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Diversité Ichtyologique En Méditerranée

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Diversité Ichtyologique En Méditerranée UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II UNIVERSITE DU 7 NOVEMBRE A CARTHAGE SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC INSTITUT NATIONAL AGRONOMIQUE DE TUNISIE THESE EN COTUTELLE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE & DOCTEUR DE L’INSTITUT NATIONAL MONTPELLIER II AGRONOMIQUE DE TUNISIE Discipline : Ecosystèmes Discipline : Sciences Halieutiques Ecole Doctorale : Ecole Doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Sciences Agronomiques Géosciences, Hydrosciences et Environnement présentée et soutenue publiquement par Frida BEN RAIS LASRAM A Montpellier, le 5 janvier 2009 Titre Diversité ichtyologique en Méditerranée : patrons, modélisation et projections dans un contexte de réchauffement global JURY Dr. Benjamin PLANQUE, Institute of Marine Research (Norvège) Rapporteur Dr. Ridha M’RABET, INSTM (Tunisie) Rapporteur Dr. Philippe CURY, IRD (France) Examinateur Pr. David MOUILLOT, Université Montpellier II (France) Examinateur Pr. Thang DO CHI, Université Montpellier II (France) Directeur de thèse Pr. Mohamed Salah ROMDHANE, INAT (Tunisie) Co-Directeur de thèse JURY Benjamin PLANQUE Senior Scientist, Institute of Marine Research (Norvège) Ridha M’RABET Directeur de recherche, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (Tunisie) Philippe CURY Directeur de recherche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France) David MOUILLOT Professeur, Université Montpellier II (France) Thang DO CHI Professeur, Université Montpellier II (France) Mohamed Salah ROMDHANE Professeur, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie (Tunisie) Résumé La mer Méditerranée est un écosystème particulier de par son isolement, sa grande richesse spécifique, son fort taux d’endémisme et les invasions exotiques qui y surviennent. Malgré l’intérêt qui a été porté à la Méditerranée depuis l’antiquité, aucune étude des patrons de diversité ichtyologique n’a été menée à grande échelle et sur l’ensemble des espèces et n’a proposé de simulations de scénarii face au changement global. Dans ce travail nous avons donc, dans un premier temps, étudié les patrons de la diversité ichtyologique en Méditerranée et leurs déterminants. A cet effet, nous avons construit la première base de données exhaustive concernant les distributions géographiques des 619 espèces de poissons en Méditerranée. Nous avons mené des analyses spatiales afin de déterminer la part relative des contingences historiques, géométriques et environnementales dans l’explication des patrons de diversité. Nous nous sommes intéressés, dans un second temps, aux déterminants du succès de dispersion des espèces exotiques et nous avons évalué la congruence spatiale avec l’ichtyofaune endémique dans un contexte de réchauffement global. Enfin, nous avons modélisé les enveloppes climatiques actuelles des espèces méditerranéennes les plus vulnérables, à savoir les espèces endémiques, et nous les avons projetées selon un scénario de réchauffement global afin d’identifier les espèces gagnantes et perdantes ainsi que les régions qui connaîtront un changement dans les assemblages d’espèces. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence le rôle des contraintes géométriques ainsi qu’une influence positive de la production primaire et de la température sur la richesse spécifique. Il est aussi apparu que le climat et l’année d’introduction sont les déterminants clés du succès de dispersion des espèces Lessepsiennes. Dans un contexte de réchauffement, nos résultats ont révélé une congruence spatiale croissante entre espèces exotiques et endémiques, et pour ces dernières une modification profonde de leurs assemblages aux horizons 2041-2060 et 2070- 2099. Il est apparu que les espèces endémiques sont soumises à une pression biotique exercée par les espèces exotiques et à une pression abiotique exercée par le réchauffement des eaux. Les deux pressions peuvent s’additionner voire entrer en synergie pour augmenter la vulnérabilité des espèces endémiques. Mots clés : Mer Méditerranée, invasions exotiques, endémisme, contraintes géométriques, enveloppes climatiques, réchauffement global, modélisation des niches Abstract Due to its semi-enclosed shape, to its high species richness and high endemism levels and to its invasiveness, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the most particular and critical ecosystems of the world. The Mediterranean has been intensively studied since the Antiquity, yet foundations underlying fish diversity patterns have been overlooked. In this study, as a first step, we studied fish diversity patterns in the Mediterranean and their determinants. Towards this objective, we built the first comprehensive database on the spatial distributions of the 619 Mediterranean fish species. We then carried out spatial analyses in order to assess the relative contribution of historical and geometric contingencies as well as environmental influences in shaping fish biodiversity patterns. In a second step, we analyzed the correlates of dispersal success of exotic species and we assessed the spatial congruence with