DOCSLIB.ORG

Organic in Europe PROSPECTS and DEVELOPMENTS Editor and Publisher

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Organic in Europe PROSPECTS and DEVELOPMENTS Editor and Publisher ORGANIC IN EUROPE PROSPECTS AND DEVELOPMENTS EDITOR AND PUBLISHER: IFOAM EU Group, FiBL and CIHEAM-IAMB IFOAM EU Group Rue du Commerce 124, BE - 1000 Brussels, Belgium Phone: +32 2280 1223 - Fax: +32 2735 7381 [email protected] www.ifoam-eu.org EDITORS: Stephen Meredith and Helga Willer PRODUCTION SUppORT: Laura Ullmann, Ann-Kathrin Trappenberg, Laura Maeso and Kathleen Delage COUNTRY REPORT AND STATISTICAL DATA COLLECTION, DRAFTING AND EDITING: FiBL Projekte GmbH LANGUAge EDITING: Alastair Penny SpeCIAL THANKS FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO: Bram Moeskops, Emanuele Busacca, Antje Kölling, Gianluigi Cardone and Patrizia Pugliese, Marie Reine Bteich, Lina Al-Bitar, Virginia Belsanti, Jürn Sanders, Otto Schmid, Diana Schaack and all ORGANIC national experts who contributed to the country reports. DESIGN AND LAYOUT: fuel.bvba/sprl – www.fueldesign.be The opinions expressed by the authors are their own and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of IFOAM EU. While all IN EUROPE efforts were taken to ensure the accuracy of the publication’s content and to collect statistics and reports from all countries, errors and omissions cannot be entirely ruled out. Corrections and additional content should be sent in writing to helga. [email protected]. Should revisions or additional content be necessary they will be published at: www.ifoam-eu.org. PROSPECTS AND PARTNERS: DEVELOPMENTS SUPPORTERS: Green Organics This publication was printed on FSC certified paper, by an FSC Chain of Custody certified printer, making use of vegetable inks. FOREWORD The organic movements are custodians of good food and good farming promoting the diversity of European food culture, safeguarding the long-term vitality of our countryside and contributing to development of a truly green economy underpinned by agro-ecological approaches. Fundamental to the organic movement is the necessity for agricultural methods to support people, place and environment based on the principles of organic farming – health, ecology, fairness and care. Today organic agricultural land represents 5.6% of all EU agricultural land, whilst Europe is the second largest market of organic products, valued at EUR 20.8 billion in the EU-28 (EUR 22.7 billion in Europe as a whole) for 2012 and growing. Organic farming in the EU has continued to record substantial growth with the area of organically managed agricultural land almost doubling over the last decade. This publication provides an overview of developments and future prospects from the perspective of public policy support and market growth. EU agricultural and food policies continue to have a significant impact on the development of organic farming not only in the EU-28, but also across Europe influencing market trends in EU Candidate and Potential candidate countries as well as countries within the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Divided into three sections the publication firstly assesses the latest developments in EU organic food and farming policy, secondly it considers case studies of organic farming policy in action both in the EU and other European countries and finally it provides a detailed overview of organic farming and market development in Europe from the latest market trends to detailed reports of the sector in different countries. We hope that the information presented in this publication will be a valuable resource for organic stakeholders, policymakers, journalists, and other interest parties. It is published at a timely moment, as IFOAM EU, part of the global IFOAM family, embarks on the development of a shared vision for organic in Europe. Our Organic Vision for 2030 launched in November 2012, when IFOAM EU marked 10 years of advocacy for sustainable food and farming in Brussels, our Organic Vision for 2030 seeks to build on the foundations of our