Committee for Labor Israel, 33 E. 67th St.. New York. Free rental.Israel: The LandInd Its People. a series of Realisticfilm with good photography por-seven filmstrips on Israel. sale $7.50 each or tray mg the conflict between the old and youngS42.00 for the complete set.Distributed by Israel. Suitable for junior high through adultDepartment of Education and Culture. Jewish groups. Agency 515 Park Ave.. New York.

/hi,:I (quo., color, 24 minutts, distributed bs 1. "This isIsrael-. Introduction. 67 frames. the Israeli Cost rnment Tourist Office, 574 Fifth 2. "Galilee". 54 frames. AstNew York, Free rental. 3. "Haifa and the Emek", 68 frames. A delightful travelogue with t st client photo- 4. "Kinneret andthe Jordan ",58 graphs and music.The film shows a young frames. 62 itmHe aInc,toteti dic moving throughout 5. -Jerusalem and the JudeanHills-. Israel.Suitable ha all ages over the primary frames. rades. 6. "The Darom and the Negev'', 66 frames. 7. -Tel Ac isandtheCoastal Nam". 68 flames. Chi tint' thin arc asailablt hunt the Thefilmstrips, in color. arc \Yell planned and AI )1, tit Witch, 315 Le singtoti Ave Ness c. o.% med. .d shotsthehistory .geography. York 1(8116 lot LIlin, II,economic 1111cultural,11 life of Israel. Suitable' tint SCLOIlliais and adult groups. Ist.1( I ISit)/ tit(lr,rnit Pl Opt(ti11111, 31 mmutt s, ri lital Si 5 no, Ant \Atilt itfilm notingthe4000sear illStUf% ittillless, cuhnm,ttnil; ssith till' State of Israel tolls. Suitable for high school or adult nips 123 1 24 BIBLIOGRAPHY Dashefsky, Arnold and Howard M. Shapiro. Part II Ethnic Identification Among American Jews. Lexington, Ma. Lexington Books, 1974. A book about American Jews from a sociologist's point of view, very clearly The American Jewish Yearbook, 1961. New written and well organized. York:The AmericanJewish Committee, Stratford Press, 1961. Flannery, Edward.The Anguish of the Jews New YEA: Macmillan- Arden, Harvey."The Pious Ones", National A Catholic priest reviews 23 centuries of Geographic,Vol. 148, No. 2, August 1975, anti-Semitism. Availableinpaperback. pp. 276-298. Glazer, Nathan.American Judaism.Chicago. Bard's, Panos D. "Main Features of the Ancient University of Chicago Press, 1957. HebrewFamily", Social Science, June 196.?, An introductory study of American Jews Vol. 38, pr. 168-183. and Judaism.

Birmingham, Stephen. The Grandees. New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1971. Goldsmith, Emanuel S.Masters of Yiddish An account of America's Sephardic Jews, Literature. BrandeisUniversityNational their origins and contributions to American Women's Committee Study Group Program. history. Walthan. Ma: Brandeis University, 1972. An informative syllabus that explores the -----. OurCrowd.New York:Harper and Jewish spiritual and cultural values found Row, 1967. in the works of Mendcle Mokhcr Se forim, The story of the German Jews and the part Sholom Aleichem, and Yitzkhok LtCybush they played in the building of America. Peretz.

Blau. Joseph L.Reform Judaism.New York. ----.Architects of Yiddishism at the Beg- KTAV Publishing House, 1973. inning of the Twentieth Century.Ruther- A detailed history of the Reform move- ford, N.J.: Fairlcigh Dickinson University ment in the United States. Press, 1976. A comprehensive study of the Yiddish Butwin. Frances.The Jews in America.Minne- cultureinwhit the author traces the apolis. Lerner Publ. Co.. 1969. social, political 1d literary roots of Yid- A brief history of the Jews in America dishism. andthe many contributions that they made, written in an elementary style thatGordis, Robert.Sex and the Family in the issuitablefor middle and high school Jewish Tradition.New York: The Burning students. Bush Press, 1967. A short booklet on Judaic teachings of Cohen. Rabbi Henry. WhyJudaism?New York. marriage and family. Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1973. Grossinger, Jennie. TheArt of Jewish Cooking. Well-written book that raises basic quest- New York: Random House, 1958. ions of what it means to be Jewish and how Over 300 recipes and menus for Jewish- to find meaning in a Jewish identity. style cooking.

124 1454, Gwynne,Fitter. "Hi Columbus,Likt. tie Magic and Superstition in the Jewish Tradition. Trip", ,Newsweek, May 26,1975. Chicago.Spertus College of Judaica Press, 1975. Hardon, John A. .-American Judaism. Chicago. A booklet of the exhibition organized by Loyola University Press, 1971. the Maurice Spertus Museum of Judaica. A comprehensive study of theorigins, ethics, religion and culture of AmericanMalin, Irving and Irwin Stark, eds. A Treasury Jews, written mainly_ for Christians. of ContemporaryAmerican-JewishLiter- atio New York: McGraw Hill, 1964, Hfrshler, Eric E., editor. Jews Prom Germany. A collectionof essays, excerpts from New York: Parrot, Straus and Audahy. 1955. novels and stories and poetry from Amer- A short historyf the immigration of ican Jewish literature. German Jews to the United States in the 1800's and 1900's. Marcus, Jacob R, The Colonial American Jew 1492-1776.Detroit. Wayne State University Press, 1970. The Jewish Family. a 16 page pamphlet dis- A detailed history of the Jews in colonial tributed by the ADL of B'nai B'rith. America, containing a brief summary of Evaluates the popular image of the Jewish Jewish historyinthe Diaspora as well, family and considers the question of the Jewish family being less likely to deviate Mersand, Joseph E. Traditions in American from their moral code than other American Literature. Ncw York: Kennekat Press, family g, oups. 1968. A study of Jewish characters and Jewish The Rebirth of the State of Kac, Arthur W. authors. Israel. Chicago. Moody Press, 1958. The story of Israel from ancient times Ncusner, Jacob.American Judaism, -Adventure until 1948. in Modernity. Englewood Cliffs, Ncw Jersey. Prentice Hall Inc., 1972. Kramer, Aaron.On I reedoitt Side. Ncw A study of the Jewish law, people and York. Macmillan, 1972. Israel. An anthologyof American poems of protest. Philipson, David. I he Reform Movement in Judaism. New York: Macmillan Co., 1931. Lebeson, Anita Libman.Pilgrim People. New A verydetailed history of the Reform York. Minerva Press, 1975. movement. A comprehensive yet extremely readable history of Jews in America from 1492 to "Jews Against Israel"(Religion), Newsweek, 1974. August 4,1975.

Runt a, Samuel. icrat I Proimed Land to Golden Press, Liebman, Charles S.hie 1o:bivalent lencricati Modern State New York: few Philadelphia:The Jewish Publication 1969. Society of America, 1973. A vivid account of Israel's history until the Discusses the po!,:ks. religion and family Six Day War of 1967. life in the American Jewish community and I he Jewish I anti!y In .1 the problem of value coil nit CS. Rosenthal, Gilbert S. it Changing World.New York: Thomas Yos- Relates the development of Israel from the eloff Publ., 1970. early Zionist dream to the present.For A sociological study of the changing values children from grade 5 to junior high school. among Jews in America. Bokser, Ben Zion. Jews, Judaism and the State Roster', Leo. The Joys of Yiddish. New York. of Israel. New York: Herzl ass, 1973. McGraw Hill Co., 1968. A history of Judaism and the Jews with a A humorous lexicon of Yiddish words, bibliography. Adult. -in-chiding-many proverbs and jokes. Brin, Ruth F. A Time to Search. New York: Sklare, Marshall.America's Jews. New York: Jonathan David Co., 1959. Random House, 1971. A collection of religious poems inspired by An interesting study of the sociology of the Hebrew liturgy.High school students American Jewry. and adults.

----. Conservative Judaism. New York: Chapman, Abraham. Jewish American Liter- Schocken Books, 1972. ature. New York: A Mentor Book, New A complete background of the Conserv- Amei ican Library, 1974. ative movement: its ideology and history. An anthology of Jewish American poetry, fiction, autobiography and criticism. Avail- Sloan, Irving J.The Jews in America 1621- able in paperback. Secondary students and 1970. Dobbs Ferry.New York:Oceana adults. Publications, 1971. A chronology of Jewish American history Colloms, Brenda. Israel. New York: John Day, and selected documents pertaining to Jews 1971. in America. A history of Israel and a description of the country andlife of the people.Grades St. John, Robert.Jews, Justice and Judaism. 7.12. Garden City, New York.Doubleday, 1969. An excellent history of Jewish contribu-Edelman, Lily.Modern Israel.North Holly- tionsinthe New World, starting with wood, Ca.: Wilshire Books, 1969. Columbus: includes much ,nformation on Illustrated with photographs, goes tt° the cultural and s- _la!characteristics of the history and future of Israel. Grades 9-12. Jews. Ellis. Harry B.Israel. one Land, Two Peoples. Yaffe, James. The American Jews. New York: New York. Crowell, 1972. Random House, 1968. An objectivc look at Israel and the problem Volume of American Jewish culture and of Arab-Israeli claims to the land. Grades history, 7-12.

Additional Publications Recommended Feldman, Abraham J. The American Jew. Ncw for Classroom Use York: Bloch Publishing Co., 1937. A studyinbackgrounds,includinga Non-Fiction bibliography. Adult or advanced high school. Appel, Benjamin. lien Gurion's Israel. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1965. Friedman, Lee M. Jewish Pioneers and Patriots.

