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Exploring the Unknown, Vol. 4 Document1 3/25/03 2:14 PM Page 1 Exploring Unknownthe Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program Volume IV: Accessing Space Edited by John M. Logsdon with Ray A. Williamson, Roger D. Launius, Russell J. Acker, Stephen J. Garber, and Jonathan L. Friedman Ex the Un 4 Inside Cover 3/25/03 2:15 PM Page i EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN Ex the Un 4 Inside Cover 3/25/03 2:15 PM Page ii Ex the Un 4 Inside Cover 3/25/03 2:15 PM Page iii NASA SP-4407 EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program Volume IV: Accessing Space John M. Logsdon, Editor with Ray A. Williamson, Roger D. Launius, Russell J. Acker, Stephen J. Garber, and Jonathan L. Friedman The NASA History Series National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA History Division Office of Policy and Plans Washington, D.C. 1999 Ex the Un 4 Inside Cover 3/25/03 2:15 PM Page iv Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program/John M. Logsdon, editor ... [et al.] p. cm.—(The NASA history series) (NASA SP: 4407) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Organizing for exploration 1. Astronautics—United States—History. I. Logsdon, John M., 1937– II. Series. III. Series V. Series: NASA SP: 4407. TL789.8.U5E87 1999 96-9066 387.8’0973–dc20 CIP Ex the Un 4 Inside Cover 3/25/03 2:15 PM Page v Dedicated to the Memory of Robert H. Goddard, Hermann J. Oberth, and Konstantin E. Tsiolkovskiy The Pioneers of Rocketry Ex the Un 4/(**) TOC 3/25/03 2:29 PM Page vii Contents Acknowledgments . xix Introduction . xxi Biographies of Volume IV Contributors. xxv Glossary . xxvii Chapter One Essay: “Access to Space: Steps to the Saturn V,” by Ray A. Williamson. 1 Documents I-1 and I-2 Hugh J. Knerr, Major General, USA, Deputy Commanding General, U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe, Memorandum for Commanding General, U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe, June 1, 1945; and Memorandum to the Director of Research and Development, DC/S, Material, Attn: General Craigie, “Utilization of German Scientists by U.S.S.R. and U.S.,” March 22, 1948 . 32 I-3 H. Julian Allen and A.J. Eggers, Jr., NACA Research Memorandum, “A Study of the Motion and Aerodynamic Heating of Missiles Entering the Earth’s Atmosphere at High Supersonic Speeds,” RM A53D28, August 25, 1953, pp. 1–3, 26–29 . 34 I-4 Homer J. Stewart, Chairman, Ad Hoc Advisory Group on Special Capabilities, Report to Donald A. Quarles, Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research and Development), August 4, 1955, pp. iii, 1, 3–8. 38 I-5 Reuben B. Robertson, Jr., Deputy Secretary of Defense, Memorandum for the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, “Technical Program for NSC 5520 (Capability to Launch a Small Scientific Satellite During IGY),” September 9, 1955 . 43 I-6 Joseph C. Myers, Deputy Secretary, Advisory Group on Special Capabilities, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, “Memorandum for Members, Advisory Group on Special Capabilities,” December 1, 1955, with attached: Homer J. Stewart, Chairman, Advisory Group on Special Capabilities, Memorandum to Assistant Secretary for Defense (R&D), “Activities of the Advisory Group on Special Capabilities,” December 1, 1955 . 45 vii Ex the Un 4/(**) TOC 3/25/03 2:29 PM Page viii I-7 and I-8 Colonel A.J. Goodpaster, “Memorandum for Record,” June 7, 1956; and E.V. Murphree, Special Assistant for Guided Missiles, Memorandum for Deputy Secretary of Defense, “Use of the JUPITER Re-entry Test Vehicle as a Satellite,” July 5, 1956. 49 I-9 and I-10 Brigadier General A.J. Goodpaster, “Memorandum of Conference With the President, October 8, 1957, 8:30 AM,” October 9, 1957; and Robert Cutler, Special Assistant to the President, Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, “U.S. Scientific Satellite Program (NSC 5520),” October 17, 1957 . 51 I-11 Donald Quarles, Memorandum for the President, “The Vanguard- Jupiter C Program,” January 7, 1958. 54 I-12 James C. Hagerty, “Memorandum on Telephone Calls Between Brigadier General Andrew J. Goodpaster in Washington and James C. Hagerty in Atlanta, Georgia, Friday Afternoon and Evening, January 31, 1958 and Saturday Morning, February 1, 1958” . 56 I-13 Brigadier General Bernard A. Schriever, USAF Commander, Western Development Division, Air Research and Development Command, Memorandum for Lt. General [Thomas] Power, “Air Frame Industries vs. Air Force ICBM Management,” February 24, 1955. 64 I-14 Brigadier General A.J. Goodpaster, “Memorandum of Conference With the President, March 10, 1958—10:20 AM,” March 11, 1958 . 69 I-15 Hugh L. Dryden, Deputy Administrator, NASA, Memorandum for the President, “Use of Solid Propellants in the U.S. Space Program,” April 7, 1961 . 