organic priorities for next two decades. This will help us to confront new challenges related to the principles of organic farming and market development and help us to ensure that organic farming remains the pioneering force in sustainable agriculture. We wish you an enjoyable and informative read and invite you to get involved in our Organic Vision for 2030 and so help make Europe more organic. Christopher Stopes IFOAM EU President January 2014 Organic in Europe 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures Foreword 5 Figure 3.1: Total organic agricultural and total certified organic areas in CPC countries, 2006-2011 39 Figure 5.1: Distribution of organic agricultural in Europe, 2012 60 EU Organic Food and Farming Policy 9 Figure 5.2: Total organic agricultural land by country, 2012 61 Figure 5.3: Shares of total organic agricultural land, 2012 63 1. Opportunities and challenges for the organic sector in the CAP and other policies 10 Figure 5.4: Growth of organic agricultural land, 2004-2012 64 Stephen Meredith, Antje Kölling, Emanuele Busacca and Bram Moeskops Figure 5.5: Top 10 countries with the largest organic areas by land use type, 2012 67 Figure 5.6: Organic agricultural land use in the EU-28, 2012 68 Organic Farming Policy in Action 29 Figure 5.7: Growth of selected arable and permanent crops in the EU-28, 2004-2012 69 Figure 5.8: Total organic agricultural land - fully converted or in conversion - 79 2. Rural development programmes and organic farming in Italy 30 by country group, 2012 Gianluigi Cardone and Patrizia Pugliese Figure 5.9: Total organic agricultural land - fully converted or in conversion - by country, 2012 80 3. Policy support for organic agriculture in EU Candidate and Potential 38 candidate countries Figure 5.10: Organic retail sales in Europe and the EU-28, 2004-2012 84 Marie Reine Bteich, Lina Al-Bitar, Patrizia Pugliese and Virginia Belsanti Figure 5.11: Distribution of retail sales in Europe, 2012; Distribution of retail sales worldwide, 2011 85 4. Organic action plans: Mainstreaming organic farming in public policy 46 Jürn Sanders and Otto Schmid List of tables Organic Farming and Market Development in Europe 55 Table 3.1: Organic statistics for the CPC countries, 2011 39 5. Growth Trends in European Organic Food and Agriculture 56 Table 3.2: Policy support framework for organic agriculture in CPC countries, 2013 41 Helga Willer, Diana Schaack and Marie Reine Bteich Table 4.1: Overview of organic action plans being implemented in Europe 2013 49 Table 5.1: Key indicators for the organic sector, 2012 59 6. Country Reports 97 Table 5.2: Organic agricultural land and share of total agricultural land, 2012; Helga Willer, Marie Reine Bteich and Stephen Meredith change for 2004-2012; and 2011-2012 65 Table 5.3: Organic agricultural land by land use type, 2012 66 Table 5.4: Top 10 arable and permanent crop groups by country group area, 2011; 2012; change 2011-2012 70 Table 5.5: Top 5 arable and permanent crop groups by country area, 2004; 2011; and 2012 72 Table 5.6: Organic producers, processors and importers by country, 2012 82 Table 5.7: Market for organic food, 2012 86 Table 5.8: Shares of organic product groups for total market in selected countries, 2011 89 6 Organic in Europe Organic in Europe 7 EU ORGANIC FOOD AND FARMING POLICY 8 EU Organic Food and Farming Policy Policy support for organic agriculture in EU candidate and potential candidate countries 9 2009; Sanders et al., 2011). This chapter outlines some of the opportunities and challenges that influence the new and existing EU policy frameworks for organic food and farming, and the agri-food sector, as well as ways that can help make Europe more organic. 