126 127 Philadelphia: JewishPublication Society, Kurtis, Arlene Harris,The Jews Helped Build 1955. America. New York, M,:ssner, 1975. Interesting hook about Jewish pioneers Story of Jewish immigration to the U.S. that provides fresh insights into American from 1654 written for children grades 4-7. Jewish history. High school and adult. Lean', Rufus. The Jews In America: .4 History. . Pilgrims m a ten' LandPhiladelphia: New York: KTAV Publ. House,1972. Jewish Publication Society, 1948. One of the best books for American Jewish CoversImportanttopicsin American history,thorough,accurate andwell- historyrelatingtothe Jews, including written. For advanced high school students biographicalmaterial. High school and and adults. adult. Levin, Meyer. The Story of Israel. New York: Garwin, Philip. 4 People ,Apart NewYork: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1967. Dutton, 1970. A dramatic,bestselling account of the Photographs of the- Hasidim in America. struggle to establish a Jewish homeland. Any age above primary. High school, Handlin, Oscar.Adventure In 1-reedom: Three Levinger, Alma Ehrlich.Jewish Adventures in Hundred I ears Of Jewish Life Irt -Imerica. America. New York: Bloch Publ. Co., 1954. New York. McGraw-Hill, 1954. A simple biographical survey of Jews in Written by a Pulitzer Prize winner, provides history and in America.Easy reading for an historical approach to American Jewish grades 6-9. history. High school and adult. Levinger, Lee J..4 History of the Jews in the American Jewi:Their Story. New l'.S. New York. Union of American Hebrew York. ADL of B'nai B'rith. Congregations, 1961. A very brief history of the Jews in the U.S. A detailed history of Jewish immigration to 6-12. Availableinpaperback. Grades the U.S. and their contributions to Amer- ican history. Junior high to adult. IfartstemJ.1. ed.The Jews inIntern-an Hist- ory, New York. ADL B'nai B'rith, 1958. Mezey Robert. PoemsI romI he Hebrew, A well-organized and simple resource book Illustrated with etchings by MoiAc Smith. for teachers which includes a section on New York, Crowell, 1973. religion. Jewish history and many resource Poems, ancient and modern, from the Bible materials. to the twentieth century. Middle and high 1st'Kishor. Salumith. Imrwan Promise, school ages. History o/ the few. in the %en. World, New York. &Airman House. 1947. Newman, Louis I.l iii Hasidic Inthotoo. Ne v A good general history of American Jews York. Bloch Publ. Co.. 1944. tor junior high school students. Tales and teachings of the Hasidim, sayings. anecdotes. proverbs and lore and wisdom. Karp. Deborah. Henn.. ofi onerlian Icwish High school and adult. HistoryNew York. KTAV Publ, House and ADL. 1973. Oscar, Leonard. Imeriasisill New York' Illustrated book ofthe achievements of Behrmans Jewish Book House, 1944. notabh. American Jews. Grades 6-12. Grandfather tells Benny how Jews helped in the discovery and building of America. Portraits and legends by Hasidic masters. Grades 6-9. High school and adult level.

Pessin, Deborah. History of the Jews in Amer-----.Night.New York:Hill and Wang, ica. New York: United Synagogue of Amer- 1960. ica, 1957. Personal experiences of the author during OriginallyforuseinHebrew schools, his life in Nazi concentration camps. Brief includes _questions, activities and a biblio- and very readable.Suitable for mature graphy for each chapter.Good for all secondary students. groups, grades 6-12. Zeldis, Chayym. Seek Haven New York: The Reznikoff, Charles.By The Waters of Man- Reconstructionist Press, 1968. hattan. San Francisco: New Directions, Acollectionof contemporaryJewish 1962. poetry.. Secondary students. A collection of poetry by Charles Rez- mkoff first published in 1918. Fiction, Biographies and Biographical Novels Ruderman, Jerome. Jews in America:, nistory, -.4 Teacher's Guide. New York. ADL WnaiAbrahams, Robert D. The Commodore: The B'rith, 1974. Adventurous Life of tiriah P. Levy. Philadel- A basic handbook for schools and libraries, phia: JewishPublication Society. 1954. includes activities, bibliographies and aud- Af+ot t the famous Jewish naval hero of the Highlyrecommended for io-visuals. W41 Ot1812. Secondary students. teachers and advanced students. Alexander, Lloyd.The Flagship Hope: Aaron Samuel, Rinna.Israel, Promised Land to Mod- Lopez. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication ern State.New York:Golden Press, 1969. Society, 1960. A lively and authoritative account of the The story of a Portuguese Marrano who growth of the state of Israelfrom its became the leading Jew in Colonial Amer- ancient beginnings to 1967. Junior high to ica.Good fictional biography for junior adult. high school.

Schappes, Morris V.The Jews in theUnitedApsler, A.Northwest PioneerThe Story of States, 4PictorialHistory, 1654 tothe LouisFleischner. Philadelphia. Jewish Present. New York:Citadel Press, 1958. Publication Society, 1960. Interestingandwell-illustratedhistory, The story of an immigrant Je / who goes suitable for high school students. west in the 1800's. Grades 6-10.

Suhl, Yuri..4n Album of Jews in America. Blanford, B.W.off the Capes of Delaware. New York: Franklin Watts, 1972. Illustrated New York: Union of American Hebrew with pictures. Congregations, 19S0. A study in photographs and words about Stories of American Jewish heroes. Grades the Jews in this country.Any age, the 6-10. writtenmaterialisvery easyreading. Cahan, Abraham. Tlw Rise of David Levinsky. Wiese!, Elie.Souls On /';re. New York. Ran- New York. Harper and Row, 1917. dom House, 1972. An excellent novel about a Russian Jewish

12t9 immigrant in New York, his rise to wealth Jewish existence in America. High school and his loss of identity. High School and to adult. adult. Lewiton, M.RachelandHerman. New York: Cohen, F.C.Portrait of Deborah.New York. Franklin Watts, 1966. Julian Messner, 1961. The story of an immigrant family of the The story of a Jewish high school senior 1900's. Grades 8-12. and- her relationship with a non-Jewish boy. Grades 6-12. Malamud, Bernard. .4New Life.New York: Dell Publ.,1961. Emery, A.Dirtily Gordan Freshman.Phila- Novel of a young man who leaves New delphia: Macroe Smith, 1964. York to settle into a small northeastern A book about the reactions of a Protestant collegetown. HighSchool or adult. group to the arrival of a Jewish brother and sister in their community.Grades 6-12. Merriam, E.The Voice of Liberty: The Story of Emma Lazarus. Philadelphia: Jewish Fast. H.Haym SalornonSon of Liberty. Publication Society of America, 1959. New York. Messner, 1941. A biography of the great American poetess A good biography about one of the leading who wrote "The New Colossus" inscribed financiers of the American Revolution. onthebase of the Statue of Liberty. Grades 6-10. Grades 6-12.

Hobart. L.Strangerstrifling isNew York: Morris, Tc .y.Shalom GoldaNew York: Fu,,K and Wagnalls, 1957. Hawthorne Books, 1971. The story of a Jewish girl and her family A biography of Golda Mew, from a school- who move to a non-Jewish midcastcrn room in Milwaukee to the highest office in town. Grades 6-10. Israel. with photographs. Grades 6-10.

Kemelman, Harry.Sunday the Rabbi Stayed Mudra, M. Look Beyond lonforrow New Home. Greenwich, Connecticut. Fawcett York. Dutton. 1957. Publ. Inc.. 1969. Story of a Jewish boy who tries to hide his A mystery novel set against a background identity and then changes his mind. Grades of Jewish culture, by the author oftriday 7-10. theRabbi Slept Late and Saturday the Rabbi (Vent Hungry.Good entertainment for grades 6-12. Pay ne. Robert.Gerslorin London:Robert Hale Ltd., 1962. Kuhn. L,N.I he World of lo 1)avidqmPhila- A biography of the famous New York delphia. JewishPublicationSocietyof composer. George Gersliwm.Grades 6 Amerk a. 1958. through 12. A biography of a great sculptor who started life in New York's Lower East Side.Suit- Rogow, L.Lilhan lea/dflee Nurse inBlue. able for seLondary groups. Philadelphia.Jewish Publkation Society of America. 1966. Lewisohn, Ludwig.lire /,/am/ Within.Phila- A biography of the founder of the Henry delphia.Jewish Publication Society, 1968. Street Settlement House in New York. A novel about the nature and meaning of Grades 6-12. 129130 Rosenbaum, Jeannette W. Myer Myers, Gold-Vorspan, A.Giants of Justice.Nov York. smith1 723-1 795. Philadelphia. Jewish Union of American Hebrew Congregations, Publication Society, 1954. 1960. Interesting biography of a Colonial Jewish Brief profiles of fourteen prominent Jews craftsmarthatprovidesanexcellent who have had an impact on American picture of Colonial America. Grades 7-12. democracy. Grades 6-10.

__Rosenblum Mord& _Heroes of Israel. New Jr. Ilbert A. Michelson.New York. Fleet Press, 1972. York, Messner, 1958. Biographies of the founders of Israel from A biography about America's first Nobel Herzl to Golda Meir. Grades 6-9. prize physicist. Grades 7-12.

Singer, I.J. The Family Carnor.sky, New York.Wise. William.Silversmith Of Ohl Neu' York, Harper and Row, 1969. Myer Myers. Philadelphia: Jewish Publi- A novel about a German .,t.wish family in cation Society, 1959. Germany and in New York City. High A biography of a Colonialsilversmith, school and adult. goodfor junior high school students.

