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Kristian Bertović BETWEEN THE CROSS AND THE SWORD: FRANKAPAN PATRONAGE OVER THE ORDER OF ST. PAUL THE FIRST HERMIT MA Thesis in Medieval Studies CEU eTD Collection Central European University Budapest May 2014 BETWEEN THE CROSS AND THE SWORD: FRANKAPAN PATRONAGE OVER THE ORDER OF ST. PAUL THE FIRST HERMIT by Kristian Bertović (Croatia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2014 BETWEEN THE CROSS AND THE SWORD: FRANKAPAN PATRONAGE OVER THE ORDER OF ST. PAUL THE FIRST HERMIT by Kristian Bertović (Croatia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2014 I, the undersigned, Kristian Bertović, candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies, declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, 26 May 2014 __________________________ Signature CEU eTD Collection ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor professor Katalin Szende and professor József Laszlovszky for all of their time, will, knowledge, patience, energy, and interest shown and invested into this thesis. It would not be the same thesis without their help and comments. I would also want to thanks professor Judtih Rasson for her patience with the proofreading of all this pages. Professor Trpimir Vedriš should also be on this list as he was the one who encouraged me to come here in the first place. I am grateful to Suzana Miljan for her help with the archival materials in the HAZU archive. Special thanks to my friends, both from Ogulin and “Malo vijeće” in Zagreb for the jokes and keeping the morale high! I najveća zahvala mojim roditeljima i sestri za sva odricanja, muku, ispijene živce i vjeru u mene u ovih 25 godina. Hvala Vam! CEU eTD Collection TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 Introductiory Remarks ................................................................................................... 1 Sources and secondary literature ................................................................................... 2 Emergence and characteristics of the Pauline order ...................................................... 8 The Frankapan family .................................................................................................. 10 2. MONASTERIES...................................................................................................... 16 St. Nicholas Monastery in Gvozd ................................................................................ 16 The Monastery of the Holy Savior in Ljubotina .......................................................... 33 St. Helen monastery in Vlaška draga near Senj ........................................................... 44 Holy Virgin Mary Monastery in Crikvenica ................................................................ 52 The Holy Virgin Mary monastery in Novi .................................................................. 64 The Paulines in medieval Slavonia .............................................................................. 71 3. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 82 4. APPENDIX .............................................................................................................. 90 St. Nicholas .................................................................................................................. 90 Holy Savior .................................................................................................................. 93 St. Helen ....................................................................................................................... 96 CEU eTD Collection Holy Virgin Mary in Crikvenica .................................................................................. 98 Holy Virgin Mary near Novi...................................................................................... 100 5. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................. 102 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. “Frankapan family tree”, in HBL, 392-393. ............................................................. 15 Figure 2. “Pauline monasteries and Frankapan towns/castles”, my map with some data from Čoralić – Put, putnici putovanja .............................................................................................. 17 Figure 3. “Ground plan of the St. Nicholas monastery”, Horvat, “Srednjovjekovan pavlinska arhitektura”, 127. ..................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 4. “Map of the St. Nicholas' estates”, my map with some data from Čoralić – Put, putnici putovanja ..................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 5. “Ground plan of the St. Helen monastery”, Horvat, “Srednjovjekovan pavlinska arhitektura”, 133 ...................................................................................................................... 45 CEU eTD Collection ii 1.INTRODUCTION Introductiory Remarks Growing up in a town that emerged around a Frankapan castle (Ogulin), surrounded by several other medieval Frankapan ruins, determined my interest in the Frankapan family. To write a thesis on some aspect of the family’s history was a natural thing for me to do. The other part of the thesis I stumbled upon, literally. While hiking with some friends around Modruš (before I even thought about the possibility of studying history), we heard a story about the ruins somewhere in the forest. We decided to search for them and after some time we stumbled upon the big overgrown ruins of, as we later found out, the Pauline monastery. My topic emerged from this coincidence. As it is seen from the title, in this thesis I will deal with the relations between the Frankapan family and the Pauline order. In order to analyze those relations I intend to answer several questions. What kind of relations existed between them? What was the role of the Frankapan family in the foundation and life of Pauline houses? Why did the Frankapan family support the Paulines? I also decided to answer some questions regarding the Paulines themselves. Were there any patterns in the landscape surrounding their monasteries? What kind of monastic economy did they prefer? If there was a pattern, how does it correspond with the examples on the wider regional scale? How did the order transform and adopt their initial hermit idea in an altered CEU eTD Collection economic and social environment and how did the Frankapans influence that transformation? To answer all these questions, I will be focusing on the close reading and the analysis of the surviving charters regarding the relations between them. This will enable me to explore certain patterns regarding the Frankapan patronage, Pauline economy, and the roles of both 1 parties in contemporary society. The results will be compared and analyzed in a wider regional context as well. Also, charters related to the given monasteries are listed in the appendix, giving the essential information about the date of the issue, main participants of the charters, the content of the charters, and the source or the location where the given charter can be found. This thesis will contribute to a better understanding of the Pauline order in medieval Croatia. Also, it will offer information regarding the possible patterns and peculiarities of the Pauline economy and their role in the local communities. From the Frankapan perspective, it will offer insights on their ecclesiastical policy and the role of church patronage in their overall policy. Sources and secondary literature When trying to establish clear connections (especially the nature of those connections) between two such complex entities as an aristocratic family and a monastic order, one has to take into consideration all available sources. As there are still no systematic archeological surveys of the Pauline monasteries I am dealing with in this thesis, the backbone of my thesis are the written sources, especially grants and donations given by the various members of the Frankapan family to various Pauline monasteries. However, I will not use sources related to the Frankapans exclusively, but also documents connecting the Paulines with other members