01 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOSTERING ORGANIC AGRICULTURE FOR THE ORGANIC IN A GREENER AND FAIRER CAP SECTOR IN THE CAP AND OTHER POLICIES Greening direct payments for all farmers Stephen Meredith, Antje Kölling, Emanuele Busacca1 2 and Bram Moeskops For the first time, public good delivery constitutes a significant part of both direct payments and rural development.3 Under Pillar 1 of the CAP, direct payment eligibility depends on farmers undertaking three basic agronomic practices – crop diversification, the protection of permanent grassland and the allocation of 7 % of farmland as ecological focus areas. INTRODUCTION Collectively, these are known as the greening component. This new element represents 30 % of national funding for Pillar 1. Furthermore, under Pillar 2 Member States are legally required to Demand for good food and good farming is on the rise in Europe. People of all ages, including spend at least 30 % of their rural development budgets on environmental measures, including farmers and citizens, are hungry for change and want to see better food and farming policies commitments in support of organic production and agri-environmental climate protection based on agro-ecological approaches (Eurobarometer, 2011; Good Food March, 2012). In practices which go beyond the Pillar 1 greening. recent years, EU policymakers have slowly come to recognise the dual role of organic farming. On the one hand, it strives to meet the consumers’ demand for high quality products; on The introduction of greening marks the beginning of a process towards normalising public the other, it fulfils an important role in securing certain public goods. This includes, for good delivery across the entire CAP. Organic farming is deemed to be ipso facto greening example, the protection and improvement of water and soil quality as a result of organic land compliant. This acknowledges the public good delivery aspect of organic farming as the management practices (European Commission, 2004). That understanding began to emerge only EU-wide certified, systemic approach to sustainable agriculture. The recognition can be in the early 1990s, when organic farming was legally defined under EU Regulation (EEC) No seen as a strong political signal from EU policymakers that they view organic farming as a 2092/91, and when organic farming support payments for conversion and maintenance were priority model of agricultural sustainability, and as an active contribution to the protection and introduced under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Distribution of the Belgian Earwigs (Dermaptera)
    1908): a new species for the fauna of Belgium TAVERNIER J.M. & WOUTERS K., 1989. - Check-list (Isopoda Trichoniscidae). Bulletin et Annales de la of the terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea) of Belgium. Societe royale beige d'Entomologie. 137: 29-31. In: WOUTERS K. & L. BAERT (Ed.), SHMALFUSS H., 2003. - World catalog of terrestrial Verhandelingen van het symposium "Invertebraten isopods (lsopoda: Oniscidea). Stuttgarter Bei~dige van BelgHf', KBIN, Brussel, 169-172. 1 zur Naturkunde, Seria A, Nr. 654. ' Bulletin S.R.B.E.IK.B. V.E .• /43 (2007) : 25-29 Distribution of the Belgian earwigs (Dermaptera) byKoenLOCK Merelstraat 27, B-9000 Gent ( e-mail : Koen_ [email protected]). Abstract Seven species of Dermaptera occur in Belgium, three of which are new for the Belgian fauna: Euborellia moesta (GENE 1839), Labidura riparia (P ALLAS 1773) and Forficula decipiens GENE 1832. All published records of Chelidura acanthopygia (GENE 1832) in Belgium actually belong to the recently described specfes C. guentheri (GAL VAGNI 1994). The three remaining species had already been reported preViously: Labia minor {LINNAEUS 1758), Apterygida media (HAGENBACH 1822) and Forficula auricularia LINNAEUS 1758. An overview was made of the literature about the Belgian earwigs, a checklist for the species occurring in Belgium is given and distribution maps of all the species are presented. Keywords : distribution maps, checklist, Belgium. Samenvatting In Belgie komen zeven soorten Dermaptera voor waarvan drie soorten nieuw zijn voor de Belgische fauna: Euborellia moesta (GENE 1839), Labidura riparia (PALLAS 1773) en Forficula decipiens GENE 1832. Alle gepubliceerde waarnemingen van Chelidura acanthopygia (GENE 1832) in Belgie behoren eigenlijk tot de recent beschreven soort C.
