The Potential of Reduced Tillage Agriculture in Flanders

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The Potential of Reduced Tillage Agriculture in Flanders THE POTENTIAL OF REDUCED TILLAGE AGRICULTURE IN FLANDERS KAROLINE D’HAENE Promotors: Prof. Dr. ir. S. De Neve Prof. Dr. ir. D. Gabriels Em. Prof. Dr. ir. G. Hofman Department of Soil Management and Soil Care Dean: Prof. Dr. ir. H. Van Langenhove Rector: Prof. Dr. P. Van Cauwenberge KAROLINE D’H AENE THE POTENTIAL OF REDUCED TILLAGE AGRICULTURE IN FLANDERS Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences: Land and Forest Management Dutch translation of the title: Het potentieel van gereduceerde bodembewerkingen voor landbouw in Vlaanderen Please refer to this work as follows: D’Haene, K., 2008. The potential of reduced tillage agriculture in Flanders. Dissertation, Ghent University, Ghent, 199 p. ISBN-number: 978-90-5989-218-7 The author and the promotors give the authorisation to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. Woord vooraf Een graankorrel groeit niet vanzelf uit tot een graangewas: er is een vruchtbare bodem en voldoende nutriënten, water, licht en warmte nodig. Bij een doctoraat is dit vergelijkbaar. Graag zou ik hier die mensen bedanken die gezorgd hebben voor een vruchtbare bodem en voor nutriënten, water, licht en warmte nodig om dit doctoraat tot stand te brengen. Vooreerst wens ik mijn promotoren, Prof. Dr. ir. Stefaan De Neve en Em. Prof. Dr. ir. Georges Hofman, te bedanken. Zij hebben mij de kans geboden om in april 1999 op de vakgroep Bodembeheer en bodemhygiëne met wetenschappelijk onderzoek te starten en hebben mij gestimuleerd om - na al die jaren met plezier landbouwonderzoek te hebben uitgevoerd - dit doctoraat te maken. Mijn promotor Prof. Dr. ir. Donald Gabriels wens ik te danken voor zijn bijdrage aan het project over de invloed van gereduceerde bodem- bewerkingen op fysische en chemische bodemparameters waarvan de resultaten in dit doctoraat neergeschreven werden. Bedankt promotoren voor de uitstekende begeleiding, het kritisch doorlezen van de tekst, jullie advies en nieuwe ideeën. I also would like to thank the members of the examination committee for their critical review and positive comments on this dissertation. Om niemand te vergeten in de lijst van ex-collega’s van de vakgroep Bodembeheer en bodemhygiëne wil ik jullie allemaal samen bedanken voor de leuke werksfeer en de vruchtbare samenwerking, niet alleen bij dit doctoraat maar ook bij de andere projecten die we samen hebben uitgevoerd. Een extra woordje van dank richt ik tot de laboranten en thesisstudenten voor het vele labo- en veldwerk. Ik betuig ook graag mijn dank aan de landbouwers, Proclam en CRA die hun percelen of toestellen ter beschikking hebben gesteld en hun (praktijk)kennis en -ervaring met mij hebben gedeeld. Ik wil ook graag mijn nieuwe collega’s van het ILVO Landbouw & Maatschappij bedanken voor hun steun in de drukke schrijfperiode. Een doctoraat kan enkel maar gerealiseerd worden als je een aantal mensen achter je staan hebt. Daarom zou ik mijn vrienden, vriendinnen en familie willen bedanken. Ik wil jullie bedanken voor de aangename momenten die we samen gehad hebben. En voor het boeiend luisteren als ik voor de zoveelste keer over wetenschappelijk onderzoek aan het zagen was. Bedankt voor de bemoedigingen en de motivatie die jullie mij gaven om dit doctoraat tot een goed einde te brengen. Uit de grond van mijn hart bedankt aan iedereen die, voor of achter de schermen, altijd dat noodzakelijke duwtje in de rug is blijven geven. Karoline Tielt, januari 2008. Het project “Conserveringslandbouw in Vlaanderen: invloed op bodemcompactie en -structuur, C en N dynamiek en C vastlegging” werd gefinancierd door het Instituut voor de aanmoediging van Innovatie door wetenschap en technologie (IWT) in Vlaanderen. Table of contents Table of contents ......................................................................................................i List of figures ..........................................................................................................ii List of tables............................................................................................................v List of abbreviations and symbols........................................................................viii Chapter 1: Introduction.....................