131 31 appealed the ruling and with the help of a New Amsterdam Jewish leader named Asser Levy, he PART III persuaded the court to reduce his fine to £5. THE JEWS OF CONNECTICUT There is no real proof that Jews had settled in other parts of Connecticut during this time, but one could assume that if Hartford had a number .4inis_and Objectives for Part III of Jewish settlers, there may have been a few in other_towns and villages as well. No real Jewish 1. The main purpose of this study is to present communities were established, protablyfieciuse the history of Jewish Americans in the Statethere were not enough males for aAlinyanin of Connecticut so that students will be aware any one place, and most of those first Jewish of the many contributions that Jews have residents seem to have intermarried and disap- made to the social, economic, political and peared as Jews.1 The early Jewish settlers faced artisticlifeof our state. tremendous difficulties in Connecticut and in 2. To learn about the various periods of Jewish the other New England colonies. A single man settlement in this state, including the poultrywho wished to marry was obliged to either and dairy farmers, in order to understand the choose a Gentile wife, or travel to New York or diverse nature of Connecticut's Jewish com-Newport, Rhode Island, in search of a Jewess. munity. Jews were not welcome and faced marked 3. By looking at the Jewish social organizations,discrimination because oftheirreligion. students should become aware of the exis-Connecticut was a Puritan colony where the tence of a rich Jewish cultural life in Connect-Congregational Church and the State were one. icut,in spite of the assimilatory processesLittle toleration was shown even to Christians of that have taken place. dissenting denominations.The codes of New Haven and Hartford stated that it was illegal to give food or shelter to Quakers and Adamites. HISTORY In 1662 Charles II of England issued a Connect- icut charter declaring that the Christian faith Early Connecticut Jews was "the only principal end of this plantation." The Congregational churches were supported by The earliest mention of Jews in Connecticut is publictaxation from which none were ex- 1659, when Jewish peddlers from Ncw Am- empted. Until 1708, when the Connecticut sterdam (New York), travelling up the Connect- Toleration Act was passed permitting freedom icut River by boat to sell their wares, appeared of worship to Christian dissenting denomin- in Hartford. These itinerant peddlers exchangedations, attendance at Congregational religious their manufactured goods for provisions and meetings was obligatory.It is not known if this livestock to take back to Manhattan. Records law was enforced with regard to the Jews, but indicate that by the year 1669 at least two ofthey were forced to pay taxes for the support of thesepeddlershadsettledpermanentlyin the Congregational churches, as were members Hartford. The names 'David a Jew' and 'Jacob a-if other Christian sects. itinerant Jewish Jew' are included in alist of "Families in By the early1700's the Hartford with Quantity of Grain in Possession of peddlers hadopenedpermanentbutcher, Each," dated March 9, 1969.Hartford courtgrocery and dry goods shops in HartfordAnd records note that in 1670 Jacob Lucena, a Jewish merchant, was fined £20 for "freq;.;ent 1. Jacob R. Marcus,The Colonial.4merican Jew and notorious lascivious daliancc and wanton 1492-1776.Detroit.Wayne State University carriage and profcrs to several! women." Lucena Press, 1970, p. 312.

131 1394, they were beginning to do the same in many ofTwo other Jewish brothers are mendoned in the little towns along the northern shore ofNew Haven records:Ralph and Isaac Isaacs. Long Island Sound as far east as the Connecticut Both were Yale graduates and there is evidence River,Isaac de Medina, a Jewish shop keeper inthatat some point both had converted to Hartford, opened up several branch shops inChristianity. other Connecticut towns.In the 1720's there Tne next mention of Jewish residents in New was a Jewish shopkeeper in Stamford, one inHaven appears in the September 13,1772 entry Fairfield and at least two in Stratford. Mordecaiof Ezra Stiles' chary. Marks, one of the Jewish businessmen who This Summer past a Family of Jews settled settled in Stratford, converted to Christianity in here, the firstreal Jews (except two Jew order to marry a Christian woman. When he BrothersPintoswho renounced Judaism died, his tombstone read, "a useful member of and all Religion) that settled in N. Haven. society,anaffectionatehusband, atender They came from Venice, sat down sonic parent, and a constant communicant of the little Time atEustatiainW. Indies, and Church..."In 1722 a German or Polish Jew lately removed here. They are three Brothers named Asher Truby set up a business in Fair- (Adults) with an aged Mother, and a Widow field. He also was presented with the choice of and her Children, being in all about 10 or 8 remaining single or marrying a Gentile. He Souls Jews, with six or 8 Negroes. Last marriedaChristian woman named Abigail Saturday they kept holy: Dr. Hubbard was Crane.Truby's signature appears on a 1749 sent (for one of their sick 1. He told me the petition of the Fairfield County storekeepers to Family were worshiping by themselves in a the General Assembly, writteninbeautiful Room in which were Lights and a suspended Hebrew characters and a second time in Latin Lamp.This is the first Jewish Worship in script. New Haven. .but they are not eno' to Michael Judah, a resident of Norwalk from constituteand become aSynagogue, for about 1740 until his death in the 1780's, also which there mu.t be 12 Men at least.!This is married a Christian woman.But when a son, incorrect: there need be only 101. So that if David. was born, Michael hired the New York there should, hereafter be a Synagogue in .11ohe/ to circumcise him. This is an interesting N.H. it must not be dated from this.2 fact because normally a thiliet will not circum-This Italian Jewish family stayed only a few cise the son of a Gentile mother. David Judah years in New Haven. again leaving the Pintos as served in the Revolutionary Army, then settledthe only Jews in town. inFairfield where he became friendly with Connecticut records tell us something about Asher Truby's grandson, Ansel Trubec. the economic activities m which Jews were Several Jews had settled in Derby and Middle-engaged during this colonial period.In 1726 town in the early eighteenth century, butit two Jews wrote the following petition for a wasn't until 1755 that we have a record of a Jew fishing monopoly: in Ne w Haven. Jacob Pinto, probably the son "To theHonorable, the Governor and Abraham Pinto of Stratford, is believed to have Company of His Mag,c%ty 's Colony of Con- come to New Haven that year.Ezra Stiles, necticut, in General Court Assemblyed on Yale'spresidentfrom1778-1795, described May 12. Amu) Doman 1726. Jacob as "the only Jew in town," even though "The humble petition of Mordecay Gomez. he did not practice Judaism.Jacob married a of the city of New York, and Isaac Jacobs, of Christian woman named Thankful. and had three sons.Abraham. Solonion and Williatii.2. Franklin B. Dexter, ed.,/lie Literary Diary All three of these sons were graduated from Yale of 1;:ra Stites.New York:Charles Scribners' and allthree served in the Continental Army.Sons, 1901, Volume One, p. 283. Branford,inthe Colony of Connecticut, Norwalkto1765fora monopoly on the merchants, humbly sheweth: manufacture of potash. After acquiring suf- "That Your Honours' petitioners have, at ficientknowledgeand equipmentforthe great charge, travel', and cxpence, for a long productionofpotash,Delucena askedthe time maintained and supported a skill full and General Assembly to prohibit the production of knowing person in those parts of the world potash within a radius of twenty miles of his where the fishery of porpoises is best known factory in Norwalk.His petition was granted. and most practised, inordertoattain a However,itappears thatthe factory never competent knowledge therein. produced any potash. By the end of the Revolu- "And whereas they have now gained a sure tion, Delucena was engaged in another economic method of improving an-1 perfecting the same, venture looking for sulphur mines. This which they humbly conceive will be in a short venture was also a failure. Delucena later settled time of great benefit and advantage to the in Philadelphia and then in New York where all publick, as allso of long duration after your records of his existence end. petitioners may have injoyed the same, for The years immediately prior to the Revolu= such a term of years as to Your Honours shall tion found Connecticut's tiny Jewish population seem meet. scattered in various parts of the state. When the "And as Your Honours are very generous British took control of New York and Newport, cncourragers of arts and sciences andall loyal patriots flocked across the borders of the useful! knowledge. your petitioners presume neighboring colonies of Connecticut, Pennsyl- to hope that trade, so necessary to support vania and Massachusetts.In Connecticut they them, will receive some share of your favour.settled mostly along the Boston Post Road in And certain they .re that, if the prayer of thisFairfield County.One of the Jewish families petitionbe considered by Your Honours,who took shelter in Stratford was the Seixas what they have to propose will very much Lindy. Isaac and his wife fled to Stratford from advance and enlarge the same with respect to Newport when the British invaded that city. Europe. They were joined by their two sons from New "Your petitioners therefore most humbly York, Benjamin and Gershom Mendes,the pray that Your Honours will give them leave Ilazzan from New York's Shearith Israel congre- to bring in a bill for granting to your peti-gation. Gershom carried with him the Scrolls of tioners the sole fishery of porpoises within the Torah for safekeeping. this colony for the space of ten years, under While in Stratford, Isaac Seixas arranged for such restrictions and limitations as upon the the marriage of his son Benjamin to Ziporah faceof thesaidbillwill more atlarge Levy of Philadelphia This is the letter that Isaac appear..."3 wrote to Ziporah's father: The petition was not granted.Although the members of the Connecticut Lower House voted Stratford, Novemb.13,1778. to favor of the request, the petition was defeated Mr. Hayman Levy. in the Upper House.The document is of in- : terest because itr, the first record in American Itis at the request of my son Ben. Seixas history that links Jews with the fishing industry. thatI presume to trouble yo,: with this, to A similar petition was submitted to Connect- acquaint you that he has in form'd his mother icut's General Assembly by Sammie) Delucena of and my self that lie has a very great regard for y'r daughter, Miss Ziporah Levy, and shou'd 3. Connecticut State Library, Connecticut Ar- think himself very happy if he cou'd obtain chives, Industry,1708-1789,Series I, Vol. I, your consent and approbation. as well as your Documents 213-214. amiable spouse's, and allothers connected

