DOCSLIB.ORG

Senate TUESDAY, MARCH 7, 2000

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Senate TUESDAY, MARCH 7, 2000 E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 106 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION Vol. 146 WASHINGTON, TUESDAY, MARCH 7, 2000 No. 24 House of Representatives The House was not in session today. Its next meeting will be held on Wednesday, March 8, 2000, at 10 am. Senate TUESDAY, MARCH 7, 2000 The Senate met at 10 a.m. and was PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE RESERVATION OF LEADER TIME called to order by the President pro The Honorable MIKE CRAPO, a Sen- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under tempore [Mr. THURMOND]. ator from the State of Idaho, led the the previous order, leadership time is Pledge of Allegiance, as follows: reserved. PRAYER I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the f United States of America, and to the Repub- The Chaplain, Dr. Lloyd John lic for which it stands, one nation under God, MORNING BUSINESS Ogilvie, offered the following prayer: indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. The PRESIDING OFFICER. There f Almighty God who is for us and not will now be a period for the transaction against us, who recruits us for the bat- RECOGNITION OF THE ACTING of morning business not to extend be- tle of what is right and just, and who MAJORITY LEADER yond the hour of 12:30 p.m. with Sen- ators permitted to speak therein for up empowers us to seek the truth and The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. to 5 minutes each. speak it with love, our central purpose CRAPO). The Senator from Maine. (The remarks of Ms. COLLINS per- is to glorify You by serving our Nation. f taining to the introduction of S. 2194 Renew a sense of chosenness in the SCHEDULE are located in today’s RECORD under women and men of this Senate. Remind Ms. COLLINS. Mr. President, today ‘‘Statements on Introduced Bills and them that You have chosen them; they the Senate will be in a period of morn- Joint Resolutions.’’) are here by Your choice. Revive in ing business until 12:30 p.m. Following The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- them a sense of divine calling. Reclaim morning business, the Senate will re- ator from Nevada is recognized. for them the dignity of the high calling cess until 2:15 p.m. so the weekly party f of politics. Rekindle their fires of pa- caucuses may meet. Upon reconvening, THE RECORD OF JUDGE RICHARD triotic passion. Give them a perfect the Senate will begin consideration of PAEZ blend of resoluteness and intention- the nominations of Marsha Berzon and ality. Our times demand greatness, the Richard Paez to be the U.S. circuit Mr. REID. Mr. President, I wanted to greatness that comes from listening to judges for the Ninth Circuit. speak a little earlier, but I didn’t have You so intently that we can speak the ORDER OF PROCEDURE the opportunity. The minority is very truth with intrepid boldness and cour- I now ask unanimous consent that happy that we are going to move for- ward on some judicial nominations. age. In the midst of the two-party sys- the debate time between 2:15 p.m. and 5 One of the nominations holds a record. tem, help the Senators to affirm their p.m. be equally divided between the It is a record that Judge Paez has. He oneness as Americans and keep a proponents and the opponents of the Berzon and Paez nominations. has been waiting more than 4 years to strong spirit of unity in the struggle The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without have the Senate decide whether or not for what is best for our Nation. You objection, it is so ordered. he can be elevated to the Ninth Circuit. alone are the one who can draw them Ms. COLLINS. Mr. President, by pre- We feel Judge Paez is eminently quali- beyond secondary loyalties to their ul- vious consent, at 5 p.m. the Senate will fied. I think we will find that a major- timate loyalty to You and help them proceed to a vote on the confirmation ity of the majority will also feel that work together in civility and respect. of the Executive Calendar No. 423, the way. Thank You for calling these men and nomination of Julio Fuentes. Senators Here is a man whose record is unsur- women and helping them choose to be can therefore expect the first vote to passed. He is a person who has been chosen. You are our Lord and Saviour. occur at 5 p.m. today. I thank my col- said to be—these are different quotes— Amen. leagues for their cooperation. ‘‘a well-respected, experienced judge.’’ ∑ This ‘‘bullet’’ symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by a Member of the Senate on the floor. S1193 . VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:49 Dec 04, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4637 Sfmt 0634 E:\2000SENATE\S07MR0.REC S07MR0 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S1194 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 7, 2000 ‘‘Judge Paez has bipartisan support.’’ issue. As a result of that, there was a (The remarks of Mr. MURKOWSKI and ‘‘Judge Paez is not an ‘activist’, nor is commission appointed, led by former Mr. HATCH pertaining to the introduc- he ‘anti-business.’ ’’ Judge Paez has Supreme Court Justice Byron ‘‘Whiz- tion of S. 2184 are located in today’s outstanding judicial temperament and zer’’ White. They made a decision on RECORD under ‘‘Statements on Intro- is not ‘antireligion.’’’ Judge Paez has what should be done with the Ninth duced Bills and Joint Resolutions.’’) not acted ‘‘unethically.’’ ‘‘Judge Paez Circuit, and that it should be kept in- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under has committed to follow the law on the tact and be administered differently. the previous order, the Senator from death penalty,’’ and to follow the law So I hope the committee of jurisdic- North Dakota is recognized for up to 20 generally. tion which will review the Ninth Cir- minutes. I hope when we look at this man and cuit matters will take into consider- f his qualifications, he will receive an ation what has already been done, and FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD overwhelming vote. He is qualified for that there will be hearings held as to the Ninth Circuit. what should be done, if anything, with Mr. DORGAN. Mr. President, I came Judge Paez is a graduate of Brigham the Ninth Circuit. back from North Dakota on a late flight last evening on Northwest Air- Young University and he received his f law degree from the University of Cali- lines, flying North Dakota to Wash- fornia at Berkeley in 1972. He has re- EXPORT ADMINISTRATION ACT ington, DC. When one is traveling all ceived the highest rating given by the Mr. REID. Mr. President, I think it is day and up late, one gets up in the American Bar Association to Federal important this week that we move for- morning and it takes a while to adjust judicial nominees, which is well quali- ward with the Export Administration to find a good mood. My morning fied. Act. This is something that is more wasn’t enhanced when I saw USA It is important to note his nomina- than 10 years overdue. We must move Today and saw the headline, once tion swept through here earlier when forward on that. We are talking about again, that Mr. Greenspan digs in his he was confirmed to the trial court on being friendly in the Senate to the heels on rate hikes. the Federal judicial level. He served high-tech industry. There is nothing Mr. Greenspan goes to Congress and with distinction after we, the Senate, we could do that would be more friend- decides he will tell the American peo- ple they should brace themselves, he approved his nomination. He has done ly to the high-tech industry today than will increase their taxes in the form of that for 5 years, where he has served, passing the Export Administration higher interest rates. That did not ex- as I have indicated, as a U.S. District Act. If we are going to continue to be Judge for the Central District of Cali- actly make my day this morning. the leader in the high-tech industry in I will make a couple of comments fornia. He has presided over numerous the world, we have to pass this act im- about what Mr. Greenspan and the Fed- trials. Prior to being a Federal district mediately. If not, we are going to have eral Reserve Board are doing. court judge, he had a distinguished ca- these businesses move offshore. That March 7, Wall Street Journal: reer as a State court judge. He served is, in effect, what this Export Adminis- The U.S. work force was much more effi- as a California State judge for 13 years. tration Act does. cient in the fourth quarter than initially He is somebody who has been active in I commend Chairman GRAMM of thought, push labor costs sharply lower. charitable and community affairs. He Texas. He indicated he would do what Nonfarm productivity grew at a 6.4% rate is a family man. His mother and father he could to move this forward. He has in the last three months of 1999, the fastest and 10 brothers and sisters live in an- kept his word. This is being held up by pace in seven years and well above the gov- other Western State, the State of Utah. just a few of the chairmen of commit- ernment’s initial estimate of 5%, the Labor As I have indicated, Judge Paez has Department said Tuesday.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lithuanian Voices
    CHAPTER FIVE Lithuanian Voices 1. Lithuanian Letters in the U.S. The list of American works featuring Lithuanians is short; it apparently consists of three novels. However, for such a small nation, not a “global player” in Franzen’s words, three novels authored by Americans can be seen as sufficient and even impressive. After all, three American authors found Lithuanians interesting enough to make them the main characters of their works. Two of those works, Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and Jonathan Franzen’s The Corrections, became bestsellers and popularized the name of Lithuania in the U.S. and the world. The third work, Margaret Seebach’s That Man Donaleitis, although overlooked by critics and readers, nevertheless exists as a rare token of admiration for an obscure and oppressed people of the Russian empire. Many other small nations never made it to the pages of American texts. The best they could do was to present themselves to Americans in their own ethnic writing in English. However, the mere existence of such ethnic texts did not guarantee their success with the American audience. Ethnic groups from Eastern Europe for a long time presented little interest to Americans. As noted by Thomas Ferraro, autobiographical and biographical narratives of “immigrants from certain little-known places of Eastern Europe . did not attract much attention” (383). He mentions texts by a Czech, a Croatian, a Slovakian and a Pole written between 1904 and 1941, and explains the lack of attention to them from American public: “the groups they depict remained amorphous in the national imagination and did not seem to pose too much of a cultural threat” (383).