    [Show full text]
  • European Jobs and Skills
    EUROPEAN JOBS AND SKILLS A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW 2014 REPORT Tony Dolphin, Glenn Gottfried, Luke Raikes, Amna Silim and Spencer Thompson April 2014 © IPPR 2014 Institute for Public Policy Research ABOUT THE PROGRAMME The JPMorgan Chase global New Skills at Work programme focuses attention on what can be done to overcome unemployment, ranging from macro strategies to boost job creation, expand labour market participation and develop the skilled workforce for the future, through to specific innovations that improve the skills of the workforce and meet local employers’ needs. EUROPEAN JOBS AND SKILLS A comprehensive review 2014 Tony Dolphin, Glenn Gottfried, Luke Raikes, Amna Silim and Spencer Thompson April 2014 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Tony Dolphin is senior economist and associate director for economic policy at IPPR. Glenn Gottfried is a quantitative research fellow at IPPR. Luke Raikes is a researcher at IPPR North. Amna Silim is a research fellow at IPPR. Spencer Thompson is an economic analyst at IPPR. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research has been generously supported by the JPMorgan Chase Foundation. The authors would like to thank the following people for their input and advice, both on this paper and the wider project: Carol Lake (JPMorgan Chase Foundation), Hang Ho (JPMorgan Chase Foundation), Hilary Cottam (Participle), David Johnston (Social Mobility Foundation), Lee Elliot Major (Sutton Trust), Emma Stewart (Timewise Foundation) and Chris Wright (Catch22). Thanks finally go to IPPR colleagues for their comments and support, in particular Dalia Ben-Galim and Nick Pearce. ABOUT IPPR IPPR, the Institute for Public Policy Research, is the UK’s leading progressive thinktank. We are an independent charitable organisation with more than 40 staff members, paid interns and visiting fellows.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Europe's External Relations in an Age of Global Turmoil: an Introduction Abstract Keywords
    Rethinking Europe’s external relations in an age of global turmoil: An introduction ROBERT FALKNER London School of Economics and Political Science [email protected] Published in International Politics 54(4): 389-404 Abstract The outlook for Europe's external relations has never looked so uncertain in the post- cold war era. A series of internal and external shocks – from the Eurozone crisis to the UK’s Brexit referendum and civil wars and external interventions on Europe’s borders – have shaken the EU to its foundations. Against a backdrop of external insecurity and global power shifts abroad, and institutional crisis and strategic drift at home, this article introduces the main themes and questions that guide the contributions to this special issue: First, how have recent transformations of the international system – declining Western dominance, a shift from unipolarity to multipolarity, and the return of geopolitical competition – affected Europe’s search for stability, security and influence in global affairs? Second, how have external perceptions of the EU's position, power and influence in global affairs changed in recent years, particularly in response to ongoing crises in the EU’s internal governance? And third, how can the EU respond to the dramatically altered external environment and newly arising threats, and to what extent does the new EU Global Strategy of 2016 meet the challenges that the continent faces? Keywords European foreign policy; EU Global Strategy; Brexit; Geopolitics; Multipolarity; European integration; EU external relations 1 Introduction The outlook for Europe's external relations has never looked so uncertain in the post- cold war era.
    [Show full text]
  • European Car and Light Commercial Vehicle Production Outlook
    European Car and Light Commercial Vehicle Production Outlook November 2012 SMMT, the 'S' symbol and the ‘Driving the motor industry’ brandline are trademarks of SMMT Ltd Contents Introduction and analysis overviews: Individual vehicle manufacturer reviews: About this report 3 BMW 61 Key Highlights 4 Daimler 68 Economic Background 10 Fiat (incl. Chrysler) 74 Automotive Market Overview 17 Ford 80 Overcapacity & Restructuring 22 GM 85 Demand Side Perspective 29 Honda 91 UK VM Summary 30 Hyundai-Kia 93 Production Outlook Overview 34 PSA 96 Country Rankings 48 Renault-Nissan-Dacia 102 Alternative Scenarios 52 Suzuki 111 Disclaimer 59 Tata – Jaguar Land Rover 112 Toyota 116 Volkswagen (incl. Porsche) 119 Aston Martin 128 Geely Volvo 129 Mitsubishi 132 SAIC MG 132 Saab-Spyker 132 Other Chinese – Chery and Great Wall 133 EUROPEAN CAR AND LCV PRODUCTION OUTLOOK REPORT November 2012 | Page 2 About this report This is the sixth 2012 Production Outlook report from AutoAnalysis. The next report will appear in January 2013. The views and projections contained in this report are those of the author, Ian Henry of AutoAnalysis. They do not represent an official SMMT view. The projections regarding new model timings, changes in production locations and the associated production volumes shown here have been compiled on the basis of information from a variety of sources. In most cases, the vehicle companies do not provide official information on which models will be made at which plants, nor do they provide detailed information on future volumes and timings. They have been prepared on the basis of judgments made by AutoAnalysis, taking into account the information, opinion and inside from a range of industry, press and analyst sources available at the time of compiling this report.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of the Free Movements: How Posting Shapes a Hybrid Single European Labour Market
    IZA DP No. 10365 The Rise of the Free Movements: How Posting Shapes a Hybrid Single European Labour Market Ninke Mussche Vincent Corluy Ive Marx November 2016 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor The Rise of the Free Movements: How Posting Shapes a Hybrid Single European Labour Market Ninke Mussche Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp Vincent Corluy Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp Ive Marx Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp and IZA Discussion Paper No. 10365 November 2016 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public.
