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Dinoflagellate Bioluminescence Limitation: Effects of Formaldehyde and Other Compounds Diana Li Lambert

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Dinoflagellate Bioluminescence Limitation: Effects of Formaldehyde and Other Compounds Diana Li Lambert Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2006 Dinoflagellate Bioluminescence Limitation: Effects of Formaldehyde and Other Compounds Diana Li Lambert Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES DINOFLAGELLATE BIOLUMINESCENCE LIMITATION: EFFECTS OF FORMALDEHYDE AND OTHER COMPOUNDS By DIANA LI LAMBERT A thesis submitted to the Department of Oceanography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2006 Copyright © 2006 Diana Li Lambert All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Diana Li Lambert defended on 04 August 2006. ___________________________________ Richard Iverson Professor Directing Thesis ___________________________________ Markus Huettel Committee Member ___________________________________ Behzad Mortazavi Committee Member Approved: ________________________________________________ William Dewar, Chair, Department of Oceanography The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii Dedicated to Bagel, my mischievous friend iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was funded by the Office of Naval Research. I would like to thank Dr. Michael Latz for providing cultures of Lingulodinium polyedrum, and for suggesting use of the Spectrocell® stirring device. I would like to thank Mr. Robert McCown for designing and constructing the electronics used during this research. I would like to thank those people who gave me helpful advice, offered new ideas about how to approach my research and sometimes were just good sources of distraction. Linda and Chris Sedlacek have been both helpful sources of information and encouraging friends who made me feel welcome since I first arrived at FSU. Athena Rycyk helped make the office environment much more fun for me, especially our “Craft Fridays” that neither occurred on Fridays nor involved dried macaroni and sparkles. I will surely miss the infamous fish tank we so enthusiastically began where two fish enter, one fish leave. I would like to thank Dave Oliff for so thoughtfully and carefully designing my test box apparatus. I greatly appreciate all the help and support from Michaela Lupiani, Rachel Smith, and all the ladies in the front office. My committee, Marcus Huettel, Behzad Mortazavi, and Richard Iverson have provided much help and some very interesting and creative solutions to my work. I would especially like to thank my advisor, Richard Iverson, who has altered my perception of what science is about and perhaps more so, provided subtle lessons about life that have changed me for the better. I would like to thank my mother who never doubts my ability and ambition, my father who is always enthusiastic about my endeavors no matter how farfetched, my brother Ian whose conversations and life have surely influenced my own, my brother’s wife Amy, and little Josephine. Also, I would like to thank Lorena Harris, my biology buddy, whom despite physical distance, has remained a wonderful friend and also offered many thoughts on my research. Last, but not least, I would like thank Shane Dobbins who always believes in my aspirations, and never fails to be the first helping hand especially when I need it most. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. vii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................................................11 RESULTS .....................................................................................................................................19 DISCUSSION ...............................................................................................................................29 APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................................32 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................49 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ........................................................................................................53 v LIST OF TABLES 1. List of bioluminescent dinoflagellates and their locations. ......................................................32 2. Effect of sunlight on the bioluminescent (BL) response of P. lunula to mechanical stimulation. ....................................................................................................................................36 3. Effect of microwaves on the bioluminescent (BL) response of P. lunula to mechanical stimulation. ....................................................................................................................................37 4. Effect of heat on the bioluminescent (BL) response of P. lunula to mechanical stimulation. ....................................................................................................................................38 5. Effect of colchicine on the bioluminescent (BL) response of P. lunula to mechanical stimulation. ....................................................................................................................................39 6. Effect of bleach on the bioluminescent (BL) response of P. lunula to mechanical stimulation. ....................................................................................................................................40 7. Effect of herbicides on the bioluminescent (BL) response of P. lunula to mechanical stimulation. ....................................................................................................................................42 8. Effect of cupric sulfate on the bioluminescent (BL) response of P. lunula to mechanical stimulation. ................................................................................................................44 9. Effect of miscellaneous chemicals on the bioluminescent (BL) response of P. lunula to mechanical stimulation. ................................................................................................................45 10. Effect of mercuric chloride on the bioluminescent (BL) response of P. lunula to mechanical stimulation. ................................................................................................................46 11. Effect of formalin on the bioluminescent (BL) response of P. lunula to mechanical stimulation. ....................................................................................................................................48 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Schematic diagram of bioluminescent pathway. ........................................................................ 2 2. P. lunula. ...................................................................................................................................12 3. P. lunula. Left photo is taken during the dark cycle with white indicating bioluminescence. Right photo is taken during the day cycle with red fluorescence from chlorophyll. ...................................................................................................................................12 4. L. polyedrum. ............................................................................................................................13 5. L. polyedrum during dark cycle. White areas indicate bioluminescence and red areas indicate chlorophyll. .....................................................................................................................13 6. Dinoflagellate cultures and experimental spectrophotometer cells containing dinoflagellates. ..............................................................................................................................16 7. Open experimental chamber with spectrophotometer cuvette and micro stirrer in place. ........17 8. Experimental chamber closed with photomultiplier tube open to stirred spectrophotometer cell contents.....................................................................................................18 9. P. lunula control. Stirring continuously; no formalin added. ...................................................19 10. P. lunula with stirring before formalin was added at the times indicated by the arrows.........20 11. P. lunula with stirring after formalin was added at the times indicated by the arrows. ..........21 12. Combined plot of P. lunula with stirring after the addition of different concentrations of formalin. ....................................................................................................................................22 13. Combined plot of P. lunula with stirring after the addition of different concentrations of formalin. ....................................................................................................................................23 14. L. polyedrum
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