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuanian Independence Movement That Struggle Did Not Succeed, It Energized the Only Gradually Evolved in the Homeland
    Special Footprints of Lithuanian Americans in the struggle for Independence Lithuanian American National Council A FREQUENTLY OVERLOOKED HISTORIC Convention, Madison Square FACT IS THAT LITHUANIA’S DECLARATION Garden, New TH York, March 13- OF INDEPENDENCE OF FEBRUARY 16 , 14, 1918. 1918, DID NOT OCCUR OVERNIGHT. IT WAS, Photo above INSTEAD, THE CONSEQUENCE OF A SERIES in the right: OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS AND POLITICAL Lithuanian American DEVELOPMENTS. THIS, OF COURSE, DOES National NOT DETRACT FROM THE ACHIEVEMENT Council, delegate pin Whitehead WHICH THE DECLARATION’S SIGNATORIES Hoag, New BROUGHT ABOUT. HOWEVER, IT MUST BE Jersey. REMEMBERED THAT THERE WERE MANY OTHERS INVOLVED IN THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE INCLUDING MANY LITHUANIAN AMERICANS WHO ENERGETICALLY JOINED IN AND EFFECTIVELY CONTRIBUTED TO THIS CAMPAIGN. 16 Lithuanian Military Digest Special THE NATIONAL AWAKENING Independence — complete Lithuanian politi- t is generally agreed that the Lithuanian cal sovereignty a year before it was declared in National Awakening of the late 19th centu- Lithuania! ry and the resultant Lithuanian Indepen- Idence movement stemmed from the Polish- A LITHUANIAN MONARCHY? Lithuanian Insurrection of 1863–1864. While The Lithuanian independence movement that struggle did not succeed, it energized the only gradually evolved in the homeland. Initial- nation to continue its efforts to free itself from ly, the leaders of the movement merely sought Czarist rule. The consequent brutal suppres- some modicum of political autonomy, some sion of this insurrection led to an even greater accommodation within the framework of Czar- resolve to resist tyranny. The Russian regime ist Russian Empire. In 1905 the Russians were outlawed the publishing of books in the Lithu- routed in the ill-fated Russo-Japanese War.