    [Show full text]
  • EIP-AGRI Seminar 'Promoting Creativity and Learning Through
    EIP-AGRI Seminar ‘Promoting creativity and learning through agricultural knowledge systems and interactive innovation’ 3-4 December 2015 Dublin, Ireland All information of the workshop available on www.eip-agri.eu at the event webpage http://ec.europa.eu/eip/agriculture/node/1336 Flemish information centre for agriculture Griet Lemaire Innovative agricultural media Background 1980 - 1990’s: Hormon scandals, crises (swine flu), animal welfare, manure surpluses,… Very bad perception of agriculture Stereotyped image of agriculture in the media Agricultural sector experienced the need for an independant organization that shows a true image of agriculture in Flanders Foundation of VILT • In 1996 • Non-profit organisation • Public and private collaboration • Flemish government • 5 Flemish provinces • Interest groups (supply chain agriculture) • 2 farmers organisations • 2 financial institutions Financial contribution (70% public – 30% private) Seat on the Board of Directors Mission statement “Promoting and stimulating a better knowledge and understanding of the Flemish agriculture through independant information and communication.” Take-off: searching phase • First 5 years • 1 employee • 1997: first research on public perception of agriculture • Agricultural education towards schools: mobile exhibition • Project approach: animal welfare, renewable energy,… • Magazine VILT-Info • target audience: consumer • showing the efforts of farmers on environment, animal welfare, etc. Growing up • 2000: Launch of www.vilt.be • Website with information
    [Show full text]
  • Global Wind Report Annual Market Update 2012 T Able of Contents
    GLOBAL WIND REPORT ANNUAL MARKET UPDATE 2012 T able of contents Local Content Requirements: Cost competitiveness vs. ‘green growth’? . 4 The Global Status of Wind Power in 2012 . 8 Market Forecast for 2013-2017 . 18 Australia . .24 Brazil . .26 Canada. .28 PR China . .30 Denmark . .34 European Union . .36 Germany. .38 Global offshore . .40 India . .44 Japan . .46 Mexico . .48 Pakistan . 50 Romania . 52 South Africa . 54 South Korea . 56 Sweden . .58 Turkey . 60 Ukraine . .62 United Kingdom. .64 United States . 66 About GWEC . 70 GWEC – Global Wind 2012 Report FOREWORD 2012 was full of surprises for the global wind industry. Most As the market broadens, however, we face new challenges, surprising, of course, was the astonishing 8.4 GW installed in or rather old challenges, but in new markets. Our special the United States during the fourth quarter, as well as the fact focus chapter looks at the impact of increasing local content that the US eked out China to regain the top spot among global requirements and trade restrictions in some of the most markets for the first time since 2009. This, in combination with promising new markets, and the consequences of that a very strong year in Europe, meant that the annual market trend for an industry which is still grappling with significant grew by about 10% to just under 45 GW, and the cumulative overcapacity and the downward pressure on turbine prices market growth of almost 19% means we ended 2012 with that result. 282.5 GW of wind power globally. For the first time in three years, the majority of installations were inside the OECD.
