Manejo De La Paciente Con Miomas Uterinos Y Deseo Reproductivo Guía De Práctica Clínica Basada En La Evidencia Versión Corregida

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Manejo De La Paciente Con Miomas Uterinos Y Deseo Reproductivo Guía De Práctica Clínica Basada En La Evidencia Versión Corregida MANEJO DE LA PACIENTE CON MIOMAS UTERINOS Y DESEO REPRODUCTIVO GUÍA DE PRÁCTICA CLÍNICA BASADA EN LA EVIDENCIA VERSIÓN CORREGIDA Patrocinado por: ÍNDICE Documento de aclaraciones ........................................................................... 5 Introducción ..................................................................................................... 5 Justificación, objetivos y alcance de la guía ................................................ 7 Justificación ................................................................................................. 7 Objetivos ....................................................................................................... 8 Alcance .......................................................................................................... 8 Síntesis de la evidencia e interpretación de las recomendaciones ......... 10 Algoritmos diagnóstico-terapéuticos .......................................................... 25 1. Diagnóstico de los miomas en pacientes con deseo genésico ............ 29 1.1.- Miomas con componente intracavitario.............................................. 30 1.1.1 Rendimiento diagnóstico de la ecografía transvaginal (2D y 3D) .....30 1.1.2 Rendimiento diagnóstico de la histerosonografía ....................... 32 1.1.3 Rendimiento diagnóstico de la histeroscopia frente a la histología ... 34 1.1.4 Rendimiento diagnóstico de la RNM frente a la histología ......... 35 1.2.- Miomas sin componente intracavitario ............................................... 35 1.2.1 Rendimiento diagnóstico de la ecografía transvaginal frente a la RNM. .......................................................................................35 1.2.2 Rendimiento diagnóstico de la RNM frente a la histología ......... 36 2. Efectos de los miomas sobre la fertilidad natural y el riesgo obstétrico y perinatal .................................................................................... 39 2.1. Efecto de los miomas sobre gestaciones espontáneas ..................... 39 2.1.1. Relación espacial de los miomas con la pared uterina ..........................47 2.1.2. Localización anatómica de los miomas ...................................... 49 2.1.3. Contacto con la inserción placentaria ........................................ 50 2.1.4. Tamaño ...................................................................................... 51 2.1.5. Volumen ..................................................................................... 52 2.1.6. Número....................................................................................... 53 2.2. Efectos de los miomas sobre el resultado de la FIV-TE ..................... 56 3. Tratamiento de los miomas en pacientes con deseo reproductivo...... 72 3.1. Tratamiento médico................................................................................ 72 3.2. Tratamiento quirúrgico de los miomas ................................................ 79 3.2.1. Tratamiento quirúrgico escisional ............................................... 79 3.2.2. Tratamiento de los miomas mediante embolización de Arterias Uterinas (EAU) ................................................................... 83 Manejo de la paciente con miomas uterinos y deseo reproductivo 3 3.2.3. Técnicas de ablación térmica directa de miomas: Criomiolisis, láser, radiofrecuencia y HIFU (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound) .... 86 3.3. Tratamiento combinado médico-quirúrgico ........................................ 89 3.3.1. Tratamiento combinado para miomas sin componente intracavitario ...89 3.3.2. Tratamiento combinado para miomas submucosos o con componente intracavitario .................................................................... 94 Anexo 1 - Abreviaturas .............................................................................. 106 Anexo 2 – Relación de autores y conflictos de interés ........................... 108 Anexo 3 – Revisores Externos y conflictos de interés ............................ 108 Anexo 4 – Aplicabilidad .............................................................................. 109 Anexo 5 - Aspectos pendientes y perspectivas de investigación .......... 