    [Show full text]
  • The Forum, Vol. 5, Issue 1
    Volume 5 Spring 2013 Phi Alpha Theta Alpha-Nu-Gamma Chapter California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY, SAN LUIS OBISPO Published in the United States of America by the Cal Poly History Department 1 Grand Avenue, Building 47, Office 27c San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 http://cla.calpoly.edu/hist/ Copyright © 2013 California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Cover art copyright © 2009 Danielle Steussy. Photographs copyright © 2013 Sean Martinez, Kevin McLaren, Hannah Milstein, Elizabeth Metelak, Jackson Baumgartner, Megan Manning, Jenna Rovenstine Neither the editors nor Cal Poly assume responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the contributors. All Rights Reserved. Except in those cases which comply with the fair use guidelines of U.S. copyright law (U.S.C Title 17), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the prior permission from the publisher. All articles appearing in this journal are simultaneously published electronically via the DigitalCommons@CalPoly and are therefore subject to the terms specified in the Non-Exclusive License Agreement for Use of Materials in the DigitalCommons@CalPoly. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/forum/ ISSN 2153-7178 ISSN 2153-7119 JOURNAL STAFF EXECUTIVE EDITOR Matthew Brown Andrew Pagan Undergraduate History Student Undergraduate History Student ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE EDITOR Elena Reynolds Laura Neylan Graduate History Student Undergraduate History Student Nicola Williams ASSISTANT EDITORS Undergraduate History Student Mindy McKenzie FACULTY ADVISORS Undergraduate History Student Dr. Molly Loberg Professor of History Marissa Millhorn Undergraduate History Student Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Groups and Library of Congress Subject Headings
    Ethnic Groups and Library of Congress Subject Headings Jeffre INTRODUCTION tricks for success in doing African studies research3. One of the challenges of studying ethnic Several sections of the article touch on subject head- groups is the abundant and changing terminology as- ings related to African studies. sociated with these groups and their study. This arti- Sanford Berman authored at least two works cle explains the Library of Congress subject headings about Library of Congress subject headings for ethnic (LCSH) that relate to ethnic groups, ethnology, and groups. His contentious 1991 article Things are ethnic diversity and how they are used in libraries. A seldom what they seem: Finding multicultural materi- database that uses a controlled vocabulary, such as als in library catalogs4 describes what he viewed as LCSH, can be invaluable when doing research on LCSH shortcomings at that time that related to ethnic ethnic groups, because it can help searchers conduct groups and to other aspects of multiculturalism. searches that are precise and comprehensive. Interestingly, this article notes an inequity in the use Keyword searching is an ineffective way of of the term God in subject headings. When referring conducting ethnic studies research because so many to the Christian God, there was no qualification by individual ethnic groups are known by so many differ- religion after the term. but for other religions there ent names. Take the Mohawk lndians for example. was. For example the heading God-History of They are also known as the Canienga Indians, the doctrines is a heading for Christian works, and God Caughnawaga Indians, the Kaniakehaka Indians, (Judaism)-History of doctrines for works on Juda- the Mohaqu Indians, the Saint Regis Indians, and ism.
    [Show full text]
  • 1988 Festival of American Folklife
    Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 1988 Festival of American Folklife CFCH Staff 2017 Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage 600 Maryland Ave SW Washington, D.C. [email protected] https://www.folklife.si.edu/archive/ Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Historical note.................................................................................................................. 2 Scope and Contents note................................................................................................ 2 Arrangement note............................................................................................................ 2 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 3 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 4 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 5 Series 1: Program Books, Festival Publications, and Ephemera, 1988................... 5 Series 2: American Folklore Society Centennial...................................................... 6 Series 3: Festival Music Stage.............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Studies Review