133

I 134 Woodstock

Hartford

Middletown

Derby Wilton New Haven Stratford Areas of Jewish Settlement Fairfield During the Revolutionary War Years Norwalk Stamford I.\J,1 al

''''----__-- with the young lady, to permettmg him soon sisters and their husbands, Solomon Simson, to be joined to her in the sacred bonds of Asher Myers and Myer Myers. matrimony . Myer Myers, the famous silversmith from New We have no manner of objection thereto. York, had come to Norwalk in 1776. The year and most sincerely wishit may meet with before.Myers hadbeenrecommendedby your parental approbation, and that it may Benjamin Henshawof Connecticut'sState prove a source of joy and happiness to all our Assembly to take charge of alead refining families.I hope this may find y ou,_good Mrs. operationinMiddletown. Because of the Levy, all the children and conexions enjoyingdesperate need forbullets, Connecticut was perfect health. Mrs. Seixas and all our family anxious to develop its lead smelting refineries. join with me in our most respectfull saluta- HenshawdescribedMyers as"honestand tions. and I remain. s'r, skillfull" and an expert refiner,There is no Your most obedient and humble servitor, record that Myers was offered or accepted the Isaac Seixas,4 job. There were many other Jews presentin The Seixas brothers did not stay long in Con-Connecticut during the Revolution. A detailed necticut. going first to Philadelphia and thenaccount of them may be found in "Light On back to New York when the Revolution ended. Early Connecticut Jewry" in Marcus' Critical Ci:rshom became rabbi of Sheen(' Israel andStudies iii .1nwrican Jewish History Benjamin became one of New York's leading The patriots who took refuge in the settle- Jewish citizens and a founder of the New York ments around Fairfield soon discovered that Stock Exchange.5 they would have been safer had they stayed in There were other Jews in Stratford at this New York City.From 1777 to 1779the time and itis believed that Connecticut's first English were in possession of Long Island and Jewishreligious servicewiththerequired the Sound and were periodicallyraiding the ltoryait of ten was held there in 1776. towns along the Sound in what is now Fairfield Another distinguished New York family that County. The citizens of Norwalk petitioned the moved to Connecticut during the Revolution Connecticut state authorities for an armed vessel were the Smisons, who took up residence in that would patrol their shores. Danbury. Wilton and Norwalk.The father, In 1779 the British General Tryon launched Joseph. was the president of Shearith Israel and brutal attacks on New Haven, Fairfield and was a Hebrew scholar of some renown. Wilde in Norwalk, burning and pillaging barns, Wilton, Joseph re ceived a visit from Ezra Stiles, churches and homes. Most of Norwalk's citizens who was TInprCSSed withhis reputation as afled up the river to Wilton. From Wilton, student of Hebrew and with his eollection ofSamson Mears wrote the following account of Hebrewliterature. Among therefugeesin Tryon's raid in a letter to Aaron Lopez. Norwalk Wert the Sallison Mears family. Wilton, July 30,1779. Samson was an agent for Aaron Lopez, an inter- Mr. Aaron Loper, national sloppmg mot:1mmWith him were Ins Dear Sir: The 9th mst. III a great hurryI address'd a 4 Publications of the Amernan Jewish Histor- few hues to you, accompany mg your leather ical Societv . XXVII. Waltham, Mass :An:rican breeches, skins, and snuff p'r Mr. Wenth- Jewish Historical Sue it. tS, ,1920, pp. 171-172. w orth ,wh ith I hope has been safe deliv'd you. Jacob it, Kiri. us, ( 'lit( ,i/ \titan k titinierreair My apprehension then a the destruction of Norwalk was realized early m the morning of It it rtrHt tvtry New York Kw. Publishing House, 1911, Volume Ont . p. 9. the 11th. To diseribe the scene with all its 1351 3 6 horror tand the distress of its inhabitants further up the country. And what added to require a much abler pen than mine. The 8th our distress was an incessent rain when we in the morning the approach of the savage were so illy provided against it, not having a enemy as far as Green's Farms (about five or cloak in company, nor a shift of cloathes with six miles from Norwalk) threatened me with us, they being scattered about the country their immediate visitation, and I was fortu- wherever we could get a teamster to carry nate enough to get the goodsIsent you them. So that we were oblidged to dry them among some of our cloathing and removed a on our backs, and we continued to rove from few miles out of the town till Wenthworth place to place till this hospitable roof of Mr. could carry them further. And as the progress Aaron Cardoza's was humanely open'd to out of the enemy was by some means stop'd, we use, with every friendly service he can con- improved the remainder of that and the next trive to ender us, and we cannot reflect on day in removing our numerous family, with his benevolence without receiving a consider- what effects we could procure teams, to carry ablealeviationto our calamitous circum- off to some small distance from the town. stances. And altho we were closely employed till the As his house is but small for the families in hour of Sabbath, we were oblidged (from the itat present contains, and he has turn'd out difficulty of procuring teams)to leave a of the best apartments, we shall make our considerablepartof furnitureand other stay no longer here then to collect our scat- valuable effects in our respective dwellings, tered effects and get provided with some that has to the great distress of some of our place more to our respective conveniences. families been consumed with the houses, and And until we obtain that, you tnay direct any is most extensively felt by Myer and Asher letters you may please to honor me with, to Myer Is' and Mlosesi Isaacs, the two former the place, to the care of our present hospit- being deprived of a very considerable part of able host.... their tools. Your ever esteetn'd friend Inthis reduced situation we were going -ry humble servant, from house to house soliciting a shelter. and Samson Mars.6 happy we were to get into the meanest cot. We truly realized the Anniversary Season with When the Revolution ended, most of the allits gloom atour predecesors exper- Jewish refugees includ; it, the Mears, the Snnsons ienced.The anniversary of the fall of the and the Seixases, rei...,nedto New York or TempleinJerusalemwas observed July Newport. Those wl remained permanently 22nd. I were assimilated into the dominant Congrega- Judge of our situation when a room of tionalist society and did not remain Jewish by about twelve feet square cont laine I 'd religion. As far as we know, no effort was made between twenty and thirty persons, old and to establish a Jewish ri.lig,mus community until young, from FridaytillSunday morning, well into ti,, nineteenth century.There were when the attack or.the town (which was certainlymon.economicpossibilitiesto he about three miles distance) was pronounced found in New York and Newport: and or the by an incessant firing of cannon and inus- ohticalscene Jews were not granted equal quetry and the awful appearance of vast columns of smoak ascending from the confla- 6. LopesPapers, Newport Historical Society gratedbuildings. This scene terrified the Library. (PublishedtoJ.R. Marcus'I arty women and children that they thought theirA 'Hydra's Jrwry, Volume One.Philadelphia; assylem no longer safe there and precipitately JewishPubl.Soc.of America, 1951,pp. set off, some on foot and some in a waggon 171-174. 1361.3'7 rights until the 1843 amerdment to the Con- orthodox congregation, but the influence of the necticutconstitutionstatedthat "the Jews German Reform movement quickly changed the who may desire to unite and form religious character of the congregation which subse- societies, shall have the same rights and privi- quently became Reform.As more and more leges which are given to Christians of every JewssettledinHartford, Conservative and denomination." Orthodox synagogues were also founded. Today Two factors brought about the establishment Hartford has the largest Jewish population in the of permanent Jewish communities in Connect- state. icut.First was the 1843 amendment granting One of the early German Jews to settle in Jews the right to officially meet for religious Hartford was Gerson Fox. After peddling for a services. Secondly, the German immigration while, he opened a small shop for fancy goods period of the 1840's brought a more substantial on. Main Street that developed into G. Foxand number of Jews to Connecticut. most of whom Company. A complete history of Hartford's settledinHartford. New Haven. Bridgeport, Jews, listed in the bibliography, was prepared New London and Waterbury. by Morris Silverman. New Hare', There was a significant Jewish community in New Haven during the 1840's.Connecticut's first official Jewish congregation, Mishkan Israel, was formed there in 1840, but it was notdedi- cated until 1843. At first the small group rented a hall in the Brewster Building, but in1856 a bequest by Judah Touro made possible the purchase of a synagogue building on Court Street.The New Haven Daily Register printed the following account on July 12. 1856: The consecration of the Hebrew Synagogue in Court Street took placeyesterday.. .A considerable sum has been expended in fitting up the building 'formerly theThird Congre- gational Church I I. ...The arrangements about the altar, ark and pulpit arc quite unique and

tasty. . . .The music was very fine and impressive and tenor solos struck us asbeing first officio synagogue in Hartford, cal ed Touro Hallquite AS sweet and artistic as almost anyheard in Opera.. ..A contribution was alsotaken up Hartlord which was liberallyresponded to by both Hartford'sfirstorganisedJewishcongre- Gentiles and Hebrews. gation, Beth Israel, was off» tallyestablished in Many innovations were introduced into this 1843. Thetin tubers metinthe home of liberal temple:a choir. the family pew and an C. Rothenberg on Sheldon SerestBy 1850 thereorgan, Mishkan Israel. like mostof the congre- were over two hundred Jews mHartford and gations of this period, became Reform. BethIsraelcongregationacquired a Limn]) building on Main Street which they called Tomo i1thit!eport Hall. The synagogue eventuallymoved to The first Jews recorded m Bridgeport were Farmington Avenue in West Hartford where it isthe German Jewish merchants Pickrey Lesser, located today. Temple Beth Israel began as an And Mow and Bernhard Klein. They came from