    [Show full text]
  • The Care Farming Sector in the Netherlands: a Reflection on Its Developments and Promising Innovations
    sustainability Article The Care Farming Sector in The Netherlands: A Reflection on Its Developments and Promising Innovations Jan Hassink 1,* , Herman Agricola 2, Esther J. Veen 3 , Roald Pijpker 3 , Simone R. de Bruin 3,4, Harold A. B. van der Meulen 5 and Lana B. Plug 3 1 Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands 2 Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] 3 Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] (E.J.V.); [email protected] (R.P.); [email protected] (S.R.d.B.); [email protected] (L.B.P.) 4 Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands 5 Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University & Research, 2502 LS The Hague, The Netherlands; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +31317480576 Received: 3 April 2020; Accepted: 4 May 2020; Published: 7 May 2020 Abstract: This paper describes the development of care farming in the Netherlands, one of the pioneering countries in this sector, where care farming has developed into a very diverse sector, with some farmers focussing primarily on agricultural production and others more specifically on providing care services. Care farms are increasingly open to a diversity of participants. The sector has become professionalised with the establishment of strong regional organisations and a steady growth increase in revenues, providing employment opportunities and boosting the economy of rural areas. In this paper, we highlight two promising innovations in care farming: education for school dropouts and the establishment of social farming activities in cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons for Eu Integration from Us History
    LESSONS FOR EU INTEGRATION FROM US HISTORY Jacob Funk Kirkegaard and Adam S. Posen, editors Report to the European Commission under Tender Reference 2016: ECFIN 004/A Washington, DC January 2018 © 2018 European Commission. All rights reserved. The Peterson Institute for International Economics is a private nonpartisan, nonprofit institution for rigorous, intellectually open, and indepth study and discussion of international economic policy. Its purpose is to identify and analyze important issues to make globalization beneficial and sustainable for the people of the United States and the world, and then to develop and communicate practical new approaches for dealing with them. Its work is funded by a highly diverse group of philanthropic foundations, private corporations, and interested individuals, as well as income on its capital fund. About 35 percent of the Institute’s resources in its latest fiscal year were provided by contributors from outside the United States. Funders are not given the right to final review of a publication prior to its release. A list of all financial supporters is posted at https://piie.com/sites/default/files/supporters.pdf. Table of Contents 1 Realistic European Integration in Light of US Economic History 2 Jacob Funk Kirkegaard and Adam S. Posen 2 A More Perfect (Fiscal) Union: US Experience in Establishing a 16 Continent‐Sized Fiscal Union and Its Key Elements Most Relevant to the Euro Area Jacob Funk Kirkegaard 3 Federalizing a Central Bank: A Comparative Study of the Early 108 Years of the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank Jérémie Cohen‐Setton and Shahin Vallée 4 The Long Road to a US Banking Union: Lessons for Europe 143 Anna Gelpern and Nicolas Véron 5 The Synchronization of US Regional Business Cycles: Evidence 185 from Retail Sales, 1919–62 Jérémie Cohen‐Setton and Egor Gornostay 1 Realistic European Integration in Light of US Economic History Jacob Funk Kirkegaard and Adam S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pursuit of Agroecological Principles by Flemish Beef Farmers
    The pursuit of agroecological principles by Flemish beef farmers Advancing towards a body of thought for sustainable food systems Louis TESSIER Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique Encadrée par : Philippe BARET (UCL) et Fleur MARCHAND (ILVO, UA) JURY: Président Pierre BERTIN (UCL) Membres Jo BIJTTEBIER (ILVO) Pierre GASSELIN (INRA) Patrick MEYFROIDT (UCL) Rebecka MILESTAD (KTH) Collection de thèses de l’Université catholique de Louvain, 2021 The pursuit of agroecological principles by Flemish beef farmers This research was financed by the Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Own Capital Fund (EV-ILVO) and conducted at the ILVO Social Science Unit in Merelbeke over the period of November 2016 to October 2020, in cooperation with the research group SyTra at the Earth & Life Institute in Louvain- la-Neuve. The fruit of this cooperation is the doctoral dissertation presented in this manuscript. Instituut voor Landbouw-, Visserij- en Voedingsonderzoek – Landbouw & Maatschappij Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 115 9820 Merelbeke (Belgium) Unversité catholique de Louvain-La-Neuwe, Earth & Life Institute, Transition of Food Systems Croix du Sud 2, B367 1045 Louvain-La-Neuve (Belgium) Diffusion : www.i6doc.com, l’édition universitaire en ligne Sur commande en librairie ou à Diffusion universitaire CIACO Grand-Rue, 2/14 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique Tél. 32 10 47 33 78 Fax 32 10 45 73 50 [email protected] Distributeur pour la France : Librairie Wallonie-Bruxelles 46 rue Quincampoix - 75004 Paris Tél. 33 1 42 71 58 03 Fax 33 1 42 71 58 09 [email protected] 2 Be ruthless with systems, be kind with people.
