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The Space Debris Problem

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The Space Debris Problem POLITECNICO DI MILANO Facoltà di Ingegneria Industriale Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aerospaziale Corso di Laurea Specialistica in Ingegneria Aeronautica GASIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DEORBIT: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANALYTICAL MODEL Relatore: Prof. Luigi T. DE LUCA Co-relatore: Prof. Valery I. TRUSHLYAKOV Tesi di Laurea di: Samuel Muriana Carmona 764218 Anno accademico 2012-2013 POLITECNICO DI MILANO Facoltà di Ingegneria Industriale Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aerospaziale Corso di Laurea Specialistica in Ingegneria Aeronautica GASIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DEORBIT: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANALYTICAL MODEL Relatore: Prof. Luigi T. DE LUCA Co-relatore: Prof. Valery I. TRUSHLYAKOV Tesi di laurea di: Samuel Muriana Carmona Matricola 764218 Anno accademico 2012-2013 1 Acknowledgments I would like to thank Prof. L. De Luca and Prof. V.I. Trushlyakov for giving me this great opportunity to spend six months in Omsk and learn so many things about engineering, space debris… and life itself. I also thank them for giving me the possibility to write an article in local and international journals as well as participate in international events. This is the best ending for my academic career and a great starting point for my upcoming working life. I will always be thankful for it. I would also like to thank the OmSTU and all the international relationships staff. They made our stay at Omsk as comfortable as possible, helping us every time we needed it with the best attitude. And last, but not least I have to thank my family for having me all the support and love. Thanks to my parents, Rosario and Enrique, for giving me the tools to cope with life always in a positive mood. Thanks to my brother, Raúl, for having always a right word to make me forget the problems. And thanks to my girlfriend, Cristina, for taking me by the hand and share this experience with me, and much more. 2 Ringraziamenti Vorrei ringraziare il Prof. De Luca ed il Prof. V.I. Trushlyakov per darmi questa incredibile possibilità di passare sei messi ad Omsk ed imparare tante cose su ingegneria, space debris... e la vita stessa. Io anche loro ringrazio per darmi la possibilità di scrivere un articolo nei giornali internazionali così come di partecipare nei eventi internazionali. Questo e il migliore fine per la mia carriera accademica ed un grandissimo inizio per la mia imminente vita lavorale. Vorrei anche ringraziare al OmSTU e tutti le persone di relazioni internazionali. Loro hanno fatto la nostra stanza ad Omsk il più comodo possibile, aiutandoci sempre che loro abbiamo richiesto e sempre con la migliore attitudine. Per finire, vorrei ringraziare la mia famiglia per darmi tutto il supporto ed amore. Grazie a i miei genitori, Enrique e Rosario, per darmi gli instrumenti per gestire la vita sempre con l'anima positiva. Grazie al mio fratello, Raúl, per avere sempre una parola giusta per farmi dimenticare i problemi. E grazie alla mia ragazza, Cristina, per portarmi dalla mano in questa avventura e viverla insieme a me, e tante altre cose. 3 Благодарности Я хотел бы поблагодарить профессор L. De Luca и профессор В.И. Трушляков за предоставленную мне прекрасную возможность провести шесть месяцев в Омске и узнать так много вещей, о технике, космический мусор ... и сама жизнь. Я также благодарю их за предоставленную мне возможность писать статьи в местных и международных журнала, а также участия в международных мероприятиях. Это лучший конец для моей академической карьеры и отличной отправной точкой для моей предстоящей трудовой жизни. Я всегда буду благодарен за это. Я также хотел бы поблагодарить ОмГТУ и всех международных отношений персонала. Они сделали наше путешествие в Омске максимально комфортным, помогая нам каждый раз, когда мы нуждались в нем с лучшим отношением. И последнее, но не в последнюю очередь я должен поблагодарить мою семью за то, что мне все поддержки и любви. Спасибо моим родителям, Rosario и Enrique, за предоставленную мне инструменты, чтобы справиться с жизнью всегда в позитивном настроении. Спасибо моему брату Raúl, за то, что всегда правильное слово, чтобы заставить меня забыть о проблемах. И благодаря моей подруге, Cristina, для взяв меня за руку и поделиться этим опытом со мной, и многое другое. Я не говорю по России на всех, но я знаю, как использовать Google Translate 4 Table of contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... 2 Ringraziamenti ............................................................................................................... 3 Благодарности .............................................................................................................. 4 Table of contents ............................................................................................................ 5 List of figures ................................................................................................................. 8 List of tables ................................................................................................................. 11 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 13 Sommario ..................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................ 15 Chapter 2: The space debris problem ........................................................................... 17 2.1 Types of space debris ......................................................................................... 20 2.1.1 Nonfunctional spacecraft ............................................................................ 21 2.1.2 Rocket Bodies ............................................................................................. 21 2.1.3 Mission-related debris ................................................................................. 22 2.1.4 Fragmentation debris................................................................................... 22 2.2 Debris population distribution ........................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Large debris ................................................................................................ 23 2.2.2 Medium-sized debris ................................................................................... 23 2.2.3 Small debris ................................................................................................ 23 2.3 Sources of space debris ...................................................................................... 24 2.4 Regulation .......................................................................................................... 25 2.4.1 The IADC Mitigation Guidelines ............................................................... 25 Chapter 3: Means to deal with space debris. State-of-the-art. ..................................... 30 3.1 Remediation ....................................................................................................... 30 3.1.1 CNES .......................................................................................................... 31 3.1.2 ESA ............................................................................................................. 34 3.1.3 JAXA .......................................................................................................... 35 3.1.4 NASA .......................................................................................................... 37 3.2 Mitigation ........................................................................................................... 38 5 3.2.1 Delta IV: the first controlled deorbit (NASA, 2006) .................................. 39 3.2.2 Ariane 5 ES Controlled Deorbit, ESA ........................................................ 43 3.2.3 The H-IIB controlled deorbit ...................................................................... 49 3.2.4 The OmSTU proposal ................................................................................. 55 Chapter 4: Gasification system of unused propellant .................................................. 57 4.1 Description of the components .......................................................................... 58 4.1.1 Soyuz 2.1.b .................................................................................................. 58 4.1.2 Propellants ................................................................................................... 58 4.1.3 Gasification system ..................................................................................... 61 4.1.4 ADS system engine: .................................................................................... 64 Chapter 5: Analytical model for gasification system ................................................... 67 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 67 5.2 Theoretical background ..................................................................................... 68 5.2.1Heat transfer equations................................................................................. 69 5.3 Model equations ................................................................................................. 71 5.3.1 Gas phase ...................................................................................................
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