137 138 New York City in the early 1850's and opened a Reform movement in the United States flour- dry goods store.They were joined by other ished, this first congregation gradually shifted German Jews and soon there were enough Jews away from Orthodoxy and adopted the Union in Bridgeport v,t.blish a permanent Jewish Prayer Book withitsliberalliturgy. This community. The city's first congregation, called Reform congregation, called Temple Israel, did 13'nai Israel, was formed in 1859 and followed not have a permanent synagogue building until the Reform Judaism of Germany. In 1863 the 1921. congregation started a Hebrew school for their As the eastern European immigrants began to children and the Jewish community continued settle in Waterbury, there arose a need for an to grow. For more than fifty years religious and Orthodox synagogue.At first they met in the education meetings were held in various homes home of Isaac Gancncr, the President of the and stores.In the early 1900's a real Temple congregation.In 1900 a house was purchased was built which served the community for forty on Canal Streetthat was convertedintoa years.In 1958 a new Temple was dedicated synagogue. Since that time a great many benefit which, interestingly, was made possible largely societies and benevolent associations have been throughthe donation of a devout Christian formed in Waterbury. named Summer Simpson. A complete history of Mrs.Sarah KatzmanKlicr of Waterbury the jem s of Bridgeport is currently being pre- prepared a short history of the Jewish commun- pared. nder the directionof Mrs. Lawrence ity of Waterbury in1974.A copy may be Lesser who has been accumulating material for obtained on loan from "The Peoples of Connect- many years. icut" Jewish Resource Kit, Learning Resources Area, U-32, University of Connecticut, Storrs; or Neu, London from Mrs. Klier, 306 Willow St., Waterbury by A Jewish community in New London got a purchase. later start than the other main areas of German Jewish settlement. Joseph J. Schwartz, his wife The Civil War and son settled there in 1860.The first recorded birth of a Jew in New London was During theCivil War years Connecticut's Schwartz' son Frederick in 1863. The Schwartz Jewish population numbered less than fifteen family was soon joined by other German Jews hundred. The American Jewish Yearbook and a Reform congregation, the Achim Sholom estimates 1492 Jews were living in Connecticut Congregation, was established.In 1878 they in 1877. The following is a list of Connecticut purchased a cemetery plot. A complete history Jews who served in the Union Army:7 of the Jewish community of New London was Name Regiment written by Esther Sulman in 1957, entitled 4 Goodly Heritage(listedin the bibliography). Samuel Can trowiti 10th Infantry Samuel Cline 26th Infantry Icaterbry Henry Cohen 7th Infantry Waterbury public records indicate that there Harry Dettclbach 10th Infantry were some German Jews present before 1850, Charles Dry fuss 10th infantry butthefirstJewishcongregation was not Henry Harris 10th Infantry formed untili 872. Forty German Jews, under Nathan Hoshland 7th Infantry the leadership of Mr. and MN. Mater Kaiser, Mr. Julius Isaac 10th Infantry and Mrs. Isidore Chase, Mr. and Mrs. Isador Mendelssohn and Mr. and Mrs. Solomon Levy,7. Simon Wolf, TheAmerican Jew .4s Patriot, met 2nd conducted services along Orthodox Soldier and Citizen.Boston: Gregg Press, 1972. lines. However, as the community grew and the p. 127.

1384 ri Louis Lauber 10th Infantry Sophie Tucker, born in Odessa and brought to Leon Newman 3rd Infantry the United States while still an infant, rose to Samuel Rosenthal 10th Infantry fame as a singer and Broadway star. She began Simon Rosenthal lath Infantry hercareersinginginherfather'sKosher Ludwig Schiff 10th Infantry restaurant on Front Street in Hartford. Moses Straus 10th infantry The noted Yiddish poet and writer B. Kovner, -- Wertheimer 10th Infantry settled in New Haven. An interesting account of S. Wolfsohn 7th Infantry his arrivalin 1892 appeared in the Yiddish newspaper Zsikunft. With the arrival of the eastern European Jews "I will here relate the experience of my inthe1880'stheJewish communitiesin first May day in America.I arrived in the Connecticut reallystarted to expand. This Golden Land at the end of January, 1892. It period of heavy Jewish immigration continued was on a ten dollar ship's ticket. There was through the 1920's and by 1927 there were tremendous competition amongJewish 91,500 Jews in the state. The eastern Europeans brokers in that era. Hence the low cost for an formed their own tradititl. A congregations and Atlantic crossing. The price of passage being brought about a totalr. morphosis in the such a bargain, my aunt and sister in New sociology of Connecticut's Jewish communities. Haven held council with each other.They The first eastern European Jew to settle in decided to share evenly in the fare and sent Ncw London was Samuel Cott.He left his forme. Inturn, my father scrounged native Lith .aura in 1885 and settled in New together some twenty gulden and I set out London where he opened a small watch repair from Galicia in mid-winter for the strange, shop. One of the Cott family later opened the faraway world. Cott Beverage Company. "I took with me a rye bread, a herring, two shirts, two handkerchiefs, apair of Tephillin and two small books of poetry, one by Zunser and the other by Ehrenkrantz. The books were given to me as gifts by my dear friend, a baker's son. Withthis motley collection under arm, I bid farewell to my hometown, Dynow. My mother cried as my father sighed.It was a miserably blizzardy day when I took my leave. "The ship on which ! sailed was an ancient and decrepit vessel.In fact, this was her final BesieBloom Wessel.on of thefirst voyage. So she ploughed slowly the ocean, a sociologists to realize the ireportance of ethnic long trip of seventeen days duration.After studies, was born in the Ukraine in 1889 and all, what was her hurry? The ocean was going was brought to the United States at age two. to be there for a long time yet.But how She graduated from Brown University. re,. .ved mercilessly that fierce Atlantic buffeted her herPh.D.from CAurrhiaand became a about. in the second week of our endless professor of sociology at Connecticut College. voyage, on a black, stormy night, the ocean The archives of "The Peoples of Connecticut" seemed to conspire with inordinate ferocity project contain Wessel's scrapbooks of articles against the S.S. Damia.It seemed a struggle conceniing New London's ethnic communities, to the death, as far as the ocean was con- as well is instructional materials thatshe used in cerned. Butthe sturdy. old vessel was her c!asses.

139 140 damned if she was going to let herself die in once involved inall four directions. Each mid-ocean. Moreover she found allies among night was another joyous celebration for me. the devout passengers in her hold. They took "There was once a very talented baritone- to reciting Psalms wih a fervor, spurred on in singerin New Haven, Ketleroff.He per- their devotions 1-ytheir hysterical women- formed atallSocialist celebrations singing 7olk thei, wailing infants. By dawn the largely the poems of Morris Rosenfeld. These waves simmered down. The winds had blown had been set to music.I loved Ketleroff's themselves out and the old ship moved ahead singing and was particularly moved by his once more at her slow, steady pace.The renditionofRosenfeld'sTefillaliLe-oni Psalm-sayers knew that God had hearkened to (Prayer of the Poor Man). I quickly mastered their prayers. that song and came to know, through Ket- "At last we arrived and disembarked at leroff, the songs of David Edelstat which were New York's Castle Garden. A representative especiallypopular among theAnarchists. of the Baron de Hirsch Society took me to an "I developed a veritable passion for all of immigrant shelter at 5 Essex Street and sent Morris Rosenfeld's poetry andit was my off a telegram to my sister and aunt in New fondest wish to have the privilege of knowing Haven, instructing them to come down for me. the poet personally some day. And the dream The following morning they arrived andwe very soon came to fruition!It was on May 1, had ourselves a warm reunion. They took me 1892.I was supposed to march in the local with them by train to New Haven. On arrival, May Day parade sponsored by the S.L.P. I was permitted a two-week respite at the end But beforesetting out on that missionI of which time my uncle Yoisef Levine gave headed for Oak Street to pick up my favorite me some practical advice:'Here in America,' newspaper. I came into Max Sach's book- he counseled me, 'a craftsman is far more store.He stocked all of the Yiddish news- esteemed than a rabbi, a cantor or any kind of papers: the Arbeiter Tzeintrtg, Derolks clergy for that matter.' My sister and aunt Adeocat, Die Yiddishe Gazette'', the lnhlishe concurred most heartily with Uncle Yolsef. Tagebtatt and Der Yulthsher Herold Mr. "Whereupon I was soon apprenticed to a Sachs was a young man with a shock of tailor. Dunng my apprenticeship I discovered black, curly hair. a short pointed beard and a that there was a union of tailors which I beautiful forehead. With Max Sachs there was quickly joined. Ilearned, too, that New a visitor. He introduced me to the man, Haven had a branch of the Socialist Labor saying. 'I'd like you to meet the famous Party (S.L.P.) and that a certain Professor Yiddishpoet,MorrisRosenfeld.' Then Daniel DeLeon was its leader.In addition, I turning to Rosenfeld, he informed him: 'This found in New Haven an Anarchist group led young man is an Ardent admirer of yours. I-k by Dr. Mandell and a tailor by the name of knows your poetry well and I'm certain that Bonoff.Both of them were fiery speakers he'd be delighted to help sell your book.' and sharp debaters.I found a dramatic club "Whereupon Rosenfeld proceeded to tell led by Sam Torenberg. He later went on to a me that he was on tour through Jewish successful acting careerinthe New York communities withhislatestwork. The Yiddish theatre. With iorenberg in the New volume was priced at one dollar a copy. Haven drama group was Isidor Zolotarcfsky However, if here and there abuyer was who becamea well-known Yiddishplay- willing to be more generous, he would not be wright.They successfully produced Gold- reluctant to accept such occasional largesse. fadden's Bobbe Yachne and the Tzeei Kula- have with me about one hundred copies,' Lemmelo.Within this lively cultural sphere said Rosenfeld, 'and I'd like someone to make which New Haven offered, I found myself at the rounds of New HAM! Jewish homes,'