    [Show full text]
  • New ECC Report Style
    ECC Report 224 Long Term Vision for the UHF broadcasting band Approved 28 November 2014 ECC REPORT 224 - Page 2 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Traditionally, broadcasting and broadband communication services have their own regulations, market structure and dedicated network infrastructure (e.g. high power / high tower versus dense networks) in order to provide their respective set of services. The future development of services and terminals has the potential to blur the border between the two “worlds” for the end user and may require innovative approaches to deliver content to end users in the most efficient way from a technical, economic and social perspective. The studies contained in this Report identify and analyse possible scenarios for the development of the band 470-694 MHz in the long term starting from the existing situation and recognizing the ongoing studies in the 700 MHz band in Europe, and short to medium term developments (e.g. AI 1.2 of WRC-15 and the response to the European Commission Mandate on the 700 MHz band). The current situation is dealt with in the Report by describing the current role of the terrestrial broadcast platform including issues such as supporting Free to Air, social inclusion and providing information in times of emergencies. In addition, the regulatory framework for the provision of audiovisual media services, the duration of currently assigned TV Rights of Use and current consumption of audiovisual content is also explored in the Report. The Report addresses the trends in the evolution of services and consumer behaviour, as well as the networks and technologies that offer the potential to deliver these services in the band.
    [Show full text]
  • Note Du CAE N° 63
    Philippe Martina, Jean Pisani-Ferryb c French Council of Economic Analysis and Xavier Ragot Reforming the European Fiscal Framework Les notes du conseil d’analyse économique, no 63, April 2021 espite dramatic transformations in the We recommend putting these two externalities at the macroeconomic environment, Europe’s fi scal core of the new European fi scal framework, i.e. of both D framework has barely changed. The conceptual the rules and the institutional architecture of fi scal framework underpinning its rules, characterised by surveillance. Debt sustainability would be the cornerstone disbelief in expansionary fi scal policies, was already of the renewed Stability Pact, which implies getting rid being challenged before the Covid-19 shock. It appears of uniform numerical criteria (for public debt and the even more outdated in the post-Covid context of massive defi cit). In practice, each government would put forward increases in public debt, low interest rates and new joint a debt target, whose adequacy would be assessed by a European debt and recovery plans. national independent fi scal institution (IFI), on the basis of a common methodology, before being validated by the The fi scal rules have been temporarily suspended since Ecofi n Council. This debt target would serve as a basis for March 2020 to enable Member States to take emergency the medium-term programming of public fi nances, via a measures against the unprecedented economic crisis. This corresponding expenditure rule. should be an opportunity for an ambitious reform of the The reform we are proposing implies an increased role fi scal framework. To avoid the mistakes of 2010-20 11, we for the national IFIs and the European Fiscal Board, while recommend a reformed system of rules be reinstated only preserving the prerogatives of the Commission and the after two conditions are met: GDP-per-capita should be Council.
    [Show full text]