110 Anexo 6 - Cronología de actualización de la Guía ....................................111 4 Manejo de la paciente con miomas uterinos y deseo reproductivo DOCUMENTO DE ACLARACIONES La Sociedad Española de Fertilidad (SEF), a través del Grupo de Trabajo de Miomas y Fertilidad, ha elaborado esta Guía de Práctica Clínica para ofrecer una serie de recomendaciones basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de la asistencia en el campo de la endometriosis y de la medicina reproductiva. Esta Guía representa el punto de vista de la SEF, al que se ha llegado después de una cuidadosa revisión de la evidencia científica disponible en el momento de su elaboración y siguiendo una metodología rigurosa de análisis, la metodo- logía GRADE, propuesta y desarrollada por la iniciativa Cochrane y reconocida por el Sistema Nacional de Salud como el método de elección de elaboración de Guías de Práctica Clínica. Este método aporta como principales ventajas su fácil adaptación al método de revisión de pruebas basadas en preguntas clínicas relevantes, la mejora en la evaluación del riesgo de sesgos, y la clara delimitación de la calificación de la calidad de los estudios y de la fortaleza de las recomendaciones. En caso de ausencia de evidencia, las recomendaciones se han realizado a partir del consenso entre los expertos del Grupo de Trabajo. El objetivo de las Guías de Práctica Clínica es proporcionar a los profesionales soporte y ayuda en la toma de decisiones cotidiana en el ámbito diagnóstico y terapéutico. Sin embargo, la adherencia a esta guía no garantiza el éxito de los mismos, ni establece un estándar de atención clínica. Las Guías de Práctica Clí- nica no deben ni pueden sustituir el juicio clínico de los profesionales ante una situación clínica concreta. En última instancia, son los profesionales de la salud los que deben tomar las decisiones clínicas caso a caso utilizando su conoci- miento y su experiencia y teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias y preferencias del paciente. La SEF no es responsable de ningún daño directo ni indirecto relacionado con el uso de la información contenida en la Guía. A pesar del esfuerzo realizado por recopilar información precisa y actualizada, no se puede garantizar la vigencia y precisión de la guía en todos y cada uno de los aspectos. Asimismo, esta Guía de Práctica Clínica puede no representar necesariamente el punto de vista de todos los miembros de esta Sociedad Científica. INTRODUCCIÓN Los miomas, también denominados leiomiomas o fibromas, son las tumoracio- nes uterinas benignas más frecuentes en mujeres en edad reproductiva. Fue- ron descritos por primera vez en 1793 por Mathew Baillie en el St George’s Hospital. La primera miomectomía fue llevada a cabo por Chelms en 1838 tras un diagnóstico preoperatorio de masa ovárica y la primera serie de casos fue publicada en 1898 por Alexander con 11 miomectomías abdominales. Tres de las pacientes fallecieron como consecuencia de las complicaciones postopera- torias (1). Los miomas uterinos son tumoraciones benignas compuestas por células muscu- lares lisas rodeadas de matriz extracelular (2), y su etiopatogenia no es del todo Manejo de la paciente con miomas uterinos y deseo reproductivo 5 conocida. Recientemente se ha demostrado que se trata de tumoraciones de ori- gen monoclonal que proceden de la mutación de un único miocito (3). Tanto los estrógenos como la progesterona promueven el crecimiento de los miomas, pero el mecanismo por el cual se originan aún no está claro (4). Diversos estudios han descrito que alrededor del 40% de los fibromas uterinos están alterados cromo- sómicamente y presentan anomalías citogenéticas compartidas por varios otros tipos de tumores (5). La alteración más frecuente es una translocación entre los cromosomas 12 y 14. El gen HMGA2, hallado en esta translocación, se consi- dera modulador de la proliferación desde que un estudio in vitro observó que la inhibición experimental de la expresión de HMGA2 causaba una disminución de la proliferación de las células del leiomioma (6). Además, se han propuesto como factores predisponentes la raza negra, la edad, el IMC elevado, la historia familiar de miomas, una menarquia temprana y la nuliparidad (7, 8). También se ha visto que hay una serie de factores protectores de la aparición de miomas uterinos como son la multiparidad, la vida activa y una dieta rica en frutas y verduras (9, 10). Los miomas uterinos se presentan de forma sintomática en aproximadamente el 50% de los casos, con un pico de incidencia entre la tercera y la cuarta década de la vida (5). Los síntomas más frecuentes son las alteraciones menstruales –principalmente menorragia y dismenorrea–, síntomas derivados de la presión sobre otras estructuras, como el incremento de la frecuencia miccional, el dolor pélvico o el estreñimiento y un grado variable de afectación de la capacidad reproductiva dependiendo del número, tamaño y localización de los miomas. Aunque su incidencia y prevalencia resultan difíciles de estimar, entre el 5 y el 10% de las pacientes infértiles presentan al menos un mioma y en el 1-2,4% de los casos éste constituye el único hallazgo patológico (11). Además, dado el pro- gresivo retraso de la maternidad, es esperable un incremento de la frecuencia de miomas entre las pacientes tratadas con reproducción
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