140 1 '1 1 What a golden opportunity, 1thought to The pattern for most of the urban areas of Con- myself, to be of help for a renowned poet. I necticut has been the same. The German Jews immediately volunteered. In my enthusiasm I arrived first and established liberal synagogues forgot altogether about my May Day march- Then came theeastern EuropernYidi ish- ing plans. . . .It was a beautiful day for speaking Jews who formed Orthodox and Con- walking. We proceeded t3 make our way servativecongregations. The most recent from house to house in the Jewish neighbor- groups of Jewish immigrants to arrive in Con- hood. Iled; Rosenfeld followed.I would necticut are the survivors of Hitler's Holocaust. knock on the door. Hardly had the door been In many cases they formed new congregations, opened for us when I would blurt out the such as Tikvoh Chadoshoh in Bloomfield. message. 'This is the famous Yid_Ish poet The rabbi of Beth Hillel in Bloomfield is Dr. Morris Rosenfeld of New York City. He has Philip Lazowski, who was bornin "White brought with him a volume of his superb Russia"near the Polish border. He was eleven poetry. The price is only one dollar.' Rosen- when the Germans invaded his village. In his feld would say nothing.He would merely recently published book, Faith and Destiny (Fox smile benignly. And the response to my Press, Hartford), Dr. Lazowski tells the thrill- presentation was heartening.In some homes ing story of his escape from the Nazis, his sur- they pleaded that we stay for a kalten trunk vival in the forests of Russia and his eventual and some tzubeissen, but we were eagerto arrival in Hartford. get on with the task at hand. Here and there It would be an impossible undertaking to go more affluent New Haveners offered as much into detail regarding each Jewish community in as five and ten dollars per volume. Thus did our state.Interesting research projects may be we enter Jewish homes from early morning done by students with regard to their own until ten o'clock that night. We sold some particular areas Useful sources of information ninety-two copies. The total realized came to are the records maintained by Jewish historical one hundred and twenty-four dollars. societies, such as those of the Jewish Historical "I took Morris Rosenfeld to the home of Society of Greater Hartford, 335 Bloomfield Sam Neve loff on Washington Street where the Avenue, Hartford; Connecticut branches of poet was to spend the night. He was traveling national Jewish organizations listed on page 145; to Boston the following morning.As we commemoration booklets produced by many of shook hands infarewellat Neveloff's, the Jewish congregations in Connecticut; and thought for a certainty that Rosenfeld would interviews with Jewish community leaders or offer me the gift of one book.I had slilepped immigrants in your area.In addition to these on a long day's trek with him.It had been a avenues of original research, there are several successful effort... .But Rosenfeld intimated published histories of Connecticut Jewry. These nothing of the sort by either word or act. are listed in the bibliography.

Whereupon 1 turned to Sam Neveloff and ' Today the largest Jewish populations are asked him to lend me one dollar. Which he found in. graciously did.I gave Rosenfeld the bill. He Hartford 23,0009 gave me a book and my day with the Work- New Haven 20,000 ingman's Poet was at an end on May 1. Bridgeport 14,500 1892."8 The total Jewish population in Connecticut is

9. Population in 1973 according to the 1974-75 8. "The Zukunft." May, 1944. American Jewish Yearbook.

141 142 just under 100,000 or about three and one-halfJersey. Others followed in Connecticut. In per cent of Connecticut's entirepopulation. 1891 the United Hebrew Charities of New York City sent a group of immigrants to work in a dress factory in Colchester. Very soon after that they were aided by the de Hirsch Fund to purchase old abandoned dairy farmsin the countrysidesurrounding Colchester. Other Jewish immigrants followed their example and by 1900 there were Jewish farm settlements in Chesterfield,Uncasville,Norwich,Lebanon, Niantic and Moodus. The reason that Connect- icut was a popular place of settlement among the Jewish farmersis givenin the American Jewish Yearbook 1900. Established dairy farms are offered for sale in New England at a price less than the costof the buildings on them. Their abandonment is due to death or old age of their owners, whose children, attracted to the cities and to professional occupations arc willing to sell their ancestra' ,omesteads at a great sacrifice. Jewish immigrants coming from the villages of THE JEWISH FARMINGCOMMUNITIES10 the Pale of Settlement in Russia arc ready buyers of dairy fauns, because they were The eastern European Jews introduced a new accustomedto dairypursuitsinth-2 old element into the sociological make-up of Con- home." necticut Jewry: dairy and poultryfarming. The Other Jewishimmigrants purchas.d tobacco primary reason for the establishment of Jewish farms in Rockville and Ellington. A few tried the eastern United farming communitiesin vegetable farming near New Haven. The farmers States was the relocation work of the Baron de had a difficult time getting started.Connect- Baron Maurice de Hirsch s.-is a Hirsch Fund. icut's soil is poor, the weather is unreliable, and German Jewish philanthropist born in Munich in many of those who went intofarming knew thatagriculture would 1831. He believed littleabout it. Farmers' organizations were provide a secure future for the Jewish immi-formed for the purpose of exchanging infor- Palestine.In grants in the United States and mation. Through much hard work and suffering 1891 the Baron de Hirsch Fund commenced the immigrant farmers mallard to prosper. By operations whereby money wa. made available 1927 there were an estimatA one thousand purchase small to Jewish families who wished to Jewish farmers in Connecticut.Dairy farming arms. The first such community sponsored by declined. There was an increased interest in the de Hirsch Fund was located in southern New poultry r.irming because it is less strenuousand requires less of an investment. The great major- refugees who settled in 10.All information about Connecticut Jewishity of the Jewish Connecticut between 1933 and 1945 also turned farming communitiesisderivedfromThe History of the Jewish Partner in Eastern Con- necticut by Morton Gordon, an unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1974, which the author11. Report on the "Baron de Hirsch Fund." generously made available to us. American Jewish Yearbook. 1899-1900. p. 45. to poultry farming, although there were about CONNECTICUT'S SEPHARDIM thirty German Jews who purchased dairy farms in Windham and New London counties. The only known distinctly Sephardic Subsequent al rivals of displaced persons aftercommunity in Connecticut today is the Sep- World War II brought about the establishment ofhardic Congregation of Greater Hartford. This additional Jewish communitiesineastern congregation was established by seven families Connecticut.Danielson became an importantwho left Turkey around 1917 and settled in the Jewish center.The Jewish farmers of eastern Hartfordarea. They came fromIstanbul Connecticutformedtheir own organization (Constantinople) and Izmir (Smyrna). called"The Farband of _JewishFarmers in The original founders of this congregation Connecticut."One of the functions of the brought with them their knowledge of Ladino or "Farband" was to hold an annual memorialJudesino, the medieval Judco-Spanish dialect of service onApril12forthe victims of thethe Sephardic Jews. After the expulsions from holocaust so that ".. American Jews would not Spain and Portugal in 1492 and 1498, many be allowedtoforget the fate of 6,000,000Sephardic Jews settledin Turkey.For four European Jews."This organization was most hundred years they continued to use this dialect. active in Colchester and Danielson. In a little more than a half a century in the The number of small farms in Connecticut has United States, however, the use of Ladino has been decreasing, but the more successful onesdiminished to almost nothing. A spokesman for have increased in size and volume. One of the the Sephardic Congregation of Greater Hartford largestpoultry businesks inthe stateis the indicates that there is now an increasing interest ColchesterEgg Company. Thisimportantamong their young members to revive the use of business was developed by Julius Rytman, a this language in an effort to preserve at least a former displaced person who settled in Norwich part of their unique culture. in 1949. He started out on a small dairy farm, Today the Sephardic Congregation of Greater later expandedhisactivitiestoincludesthe Hartford has grown to around fifty members milling of feed, and finally went into the eggcomposed of Sephardim from Israel, Morocco, business. Greece, Iran, Iraq and Turkey.The congre- The era of the small poultry farmer has just gation does not have its own synagogue building, about ended.Those who remain sell to localbut meets in Temple Emanuel, 160 Mohegaii stores and restaurants. Dairy farmers have been Drive, West Hartford. Services are held only on fazed with the same dilemma. Big businessthe High Holy Days, but the Sephardim meet concerns and cooperatives have forced most ofseveraltimes throughout the year for social the smaller farms out of competition. events. In 1938 a group of seventeen Jewish farmers The main objective of the congregation is to foundedtheCentralConnecticutFarmers' raisemoney for Israel's underprivileged Sep- Cooperative Association with its headquarters inhardim who inigrated from Africa and the New Haven.In 1941 the Association purchasedMiddle East after 1948: and to increase aware- an old building in Manchester and went intoness among the youth regarding the Sephardim's the feed mill business.By the 1960's the Coopunique experience and cultural heritage. had growntoa membership of over three hundred and had expanded the business to the Midwest. Largelythroughtheeffortsof SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS Emanuel Huth, a Jewishfarmer from New London who became the manager of the Coop, The greatest sources of information about the the busine..s continued to grow and becameJewish community of Connecticut are the many highly successful. soda' organuations that the Jews of this state 143 144 have established, In many instances, particularly Jewish Family Service in the small towns, the synagogues serve also as 333 Bloomfield Ave. community centers. The following is a list ofWest Hartford, CT. 522-8265 some of these organizations; Hartford Jewish Federation 333 Bloomfield Ave. Bridgeport West Hartford, CT. Hadassah Chapter of Greater Bridgenort Jewish Singles 67 Valley Circle 18 Puritan Dr. Fairfield, CT. 371-0277 Bloomfield. CT. 242-4144 Jewish Community Center and the United Jewish Council of Greater Bridgeport 4200 Park Ave. 372-6504 Bridgeport, CT, 372-6567 Meriden Jewish Welfare Fund Inc. 127 E. Main St. Jewish Family Service Inc. Meriden CT. 144 Golden Hill Bridgeport, CT. 366-5438 New Britain Danbury Jewish Federation of New Britain 272 Main St, J "wish Federation of Greater Danbury New Bntain , CT. 223-8115 8 West St. Danbury, CT. 792-6354 \'eu, Harm United Jewish Center of Danbury 141 Deer Hill Avenue Jewish Community Center Danbury . CT. 06810 743-118(1 1162 Chapel St. New Haven, CT. 865 5181 Deep River Jewish Community Council Jewish Community Center 1184 Chapel St. Union St. New Haven, (T. 562-2137 Deep River. Cl. 526-5649 Jewish Community outlet' Housing Cot p. 18 Tower Lane Hartford New Haven. CT. 773.1816

