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Mislav Barić Dugi Rat U Hrvatskoj: Ratnici I Ratništvo

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Mislav Barić Dugi Rat U Hrvatskoj: Ratnici I Ratništvo Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Ivana Lučića 3 Mislav Barić Dugi rat u Hrvatskoj: ratnici i ratništvo (Kriegswesen) Diplomski rad Mentor: dr. sc. Drago Roksandić Kolegij: Diplomska radionica II Zagreb, 2015. Sadržaj 1. Uvod ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Metodološki postupci ...................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Očekivani znanstveni doprinos ....................................................................................... 8 1.3. Konvencija terminologije ................................................................................................ 8 2. Vojna revolucija – od otkrića baruta do nove vojne tehnike ................................................ 11 2.1. Kineski barut i kinesko vatreno oružje .......................................................................... 14 2.1.1. Dolazak kineskog baruta u Europu ........................................................................ 16 2.1.2. Upotreba i proizvodnja u Kini ................................................................................ 17 2.1.3. Europske inovacije vatrenog oružja ....................................................................... 20 2.2. Revolucija pješaštva ...................................................................................................... 21 2.3. Revolucija vojne tehnike ............................................................................................... 30 2.4. Revolucija mornarice .................................................................................................... 35 2.5. Zaključno ....................................................................................................................... 36 3. Dugi rat i nova vojna tehnologija ......................................................................................... 37 3.1. Dvorsko ratno vijeće i taktika obrane Lazarusa von Schwendyja................................. 38 3.2. Utvrđivanje obrambene strategije Habsburške Monarhije ............................................ 42 3.2.1. Sabor u Brucku na Muri 1578. godine ................................................................... 43 3.2.2. Utvrde Banske krajine ............................................................................................ 46 3.2.3. Karlovac kao egzemplarna ranonovovjekovna utvrda ........................................... 47 3.2.4. Ugarske utvrde ....................................................................................................... 49 3.3. Türkenhilfe i Türkenangst ............................................................................................. 50 3.4. Početni sukobi ............................................................................................................... 53 3.5. Pad Bihaća pod osmansku vlast 1592. godine .............................................................. 62 3.6. Sabor u Požunu 1593. .................................................................................................... 66 3.7. Sisačka bitka – osvrt na taktiku i novu vojnu opremu .................................................. 68 3.8. Eskalacija rata - Sukob na višoj razini .......................................................................... 72 3.9. Ugarska pod navalom .................................................................................................... 74 3.10. Nastavak sukoba na području Hrvatsko-Slavonskog Kraljevstva ............................... 75 1 3.11. Pobune u Erdelju, Moldavskoj i Vlaškoj .................................................................... 77 3.12. Erdödyjeva smjena s banske časti ............................................................................... 78 3.13. Opsada Petrinje 1596. godine ...................................................................................... 82 3.14. Sultan predvodi vojnu protiv Ugarske i daljnji sukobi u Erdelju ................................ 83 3.14.1. Bitka kod Keresztesa 1596. godine ...................................................................... 83 3.15. Smanjivanje intenziteta sukoba ................................................................................... 84 3.16. Uskočka epizoda - sukob sa Senjskim uskocima u vrijeme Dugog rata ..................... 87 3.16.1. Uskoci ................................................................................................................... 87 3.16.2. Venecija i uskoci .................................................................................................. 90 3.16.3. Zauzimanje Klisa 1596. godine ............................................................................ 92 3.17. Posljednji sukobi i Žitvanski mir 1606. godine ........................................................... 94 3.18. Zaključno ..................................................................................................................... 98 4. Osmanski način ratovanja .................................................................................................. 100 4.1. Fortifikacijski sustav ................................................................................................... 102 4.1.1. Fortifikacijski objekti ........................................................................................... 106 4.1.2. Stanovnici utvrda .................................................................................................. 106 4.1.3. Financiranje i opremanje utvrda ........................................................................... 107 4.2. Sustav devşirme ........................................................................................................... 110 4.3. Vojna i teritorijalna uprava.......................................................................................... 111 4.3.1. Sandžaci i pašaluci ............................................................................................... 113 4.3.2. Kliški sandžak ...................................................................................................... 114 4.3.3. Krčki/Lički sandžak ............................................................................................. 114 4.4. Špijuniranje i trgovina informacija.............................................................................. 115 4.5. Vojne jedinice ................................................................................................................. 118 4.5.1. Adžemijski korpus ................................................................................................ 119 4.5.2. Janjičari ................................................................................................................ 119 4.5.3. Obuka i dužnosti janjičara .................................................................................... 121 4.5.4. Spahije .................................................................................................................. 122 4.5.5. Derbendžije i martolozi ........................................................................................ 123 4.5.6. Akindžije .............................................................................................................. 124 2 4.5.7. Džebedžijski korpus ............................................................................................. 125 4.5.8. Korpus za artiljeriju .............................................................................................. 125 4.5.9. Ostale vojne jedinice ............................................................................................ 125 4.6. Zaključno ..................................................................................................................... 126 5. Zaključak ............................................................................................................................ 127 6. Sažetak ............................................................................................................................... 129 7. Bibliografija ....................................................................................................................... 132 3 1. Uvod U hrvatskoj historiografiji se o vojno-strateškoj važnosti Dugog rata (1591.-1606.) manje pisalo, premda se kod mnogo autora ističe njegova diplomatska i politička važnost. Vojna tematika zahtjeva proučavanje razvoja vojne tehnike i taktike, što je temelj teorije o vojnoj revoluciji. Termin ''vojna revolucija'' i cjelokupna teorija jest stvorena u 20. stoljeću kako bi se pojasnilo mnogobrojne promijene koje su se desile sa uvođenjem vatrenog oružja, pojave jake birokracije i jačanje centralne uprave nad određenim teritorijem. Sudionici koji su popratili ovaj rat, bili oni plemićkog ili neplemićkog podrijetla, slabo se spominju u smislu aktera unutar ovog rata. Svaka osoba koja je sudjelovala u sukobu imala je vlastite motive koji su ju navodili, a valja reći da su sudionici na drugačiji način bili aktivni nego li je to bio slučaj za primjerice srednjovjekovne ratove. Tema ovog diplomskog rada je stoga vojnog karaktera i njome želim na moderniji način prikazati događaje i promijene koje su uslijedile usred spomenutog rata. Rad je podijeljen na više tematskih cjelina i istraživačkih pitanja. U prvome dijelu ću se usredotočiti na definiranje teorije o ''vojnoj revoluciji'' te istaknuti glavne teoretičare u istoj. Kroz
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