the endemic ichtyofauna within a global warming context. Finally, we modeled the present climatic envelopes of the most vulnerable Mediterranean fish species, i.e. the endemic species. We used those models to project expected spatial distributions of endemic species according to a global warming scenario in order to identify winner versus loser species as well as areas where a strong species turnover would occur. We showed that geometric constraints, primary production and temperature have an influence on species diversity patterns. It also appeared that the climate and the year of introduction into the Mediterranean are key determinants of the dispersal success of Lessepsian species. Within a global warming context, our results revealed an increasing spatial congruence between endemic and exotic fish faunas and for the latter, deep modifications in their assemblages expected in 2041-2060 and 2070-2099. In sum our results suggest that endemic species undergo a biotic pressure via exotic species and an abiotic pressure via global warming. The additional and potentially the synergetic effect of those pressures is likely to increase endemic species vulnerability. Keywords : Mediterranean Sea, exotic invasions, endemism, geometric constraints, climatic envelopes, global warming, niche modeling Remerciements Les remerciements… leur rédaction est le signe qui ne trompe pas que la thèse est bel et bien terminée… c’est donc avec beaucoup d’émotion et de plaisir que je les écris mais aussi avec le cœur gros… Je tiens, tout d’abord, à remercier M. Benjamin Planque, Senior Scientist à l’« Institute of Marine Research » (Norvège) et M. Ridha M’rabet, Directeur de l’Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (Tunisie) d’avoir accepté de rapporter cette thèse. Accorder de l’intérêt à mon travail est un vrai honneur pour moi. Je m’adresse, tout d’abord, à Thang Do Chi. Monsieur Do Chi, comme j’ai l’habitude de vous appeler, n’y voyez aucune barrière hiérarchique, le Monsieur est devenu affectif à la longue, les mots ne pourront jamais vous traduire toute ma gratitude et ma reconnaissance. Je n’oublierai jamais ce jour d’août 2005, veille des vacances, où vous avez répondu favorablement à ma candidature spontanée et qui a été le point de départ d’une merveilleuse aventure. Vous avez été plus qu’un directeur de thèse, j’ai trouvé en vous un confident, un ami. Vous côtoyer a non seulement été bénéfique sur le plan scientifique mais aussi sur le plan humain. Votre générosité, votre lucidité et votre sincérité m’ont énormément touchée. Je garde précieusement LE document grâce auquel je vous ai connu : « GIS, applications to marine fisheries ». J’espère sincèrement que nous continuerons à discuter sciences autour de bons petits plats et lors de notre prochain tour de Tunisie. C’est avec beaucoup d’émotion que je m’adresse à David Mouillot : Chef, tu as été plus qu’un chef ! C’est incontestablement à toi que je dois mon plongeon dans la biogéographie et la modélisation. Un énorme merci pour avoir accepté de détourner la thèse de son plan d’origine et de t’être laisser tenté par les espèces exotiques qui nous ont donné tant de fil à retordre. Merci aussi d’avoir supporté mon caractère si têtu (dont tu es tout de même venu à bout) et de m’avoir si efficacement consolée après les premiers échecs cuisants de nos ébauches de papiers. Tu as été d’une patience, d’une psychologie et d’une pédagogie exemplaires. La pertinence de tes remarques et ta clairvoyance ont fait prendre à cette thèse un tournant passionnant. Tu n’as jamais lésiné sur les moyens ni sur le temps pour valoriser notre travail. Je n’oublierai jamais ta bonne humeur matinale aux aurores malgré la journée surchargée qui t’attendait, ni les samedis passés à nous triturer le cerveau pour venir à bout d’un modèle récalcitrant. Il est inconcevable pour moi que nous ne continuions pas à travailler ensemble… il nous reste tellement de choses captivantes à publier… C’est avec la même émotion et la même gratitude que je m’adresse à Mohamed Salah Romdhane : « Si » Mohamed Salah, votre soutien sans faille m’a été plus que vital. C’est grâce à vous que j’ai pu surmonter bon nombre de problèmes administratifs, scientifiques et relationnels. Merci de m’avoir accordé toute votre confiance, de m’avoir aménagé un coin agréable dans le labo, de m’avoir donné votre ordinateur… faire la liste de tout ce que je vous dois serait trop long. Vous avez toujours été à l’écoute et surtout de bon conseil. Comment ne pas vous pas être reconnaissante pour avoir cru en moi et pour m’avoir laissé l’opportunité d’initier les étudiants à la modélisation des niches en m’accordant une totale liberté dans les cours ? Nos discussions tardives après une journée harassante de travail, et le plus souvent sans déjeuner, sont inoubliables. Merci de m’avoir soutenue et encouragée dans les dernières semaines de thèse. A mon tour, j’espère, vous assister et injecter un nouveau souffle à notre recherche. Vivement un autre dîner avec Thang et David. Je remercie également Philippe Cury d’avoir fait partie de mon comité de thèse, de m’avoir fait confiance en m’intégrant dans son nouveau projet et pour toutes les discussions instructives que nous avons eues.
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