Jewish Historical Sotiety of Greater Hartford Jewish Family Service 335 Bloomfield Ave. 1 52 Temple St. West Hartford, CT. 236 -4571 New Haven. CT. 777.4441

The Hartford Jewish Community Center Jewish National Fund 335 Bloomfield Ave. 65 Cooper Plate West Hartford. CT. 236-4 571 New Haven, CT. 387-3991 144145 Jewish Welfare Fund Jewish Family Service of Waterbury 1184 Chapel St. 34 Murray St. New Haven, CT. 562-2137 Waterbury, CT. 753-4189

Jewish Historical Society of New Haven In addition to the above, most of the national Mr. Harvey Ladin Jewish organizations have branches in Connect- 152 Temple St. icut. New Haven, CT. 787-0241 The Zionist Organization of America, dedicated to the preservation of Israel and Jewish New London rights, has its headquarters in New Haven at 1146 Chapel St. The- Hadassah (women's Jewish Community Council Zionist organization) has chapters in most areas of Greater New London of the state. The women raise money through 86 State St. bake sales and Hadassah Thrift Shops. Ncw London, CT. 442-8062 The B'nai B'rith, 1184 Chapel St., Suite 3, Ncw Haven, has over twenty local lodges in Connecticut with a membership of about 3500. Norwalk The organization is active in fighting discrimination through the Anti-Defamation League and Jewish Community Center supports various community projects.Ararat Shorehaven Rd. Lodge of Hartford No. 13, founded in 1851, is East Norwalk, CT. 838-7504 the oldest lodge in continuous existence in the world. Jewish Community Council of Norwalk, Inc. The United Order of True Sisters is the oldest Shorehaven Rd. fraternal Jewish order in the United States. The East Norwalk, CT. 853-3440 members arc very active in local charity work, but the main function of the order is to further They also run a camp for Stamford cancer research. handicappedchildrenin New York. The ConnecticutchaptermeetsattheUnited Jewish Center Synagogue, North Main St., West Hartford. 132 Prospect The Organization for Rehabilitation through Stamford, CT. 327-1900 Training, called the ORT, is a vocational training program for Jewish people.The organization United Jewish Federation beganin1880 and now operates onfive 132 Prospect continents. There arc nine chapters in the Stamford, CT. 359-2178 Connecticut River Valley Region:four in the Waterbury Hartford area, and outlying chapters in Windsor, Newington, New Britain, Farmington and the Jewish Community Center of Waterbury Middletown area. The central Hartford chapter 34 Murray St. is located at 411 Homestead Ave Hartford. Waterbury,cr. 753-4189 There is also a Fairfield County Regional office at 3720 Main St., Bridgeport. Jewish Federation of Western CT. There are several local chapters of the Pioneer 34 Murray St. Women, who support different social services in Waterbury , CT. 753.4189 Israel.

145 1 TheNational Council of Jewish Womenhas 4. Many Connecticut Jews have chosen political many r'iwpters throughout the state of Connect- careers.Read the information on "Connect- icut.These women provide services for the icut" in theEncyclopedia Judericafor a list elderly, disadvantaged, and aid for Israel. of Jews from our state who have served in The only Jewish hospital in Connecticut is local, state and national government. Present Mt. Sinai in Hartford.Opened in 1923, this a report to the class on Abe Ribicoti or ital serves the needs of the general com- anotherprominentConnecticutJewin munity, while providing uniquely Jewish services politics. _ and Kosher food for those who wish to have them. There are three old age homes in Connecticut: Hebrew Home for the Aged 615 Tower Ave. Hartford, CT. 242.6207

Jewish Home for the Elderly of Fairfield County 175 Jefferson St. Fairfield, Cf. 374-9461

Jewish Home for the Aged 169 Davenport Ave. New Haven, CT. 562-5185

There is also a Jewish orphanage in Ncw Haven: Abraham Ribicoff The Jewish Home for Children, 152 Temple St. 5.Read the novel TheOutside LeafbyBen 865-6189. Field and write a book report. Judging by all Another good source of information is the that you have Auded so far about the lows. ConnecticutJewish Ledger,a weekly newspaper how accurate is this portrayal? that was founded in1929. The offices are 6.Choose one of thefollowing Connecticut located at 2475 Albany Avenue, W. Hartford. Jews who have made contributions in the fields of art, literature and science. Present an oral report to the class. Discussion Questions and Activities Ilezekiah ingur an artist born in New Haven in 1791 whose most significant paint- 1. What were the three main reasons for the lack ing is in Yale's Trumbull Gallery. of a permanent or official Jewish community Sophie Tucker a singer and entertainer in Connecticut prior to 1843?What hap- from Hartford. pened around that time to change this? laheard Wallant born in New Haven in 2. Conduct adiscussionabout church and 1926. author ofMr Parnbrokrr, state separation. Does the study of the Bible Jacobidler(B.Kovner) aYiddish (or any other religious book) as literature or humorist who settled in New Haven. history violate any civil laws? Bevsic13/uomIt'esve/ a sociologist. .Choose one of the Jewish organizations listed pioneer in the field of ethnic studies in the in the guide.Find out as much about its 1930's, and resident of New London. history, growth and current activities as you Dr.Reuben Lem, turn born in Lit can and write a report. uaa in1887. wttledinNew London, 146 1 i7 developer of the Kahn blood testfur the MEDIA AND OTHER INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS detection of syphilis. StanI r«-inan pianist-composer from Hartford Jews 1900-1925,30 minntes, a kine- Waterbury. scope that portrays the history of the Jews in George Daridson artist and winner of the Hartford. AvailablethroughtheJewish Prix de Rome from Waterbury. Historical Society of Greater Hartford, 335 Calvin Cahoon 'Milligram to New Lon- BloomfieldAve.,Hartford. Suitablefor don, a chemist who is credited with the secondary students and adult audiences. desaltization process of sea water. I be Peoplesof Connecticutresource package on Abe Riktoff.born in 1910 in New Brit- the Jews, available from the Curriculum Lab, ain, the son of a poor factory worker from Universityof Connecticut,Storrs, This Poland, former Governor of Connecticut, package contains various religiousarticles, secretary of HEW under Kenned), and Sena- books, catalogues, brochures from some of tor from Connecticut. thi.JewishorganizationsinConnecticut, Lome NyeandTale Fields comedians, records, a set of slides on Hartford's Jews and both born in Connecticut. a tape of Yiddish folksongs. Norman Lear a famous Hollywood TV situation comedy producer, a graduate of Weaver High School in Hartford. BIBLIOGRAPHY 7. Many synagogues have archives and docu- Part III ments relating to their history. Visit a synagogue in your area and do a small research Chid, A. Arthur. Looking Back.Woodbridge, project on its origin. What part did the dif- Connecticut:Ellen and David Egger Publi- ferences between Jews from different areas of cation, 1973. Europe play in the establishment of syna- Commemorative booklet about the Conserv- gogues? Consider the Lithuanian and ative congregation B'nai Jacob in Woodbndge. Ukrain.an Jews (kunnion Rd., Woodbridge. 06525). 8. Write to the Central Connecticut Farmers' ut," Lneye/opediaindaira. New Cooperative Associationfor information YorkMacmillan Co., 1972. about this organization's activities today. Feldman, J. Abraham.Remember 'I be Days Of GLOSSARY PART III Hid Hartford.Congregation Beth Israel, Hamana cantor who chants during a religious 1943. service. A brief history of Elie Reform Congregation kalten trunk - Yiddish for Loh! drink. BethIsraelin commemoration of us one Ladino (Judesmo) a IlledleVal Sp.1111..11 dialect hundredth anmyersaty.This contains much combined with Hebrew words .111d written in Informationaboutthe Jews of Hartford. Hebrew-like l haracrers, spoken by the Sep- TempleBethIsraelisone of theoldest hardim. sy nagogues m Guinea rye tit.(Available at the Mills a quorum of tell Males over the age of Hartford Public Library or from Temple Beth thirteL 11 Deeded to conduit a religious service. Israel). Moliel surge(iii who in-intuit/es cording Co Gordon, Morton L.lliiIlptory of flulerekh religious tradition. I antlerIIII a.tern Comfit went An un- slileppedYiddish for Lamed. pubbslieddissertation submitted m partial Tephillin(Tefillin) phylaetrnes containing fulfillment of the requirements for the degree pin ruins of the Torah that arc worn on the of Doctor of Hebrewlatera tine, Yeslma fort:Iliad and arm while pray mg. University , New York, 1974. tzubeissL na snack. (Available from "The Peoples of Connect-