    ETHNIC STUDIES REVIEW The Journal of the National Association for Ethnic Studies Volume 19, Number 1 February 1996 Special Issue: Ethnicity, Family, and Community Table of Contents Editor's Note Miguel A. Carranza ..........................................................................................i Articles The Importance of Families and Communities in Understanding Ethnicity Mary E. Kelly, Guest Editor................................ ....................................... 1-5 Hmong on the Move: Understanding Secondary Migration Jac D. Bulk ................................................................................................7-28 "Shared Ethnicity" in Transracial Adoption Cia Verschelden ......................................................................................29-42 Racial Safety and Cultural Maintenance: The Childcare Concerns of Employed Mothers of Color Lynet Uttal ..............................................................................................43-59 I'd Rather Play the Saxophone: Conflictsin Identity Between Vietnamese Students and Their Parents Joseph Stimpfl and Ngoc H. Bui ........... ............... ......... ..... ...... ..............61-80 Ethnic Conversions: Family, Community, Women, and Kinwork Mary E. Kelly.. .. ......... .... .............. ............ ................................. .........81-100 Selected Readings on Ethnicity, Family and Community Mary E. Kelly and Thomas W. Sanchez ...... .. ... ...... .............. ... ...... ... l0 1-113 Article Contributors ......................................................................,
    [Show full text]
  • Social Interactions and Ethnic Self-Presentation Diálogos Latinoamericanos, Núm
    Diálogos Latinoamericanos ISSN: 1600-0110 [email protected] Aarhus Universitet Dinamarca Negrón Goldbarg, Rosalyn; Negrón, Wilneida Negotiating Latina/o Ethnicity in NYC: Social Interactions and Ethnic Self-Presentation Diálogos Latinoamericanos, núm. 16, 2009, pp. 35-57 Aarhus Universitet Aarhus, Dinamarca Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=16212429003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Diálogos Latinoamericanos 16, 2009 Negotiating Latina/o Ethnicity in NYC: Social Interactions and Ethnic Self- Presentation Rosalyn Negrón Goldbarg & Wilneida Negrón.1 Today, an increasing number of people regularly switch from ethnicity to ethnicity in normal discourse, in an attempt to maximize their economic and political interests. This paper focuses specifically on ethnic flexibility among Latina/os in New York City. Drawing on ethnographic, linguistic, and social network data we explore how Latina/os in NYC negotiate between multiple ethnic identities in everyday contexts. Through language and dialect switches, accents, and even calculated silence the Latinos in our research negotiated NYC’s multi-level system of categorization. We hope to show that no one-to-one relationship exists between subjective feelings of ethnic belongingness and the use of ethnic markers. Ethnic markers, particularly
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuanians in the Great
    gaidis-Nov-Dec-v6-2018.qxp_Layout 1 25/10/18 11:18 AM Page 18 Lithuanian Americans in the Great War By Henry L. Gaidis any Lithuanian immi- However, the Great War was a cata- immigrants’ dreams of return to grants who came to lyst contributing to their American- their former way of life, given the MAmerica during the early ization. When the Great War began upheavals and uncertainties relating 1900s planned on returning to in Europe in 1914 virtually all con- to events taking place in Lithuania Lithuania and initially had little in- tact between Lithuanian American proper at the time. terest in becoming American citizens immigrants and their families in As the Great War began, many or establishing new lives in America. Lithuania suddenly ceased, as did the Americans had concerns about the large size of the nation’s immigrant population and its loyalties. By 1910, nearly a third of the nation’s popu- lation was foreign born or was com- prised of the children of foreign- born parents. This included over a quarter million Lithuanians. To help Americanize its immigrant popula- tion, the U.S. government and many political and civic organizations be- gan sponsoring and encouraging pa- triotic holidays such as the Fourth of July. Such events were enthusias- tically supported within the nation’s Lithuanian communities where many of its members were already engaged in the assimilation process. The government increased efforts to ensure that immigrants shun for- eign loyalties, develop good English language skills, and be willing and able to serve in the armed forces.
    [Show full text]
  • EXTENSIONS of REMARKS March 3, 1987 EXTENSIONS of REMARKS
    4686 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 3, 1987 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS TRIBUTE TO WILLIE J. FULTON munity to believe in strong and worthy values, saving the lives of American servicemen in even in the hardship of a sometimes reluctant World War II. Again, the State Department has HON. JAMES A. TRAFICANT, JR. society. For what he has chosen to give to his proven to be a major force of opposition. OF OHIO community in the way of guidance and patient Hopefully, someday the State Department will leadership for so many years, I join the many IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES officially recognize the role General Mihailo­ grateful people of Warren in appreciating Mr. vich played and allow these American service­ Tuesday, March 3, 1987 Fulton's dedication. I wish Willie and Barbara men to finally honor the man who saved their Mr. TRAFICANT. Mr. Speaker, it is with the best in his retirement and look forward to lives. Until then, however, all Americans can great pleasure that I rise today to honor Willie his further contributions in making Warren, remember ·with gratitude the service that Lt. J. Fulton, retired councilman of the sixth ward OH, an even better place to live. Col. George Musulin gave to his country, and in Warren, OH. Tonight he will be honored, his part in bringing these former MIA's home. and his distinguished career recognized, by TRIBUTE TO LT. COL. GEORGE I have included an article from the Washing­ the Black Elected Officials of Ohio. MUSULIN ton Times that summarizes the accomplish­ Mr. Fulton has chosen as a life-long pursuit ments of Colonel Musulin.