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Selection of fields..........................................................................19 Chapter 3: The effect of reduced tillage agriculture on physical soil properties of silt loam soils ...........................................................37 Chapter 4: The effect of reduced tillage agriculture on carbon dynamics in silt loam soils.................................................................................65 Chapter 5: The effect of reduced tillage agriculture on nitrogen dynamics in silt loam soils.................................................................................93 Chapter 6: The effect of reduced tillage agriculture on nitrous oxide emissions in silt loam soils..........................................................113 Chapter 7: General discussion and conclusions: Is there potential for reduced tillage agriculture in Flanders?.......................................127 Summary..... ........................................................................................................141 Samenvatting.......................................................................................................145 Bibliography........................................................................................................153 Appendices .........................................................................................................183 Curriculum vitae..................................................................................................191 i List of figures Figure 1.1 Reduction of rooting depth and increase of erosion due to deep soil compaction (after Jones et al ., 2004)................................................................4 Figure 1.2 A simplified nitrogen cycle at the field scale (after De Clercq et al ., 2001).....7 Figure 2.1 Location of the selected fields in Belgium (between brackets year of shift of management reduced tillage)..........................................................................21 Figure 2.2 Lay-out of the plots in the fields.....................................................................22 Figure 2.3 The cultivator used in field 1 in Heestert (photo Proclam) .............................25 Figure 2.4 The soil loosener used in field 2 (A) and 3 (B) in Heestert (photo Proclam)..25 Figure 2.5 The cultivator used in field 7 in Baugnies ......................................................28 Figure 2.6 The soil loosener used in field 17 in Court-Saint-Etienne. .............................35 Figure 3.1 Penetration resistance (MPa) and moisture content (g g -1) of field 7 (reduced tillage by cultivator since 2000) in Baugnies...................................48 Figure 3.2: Penetration resistance (MPa) and moisture content (g g -1) of ploughed field 8 in Baugnies..................................................................................................49 Figure 3.3: Penetration resistance (MPa) and moisture content (g g -1) of field 11 (reduced tillage by direct drilling since 1995) in Villers-le-Bouillet ..............50 Figure 3.4 Penetration resistance (MPa) and moisture content (g g -1) of fields 1-3 (reduced tillage with cultivator or soil loosener since 2003) and ploughed field 4 measured with a hand penetrologger on 08/09/2006 ...........................51 Figure 3.5 Penetration resistance (MPa) of field 1 (reduced tillage with cultivator since 2003) on 08/09/2006 (CRA Gembloux) ( ↓ indicates where the cultivator loosened the soil)............................................................................................52 Figure 3.6 Penetration resistance (MPa) of field 2 (reduced tillage with soil loosener since 2003) on 08/09/2006 (CRA Gembloux) ( ↓ indicates where the soil loosener loosened the soil)..............................................................................52 Figure 3.7 Penetration resistance (MPa) of field 3 (reduced tillage with soil loosener since 2003) on 08/09/2006 (CRA Gembloux) ( indicates where the soil loosener loosened the soil).......................................................................53 Figure 3.8 Penetration resistance (MPa) of ploughed field 4 on 08/09/2006 (CRA Gembloux)......................................................................................................53 Figure 3.9 Distribution of aggregate size fractions (%) (vertical lines = standard deviation) of the 0-10 cm depth layer of fields 5-8 (5 years reduced tillage with cultivator RT C) and of fields 17-18 (20 years RT C) measured with the “dry and wet sieving” method of the Leenheer and De Boodt (1959) ............54 Figure 3.10 Distribution of aggregate size fractions (%) (vertical lines = standard deviation) obtained with method 1 (A), 2 (B) and 3 (C) of Le Bissonnais (1996) of the 0-10 cm depth layer of fields 5-8 (5 years reduced tillage with cultivator (RT C) and fields 17-18 (20 years RT C)...........................................56 ii Figure 3.11 Stability index (SI) (line = standard deviation) determined by the ‘dry and wet sieving’ method of
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