147 1 el icut" Jewish ResourceKit, Learning Re- pertainingto JewsinAmerican history. sources Area, U-32, Univ. of Conn., Storrs.) ------. Lady American Jewry.Philadelphia: Hubner, Leon. The Jews of New England Jewish Publication Society, 1951. (Other Than Rhode Island] Prior to 1800. A history of the Jews in Colonal America, Waltham, Mass: Publications of the American containing a great many public documents Jewish Historical Society XI, 86-95. and letters. A documented history of New England's Jews Pawlowski, Robert E. and the Northwest Cath- in Colonial times. olic High School Urban Studies Class. How Joseph, Samuel. History of the Baron de Hirsch Vie Other Half Lived.Hartford.Northwest I undThe Americanization of the Jewish Catholic High School, 1973. Immigrant.Philadelphia The Jewish Publi- An ethnic history of the old East Side of cation Society, 1935. Hartford, containing infoonation on twelve A complete history of the Baron de Hirsch of the ethnic groups in Hartford. farm settlement program and the impact tt Postal, Bernard and Lionel Koppman. American had on New Jersey and Connecticut farming. Jewish Landmarks -1 '1 rare/ Guide and Kirshnitz, Mrs. P..4 History of the deth History. New York: Fleet Press Corp., 1976. Synagogue Bloomfield: Congregation Beth A three volume series describing every place Hillel. of Jewish interest in the United States. Each A brief history of this congregation isin- of the53 chapterscontains a complete cluded in this commemorative booklet. (Beth history of the Jewish community in the area Hillel, 160 Wintonbury Ave., Bloomfield). covered. Connecticut will be included in Klicr, Sarah Katzman.History of the Jewish Volume Iwhichis expected to appear in Community of Waterbury. June,1974 November, 1976 (paperback edition will cost $6.95). A very brief history of the Jews in Waterbur Silverman, Morris. Mutton( Jews 1659-1970. (6 pages).(Available from "The People.. of Hartford.The Connecticut Historical Soci- Connecticut" Jewish Resource Kit or from ety. 1970. Mrs. Kim% 306 Willow St., Waterbury). This is the best source of data on I lartford's Lazowski, Philip.I aith and Deqiiiy. Hartford: Jewish community. Itcontains detailed Fox Press, Inc., 1975. information onHartford and Connecticut The thrilling story of Rabbi Lazowski's escape Jews who have participated m every aspect from German-occupiedRussiaand mum. of community life. gratiun to clic U.S. and to Bloomfield. . -The History of the Jews in Hartford. Limn, Theodore. Binding the Gellert:tunic I 1650 to the Present". 11w Hartford Courant. on to1 ach. Hartford: Temple BethIsrael, Tenconsecutiveinstallmentsstarting 1968. January 2, 1955. A comintmoratise booklet prepared for Beth Sulinan,Esther and Leonard Goldstein. 1 Israel's 125th anniversary. Goodly Heritage.New London: Bingham Marc us. Jacob R.critical linen, an Printing Co., 1957. jcw,c1, HistoryNew York Ktav Publishing A very complete history of tin. Jews of New Ir louse. 1971. London from 1860 to 1955. A detailed account of the Jews' rolein Wolf. Simon. /1/ -lineman hem a, Patriot. American history. Soldier aml Citi:en. Boston Gregg Press,

. Tin o/oriia/ Inierwan Jew 1492-1776 1972. IN:fruit. Wayne State Univcrsity Press. 1970. Contains lists by state of Jewish si A brief sketch of Jewish participationin Information on Connecticut Jews is minimal. Colonial Atticrica: a chronology. documents 148143 Fiction about a Jewish broadleaf tobacco farmer. This book contains a great deal of infor- Field, Ben.The Outside Leaf.New York: mation about the tobacco business as well as Reynal and Hitchcock, 1943. JewishfamilylifeinConnecticutinthe A novel, suitablefor secondary students, 1930's. f****####M###

APPENDIX

Kosher Cookbook Proves according to the Laws of Kashrut) is marked Windsor Sisterhood Members Don't Live with a `1:" in the book. Each of the 39 menus is 'By Bread Alone' also labeled either 'P,' .D' (for dairy), or 'M' (for meat). Recipes were submitted on everything from a By PAM LU EC K E* five-by-seven card to the back of a paper bag, Sharing recipes with members was only part according to Mrs. Viner.Retyping them and of the goal when the Sisterhood of Congregation achieving uniformity were major chores. Beth Ahm in Windsor set out to assemble a Theeditorsweresticklersforaccurate cookbook. measurements, baking times and temperatures; Observing the Laws of Kashrut. providingthey also double-checked whether pans should menus for religious and secular occasions and be greased or ungrcased, covered or uncovered. raising funds for the synagogue were also part of Sylvia Savath's "Honey Fruit Cake" is one of the plan. the synagogue's favorite recipes, according to The result, after three and a half years ofMrs. Viner.Mrs. Viner herself invented the work,is Not By Breaddune, a bright red"Fruited Noodle Pudding" recipe "out of sheer spiral-bound kosher cookbook to be releasedfrustration for finding pareve starch recipes." March 2. The book was an "honest labor of love," Honey Fruit Cake accordingtoSusanViner, managing editor. / cup sugar She and three associate editors Sylvia Savath, 2 eggs Carol Kraemer and Helen Gulden, all of Windsor cup honey each edited the 600 recipes submitted by '12 cup cooled ( ()flee Sisterhood members. Many were kitchen tested. cup oil Four hundred of these recipes. representing 1.i cup orange juice 94 Sisterhood members, will be featured in Not tsp. baking soda By Bread 41one.(The title, incidentally. was linteh of salt inspiredbytheBiblicalPassage, Deuteron- 21i cups flour omy. 8.3). yitsp nutmeg Categories range from appetisers (the chapter 1 tsp. baking powder is entitled"IntheBeginning")to desserts, 1.: cup raisins including a special section for Passover dishes. 1-2 cup walnut meats, chopped Each parr re or neutral recipe (which means Cream sugar aad eggs.Addhoney, coffee, it can be served with either a dairy or meat dish, oil and orange juice.Combineall dry ingredients and add to mixture.Foldin raisins and nuts.Bake in greased tube panat 350 degrees `The Hartford Courant. Wed., Feb. 18. 1976. for 50 minutes.

149 1 Vn Fruited Noodle Pudding Current Projects 12 az.noodles (fine, medium or wide) 5 eggs '6 cup sugar At the time of this writing, several other 1 tsp. cinr.anoll Jewishhistories are in the process of being tsp. baking powder prepared. 1 tsp. salt The Hartford "Our Roots" project, directed 1 can (1 lb ) fruit cocktail (drained ) by Miriam Wheeler, coordinated the develop- 1 apple, peeked and chopped ment of written histories of twenty-one ethnic 12 ianuchillo "Berries, halved groupsinHartford.The HartfordPublic cup c:., d d-ied apricots Schools published the materials in 1976. The Cook n ording to package directions ethnic history on the Jews of Hartford is being and drain. Beat ...6,gs in large bowl. Add noodles prepared by a committee from the Jewish His- and all other ingredients.Pour into greased torical Society of Greater Hartford, 335 Bloom- 9 by 13 inch shallow pan.Bake uncovered at field Avenue, Hartford, under the direction of 350 degrees for 45-55 minutes or until top is Mrs. Sylvia Sheketoff. (236.4571) browned and center is set. Cool slightly before cutting into squares. Serve in place of potatoes. **********

Saucy Pudding Dessert Mrs. Lawrence Lesser of Bridgeport has been Bread puddings have traditional charm and gathering information on the history of the Jews old-fashionedgoodness. And,foranother inBridgeport for many years. She and a winning feature, they make tine use of extra or committee arc currently organizing the material stale breads. Serve a bread pudding with tangy with a view to publishing a written history of lemon sauce dotted with chopped California Bridgeport's Jews in the near future. Mrs. Lesser walnuts and sun-sweetened dried fruit pieces to may be contacted through B'nai Israel Con- Serve warm on a pep up appeal even more. gregation, 2710Park Avenue,Bridgeport. night when you want a nostalgic, yet chilly (233-3045). up-Elated version of a long -time favorite.The walnuts add Just the right crunchy texture and combine perfectly with prunes, dried apricots ********** and peaches.

Eric Roman of Danbury was commissioned to write a study of the Jews of Danburby the United Jewish Center. 141 Deer Hill Avenue, Danbury, 06810. This history of the Jews of Danbury should be available sometime in 1976 from the United Jewish Center.

;a:- A GUIDE TO THE AVAILABILITY OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA ON CONNECTICUT JEWS

x = American Jewish Yearbook estimates a = U.S. Census, Mother Tongue (Yiddish) estimates b = American Jewish Yearbook and U SCensus data vimrs 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 12775 7 0 2 3 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 6 6 0 Statewide xx x b x x b x a x a x a x a x x b Cities and Towns Ansonia Bridgeport x x x x x x x x Bristol x x x Chesterfield Colchester x x x x Danielson x x x Danbury x x x x x Derby x x x Greenwich x x x Hartford x x x x x x x x Lebanon x x x Manchester x x x Meridan x x x x x x Middletown x x x Milford x x x Moodus x x x New Britain x x x x x x x x x New Haven xx x x x x x x x x New London x x x x x x x x x Newtown x x x Norwich x x x x x x x x x Norwalk x x x x x x Putnam x x x Rockville x x x Stamford x x x x x x x Storrs x x Torrington x x x Wallingford x x x Waterbury xx x x x x x x x x West Hartford x x x x Westport x x x Willimantic x x x Winstcd x x

From a report prepared by Edward True, Research Associate for "The Peoples of Connecticut" protect, Universtly of Connecticut, Storrs, 1975 (mimeo) 152