70 I-16 NASA, News Release, “Mercury Redstone Booster Development Test,” Release No. 61-57, March 22, 1961 . 73 I-17 Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff, Development, U.S. Air Force, to AFCCS, “Convair Analysis of Atlas Booster Space Launches,” with attached: J.V. Naish to Dr. T. Keith Glennan, Administrator, NASA, December 21, 1960, and A.D. Mardel, Senior Flight Test Group Engineer, Convair Astronautics, General Dynamics Corporation, to Distribution, “Short Summary of Atlas Space Boosters,” EM-1691, December 17, 1960. 75 I-18 George E. Mueller, “NASA Learning From Use of Atlas and Titan for Manned Flight,” with attached: “Summary Learning From the Use of Atlas and Titan for Manned Flight,” December 21, 1965 . 81 viii Ex the Un 4/(**) TOC 3/25/03 2:29 PM Page ix I-19 Staff of Aerophysics Laboratory, North American Aviation, “Feasibility of Nuclear Powered Rockets & Ram Jets,” Report No. NA-47-15, February 11, 1947, pp. 2, 11–14 . 85 I-20 AEC-NASA Press Kit, “Nuclear Rocket Program Fact Sheet,” March 1969 . 88 I-21 and I-22 Senator Howard Cannon to the President, October 19, 1971; and James Fletcher to Senator Howard Cannon, January 24, 1972. 91 I-23 NASA, in consultation with the Advanced Research Projects Agency, “The National Space Vehicle Program,” January 27, 1959, pp. 1–7 . 94 I-24 Development Operations Division, Army Ballistic Missile Agency, “Proposal: A National Integrated Missile and Space Vehicle Development Program,” Report No. D-R-37, December 10, 1957, pp. 1–7. 97 I-25 Abe Silverstein, Chairman, Source Selection Board, Memorandum for the Administrator, “Recommendations of the Source Selection Board on the One Million Pound Thrust Engine Competition,” December 12, 1958. 105 I-26 Roy W. Johnson, Director, Advanced Research Projects Agency, to Commanding General, U.S. Army Ordnance Missile Command, Huntsville, Alabama, ARPA Order No. 14-59, August 15, 1958 . 109 I-27 F.C. Schwenk, Memo for Record, “Visit to ABMA on June 16–17, 1959,” June 24, 1959 . 111 I-28 Abraham Hyatt, Deputy Director, Launch Vehicle Programs, to Wernher von Braun, Army Ballistic Missile Agency, January 22, 1960 . 115 I-29 Saturn Vehicle Team, “Report to the Administrator, NASA, on Saturn Development Plan,” December 15, 1959, pp. 1–4, 7–9. 116 I-30 Robert R. Gilruth, Director, Space Task Group, to Dr. N.E. Golovin, Director, DOD-NASA Large Launch Vehicle Planning Group, September 12, 1961 . 119 I-31 and I-32 Milton Rosen, Director, Launch Vehicles and Propulsion, Office of Manned Space Flight, Memorandum to Brainerd Holmes, Director of Manned Space Flight, “Large Launch Vehicle Program,” November 6, 1961; and Milton Rosen, Director, Launch Vehicles and Propulsion, Office of Manned Space Flight, Memorandum to Brainerd Holmes, Director of Manned Space Flight, “Recommenda- tions for NASA Manned Space Flight Vehicle Program,” November 20, 1961, with attached: “Report of Combined Working Group on Vehicles for Manned Space Flight” . 122 ix Ex the Un 4/(**) TOC 3/25/03 2:29 PM Page x I-33 Future Projects Design Branch, Structures and Mechanics Division, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA, Huntsville, Alabama, “NOVA Preliminary Planning Document,” August 25, 1961, pp. 1–6 . 129 I-34 A.O. Tischler, Chief, Liquid Fuel Rocket Engines, NASA, to David Aldrich, Program Engineer, Rocketdyne, July 29, 1959 . 134 I-35 thru I-37 D. Brainerd Holmes, Director of Manned Space Flight, to Wernher von Braun, Director of Marshall Space Flight Center, “Combustion Instability of F-1 Engine,” January, 26, 1963; A.O. Tischler, Assistant Director for Propulsion, to Milton Rosen, Director, Launch Vehicles and Propulsion, “First monthly report of F-1 instability problems,” February 15, 1963; and Wernher von Braun, Director of Marshall Space Flight Center, to D. Brainerd Holmes, Director of Manned Space Flight, “Response to Letter of January 26, 1963,” March 11, 1963. 135 I-38 George E. Mueller, Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, NASA, to the Directors of the Manned Spacecraft Center, Launch Operations Center, and Marshall Space Flight Center, “Revised Manned Space Flight Schedule,” October 31, 1963 . 142 I-39 Wernher von Braun, “The Detective Story Behind Our First Manned Saturn V Shoot,” Popular Science, November 1968, pp. 98–100, 209. 144 I-40 and I-41 Kurt H. Debus, Director, Launch Operations Center, NASA, to Captain John K. Holcomb, Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA, “Reference draft DOD/NASA Agreement dated 20 December 1962 regarding management of Merritt Island and AMR,” January 2, 1963, pp. 1–2; and Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense, and James E. Webb, Administrator, NASA, “Agreement between the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Regarding Management of the Atlantic Missile Range of DoD and the Merritt Island Launch Area of NASA,” January 17, 1963 .
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