    [Show full text]
  • KNYGA-JAV LIET 100.Indd
    Lithuanian American Support for Lithuania 1918-2018 Summary Lithuanians living in the United States are the largest group of Lithuanian émigrés in the world. They have always been strong supporters of their homeland and its voice to the world: informing the American government and public as well as other countries in the world about events taking place in their homeland. During the period of the first World War, Lithuanian Americans of diverse persuasions and beliefs, including Catholics, nationalists, and socialists, formed or- ganizations, raised funds, and effected political actions. On January 10-11, 1917, Lithu- anian Americans issued a declaration calling for the independence of Lithuanian territories and their unification into a sovereign state. This declaration was presen- ted to the press and to President Woodrow Wilson. On March 13, 1918, a plenary session was held, composed of 1200 represen- tatives from various Lithuanian Catholic and nationalist organizations. At the time, the attendees were not yet aware of the declaration of independence that had been issued in Lithuania one month earlier. However, the Lithuanian-American gathe- ring also proclaimed a goal of Lithuanian independence and began a public rela- tions campaign to help assure recognition by the world community of Lithuanian statehood. Information bureaus were set up in Washington DC and New York City. Lithuanian Americans who had served in the U.S. Army began organizing themsel- ves into units for action in Lithuania. In 1918 and 1919, the U.S. Senate considered the “Lithuanian resolution” to recognize the statehood of the re-emerged country. In May of 1921, Lithuanian-Ame- rican organizations presented President Warren G.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Interactions and Ethnic Self- Presentation Rosalyn Negrón
    Diálogos Latinoamericanos 16, 2009 Negotiating Latina/o Ethnicity in NYC: Social Interactions and Ethnic Self- Presentation Rosalyn Negrón Goldbarg & Wilneida Negrón.1 Today, an increasing number of people regularly switch from ethnicity to ethnicity in normal discourse, in an attempt to maximize their economic and political interests. This paper focuses specifically on ethnic flexibility among Latina/os in New York City. Drawing on ethnographic, linguistic, and social network data we explore how Latina/os in NYC negotiate between multiple ethnic identities in everyday contexts. Through language and dialect switches, accents, and even calculated silence the Latinos in our research negotiated NYC’s multi-level system of categorization. We hope to show that no one-to-one relationship exists between subjective feelings of ethnic belongingness and the use of ethnic markers. Ethnic markers, particularly language-related ones, are manipulated in a number of creative ways by members and non-members alike, pushing the limits of what constitutes ethnic group membership and challenging notions of ethnic authenticity. Keywords: situational ethnicity, multiple ethnic identities, code- switching, Latina/os, New York City Introduction As America’s ethnic diversity continues to grow, issues like resource distribution, ethnic conflict, or social and political movements cannot be understood in terms of neatly packaged identities in competition. Today, an increasing number of people regularly switch from ethnicity2 to ethnicity in normal discourse, in an attempt to maximise their economic and political interests. The literature on ethnicity provides many examples of people contextually invoking (or hiding) their ethnicity to strengthen or weaken their ties to kin, community and the state and thereby to 1 Rosalyn Negrón Goldbarg, PhD, University of Massachusetts: E-mail: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuanians in the United States at the Turn of the 19Th and 20Th Centuries
    5 7 Piotr Szlaużys DOI: 10 15290/bth. .2017 15. 06. Wydział Historyczno-Socjologiczny Uniwersytet w Białymstoku Lithuanians in the United States at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries There are not many publications about the Lithuanians living in the United States at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries . Partly this situation results from the lack of recognition of Lithuanian Americans as a separate ethnic group at that time . The US Census Bureau did not report them as Lithuanians until after World War I because Lithuania did not exist as an independent country until 1918, and they were usually recorded as Russians, Poles, or Germans . The majority of Lithuanians coming to the United States in the second half of the nineteenth century had been peasants in their homeland . They had cultural backgrounds char- acteristic of their ethnic group, e .g . they spoke Lithuanian, were Catholics, and had distinct traditions . Still, most of them, as Victor Greene mentions, “had little or no feeling of membership in an ethnic group”1 . Lithuanian Americans started to be more conscious of their national iden- tity at the end of the nineteenth century, when the number of Lithuanian immi- grants sharply increased and their social and political organisations started to be established in the United States . Furthermore, starting from the 1880s, Lithuanian immigrants were more conscious of their self-identity before leaving their home- land, owing to the increasing popularity of the Lithuanian language and Catholic religion in response to the Russian authorities’ harsh policy of Russification in the Lithuanians’ native land, partitioned by the German Reich and Russia2 .
    [Show full text]